Modeling, Control and Power Quality Evaluation of a
PEM Fuel Cell Based Power Supply System for
Residential Use
M. Tanrioven and M. S. Alam
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
University of South Alabama
Mobile, AL 36695-0002
Abstract— The use of fuel cell (FC) based power generation
system is expected to become more widespread in the near future
due to better power quality, reliability, portability and ecological
constraints. The use of fuel cell technology for electricity and heat
generation for residential applications generated tremendous
interest. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) are
attractive for residential use due to its low operating temperature
and fast start up characteristics. This paper focuses on the
modeling, control (voltage and active power control) and
simulation of PEMFC based power supply system for residential
applications. A PI type voltage and real power controller is
usually implemented by controlling the fuel input into fuel cell
stack and adjusting the inverter modulation index. Furthermore,
power quality issues are evaluated based on the transformer
connection type and harmonic content of the load for household
appliances. Detailed simulation software has been developed
using the Matlab software package. The topology chosen for the
simulation consists of a 5 kW PEMFC, a single stage voltage-
sourced PWM inverter followed by an LC filter and a step up
transformer. The simulation results illustrate that the voltage at
the load point and active power demand versus load variations
can be achieved using the PI controller. The control parameters
used involves inverter modulation index and phase angle. The
power quality evaluation confirms that the bus voltage harmonics
meet the IEEE-519 requirements for all home appliances, which
are modeled based on real measured values. However, system
voltage and current harmonics can be affected either by the
harmonic contents of load current or supply voltage overlap at
resonance frequency.
Keywords-modeling of PEM fuel cellt; controling of of PEM
fuel cell; style;power quality evaluation
I. INTRODUCTION
Fuel Cells (FC) basically convert chemical energy of
hydrocarbon fuels, typically hydrogen directly into dc form of
electrical energy. The commonly available FCs include
polymer membrane, alkaline, phosphoric acid, molten
carbonate, and solid oxide based fuel cells [1].
The main reasons for rushing the FC technology toward
commercialization include fuel availability, modularity and
cleanness of fuel cell based power generation. FCs are capable
of generating both electrical and thermal energy. Among the
various types of fuel cells, PEMFCs are particularly attractive
for residential use due to their relatively low operating
IAS 2004 2808
temperature (~80oC) and good dynamic response [2]. A FC
based power system mainly consists of a fuel-processing unit
(reformer), FC stack and power conditioning unit. The FC uses
hydrogen as input fuel and produces DC power at the output of
the stack. The performance of the stack is expressed by the
polarization curve, which gives the relation between stack
terminal voltage and load current, shown as in Fig. 1 [1-2]. It is
evident from Fig.1 that the cell voltage decreases almost
linearly as the load current increases. Therefore the output
voltage should be regulated at a desired value. To keep the
polarization characteristic at a constant level, parameters such
as cell temperature, air pressure, oxygen partial pressure and
membrane humidity needs to be controlled [3].
This paper considers the application of a PEMFC for
residential use. The FC output voltage is modeled based on the
FC load current. Since numerous FC based power system
topology can be chosen to meet the required criterion, in this
study we selected a commonly used 5 kW (48 V) fuel cell, a
single stage voltage source PWM inverter followed by a low-
pass filter and a step up transformer to perform voltage and real
power control as well as power quality performance evaluation
with respect to residential load variations. It is assumed that the
FC output voltage ranges from 40V to 70V. The simulation is
performed based on the standard home appliances such as
refrigerator, TV, microwave oven, washing machine, air
conditioner, etc. as loads.
To track the system’s voltage and real power requirements,
a PI type controller which uses inverter modulation index and
phase angle is proposed for the PEMFC power plant. In
addition, the quality of power should be monitored. The most
common and hazardous power quality problem is the presence
of harmonics. Current harmonics are of particular concern due
to their heating and torque effects on electrical equipment,
interference with communication system and causing
malfunction in sensitive equipment operation. In addition,
some systems may exhibit resonance modes around certain
multiples of fundamental frequency, which may increase the
impact of voltage or current harmonics. Accordingly, in this
paper, besides the PI controller, the aforementioned problems
are also analyzed for the PEMFC based power supply system.
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 II. PEM FUEL CELL MODEL AND POWER GENERATION
polarization curve

The performance of a FC is generally characterized by

using the polarization curve, which is a plot of the FC voltage 1
versus load current. The main factors which affect the
polarization curve are cathode pressure, reactant partial 0.8

Stck voltage (volts)

pressure, cell temperature and membrane humidity. The
polarization curve is computed by using the Tafel equation [4], 0.6
which subtracts the various voltage losses from the open circuit
DC voltage, and is expressed as
0.4

Vdc − stack = Vopen − Vohmic − Vactivation − Vconcentration (1) 0.2

α + β = χ. (1) (1)

0
where 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
2
1 1.2 1.4
current density (A/cm )
 
RT  PH 2 PO2
Vopen = N o ⋅ Vo +   is called the Nernst Figure 1. A cell voltage versus current density
⋅ln
 2 F  PH O PO 
  2 
voltage or reversible voltage that exists at no load condition for III. POWER CONVERTER TOPOLOGIES AND POWER
a given temperature and pressure, CONDITIONING UNIT

Vohmic = I ⋅ RFC is the resistive voltage loss due to the There are numerous power converter topologies for FC
dc
resistance of non-ideal electrodes and connections and the applications that can be chosen to meet the overall
resistance to proton flow in the PEM, performance requirement. Since FC operates in the low
voltage range (25-100 Vdc) and the grid voltage is relatively
RT I  high (either 120 Vrms or 220 Vrms) the voltage must be
Vactivation = N o ⋅ ⋅ ln  dc  is the voltage loss amplified either in the DC/DC stage or in the AC/AC stage as
2α F  Io  shown in Fig 2 [5].
corresponding to the activation losses due to the rate of
(a)
reactions taking place on the surface of the electrodes, and
Fuel DC Voltage Grid
Amplification
Cell
AC AC-AC Load
 I 
Vconcentration = − c ⋅ ln  1 − dc  is the voltage loss FC Low DC Inverter
Voltage
 I Lim 
corresponding to the voltage change due to mass transport (b)
losses. In Eq. (1), Voltage DC Grid
Fuel Amplification
Cell DC-DC AC Load
No : Cell number
Vo : Open cell voltage FC Low DC Inverter
R : Universal gas constant Voltage
T : Temperature of the fuel cell stack
F : Faraday’s constant Figure 2. Voltage amplification topologies for FCs
PH2 : Hydrogen partial pressure
PH2O : Water partial pressure Design considerations depend on the voltage amplification
PO2 : Oxygen partial pressure stages and may be selected from several existing DC/DC
PO : Standard pressure in the pressure units used converter and DC/AC inverter topologies. While forward,
α : Charge transfer coefficient of the electrodes push-pull, half bridge converter topologies belong to DC/DC
Idc : Current of the FC stack stage, single bus with two paralleled half-bridge, dual buses
ILim : Limiting current of with two split half-bridges and three phase inverter topologies
Io : Exchange current of FC stack
belong to DC/AC stages. Apart from these, several energy
c : Empirical coefficient for concentration voltage
storage devices such as battery and ultra capacitors at various
voltage levels can be used with any of the above
The steady state voltage for one cell (No = 1) versus cell configurations [6-7]. As a result, numerous topological
current density is obtained based on Eq. (1) as shown in Fig. 1. alternatives are available. The best option depends on the cost,
In the figure, the current density, i, is defined as current per desired performance, and application of the system.
active area i=Idc/Aact. Due to series connection of cells in a
stack, the total stack voltage is calculated as Vdc = No.VCell and The topology chosen in this study for voltage/real power
the stack power is defined as P = Vdc.Idc control and power quality evaluation consists of a 48 V, 5 kW

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PEMFC, a single stage voltage sourced PWM inverter to generate an appropriate control signal to the inverter and to
followed by an LC filter and step up transformer, which the valve controller.
matches to the voltage amplification configuration in AC/AC
stage. The advantage of this topology is that it uses the Vref
inverter bridge switches with negligible loss. As well as this, Voltage +
the transformer provides isolation between loads and FC. (Reactive Power)
Vac
Controller
A simple representation of the considered FC based power
system consists of the PEMFC, power conditioning unit,
transformer and load as shown in Fig.3. m
DC
PEMFC
δ
AC
Idc
wH2 Stack Inverter Filter
RFC Lf Iac
XLine Load
VFC Vdc Cf Valve Active Power
Grid Controller
XT
H2

Fuel Pac
Inverter Filter Fuel Flow
Fuel Cell Processor Controller
+ Pref
Valve Control
Figure 3. Fuel cell based power supply system Fuel

Applying the pulse-width-modulation (PWM) technique in Figure 4. Voltage and active power control in a fuel cell system.
the inverter, the ac voltage and apparent power at the inverter
output can be expressed as a function of the modulation index The control variables, modulation index and phase angle,
and phase angle as shown in Eqs. (2) and (3) [8-9]. can be calculated using the following equations.

V ∠δ
Vdc = ac (4)
Vac = m ⋅ Vdc ∠δ (2) m

Vac ⋅ Vr
Vac (5)
S = ⋅ (
Vr ⋅ sin(δ ) + j Vac − Vr ⋅ cos(δ ) ) (3) Pac =
X T + X Line
⋅ sin(δ )
X T + X Line

In Eqs. (2) and (3), m is the amplitude modulation index of

the converter and δ is the firing angle of the inverter switches PLoad
with respect to the angle of load bus voltage. I ac = (6)
Vr ⋅ cos(φ )
Drawing more power from the fuel cell with constant
hydrogen flow rate reduces the fuel cell output voltage, which
in turn decreases the bus voltage. The reduction in voltage can
I dc = m ⋅ I ac ⋅ cos(φ + δ ) (7)
be regulated by adjusting the modulation index of the inverter,
which determines the reactive power flow as well. However,
regulating the magnitude of the bus voltage alone is not Neglecting the inverter losses, Pac can be expressed as
enough to meet both voltage and active power requirements.
Therefore, the second control variable i.e., the phase angle
Pac = Pdc = Vdc ⋅ I dc (8)
must also be controlled by adjusting the firing angle of the
inverter for slow and fast transient power adjustments. For
steady state power adjustment, power changes must be Inserting the Eq. (5) into Eq. (8), we get
followed by a proper hydrogen flow rate adjustment. Figure 4
depicts the block diagram of the voltage/active power
controller.
sin(δ ) =
(
I dc ⋅ X T + X Line ) = I dc ⋅ ( X T + X Line ) (9)
From Fig. 4, we observe that the output voltage is Vac m ⋅ Vdc ∠δ
compared to the reference voltage command while the real
power output is compared to the reference real power In Eq. (9), the FC current Idc can also be determined as a
command. As a result, the voltage and real power error signals function of hydrogen flow rate [3] as
are sent to the voltage and real power controllers, respectively

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 2 F ⋅ wH goes to active power controller. In this case, δ may be
I dc = 2 , (10) expressed as
No ⋅ M H
2
δ = K i ⋅ ∫  Pref −( Pac ,1+ Pac ,2 )  dt
where No is the number of cells in the stack, F is the faraday 2
(14)
number (96485 coulombs), wH2 is the molar flow of hydrogen + K p ⋅  Pref −( Pac ,1+ Pac ,2 ) 
and MH2 is the molar mass of hydrogen. Substituting Eq. (10) 2
into Eq. (9), the phase angle can be calculated as
IV. POWER QUALITY
2F ⋅ w
H2 (
⋅ X T + X Line ) The power quality in a FC based power system is affected
sin(δ ) = (11)
N ⋅M ⋅ m ⋅ Vdc ∠δ by the harmonic contents of the current waveform injected to
o H2 load/grid by the inverter and also by the harmonic currents
produced by the nonlinear loads connected to the system. In
The model of the PEMFC and voltage/active power addition, the harmonics injected by the inverter would increase
controllers used in the computer simulation is shown in Fig. 5. if the FC connected to a distribution generation DC bus with
devices such as photovoltaic and wind turbines. In this case,
K
the inverter may inject not only its own harmonics but also
p1 Vref
+ + harmonics generated by these other sources.
Vac Any distorted sinusoidal waveforms associated with
+ K
i1 voltage and currents can be represented by Fourier series as
s
[11]
m
PEMFC DC-AC Inv.
Eq. (2&5) ∞
Eq. (1) δ v (t ) = ∑ 2 ⋅ Vh ⋅ sin( hwo t + θ h ) (15)
wH2 Stack Inverter Filter h =1
+ Pac,1
Valve + ∞
Pac,2
i (t ) = ∑ 2 ⋅ I h ⋅ sin( hwo t + θ h ) , (16)
H2 K
p2 h =1
+
Fuel
Eq. (11) where Vh and Ih are the rms. values for hth-order harmonic
Processor
+ K
+ Pref voltage and current, respectively. Nonlinear elements generally
Valve i2

Fuel Control s
produce harmonics in distribution system and affect the quality
of electric power. In general, the quality is referred to the total
harmonic distortion (THD) for voltage and current,
Figure 5. Computer simulation model of the voltage and active power respectively, which are defined as [11]
control of the FC plant.

In this study, PI controllers are used to generate the control 1

signals, modulation index and phase angle, expressed as [10]:
THDV =
( ∞ 2
∑ V
h=2 h
) 2

(17)
V1
∆m = K i ⋅ (Vref − Vac ) + K p ⋅ (Vref − Vac )′
1 1
(12)
m = K i ⋅ ∫ (Vref − Vac ) dt +K p ⋅ (Vref − Vac )
1
( )
1 1 ∞ 2 2
∑ I
and h=2 h
THDI = (18)
I1

δ = K i ⋅ ∫ ( Pref − Pac ) dt +K p ⋅ ( Pref − Pac ) (13)

2 2 Due to presence of filter and compensation capacitors in the
electric distribution systems, they may operate at resonance
If the fuel cell operates in a grid-linked environment, then near certain multiples of the fundamental frequency. To
the sum of active powers (P ac ,1 + Pac ,2 ) coming from fuel cell
eliminate the negative effects of harmonic resonance, it is
necessary to calculate the equivalent impedance, which can be
and grid is compared to the real power command and the error done by the frequency scan technique. The basic
implementation of this technique involves the injection of a

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sine wave current with a magnitude of “1” to the bus of linear to nonlinear load with different harmonic levels. While
interest. The resultant voltage is then measured at that bus, some of the nonlinear home appliances such as television,
which is equivalent to required Thevenin impedance [12], computer, fluorescent lamp and light dimmer have high current
given by THD content, others such as microwave oven, refrigerator and
air conditioner have low current THD content. For instance the
harmonic spectrum of the light dimmer and microwave oven
V V are given as in Fig. 8.
Z = = o ⇒ Z =V (19)
I 1∠0 Household
Appliances

A. Output Filter Refrigerator

It is necessary to design an output filter to achieve better Light Bulb

Comp. Fluores.
harmonic reduction in the phase current and in the inverter
Air Cond.
output voltage. The filter configuration and its equivalent
Television
circuit are shown in Fig 5.
Wash. Mach
Vac. Cleaner
h ⋅ XL
Mic. Wave Ov.
Lf Computer
L Toaster
XC
O Oven (%50 Load)
Cf A
h D Light Dimmer

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Load
Inverter Commutations

Figure 7. Series of load (household appliances) switching

Figure 6. Inverter and its output filter

The PWM inverter output is then filtered using an inductor TABLE I. THE DATA OF THE HOME APPLIANCES USED IN THE
SIMULATION
and a capacitor to provide a sinusoidal output voltage. If the
switching frequency of IGBT is 10 kHz, it is necessary to Household Active Power Power
design the filter at a cut off frequency of about 650 Hz, which Appliances [ kW ] Factor
is almost 15 times lower than the switching frequency and 10 Refrigerator 0.61 1.0
Light Bulb 0.060 0.99
times higher than the fundamental frequency so as not to
Compact Fluorescent 0.025 0.59
attenuate the 60 Hz frequency. The cut off frequency is defined Air Conditioner 1.68 0.97
as Television 0.11 0.72
Washing Machine 0.42 0.54
Vacuum Cleaner 1.25 0.98
1 Microwave Oven 1.34 0.97
fc = ≈ 650 Hz (20) Computer 0.12 0.66
2π L C Toaster 1.10 1.0
f f Oven 5.81 1.0
Light Dimmer 0.505 0.73

where the values of Lf and Cf are selected as 1 mH

and 600 µ F , respectively. (a)
100
(Ih/ I1) [%]

V. SIMULATION RESULTS
50
A PI controller is used for the FC voltage and active power
control, which adjusts the modulation index and phase angle
according to load variations shown in Fig. 7. The series of step 0
changes in power is converted to stack current to calculate the 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21
(b)
corresponding FC dc voltage. The transient and steady state 100
response of the system using PI controller has been found to be
excellent as shown in Figs. 9 to 12. From Figs. 9 to 12, it is
(Ih/ I1) [%]

obvious that the increase in load power increases the FC 50

current, which results in decreased FC output voltage or vice-
versa.
0
The data corresponding to various home appliances are 1 3 5 7
shown in Table 1. The home appliances profile varies from Harmonic Order

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Figure 8. Harmonic spectrums of a (a) Light dimmer, and a (b) Microwave
oven.
Using the loads of household appliances, the results of
voltage, active power control and power quality analysis for the
topology of Fig. 3 are shown in Figs. 10 through 15 under a
series of step changes depicted in Fig.7. These results are based
on 120 Vrms and 5 kW. The current and voltage of PEMFC
corresponding to the load switching of Fig.7 are plotted as a
function of time in Fig. 9.
Figure 9. FC current and voltage under a series of load commutations.
Figure 10 shows that the power conditioner maintains
constant voltage output under load commutations of Fig. 7, and
Fig. 11 shows the corresponding modulation index adjustment.
Following a step increase or decrease in the load current leads
to FC voltage drop or increase, below or above its nominal
value. Then, the PI controller stabilizes it with a short time
delay.
Figure 10. System output voltage control on the 120 Vrms base.
IAS 2004
Figure 11. Modulation index adjustment corresponding to Fig. 7 load
variations.
Figure 12 shows the ac output power transferred to the
load. From Fig. 12, it is evident that the output active and
reactive powers endure time delay in meeting the load
demand.
Figure 12. Fuel cell output active and reactive powers on the 5 kW base
(active power: solid line, reactive power: dashed line).
Power quality evaluation is performed under single and
three phase conditions with ∆-Υg connected transformer to
show the effects of transformer connection group on system
resonance mode and in turn, on power quality of the system.
Figure 13 shows the frequency scan results of the single and
three phase topologies. The topology with three phase inverter
followed by ∆-Υg connected three-phase transformer reflects a
series resonance around 800 Hz while the single-phase
topology doesn’t operate at resonance. The resonance at three-
phase topology is due to ∆-Υg connections. Hence, other
connection groups such as Υ-Υ, Υg-Υg and Υg-∆ may not have
resonance modes or may have resonance but at different
frequency. As a result, in order to keep the system away from
resonance and operate the system safely within prescribed
limits of power quality, it is necessary to perform frequency
scan analysis for the system configuration.
The output voltage and current waveforms from the system
were measured to evaluate their effect on the system. Figure 14
shows THD rates of current and voltage at load terminal for
three-phase topology with ∆-Υg connected transformer.
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 12
proposed for the PEMFC power plant to satisfy the system
requirements for voltage and active power. It is evident from
10 computer simulation results that satisfactory dynamic
responses are obtained from the proposed control scheme.
8
Impedance [ohm]

Furthermore, a detailed power quality evaluation is carried

6 out for the proposed PEMFC based power system. The
available harmonics in the system are the products of inverter
4
and nonlinear loads generally present in a residence. The
2
resultant THD of voltage stay below 5% limit and individual
harmonics in the voltage waveform does not exceed the 3%
0 limit, which are within the IEEE requirements. However,
0 500 1000 1500
Frequency [Hz]
2000 2500
maximum-recorded THD rate of voltage is 4.5% in the three-
phase topology due to resonance frequency in the system,
Figure 13. Frequency scan results of the three phase (dotted line) and single which is pretty close to the 5% limit.
phase (solid line) topologies.
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VI. CONCLUSION Power Engineering, 29 Aug.-2 Sept., 1999, Pages: 225-232.

This paper presents an overall evaluation of a 5 kW PEMFC

power plant in terms of stack voltage modeling, voltage and
active power control and power quality. A PI type controller is

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