222 Quantum physics Energy and momentum of a photon understand that electromagnetic radiation has a particulate nature understand that a photon is a quantum of electromagnetic energy recall and use E = hf use the electronvolt (eV) as a unit of energy understand that a photon has momentum and that the momentum is given by p = Photoelectric effect understand that photoelectrons may be emitted from a metal surface when it s illuminated by electromagnetic radiation understand and use the terms threshold frequency and threshold wavelength explain photoelectric emission in terms of photon energy and work function energy recall and use hf'= + 3my explain why the maximum kinetic energy of photoelectrons is independent of intensity, whereas the photoelectric current is proportional to intensity22.4 Wave-particle duality understand that the photoelectric effect provides evidence for a particulate nature of electromagnetic radiation while phenomena such as interference and diffraction provide evidence for a wave nature describe and interpret qualitatively the evidence provided by electron diffraction for the wave nature of particles understand the de Broglie wavelength as the wavelength associated with a moving particle recall and use = h/p Energy levels in atoms and line spectra understand that there are discrete electron energy levels imisolated atoms (e.g. atomic hydrogen) understand the appearance and formation of emission and absorption line spectra recall and use hf = E,~E~~“ deohkon vs aye chatpast'cl 2 a BREE Wave Prepe Ve 7Rai 0 rar cva Vi il Ye 1 Ci byowrt Ax Kewsows A Liam ap> Anorey 3 a plrelintne) pdr = IOI tw + Moy. Ree TD elechor(uj S| NE FAAThe Sun’s spectrum shows dark lines. These dark lines arise when light of specific wavelengths coming from the Sun's hot interior is absorbed by its cooler atmospherex. a ° Berar ry posho44 ARS ligut (past ov wane 2) eniolumee =p Wut efeckit Yorfs drwfe wit part wot va 2 @ @ (plalal/|AIa) 3. Ue DeBropbe seqjled clechow som feo] a) a” Wave 2 y— Wee; IK plowe’s voxston|5b ae D2 We can reproduce the same diffraction results in the aboratory using an electron diffraction tube. The electron gun at one end of the tube produces a By changing the voltage between the anode and the cathode de, you can change the energy of the anode electrons, and hence their speed The beam strikes a graphite target, and a diffractio piranerr ac iactieranded phosphor screen S¥edio207poshoCem OG mw @ ([slalsi/iaMal « 3 9702/43/O/N/11 = 7 Anexplanation of the photoelectric effect includes the terms photon energy and work function energy. (a) Explain what is meant by (i) a photon, packet. Syantum olecha cgmetic Cie mt “A (2) (li) work function ener Mivie oe eon teauired Se... Cause enuieS.an 5 ele cAsBy. ffm a with(b) In an experiment to investigate the photoelectric effect, a student measures the wavelength 2 of the light incident on a metal surface and the maximum kinetic energy E,,9x 0f the emitted electrons. The variation with E,,.., of + is shown in Fig. 7.1 (i) The work function energy of the metal surface is «. State an equation, in terms of 4, @ and E,,.,, to represent conservation of energy for the photoglectric effect. Explain any other symbols you use.tv ony ot he ea tn, nee = B+ Cun —— 29x10? Y =o b= Bix" 0 =P + Epa pit itetlf =f, t Ena hie “he + Era ane a Fl + A I (ii) Use your answer in (i) and Fig. 7.1 to determine 2. avvalue for the Planck constant. Ls Gpodien 1-0 = 2 @) x10" he (nly 1-9) 0157 at Tah apt hx3xie9702/42/MiN/12 7 The photoelectric effect may be represented by the equation photon energy = work function energy + maximum kinetic energy of electron. (a) State what is meant by work function energy. Minimutn. energy wired... fa... Adoveue.... 0a edec dem vom wade Surface, 1) (b) The variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic energy E, of photoelectrons emitted from the surface of sodium metal is shown in Fig. 7.158085 +60 65 701-75 60 iS t10%He Use the gradient of the graph of Fig. 7.1 to determine a value for the Planck constant h. ‘Show your working. ye Avodlewy = (0 2) xh 6-6x@ rec A\Z\ ARIZ (c) The sodium metal in (b) has a work function energy of 2.4 eV. The sodium is replaced by| calcium which has a work function energy of 2.9eV. On Fig. 7.1, draw a line to show the variation with frequency f of the maximum kinetic energy E, of photoelectrons emitted from the surface of calcium. {3] 0.8 Sita]9702/42/O0/N/09 7 (a) Explain how a line emission spectrum leads to an understanding of the existence of discrete electron energy levels in atoms.(b) Some of the lines r ectrum of atomic hydrogen are shown in Fig. 7.1 410 434 486 656 wavelength/nm The photon energies associated with some of these lines are shown in Fig. 7.2. wavelength/nm photon energy/10-"9,J 410 434 486 656 (i) Complete Fig. 7.2 by calculating the photon energy for a wavelength of 486nmA\4/ AB (ii) Energy levels of a single electron in a hydrogen atom are shown in Fig. 7.3 1.36 —— -2.42 energy/10-19J 21.80 Use data from (i) to show, on Fig. 7.3, the transitions associated with each of the four spectral lines shown in Fig. 7.1. Show each transition with an arrow. (2)9702/04/M/J/06 7 A parallel beam of electrons, all travelling at the same speed, is incident normally on a carbon film. The scattering of the electrons by the film is observed on a fluorescent screen, as illustrated in Fig. 7.1 glass envelope fluorescent carbon film screen beam of electrons vacuum (a) Assuming that the electrons behave as particles, predict what would be seen on the screen,(b) In this experiment, the electrons do not behave as particles. Describe briefly the pattern that is actually observed on the screen. You may draw a sketch if you wish.(c) The speed of the electrons is gradually increased. State and explain what change, if any, is observed in the pattern on the screen Highe peed, : io Mngemdi.ina hc woases....dunrel Biy diameker dec naocs.