MATRICES. Rectangular arrangement of numbers in the form of rows and columns enclosed within brackets is called a Matrix. Matrices are denoted by capital letters. -1 5 2 A=|0 3.1 1-1 4)}y, In the above example ‘A’ is a matrix of order 3 X 3 A matrix is not just a collection of elements but every element has assigned a definite position in a particular row and column. In the above example a,, = ayy = 5,4), = 250, = Osa = 3,0, Also in the above example a,,=—I,ay =3,a,;=4are Principal diagonal elements. Sum of the elements of Principal diagonal is known as Trace of a Matrix. In the above example Tr(A) = a,/4a) + ay =-14+34+4=6 TYPES OF MATRICES: Square Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are equal to number of columns is called a Square Matrix. BX3 Rectangular Matrix: A matrix in which number of rows are not equal to number of columns then that matrix is known as Rectangular Matrix. 28 de 0 11 3hxs Diagonal Matrix: A square matrix is called a Diagonal Matrix if each of its non- diagonal element is zero. Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hittps://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 95150882603°00 B= 2 0 0 00 The above matrix can also be written as B= diag (3,-2,0) Identity Matrix: A diagonal matrix whose diagonal elements are equal to one is called Identity Matrix or Unit Matrix. 100 010 001 Lower Triangular Matrix: A square matrix is called Lower Triangular if all the entries above the principal diagonal are zero. 200 A=|-1 3 0 0 4.3 Upper Triangular Matrix: A square matrix is called Upper Triangular if all the entries below the principal diagonal are zero. 3 1 °5 A=|0 2 -1 00 6 Null Matrix: A matrix whose all elements are zero is called as Null Matrix or Zero Matrix. Row Matrix: A matrix which is having single row is called as Row Matrix or Row ‘Vector. 4=[5 1 0] Column Matrix: A matrix which is having single column is called as Column Matrix or Column Vector. Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hittps://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix ‘A is said to be Symmetric if A’ = A 2 12 A=|1 3 0 2°05 Skew — Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be Skew — Symmetric if A” =-A 0-1 3 A=| 1 0 -6 3 6 «0 Key Concepts: a. IFA is a square matrix then, |A| is called the determinant of the matrix A b. If is a square matrix then, A is called Singular Matrix when |4|=0 and non-singular otherwise. *** Let A be a square matrix and if A-has a row or a column of zeros then l4l=0 *** Let A be a square matrix and if A has two identical rows or columns then |4|=0 c. Amatrix obtairied by deleting some of the rows and/or columns of a matrix is said to bea submatrix of the given matrix. 13 -1 20 ‘| is a matrix of order 2 X 3 then a few sub . - 1 -1| [3 matrices of A are >| |, [1] ete. 25 0 d. The transpose of a matrix is obtained by interchanging its rows into Example: If a-| columns or columns into rows. For example, if A is the given matrix, then the transpose of the matrix is represented by 4' or 4” e, Minor of an element in a matrix is defined as the determinant obtained by deleting the row and column in which that element lies. Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hittps://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260f. Cofactor of an element in a matrix is obtained by multiplying its minor with (-1)"” . Where i denotes the row and j denotes the column position. 102 Example: Find the minor and cofactor of a,, inthe matrix}3 2 1 0-1 4 Solution: Minor of a, ()(-1)-@)(0)=-3-0=-3 Cofactor of a, =(-I)"* Minor of a,, =()')=3 g. Rank of a Matrix: A positive integer ‘r’ is said to be the rank of a non-zero matrix A if « There exists at least one non-zero minor of order r of A and Every minor of order greaterthanr of A is zero The rank of a matrix A is denoted by p(A) Example: Q: Find the determinants of the following matrices . [2-1 3-1 -3 O ts 3 G) |1 0 6 2 4 °5 Solutions: . _f2 -1 @ sa? 1] [4|=(2)()-(-1)(9)=6+5=11 3-13 Gi) Let A=}1 0 6 24°55 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260-coh fecal | =3[(0)(5)-(6)(4)] +1 )(5)-(2)(6)]-3[0)(4)-(0)(2)] =3[0-24]+1[5-12]-3[4-0] =3[-24]+1[-7]-3[4] =-72-7-12 =-91 Q: Find the rank of the following matrices hid Pl 20 -1 @ frii (vy) 341 2 bia [23.205 4 -1) @ [i °-4 (jj |2 3 0 Yip 3 012 1201 (i) |-1 0 2 o1-l Solution: 1 @ Letas}i 1 1 hy h =1(1-1)-1(1-1)+1(1-1) =1(0)-1(0) +1(0)=0 det 4=|4)=0 det A =|4]=1 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826011 Let B= b aaa -lal=[ | -()0)-090)=0 Rank of A= p(A)=1 14-1 (i) Let 4=}2 3 0 01 2 B 9 det 4 =|4|= 1] 1 =1(6-0)—4(4-0)-1(2-0) =6-16-2 det 4=-1240 Rank of A= p(4)=3 1201 (ii) Let a=|-1 0 2 o 1-4 o 2] FI o det A=|4|=1 +1 1 =) fo =1(0-2)-2(1-0)+1(-1-0) =-2-2-1 det A=-5 #0 Rank of A= p( 4) =3 120-1 (iv) Letd=| 3 4 1 2 232 °5 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260Consider B 12 0] =|3 41 232 1 3 4| + 2 2 (2 3 =1(8-3)-2(6+2) +0(9+8) =5-16+0 det B=-1140 Rank of A= p(A)=3 1 (v) Let 4 +; Consider B= ! 2 0-4) -1 | -1 det B=|B|=(1)(-1)-(2)(0) 0 det B=-140 Rank of A= p(A)=2 1.2 3 1. A= B= Lb [ ) 12 3.8 Solution: Given that A= B= VSAQ (2M) ane 2X + A=B then find X 364 Also, Given that 2X + A=B Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khar 3 72 2X=B-A 3 8] [1 2 “(7 2) [3 4 https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 2X in,then find 3B-2A 123), 73 2. A= |. B= 32a, 1 Bo 12 Solution: Given that A= [: : he _|9 6 3 “|3 69 9 6 3 246 3B-2A= “ 36 9 6 4 2 2 = se-ade] 7 ‘| 3.2 7 Clearl; 24-|° “learly, 24=| ¢ - Now, x-3 2-8ps 2 3. If 3} find x,y,zand a a x-3 2y-8] [5 2] Solution: Given that = | z4+2 6 -2 a-4} Clearly, x-3=5,2y-8=2,2+2=-2,6=a—4 x=5+3,2y=24+8,2=-2-2,644=a .2y =10,2=-4,a=10 yeas Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 95150882604, Define trace of a matrix and find the trace of A if A= Solution: Trace of a Matrix: Sum of the elements of Principal diagonal is known as Trace of a Matrix. 12% Giventhat 4=| 0-1 2 21 Tr (A) =a, +4) +a, =1-1+1=1 5. Define Symmetric and Skew — Symmetric matrices with an example Solution: Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be Symmetric if A’ = A 2.12 A=|1.-3 0 2 05 Skew — Symmetric Matrix: A square matrix ‘A’ is said to be Skew — Symmetric if 4’ =-A 0-1 3 A=| 1 0 -6 3 6 0 -12 3 6.1fA=| 2 5 6 |is a Symmetric matrix then find the value of x 3 x 7 -1 2 3 Solution: Given that A=| 2 5 6 3 x 7 Also, given that 4 is a Symmetric matrix Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826010 Clearly, 4’ =A ** 4 is a Symmetric matrix** -1 2 3) f-1 23 25 x|=|2 5 6 367) |3 x7 >x=6 02 1 7. If A=|-2 0 -2| isa Skew — Symmetric Matrix, then find the value of x -lx 0 02 1 Solution: Given that A=]-2 0 -2 -lx 0 Also, given that A is a Skew — Symmetric matrix Clearly, A"=-A ** Aisa Skew ymmetric matrix** 0 -2 -1 0 -2 -=1 2 0 x/=/2 0°52 1-2 0 lo-x 0 =>x=2 1 00 8. If A=|2 3 4| and det A=45, then find the value of x 5 6.x 1 0 Solution; Given that 4=|2 3 4 5 -6 x Also, given that det 4 =45 1 09 2 3 4|=45 Ss -6 4 1(3x+24)=45 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260cr 3x+24=45 3x = 45-24 3x=21 x=7 9. If @ is a complex (non — real) cube root of unity then show that 1 @ @| pod Solution: LHS=|@ @’ le 1 @ ROR+R, +R, ltota o+0°+1 w@ +1+a) 21 2 3 «1 10.1f A=| 5 alana 2 | 40 jpn sind 24-8 nd 30° — = 4] f21 : 231 Solution: Given that A=] 5 0], 402 -2 4 Also, B7=| 3. 0 12 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826012 —4 2] [-2 4] [-4-2 244] fo 6 Now, 244+B’=|10 0]+] 3 0]=/10+3 0+0]/=| 13 0 -2 8} | 1 2] [-2+1 8+2] [1 10 12] [-2 1] f-6+2 12-1] [4 11) oj-| 5 of=| 9-s 0-o]=| 4 0 3 6] [-1 4] | 3+1 6-4] [4 2] 14 7) 3 4 0 1 AS pr 1LIf A= fand B= , then show that (A+B)' =A" +.B" 25 8} 42-1 a 147 3 4 «0 Solution: Given that A= B= 258 4-2 -1 3 4 Also, 47=|4 5|,B"=| 4 -2 8 0-1 14 7),[-3 4 oO] [1-3 4+4 7+0] [2 8 7) Now, A+ B= + S - | 25 8}"[ 4 -2 -1} [244 5-2 8-1] | 6 3 7] 2 6) LHS=(4+B)' =| 8. 3 7 7\ 1 2] [-3 4] [1-3 2+4] [-2 6 RHS=47+B"=|4 5]+| 4 -2|=)4+4 5-2]=] 8 3 7 8{ |o -1] [7+0 8-1] | 7 7 Clearly, LHS=RHS cosa sina 121 A -| . then show that AA’ = 4'A=T -sina cosa |} Solution: Given that A= cosa sina —sina cosa. [cosa sina Now, 44 cosa —sina | -sina cosa || sina cosa Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260cos@.cosa +sina.sina [s a.cosa + cosa.sina 13 —cosa@.sina@ + sin@.cosa sin@.sin@ + cos@.cosa@ sin? a+ cos? a atsin? or 0 1s a o1 cosa -sina][ cosa Also, 4'4= “ oi sina cosa ||-sina cosa@.cosa + sina.sina sin@.cosa@ —cosa.sina [3 asin’ o eal) 10) 0 sin’ @+cos* a sina cosa cosa.sina—sin oon sin@.sin@ + cos@.cos a From equations (1) and (2) Ad’ = 4'A=1 cr 13.Find the adjoint and inverse of the matrix [ . cosar are Solution: Let A -[ cosa sina osa@ sina cosa sing __[ cosa sine Now, adjA=| sina cosa cosa —sina det A=|~" sina cosa Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, =cos@.cosa +sina.sina = cos” a+ sin? https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826014 Also. aa [se oe detA [-sina cosa 24 Mair =| 1 tne A = Othen find the value of k . . 24 Solution: Given that A= 1k Also, fats that 4? =O 2 4] 0 0 fori a oa 7 (-)(2)+()C) (1 9 4-4 844k] [0 0] -2-k 44} Lo 0! 0 844k] fo 0 -2-k -4+e] Lo | Clearly, 8+ 4k =0 -2-k=0 44+ =0 4k=-8 -2=k R= k=-2 k=-2 kava ka-2 h#2 70 oe 15.1f A=|> [then find 4’ 07 . i 0 Solution: Given that a-[ 5 | i get fie o iflo i Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, 15 (i. at (0) en 12) (9)-(0)+ “fo fee fe me ot Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/16 SAQ (4M) cosn@ sinn@ sinnO cosn@ 1. If A= cos? sind -sin@ cos@ ns show that A” [ io all positive integers n cos? sind Solution: Given that A= -sin? cos@ cosnO sinnO Lat sina aol Joo -sinnO cosnd Case 1: If n=1then, LHS= 4'= 4 [ cosé sind RHS= = |-sind cosO Clearly, LHS =RHS :. The given statement is true for 7 =1 Case 2: Assume that, the given statement is true forn =k , cosk@ sink@ oe S()= A=] -sinkO cosk0 Case 3: Now, 4"! = 4'.4 _[ cosk@ sink@][ cos@ sind ~|-sink@ cosk0||-sind cosé cosk@.cosO-sink@.sin@ —_cosk@.sin@ + sink@.cos0 "| +sink0.cosO-cosk0.sin0 -sink0.sin0 + cosk0.cosO cosk@.cos@—sink@.sin@ sink@.cos@ + cosk6.sin@ ~—(sink@.cos@ + cosk@.sin@) cosk@.cos@—sink@.sin® Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 95150882607 cos(k0+0) sin(k +0) “|-sin(k0+0) cos(kO +0) gor] cs(E +O sin(k +1)0 =sin(k+1)0 cos(k+1)0 «. The given statement is true for n=k+1 :.By the principle of Mathematical Induction the given statement is true for all ne N 1+2n -4n for any integer n>1 1-2n 2.1fA [i 7] then show that 4” -| -4 Solution: Given that -[; | Case 1: If n=1then, LHS= 4! = rus-('7?. 4)_[3 “Jy =] 1 12! 1 -1{- Clearly, LHS =RHS «The given statement is true for n=1 Case 2: Assume that, the given statement is true forn =k, siy=4 - 42k the k 1-2k Case 3: Now, 4"! = 4'.4 142k -4k] [3 - “Lk 12k ta = Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826018 (1+2k)(3)+(-4h)(1) (14+ 2k)(-4)+ co Dt 2k)(1)— (k)(-4) + (I~ 24)(-1) 34+6k-4k —4-8k+4k 3k+1-2k —4k-1+2k oe ‘ pcg ‘| a 1+2+2k -4(1+k) (l+k) 1-2-2k 1+2(1+k) —4(1+k) thay 1-2(1+k) 14+2(k+1) -4(k +1) (k+1) 1-2(k +1) <.The given statement is true for n=k +1 ..By the principle of Mathematical Induction the given statement is true for all neN 2 sos si 2 woe d cing] 3. 1o—p=Zithenst| S02 c0s@sind || cos" cosssind |_ 2 cos@.sind sin? || cosg.sing sin? Solution: Given that a-9=4 Lus= cos’@ —cosB.sin|[ cos*¢ —_cos¢.sing | “ leosé.sind —sin?@ || cosg.sing —_sin?¢ (cos? 0)(cos” 4) +(cosdsind)(cosgsing) (cos* 2} (cos.sing) +(cos0.sind)( sin” 4) (cos.sind)( cos” g) +(sin’ A)(cosg.sing) (cos#.sind)(cos¢.sin 4) +(sin” 0)(sin’ é) _[cosd.cos¢(cosd.cosg+sind.sing) cosd.sing(cosd.cos$+sind.sing) ~ [sin .cos¢(cos0.cos$+sind.sing) sind.sin§(cosd.cos¢+sin#.sing) _[cosd.cosg.cos(9-9) cosé.sing.cos(@-9) | sin@.cosg.cos(9-$) sin@.sing.cos(O- 4) Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826019 x . a cosb.cospcos® cos6sing.cos . ™ aoe a sind.eosp.cos> sinO.sing.cos 0 0 = =0=RHS 00 12 2 4. 1f34=| 2 1 —2/then show that 47" = 4” —2 2 -1 12 2 12 2 Solution: Given that 34=] 2 1 -2;54=4| 2 1-2 2.2 -1 -2.20-1 1 2-2 Now, aia 1 2 22-1 Also, wk. A.A’ =A A=] 341s A" AAT = 2 -2 2 1 2 22 -1 wy 242-4 244-2 44144 44242 1 9 -24+4-2 44242 44441 AA’ =1>A* =A" Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826020 1 2 and B=|-3 0 |then verify that (4B) = B'A' 24+34+10 -4-04+8 1-9-20 -2+0-16 [3 ‘1 AB 28 -18 (aay =|") Ae -18 201 1-3 5 Now, BT AT = -1 3 2004 2-4 243410 1-9-20 4-048 -2+0-16 BAT -\ | (2) From equations (1) and (2) (4B) = B'd’ Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hitps://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260a1 +z x 6. Showthat} y z+x — y|=4xyz zz xty| rz x Solution: LHS =] y z+x | zz xty| ROR-(RK+R) (v+z)-(vtz) (x)-(2+x+2) (x)-(ytx+y) = y z+x » z z xty lO x-z-x-z x-y-x-5| =|y ctx y lz z xty lo -22 -2y slp z+x yy =-2y zx y poz x+y =-2[0-2(»x ty? yz) + y(y2-2?-22)] = -2[ 0- zyx — zy? + yz? + y?z— yz? — yxz | =-2[-x2-y?2+ 2? + yz yz -y2| =2[-2n2] =4xyz =RHS Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826022 Ix—2 2x-3 3x-4 7. Find the value of x, if|x-4 2x-9 3x-16/=0 Ix—8 2x-27 3x-64 Ix—2 2x-3 3x-4 Solution: Given that |x-4 2x-9 3x-16/=0 Ix-8 2x-27 3x-64| R, > R,—R,,R, > R,- R, x-2 2x-3 3x-4 \(x-4)-(x-2) (2x-9)-(2x-3) (3x-16)-(3x-4)|=0 (x-8)-(x-2) (2x-27)-(2x-3) (3x-64)-(x-4)| x-2 2x-3 3x-4 442 943 -16+4/=0 |-8+2 -27+3 6444) x-22x-3 3x-4 2 6 -12|=0 6 -24 -60 |r-2 2x-3 3x-4| (-2)(-6)} 1 3 6 |=0 1 4 10 Ik-2 2x-3 3x-4 1 3 6 |=0 1 4 10 (x-2)(30-24) -(2x—3)(10-6) +(3x-4)(4-3) = (x-2)(6)—(2x-3)(4) +(3x—4)(1) =0 (6x-12)—(8x-12)+(3x-4)=0 6x—12-8x+12+3x-4= x-4 x= 0 0 0 4 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826023 Il 8. Show that |1 II *|=(a-b)(b-e)(e-a) a a Solution: LHS=|1 6 6°] he ¢ R, > R,— RR, > Ry - R, 1 a @ =|l-1 b-a B l-1 c-a c’-a@ =(a+b)(a-6) =(6-a)(e-a)[1(c+a-b-a)] =(6-a)(e-a)(e-b) =+(a-b)(c-6)(e~a) =(a—6)(b-c)(c—a) =RHS 212 9.1f A=| 1 0 1] then find the adjoint and inverse of 4 221 212 Solution: Given that A=] 1 0 1 221 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826024 t | L | L Now, det4=2) J-1] J+2] 2 y 2 yp Q =2(0-2)-1(1-2) +2(2-0) =2(-2)-1(-1) +2(2) =4414+4 det A=140 Clearly, A is a non-singular matrix. Also, 4“! exists FIRST ROW: SECOND ROW: THIRD. ROW: Cofactor of 2 Cofactor of 1= 43 Cofactor of 2=1 Cofactor of 1=+1 Cofactor of 0 Cofactor of 2= Cofactor of 2=2 Cofactor of | Cofactor of 1=—1 2 1 2 Cofactor matrix of A=| 3-2. -2 1 0-1 2.3 0 adjA=|.1 2 0 2-2 -l 23 Also, 41 = 244 _ 2 0 det A -2 -1 bo 10.1f 2 land E fo Solution: Given that -| 01 3 aa then show that (al + bE)’ = a°/ +3a°bE 10], for »E= o1 00 a0 0b ,bE = 04a 0 0 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260 Now, al =|25 0) fo 6 b Also, al +bE =|" " |+ =|" | 0 a}'{o o} [o al (al +bE) = a blf{a b] _[a’+0 ab+bal [a* 2ab 0 allo a} L0+0 oO+@}] Lo @ (al + bE) =(al + bE) (al +bE) ee From equations (1) and (2) (al +bE) =a°1+3a°bE I a a*—be| 11.Show that 1 6 b?-ca\=0 ¢ cab i a a?—bel Solution: LHS=|1 6 5? =cal h © c-adJ ROR-RRIR-R Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826026 loa @ be b-a Bb -ca-a’ + be] -1 e-a c?-ab-a’ +be| loa a —be =|0 b-a BP-a*+be-cal 0 c-a c?-a*+be-ab loa abe =|0 b-a (b?-a°)+e(b-a) 0 e-a (c?-a*)+b(c~a) la a’ be =(b-a)(c-a)J0 1 (b+a)+e lo 1 (c+a)+5| loa abe =(b-a)(c-a))0 1 (a+b+c)) ** Two rows are identical lo 1 (a+b+e) Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826027 7M. a 4 G 1. If 4=]a, 6, c,| is anon —singular matrix, then show that 4 is invertible a hc and 41 = 244 det A a,b Solution: Given that 4=|a, 6, a b Also, given that 4 is non ~ singular matrix Clearly, A~! exists Let 4,,B,,C,,.....are the Cofactors of 4,,b,.¢,, 4, B Gq Cofactor matrix of A=) 4, B,C 4, BC, AA, A adjA=|B, B, B, GG ¢, a balla, 4 4 Now, AadjA=| a,b,c, || B, a,b e|[C aA +bBy+cC, aA,+bB,+eC, aA,+b,B,+¢,C, A.adjA=| a,A,+b,B,+0,C, a4, +b,B,+0,C, aA, +b,B, +0,C. aA, +b,B,+0,C, aA, +b,B, + 5A, {, +b,B, +¢,C, det A 0 0 AadjA=| 0 detA 0 0 0 deté Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826028 100 AadjA=detA\0 1 0 oo AadjA = det Al AAT =I AadjA= det A.AA* A LGA yy det A yaaa det A Jb+c cta ath la b ¢| 2. Showthat |e+a a+b b+cl=2\b c¢ | la+b b+e ctal lc a Bl lb+c c+a a+b Solution: LHS=|c+a a+b b+e| lat+b bt+e cra ROR+R, +R, e+a)+(at+h) (c+a)+(a+b)+(b+e) (a+b) +(b+e)+(c+a) = eta ath bt+e ath bte eta (2a+2b+2c) (2a+2b+2c) (2a+2b+2c) =| eta a+b bte ath bte c+a (atb+c) (atb+e) (a+b+e) =2| eta a+b bte ath bre ct+a ROR-R, Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826029 (a+b+c)-(c+a) (a+b+e)—(a+b) (a+b+c)-(b+o) =2| eta ath bt+e a+b bte cta b c a =2eta ath bte| la+b bte cra ROR-RK b c a =2Zct+a a+b b+e| a oboe R,>R-R lb © al =2\e a 5 la b | ROR, la b ¢| =-2\e a 5] bc al ROR, la be =2\6 c a|=RHS le a bl la a 14a" la a || 3. 1f|b 6? 1+5°|=0 and |b 4° 1)#0then show that abe lec l+e le ce | la a’ l+a' Solution: Given that |b 6? 1+5°/=0 lec? Ite! Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826030 If the elements of a row or column of a determinant are expressed as the sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum of two (or more) determinants. la a 1) la a a =>|b b i+lb BOB le ce le & @av i pad =|b & il+abch & o*|=0 ee | fed Ged, la a’ | la’? a | =>|b B i-abelb> b 1=0 e @ | |e e | Gog evi jaw =|6 8 i|+abelo 6 aJ=0 ee | fe a] laa | =|b 8 1|(1+abe)=0 |b B40 le ce 1 le ce | o 4, Show that 6 © a) =| c? — 2ac—b* a |=(a° +? +0 ~3abe)" le a | | BR @ 2ab-c’ la 6 | 7 fi Solution: Now, |b ¢ al=al. 4 “acl S| la le a ‘le al lc a b Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, hitps://mdhkhanmaths. blogspot.com Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826031 3 B + abe +abe-c* =3abe-a’-b*-c? =-(a’ +b’ +e -3abe) la be LHS=|b c a a’ +b! +c'—3abe) =RHS la b clla b c =|b ¢ alib c a jc a Bile a Bl ROR la b ella b | =-b ¢ alle a le a Blfb ce al la b cl|-a -b -c| =|b calc a b le a bib ce a a +be+be -ab+ab+c? -ac+b? +ac| -ab+c?+ab -b +ac+ac —be+be+a? I-ac+ac+b> -be+a’+be -c? +ab+ ab] l2bc — a” 3 ce 2ac—b a |=RHS B @ 2ab—c*| Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260ll a a’ 5. Show that || 6? 5'|=(a—)(b—c)(c—a)(ab+be+ca) bee laa Solution: LHS=|1 6? 6° Pee RR, - RR, > RR, 1o@ @ =|I-1 B-@ Bb -@ va’ 6 =(a-b)(a? +ab+ 6") H-1 =a =a 1 a a =|0 (b+a)(b-a) (b-a)(6? +ab +a") Jo (c+a)(c-a) (c-a)(c* +ac-+a’) 1 o@ a =(b-a)(c—a)]0 (b+a) (b? +ab+a’) lo. (c#a) (c?+ac+a’) =(b-a)(c=a)[(b+a)(c? +ac-+a°)—(c+a)(6* +ab +a") | =(b-a)(c=a)| be” +bac+ba® +ac? +a°e+a° ~cb? — cab — ca — ab* —a*b—a’ | =(b-a)(c—a)| be? +abe+a*b + ac? +a°c+ a —b'e abe —a°e- ab? — a°b—a* | =(b-a)(c—a)[ be? + ac* be — ab? | =(b-a)(c-a)[ be? -b°e + ac* — ab? | =(b-a)(c~a)[ be(e—b) + a(c? 5") | Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826033, =(b-a)(c—a)| be(c-b) +.a(c+5)(c-5) | (b-a)(c-a)(c-5)[ be +a(c+5) | =(b-a)(e—a)(c—b)[be + ae-+ab] =~(a-b)(e—b)(e—a) [ab + be + ca] =+(a—b)(b-c)(c—a)[ab+be+ ca] =(a-b)(b—c)(e-a) [ab +be + ca] =RHS la—b-e 2a 2a 6. Showthat] 26 b-c-a 2b |=(at+b+c) 2e 2e c-a-B| la-b-c 2a 2a Solution: LHS=| 2b b-c-a 2b 2e 2e c-a-5| R>RAR +R, (a-5- a 25) (2c) (2a)+(b-e-a)+(2c) (2a)+ (5) (c-a-6) = b-c-a 20 2e c-a-b forded) (arded) (ordre) = 2b b-c-a 2b 2e 2e c-a-b Moo 1 =(a+b+0)2b b-c-a 2b lc 2e = e-a-b CG -C3G 9 6-G, 1 0 0 =(a+b+0))2b b-c-a-2b — 2-2b ac 2e-2e © e-a-b~2¢] Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 95150882601 0 0 =(a+b+c)P2b -c-a-b 0 Re 0 -a-b-c| 1 0 0 =(a+b+c)\2b -(a+b+c) 0 ac 0 -(a+b+c) =(atb+0)[(a+b+e) -0] (a+b+c) =RHS latb+2¢ 0a b 7. Show that] ¢ bte+2a b |=2(atb+e) e a c+a+25) latb+2e 8 a b Solution: LHS= c b+e+2a b e a ehat2b GPG4+G+G (a+b+2c)+atb a b =|c+(b+e+2a)+b b+ct+2a b lc+a+(chat+2b) a ct+a+2H [2a +2b+2e a b =\2a+2b+2e b+e+2a b [2a+2b+2e a c+a+2b| i a b =2(atbte)l bre+2a b i a c+a+2a) RR RR ORR, 1 oa b =2(atb+e)]0 b+cra 0 lo 0) eta Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826035 =2(a+b+e)|(a+b+e)'-0| =2(a+b+c) =RHS b+e cra atd 8. Showthatla+b bt+e ctal=a'+h +e’ -3abe a b e lb+c ct+a a+b] Solution: LHS=|a+b b+e c+al a b c RR + RR, > R-R b+cta ctath atbe+el =la+b-a b+c-b c+a-c| a 6 c latb+c atb+c atb+e =| 6 c a a b e =(a+b+c)b c-b a-b la b-a e-al =(a+b+e)[(c—b)(c-a)-(b-a)(a-6)] =(a+b+e)[ e(e—b)—a(e—b) +(a—b)(a-5) | =(a+b+0)| ebe-ae+ab+(a-b)' | =(a+b+e)| c?-be-ac+ab+a° +b* -2ab | Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826036 =(a+b+e)[¢? +a’ +b? —ab—be—ac | =(a+b+e)[ a’ +b? +0? -ab—be-ac | ‘s(a+b+e)(a? +B? +c? -ab—be-ac)=a' +b +c ~3abe (a+b+e)( ) =a'+b' +c) —3abc =RHS la? +2a 2a+1 || 9. Show that] 2a+1 a+2 1)=(a-1) 3 | la’ +2a 2a+1 || Solution: LHS=|2a+1 a+2 J 3 3] Ges, lh 2a+1 a? +2a| =-|l a+2 2atl i 3 3 ROR, {I 3 3 =t] at2> 2a+l h 2a+1 a’ +2al ROR II 3 3 =-|l 2a4+1 a*+2a| | at+2 2a+l RR, RR, >R,-R, 1 3 3 =-|0 2a+1-3 a’+2a-3 (0 a+2-3 2a+1-3 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 95150882601 3 3 =-|0 2a-2 a? +2a-3| lo a-1— 2a-2 =-[(2a-2)' -(a-1)(a +2a-3)] =-[4a? +4-8a-(a’ +24" -3a-a -2a+3)] =-[4a? +4-8a-a°-2a" +3a+a" +2a-3| =-[-a? +3” -3a+1] =+{a' 3° +3a-1] =(a-1) =RHS 10.Solve the following linear equations by using\Matrix Inversion Method, Cramer’s Rule and Gauss — Jordan Method 3x+4y+5z=18:2x—y+8z TRIX INVERSION METHOD: 3;5x-2y+7z=20 Solution: Given equations are 3x +4y+5z=18 2Qx-y+8z=13 5x-2y+7z=20 34 5 x 18 Let A=}2 -1 8);X =| y;D=|13 5.27 z 20 -1 2 -I Now, det 4=3 2 js 2 =3(-7+16)—4(14—40)+5(4+5) =3(9)—4(-26) +5(1) =274+104+5 det A =13640 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 951508826038 Clearly, 4 is a non ~ singular matrix. Also, A“ exists FIRST ROW: SECOND ROW: THIRD ROW: Cofactor of 3=9 Cofactor of 2=-38 Cofactor of 5=37 Cofactor of 4=26 Cofactor of -1=~4 Cofactor of -2=-14 Cofactor of 5=1 Cofactor of 8= 26 Cofactor of 7=-I1 9 2% 1 Cofactor matrix of A=|-38 4 26 37-14 -il} 9 38 37 adjA=|26 -4 -14 1 26 -11 9 38 37 Also, 41=“44 1 }96 4 14 detd 136 1 26-1 9 -38 37][18 Now, XaaD= 26-4 =14]) 13 26 11] | 20 162—494+ 740 ar 468 —52—280 18 +338 -220 CRAMMER’S RULE: Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260Given equations are 3x +4y+5z=18 2x—y+8z=13 5x-2y+7z=20 3045 x 18 Let A=|2 -1 8|;¥ =| y|;D=|13 5-2 7 z 20 3 4 5 Now, A=|2 -1 8 5 -2 7 =3(-7+16)—4(14-40) +5(4+5) =3(9)—4(-26) +5(1) =274104+5 A=136 18 Now, A, =|13 l20 13-1 8 20-2] =18(-7+16)—4(91-160) +5(-26 +20) =18(9)—4(-69) +5(-6) =162+276-30 A, =408 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260B 18 5| Now, A,=2 13 8 Is. 20 7 3 3) 2 8) [2 13 = -18/)|+5 20 7 |s 7s 20 =3(91-160) -18(14— 40) + 5(40-65) =3(-69)-18(-26) +5(-25) =-207 + 468-125 bb A I-2 20] S20) 2 13] 5 —2| 2 =I) +18] =3(-20+ 26) 4(40—65) +18(-4+5) =3(6)—4(-25) +18(1) =18+100+18 A, =136 Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260GAUSS - JORDAN METHOD: Given equations are 3x +4y +5z=18 Qx-y+8z2=13 5x-2y+7z=20 3045 x 18 Let 4=|2 -1 8|X=] y|;D=/13 5 27 z 20 3°45 18 Augmented matrix AD=|2 -1 8 13 5 27 20 RR -R, 153 5 2/2 -1 8 13 5 2-7 20 Ry > Ry— 2K, R, > R,-5R, 1 5-3 5 =|o -11 14 3 0 -27 22 -5 tn \ | \ | Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260R, > R,-5R3R, > R, +27R, 10 37 1 slo 1 4 i oo 8 Bl note 136 to 2 BD ll W =/0 1 4 IL 00 1 R, ORR, 9 UR, 11 0 37. 70 =| 0 11 -14 -3 0 0 11 R, > R,-37RR, > R, +14, 11 0 0 33 =/0 11 0 11 0 ot il Dr B. Md. Hidayathulla Khan, https://mdhkhanmaths.blogspot.com/ Associate Professor, Madanapalle — 517 325 Cell: +91 9052688623, +91 9515088260