Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chapter 1
Introduction
Rationale
million children in the U.S. will experience the death of a parent or sibling before
they reach adulthood and this number more than doubles by age 25, to 12.7
million, (Burns et al., 2020). Moreover, one in every twenty children in the United
States loses a parent or guardian before the age of 15, and 2 million children in
the United States lose both parents before the age of 18. (Grassian,2022).
children, and various studies have found an elevated risk of mental illness and
the outcomes of 90,620 and 88,859 children (paternal and maternal death
samples, respectively) born between 1982 and 1990 were examined, and the
achieved less, and they were more likely to receive a disability pension,
support and resources to help them cope with their loss(Vancouver, 2020).This
support, we can help children navigate the challenges of parental loss and
impact no matter what relationship a parent and a child have (Gregorio, 2018).
Once a parent died, the child loses a support system (Berlin,2019). The
importance of the parent’s presence plays a significant part in the Child’s life and
guidance we need especially from our Parents. All over the country, there are
(17%) of children experienced parental loss between 2013 to 2021 (UPPI, 2022).
This statistic shows, that several Filipino students experienced parental loss and
many of them need to start a new start in school, at home, and even in their daily
life (UNICEF,2021). Even after several exposures to trauma can impact a variety
of outcomes, these students still need to navigate the challenges that are being
faced even without the presence of the parent and despite the trauma, stress,
3
and adjustments that can impact their performance and interactions in school,
they still need to go on with their life (Downey & Crummy, 2022).
children were raised by both their mother and father, 15.6% by their mother
alone, 2.8% by their father alone, 0.4% by their father and others, 0.3% by their
mother and others, and 6% by neither their mother nor their father ( UPPI, 2022).
The survey illustrates the parental loss that several students in Davao
experience. School-aged children who suffer the loss of a parent are often
dealing with their first experience with death, they have neither the time nor
presence in your life may have never wavered and the loss of their support,
guidance, and love can leave a vast emptiness and pain that might seem
To some point of view, these are some of the common problems and
profound changes on the student's daily living. As such, these bereaved students
carry out problems that might seem hard or imperceptible to noticed but with in-
depth research we will be able to uncover how their life change and how they
respond to these challenges after experiencing parental loss (Oates J. R., 2022).
4
after the bereavement and it mostly brings up the bad impact of parental loss on
them. However, we have not come across any study that shows the involvement
their life after the past events. This study will determine the experiences of those
students who experience parental loss by analyzing their stories from different
challenges they faced by discussing them through their experiences and with the
help of one’s understanding’s we will able to connect them to the focused of this
study.
experiences of bereaved students who suffered from parental loss. It also aimed
to find out the processes through which this shared knowledge was created.
from parental loss is a phenomenon that actually exists in the school premises.
way to unveils the daily challenges they faced as they start living their new life
without the presence of any one parent. With these daily undertakings, they may
come up different idea. This idea will become part of their daily lives, they socially
information about the usefulness of the theory of The Four Task of Mourning in
students suffering from parental loss. Through this study, we would be able to
acquire salient information that would help us understand how human beings
bereaved students suffered from parental loss. It also aims to capture the
unheard voice of those bereaved students with the traumatic past experiences
and how they cope the common challenges they encountered in their daily lives.
And the insights they have as a bereaved student who are suffering from
parental loss.
Research Questions
loss?
loss?
Theoretical Lens
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Four Task of Mourning which states that there are four tasks one must
reestablished” (Worden, 2009). These tasks include accepting the reality of the
loss, processing the pain of grief, adjusting to a world without the deceased, and
finding an enduring connection with the deceased while embarking on a new life
Since our study is all about the lived experiences of bereaved students
suffering from parental loss, Worden's Four Task of Mourning is a very useful
lens as it provides a framework that will help us understand and assess how
through the pain of loss, they may experience one of the tasks or all of these
which will lead them to develop coping mechanisms on how they manage to
continue to work and live daily. All human growth and development can be seen
as influenced by various tasks and these are most obvious in child growth and
emotional) that occur as the child grows. If the child does not complete a
particular task on a lower level, then that child’s adaptation will be impaired when
trying to complete similar tasks on higher levels. Similarly, bereaved students are
accompanied with various task throughout the process of bereavement that they
have to continue to work with and experience from time to time in order to gain
control with their emotions and cope up with the loss although each students’s
changes but before one can fully comprehend the impact of a loss and the
human behavior associated with it, one must have some understanding of the
create strong affectional bonds with others and a way to understand the strong
emotional reaction that occurs when those bonds are threatened or broken
( Bolby, 1972, p. 78). The affectional attachment that exists between the students
and his/her deceased parents, that is, an attachment figure, determines how
make, or 'construct', their own understanding of the world by learning from their
experiences (Gillies, 2021). This is what Constructivism theory has put into
2004). This theory posits the idea that student’s reality is composed of how they
they have experience, the adjustments they have to make and their perceptions
on the death of their parents will help them to develop coping mechanisms that
will directly help them thoughout the process of bereavement. In essence, the
idea that coping with grief is not about breaking bonds, but about building new
daily lives, insights, emotional, and behavioral responses. As well as the different
problems this student met after experiencing parental loss and to how they cope
We are confident that the result of this study would add to the knowledge
decisive and strategic way of develop the quality of education in our country. To
the peer educators and councilors, to widen their support in this subject matter.
As well as, would give them the background on how to educate bereaved
circumstances and context. Lastly, this study would somehow encourage other
9
researchers in the future who are interested to conduct a study related to the
Definition of Terms
The following terms used in this are defined operationally and conceptually:
they experienced parental loss through their grieving process. This perhaps the
Growing. Of, relating to, or being the period during which something
adopt the journey of being a bereaved student experiencing parental loss. This is
bereaved student does depending on what they feel at that time period. This also
illustrates the way how they react to the parental loss throughout their journey.
2023).
Operationally, this illustrates how we dig information about the lived experiences
of bereaved students, such as their daily live, challenges, and struggles as they
faced the journey of being a bereaved student suffering from parental loss.
as well as the knowledge gained from these experiences and choices (THT,
2022).
from parental loss. It describes the challenges, problems, and even suffering this
2023).
Operationally, this illustrates the students who are suffering from parental loss.
Operationally, this indicates to those students who have loss their parents. A
National High School on managing their emotions, traumas, changes and their
encapsulate the unheard voices of different students from senior high school
department whose one or both parents are deceased. The information will be
which units are chosen based upon the characteristics best suited to helping us
the people have specific knowledge about the research (Alchemer, 2021). There
will be a total of 14 informants in this study, 7 will be from the in-depth interviews
The bereaved students refer to the learner's whose one or both Parents
include the gesture of our participants during the interview in the full
recorder and these files shall be properly saved and must keep confidential.
Since the number of samples for this study was limited, there is probably a lack
12
under investigation (Burns and Groove, 2007). The informants will answer all the
guide questions of the interview though there could be times they felt hesitant
and not sure of their answers. We must follow thorough questions for them to be
gather.
This study however does not mean that there were no weaknesses and
limitations. For instance, there are answers of the participants that were rejected
since they were not important anymore in designing the results. Another is data
collection. There’s a possibility that we will ask the students inside the campus
twice and some other thrice due to the data we might gather was not saved so
we need to repeat the interviews. Some of our participants could have brief
memory recollection as they were too young that time when they lost their
parents so they may not be able to narrate widely on the phenomenon being
studied. However, to produce good results for our study, we will start with our
assumptions and used a theoretical lens that would fit the natural setting in
research to achieve the expected generalizability of this study. Due to the small
sample who participated in the study, results may not be generalized and cannot
due to the fact that the real stories will be shared are past events and are subject
different chapters will be presented in a detailed and substantial manner for the
the purpose of the study that is to depict the lived experiences of bereaved
students suffering from parental loss and how they cope up with the
circumstances they face especially in times where they are forced to faced new
utilized during the interview of the participants and the focus group discussion.
Next, is the presentation of the theoretical lens that is linked with the research
study. Here after are the significance of the study and the people who will benefit
from this research. Significant words in the study are clearly defined to have a
better grasp of the terms. Lastly, the delimitation and limitation of the study is
about the phenomenon under investigation. The focuses of the review are the
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following. It discusses too the different themes emerged from the findings during
in- depth interviews and focus group discussion captivated from past studies.
study. These are the research design, role of the researcher, the research
Chapter 2
This chapter covers the review of literature related to this study. After
discussing the significance of literacy rate and the different reading programs and
interventions, we now present some previous studies that had been conducted
which, we will discuss the Four Task Mourning Theory as a lens in investigating
parental loss. Moreover, we will present in the chapter theories regarding on the
During the School Years, Parent Loss is Common For students of any
age, the death of a parent is an especially difficult time and adults who have lost
a parent need time to go through the grieving process (Nicholls, 2020). Education
predicts income and health behaviours, which subsequently influence not only
2018).
the child's ability to concentrate and interact with others during the school day, it
is also difficult for many children to watch the surviving parent struggle to cope
with the loss of a spouse and begin to move on and children take their cues from
adults and if the surviving parent is having a difficult time coping (Berg, 2018).
The loss of parent because of death can affect their growth development at a
young age. A study by Hoeg et al. (2016) shows that children who lost their
parents quickly get depressed, anxious, hurt themselves, get involved in drug
engagement and educational aspiration (Lareau, 2018). The studies have shown
that these children are at risk to have slowed academic progress, increased
behavioral problems, and increased potential for dropping out of school without a
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diploma and the change, stress, and instability of the child's life have a negative
loved one's funeral (Krull, 2019). Yet, grieving is a long-lasting emotional process
that involves dealing with a loss, a process entails a wide range of feelings, acts,
and expressions that all work to ease the loss of a loved one for the individual
going through it (Josep Matta, 2019). The mourning process goes through
several stages, including shock, denial, anger, bargaining, despair, testing, and
acceptance and people who have experienced loss can recover via this
approach (Karen Gepp, 2022). Grief is described in phases or stages, it may feel
more like a roller coaster, with ups and downs that can make hard for the
bereaved students to feel any sense of progress in dealing with the loss (Smith et
al., 2020). Some students may feel better for a while only to become sad again,
wondering how long the grieving process will last, and when they can expect
some relief (Holland, 2022). There’s no answer to this question, but some of the
factors that affect the intensity and length of grieving (Wray, et al., 2022).
When we experience a major loss, grief is the normal and natural way our
mind and body react (Carlisle, 2020). Losing a parent as a child or even a young
adult can be a traumatic event that can happen in a child's life (Robinson &
the grieving process, as the days, weeks, and months go specially to those
reactions that normally lead toward acceptance, healing, and getting on with life
personally feelings of the student as they process certain things from anxiety until
acceptance (Walker et al., 2022). The grief usually fades with time, but mourning
the time you spent with your loved one (APA,2020). Grieving process takes time,
and cannot be hurried; how a person grieve depends on many factors, including
coping mechanism, life experience, religious faith, and how significant the loss is
The death of a parent is an incredibly stressful event for a child and one
that can have profound consequences for the child’s future well-being (University
a higher risk for many negative outcomes, including mental issues (e.g.,
shorter schooling, less academic success, lower self-esteem, and more sexual
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risk behaviors (Li,2023). In fact, about one in 20 children aged 15 and younger
have suffered the loss of one or both parents, which has eventually led to them
developing mental health issues (Matta,2019). Also, sudden parental death, like
resulting from COVID-19, can be particularly traumatic for children and leave
Moreover, lower grades and school failure were linked to parental death
during childhood, with a large portion of the effect being attributed to socially
performance, and educational attainment later in life (Burrell et al., 2020). In that
event, children who had lost a parent were found to have lower average grades
and a higher risk of being ineligible for upper secondary education when
parental death had the strongest links with lower GPA and completing secondary
education, and the weakest with university education and DP, which is not
surprising, as the bereaved children are older when admitted to the university
and have had time to recover from bereavement (Lönnqvist & Kotimäki,2020).
and environments that protect them from these traumatic experiences, this can
aggression, and a higher risk of self-harm compared to those who have two living
between the loss of a parent in childhood and subsequent physical illnesses, but
much less attention has been given to the predictive role of loss in the
men who had lost a parent at least five years prior were conducted by some
common themes included "denial and disbelief, anger, anxiety, depression, guilt,
and devastation", such experiences were typical and reflective not only of Kubler-
Parental loss can have significant negative effects on the mental health of
found that children who experienced the loss of a parent were at higher risk of
(Bonanno et al., 2018). The study also showed that children who had less social
support and who experienced more stressful life events after the loss were at
even greater risk for mental health problems (Bonanno et al., 2018). The effects
the loss is sudden and unexpected (Boelen & Lenferink, 2020). A study by
Boelen and Lenferink found that children who experienced sudden parental loss
due to accidents or suicide were at greater risk for complicated grief and
depression than children who experienced parental loss due to natural causes
(Boelen & Lenferink, 2020). The study also showed that the children's age at the
time of the loss and the quality of the parent-child relationship were important
factors in their mental health outcomes (Boelen & Lenferink, 2020). Effective
interventions can help mitigate the negative effects of parental loss on children's
found that interventions such as grief counseling, support groups, and school-
posttraumatic stress in children who had lost a parent (Schuler et al., 2023). The
study also highlighted the importance of providing interventions that are tailored
to the individual needs of the child, as well as ongoing support to prevent long-
term mental health problems (Schuler et al., 2023). The death of a parent in
adjustment to the loss (Siegel, 2019). Several studies have shown an increased
affected by the loss of a parent through death prior to the age of 18, the loss of
one or both parents can be associated with a higher vulnerability for children,
22
both from a short- and long-term perspective (Hanson, 2019). Recent studies
childhood arise from the impact of this event on the system of response to
events theory (Felner et al., 2020), variability in children’s adjustment after the
loss of a parent is influenced by the chain of stressful life events that follow the
experience that may overwhelm a child’s ability to cope with this event
(Goodman, 2021), initiating a cascade of negative life events that affect the
stressors over time (Luecken and Lemery, 2020; Tottenham et al., 2019). At a
nervous, endocrine, and immune systems (Danese and McEwen, 2019), which
causes their effects to persist throughout the lifespan (Rutter, 2021; Adejuwon,
illness (Luecken et al., 2019; Flaherty et al., 2018; Serafini et al., 2019).
In this regard, among the primary resources that could help a child to
adapt positively to his/her parental loss are the quality of the relationship with the
surviving parent (Compas et al., 2019; Eisenberg et al., 2019) and the ability to
cope with future stressful life events (Kwok et al., 2020; Haine et al., 2020;
Pendry and Adam, 2020). Furthermore, the quality of the relationship with the
23
functioning of the caregiver, representing a significant risk factor for the bereaved
offspring’s later psychological and physical health (Wolchik et al., 2019). Several
difficulties in offspring over time (van der Pol et al., 2019; Hannigan et al., 2020;
family environment that does not promote children’s emotional regulation, leading
ways that grief affects individuals and what an individual may go through during
the grief process (Luchterhand, 2019). Dr. William Worden, a researcher and
psychologist developed a Grief model which describes four "tasks" that are part
book called Grief Counceling and Grief therapy: A Handbook for Mental.
Practitioner (Robertson, 2019). The task model, as it’s also called, is rooted in
This task deals with therapists’ efforts to assist the survivors with believing
the impossibility of reunion, at least in this life and the searching behavior is
directly connected to this task (Worden, 2009, p. 17). There are paramount
mummification, religion spiritualism (i.e., the hope for a reunion with the
2008).
acknowledges that each loss means working through that range of emotions
which the loved one is now gone (Gernon, 2018). Sometimes clients feel their
world and future has fundamentally changed, this can lead to a loss of direction
in life, ajusting to the fact that their loved one is no longer physically with them
allows clients to move on in to a new future after the death (Bates, 2019).
loved ones. This helps reaffirm that our relationship with a loved one didn’t end at
25
death (Terranova, 2019). There are many ways to do this; It could also be a
ritual, such as visiting the graveside at special times of the year or hosting an
grounded in the best interest of the child standard have resulted in frequent
will handle emotional stress, such as separation anxiety, hostility, and avoidance,
Constructivism Theory
construct or make their own knowledge, and that reality is determined by your
experiences as a learner (WGU, 2020). The idea that students actively construct
2021). The learner must consider the information being taught and based on past
it split into two main camps: radical and social (Michela, 2020). In this case, the
focus of knowledge does not come from teacher to students but from how the
students can construct by their own selves (Suhendi et al., 2021). Assessment
procedure also changes, as the teachers do not have to grade the students as
2021).
27
Chapter 3
METHODOLOGY
research paticipants, and the process of data collection, data analysis, and
dependability, and transferability. All individuals that were concern with this study
Research Design
2009) of the bereaved students suffering from parental loss. It focused into what
suffering from parental loss. They were able to explore such single idea
(Cresswell, 2012) about the suffering of bereaved students into more composite
28
from parental loss, the observable fact under investigation. Using purposive
method, the study examined the social meaning that the bereaved students
suffering from parental loss talked about the lived experiences and the process
through which those shared knowledge were created. On the other hand, Burns
The study used the four tasks of mourning, which was constructivist in
nature. As such, it looked into the real-life situation of the partiicipants with the
understanding that their stories may be the same from other students who were
presumption of our study is that reality is subjective and can be created through
human activity (Ferrari et al., 2020). We saw knowledge as states, desires, and
personal (Najel, 2019). Data were gathered through interview, these socially
find the social comparison, and summarize how it is used to define their self-
29
researcher must identify first what to discover, furthermore this means the
and results (Limpaecher, 2023). As part of the study, we are cautious and
We enhance our awareness on the phenomenon that the participants had given
during the interview however; We made sure to set aside our own views and
analogy as our approach. This would mean we are making comparison, finding
itnterviews using video recorder, taking down notes, and focus group discussion.
30
interview and with seven members of the focus group discussion were described
because of its flexibility (Moser et al., 2018). Participants from seven to fourteen
which provides a flexibe and useful research tool, moreover can potentially
provide a rich, detailed yet complex account of data (Caulfield, 2022). The
sample size of 7-14 is already an ideal number of the participants who will be
there is no typical respons to grief or loss, nor is there any set time frame to a
student may take to grieve (Flanerry M., 2021). This is the reason why we
conduct this study. There are certain times that grief can be exhausting, and this
may weaken the immune system of those students’ experiencing grief. This
makes people prone to colds and other illness. Most often, grief can often
Alternatively, a grieving individual might try avoid dealing with grief through hype-
from Grief: Delving into The Lived Experiences of Bereaved Students Suffering
from Parental Loss'' among the stuents of Lorenzo S. Sarmiento Sr. National
High School drives the researchers to look for further data regarding the reported
phenomenon.
those who was suffering from parental loss and the researcher will be divided
and prepared. On the other hand, interviewing is the part to our upcoming
transcribing, the researchers will first gather data and experiences from our
speech and data into written or printed form and the researchers will categorize
and name each experience that will be converted to data for later use.
even their daily lives. Furtheremore, the researchers will filter out the
participant's privacy. The researchers will ask first the permission of the chosen
researchers will categorize and name each experience that will be converted to
data for later use. We will guarantee that the data is reliable, accurate, and
substantial.
Reasearch Participants
The participants of this study are the students who have experienced the
study because they are the ones who have experiences related to the study.
experiencing various difficulties while living without one or both of their parent/s.
Depending on the purpose of the study, criteria may include age and
2019). Participants are given survey questionnaire to answer in the printed text.
Qualitative research is used in selecting the participants of the study wherein the
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