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2021-2022 Macromolecules
2021-2022 Macromolecules
MACROMOLECULES
Carbohydrate
For example : blood sugar is the monosaccharide glucose, table sugar is the disaccharide
sucrose, and milk sugar is the disaccharide lactose
Fehling reagent
Tollens reagent
MACROMOLECULES
pH dependent properties
❑ Zwitterionic
structures contain
both N-H+ and COO-.
❑ At low pH
protonate COO-.
❑ At higher pH :
lose H on N)
Leucine zwitterion
– pH>2.4
– pH < 9.6
H dehydration
H2N CH C OH + H N CH C OH
hydrolysis
CH3 H
alanine (ala) glycine (gly)
O O
H
H2N CH C N CH C OH + H2O
Ile - Gln
Vasopressin - diuretic
Tyr Asn
Cys Cys - Pro - Leu - Gly
S-S Ms. Evi Elfrida | SLHS | Grade 11
Val- Ile-Gly Insulin (21 + 30)
Glu
Gln
Cys Cys-Ser-Leu-Tyr-Gln-Leu-Glu-Asn-Tyr-Cys-Asn
Cys-Thr-Ser-Ile
Cys-Gly-Ser-His-Leu-Val-Glu-Ala-Leu-Tyr-Leu-Val-Cys-Gly
Leu Glu
His Arg
collagen =
skin & tendons
hemoglobin
Ms. Evi Elfrida | SLHS | Grade 11
Quaternary Structure of Proteins
3° multiple
polypeptides
hydrophobic
interactions
1°
aa sequence
peptide bonds
determined 2°
by DNA 4°
H bonds
Ms. Evi Elfrida | SLHS | Grade 11
Denaturation
any physical or chemical process that changes the protein structure and makes
it incapable of performing its normal function.
Examples:
· heating egg whites (irreversible)
· ‘permanent’ waving of hair (reversible)
1. Heat
2. Mechanical agitation
3. pH change
4. Inorganic salts
❑ disrupts H bonds, ionic bonds &
5. polar organic solvents disulfide bridges
❑ destroys functionality
6. Soaps and detergents
MACROMOLECULES
Lipids
Triglycerides – fats
and oils
Phospholipids
Waxes
– cholesterol
steroids
Ms. Evi Elfrida | SLHS | Grade 11
Triglycerides
– Fat molecules
– Structure = 3 fatty acids chains linked to glycerol
– Functions = long term energy storage and insulation for animals
– Can be saturated or unsaturated
3 fatty
Glycerol acids
Acid group
(carboxylic
acid group)
Oleic acid
in olive oil
Ms. Evi Elfrida | SLHS | Grade 11
Triglyceride
One glycerol molecule attached to three fatty acid molecules
glycerol 3 fatty acids
Ester bond
1. Energy store
2. Thermal insulation
3. Protection-internal organs
4. Source of water when respired