Climate change and anthropogenic activities in Coastal wetlands: A remote

sensing analysis and modeling application

Literature review

Wen-ting Wu, Yun-xuan Zhou, and Bo Tian's study "Coastal wetlands facing climate change
and anthropogenic activities: A remote sensing analysis and modeling application" examines the
difficulties faced by estuarine and coastal wetland ecosystems (ECWEs) as a result of the
combined effects of climate change and human activity. The authors evaluate the trends,
dangers, and probable future scenarios for ECWEs in Shanghai's Pudong New Area (PNA)
using remote sensing analysis and modeling methodologies. They provide habitat for a wide
variety of plant and animal species as well as coastal protection, carbon sequestration, and
water filtration. However, human activity and sea level rise (SLR) are placing more and more
stress on these ecosystems. Understanding the dynamics of ECWEs and their susceptibility to
anthropogenic activity is the study's main goal. The authors track the changes in ECWEs in the
PNA from 1989 to 2013 using a time-series analysis of Landsat data and object-oriented
classification approaches. The findings show that approximately 15,000 hectares of ECWEs
suffered considerable loss and degradation during this time. Due to rapid urbanization, the
majority of the wetlands have been converted into drained areas for agricultural, aquacultural,
industrial, or residential uses. Additionally, about 54% of agricultural land has been put to other
purposes or built-up areas. Two modeling techniques are used to evaluate the landward and
seaward hazards to ECWEs. The first is a Markov Chain model and the CLUE-S model, which
examine the impact of anthropogenic activities on ECWEs from the landward direction by
modeling the dynamics until 2025. The results show that, in the near future, built-up areas will
continue to grow and agricultural land will be lost, with urban sprawl spreading throughout the
PNA. The Sea Level Affecting Saltmarsh Model (SLAMM), the second model utilized in this
study, assesses the impact of SLR on ECWEs in a seaward direction until 2100. According to
the modeling outcomes, towards the end of the century, SLR-related landscape changes in
ECWEs will be rather minor and not clearly accompanied by tidal erosion.

Mehran Mahdian, Majid Hosseinzadeh, Seyed Mostafa Siadatmousavi, Zohreh Chalipa, Majid
Delavar, Ming Guo, Soroush Abolfathi, and Roohollah Noori’s “Modeling Impacts of Climate
Change and Anthropogenic Activities on Inflows and Sediment Loads of Wetlands: Case Study
of the Anzali Wetland” focuses on the Anzali Wetland Watershed (AWW) in Iran and develops a
methodological approach to model streamflow and sediment inputs to wetlands under the
combined effects of climate and land use/land cover (LULC) changes. The streamflow and
sediment inputs are modeled in the study using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT).
Data on precipitation and temperature are provided for the several Shared Socio-economic
Pathway (SSP) scenarios (SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and SSP5-8.5) by general circulation models
(GCMs). The Euclidean distance approach and quantile delta mapping (QDM), specifically for
the AWW, are used to downscale and bias-correct the GCM data. Future LULC changes in the
AWW are projected using the Land Change Modeler (LCM). The findings show that across the
AWW, precipitation will drop and air temperatures will rise under the SSP1-2.6, SSP2-4.5, and
SSP5-8.5 scenarios. SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5 warming scenarios alone will result in a decrease
in streamflow and sediment burdens. However, the planned deforestation and urbanization in
the AWW are estimated to result in an increase in sediment load and influx when the combined
effects of climate and LULC changes are taken into account. The study emphasizes the
importance of densely vegetated areas, especially in areas with steep slopes, in limiting too
much streamflow and sediment input to the wetland. According to the various SSP scenarios,
the predicted total sediment inflow to the wetland is anticipated to reach considerable levels by
the year 2100. The results highlight the necessity of strong environmental interventions to stop
significant sediment imports that could harm the Anzali wetland ecosystem and partially fill the
wetland basin. If these problems are not resolved, the wetlands may be removed from the
Ramsar Convention on Wetlands of International Importance and the Montreux Record List. The
study emphasizes the significance of comprehending the combined effects of anthropogenic
activities and climate change on wetland systems as well as the pressing need to put in place
efficient environmental protection measures.

"Coastal geomorphological and land-use and land-cover study of Sagar Island, Bay of Bengal
(India) using remotely sensed data" by K. S. Jayappa, D. Mitra, and A. K. Mishra This review
discusses the coastal geomorphological changes and land-use patterns on Sagar Island,
located in the Bay of Bengal, India. The study focuses on the alarming rate of morphological
changes brought on by both natural and artificial activity on Sagar Island. Due to the
destabilization and expansion of tidal flats in the Muriganga estuary as well as the change in
water currents' direction towards the island, the eastern portion of the island is eroding rapidly.
Recent years have seen a higher rate of coastal erosion than accretion, resulting in the creation
of critical zones of erosion in areas like Dublat, Basantpur, Gobindapur, Collectorganj, and
Sumatinagar. Using information gathered through field surveys, satellite pictures, and
topographic maps, the study intends to create an integrated database of the island using both
spatial and non-spatial information. The researchers gathered field data on shoreline changes,
sandy beaches, erosion sites, agricultural fields, aquaculture sites, and coastal riparian
vegetation. They also collected information on land use and cover, shoreline changes, and
shoreline riparian vegetation. They also collected non-spatial information about the island's
history and population. The processing and analysis of satellite data from IRS-1C LISS III
pictures allowed for the detection of changes in coastal vegetation, erosion and accretion, and
land use and cover. The findings of the study are highlighted in the literature review's results
and discussion section. It indicates that Sagar Island's eastern and south-western shorelines
are receding and that the amount of paddy fields, sandy beaches, and land vegetation has
decreased. The study highlighted significant environmental problems, including seawall
damage, overpopulation, overexploitation of living resources, and mangrove forest deterioration.

Ismail Mondal, Jatisankar Bandyopadhyay’s "Coastal Wetland Modeling Using Geoinformatics

Technology of Namkhana Island, South 24 Parganas, W.B., India" discusses the importance of
wetlands as vital and endangered environments that provide various functions such as food
storage, water quality maintenance, and habitat for wildlife. It highlights the significance of
sustainable management of wetland ecosystems. The study focuses on the delineation of
wetlands in and around Namkhana Island, West Bengal, India, using geospatial technologies
like remote sensing and GIS. The authors used information from IRS LISS-III and ETM+
sensors to assess and qualitatively describe the wetlands in the study area. To map and track
wetland features such as ponds, open water, aquatic vegetation, and turbidity, they employed
approaches like the Normalized Difference Pond Index (NDPI), Normalized Difference Water
Index (NDWI), and Normalized Difference Turbidity Index (NDTI). The study underlines the
value of remotely sensed data for characterizing, mapping, and monitoring wetland areas. The
study region is characterized in terms of its physiography and physical location, including
Fraserganj, Bakkhali, and Henry's Island. The authors' method calls for the evaluation of ETM+
data, the gathering of ground truth data, and the use of ERDAS IMAGINE and ArcGIS for GIS
and remote sensing analysis, respectively. This paper uses the normalized difference
vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference
turbidity index (NDTI), and the detection of ponds using the normalized difference pond index
(NDPI) to present the findings and discussions based on the analysis of land use and land cover
classes. The mapping of several types of wetlands, including mangrove swamps, aquaculture
land, salt marshes, tidal flats, mud flats, and river and tidal creeks, is also shown. To address
the primary causes of wetland loss and degradation, the authors explore the significance of
wetland conservation and management, as well as the need for additional research and
planning. In the context of wetland ecosystems, they emphasize the importance of climate
change mitigation and adaptation techniques.

Faruk Hossain and Dr. Md. Moniruzzaman’s “Environmental change detection through remote
sensing technique: A study of Rohingya refugee camp area (Ukhia and Teknaf sub-district),
Cox's Bazar, Bangladesh” analyzes changes in land use and land cover in the study region
using data from Landsat 5 TM and Landsat 8 OLI TIRS from 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. To
identify and quantify the changes, the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI),
Maximum Likelihood Classification (MLC), and Cellular Automata-Artificial Neural Network (CA-
ANN) models were used. The Rohingya refugee camp is one of the main land use and land
cover categories taken into account, along with agricultural land, sandy terrain, settlements,
vegetation, and water bodies. Significant environmental changes have taken place in the study
area, according to the imagery analysis. In contrast to significant losses in flora, water bodies,
and sandy ground, there have been noticeable increases in agricultural land, towns, and the
Rohingya refugee camp between 1990 and 2020. Comparing the 2010–2020 period to the
1990–2000, 2000–2010, and 1990–2020 periods, the 2010–2020 period showed the most
pronounced and swift changes. The Rohingya refugee camp is responsible for roughly 2495.63
ha (4%) of these changes, which show a transformation of the land cover of the study area over
three decades of about 21,409.12 ha (37.46%). By 2030, the predicted models predict that the
vegetation cover will have decreased by an additional 2524.95 hectares. Additionally, within the
same time period, a 977.04 ha rise in settlements is anticipated. These forecasts demonstrate
the continual environmental changes and the requirement for thorough environmental
management planning in the area.