XQuery

XQuery Introduction
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● XQuery is the language for querying XML data Web Hosting Providers
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XQuery is About Querying XML
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XQuery is a language for finding and extracting elements and attributes from XML documents.
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"Select all CD records with a price less than $10 from the CD collection stored in the XML
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XQuery Introduction
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XQuery and XPath
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XQuery 1.0 and XPath 2.0 share the same data model and support the same functions and
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XQuery can be used to:
● Extract information to use in a Web Service

● Generate summary reports
● Transform XML data to XHTML
● Search Web documents for relevant information
XQuery is a W3C Recommendation
XQuery is compatible with several W3C standards, such as XML, Namespaces, XSLT, XPath,
and XML Schema.
XQuery 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation January 23, 2007.
To read more about the XQuery activity at W3C, please read our W3C Tutorial.
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XQuery Example
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"books.xml": UK Web Hosting
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<author>Giada De Laurentiis</author>
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<price>30.00</price> PHP MySQL Hosting
</book>
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<book category="CHILDREN">
<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title> Web Hosting Providers
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<price>29.99</price>
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<title lang="en">XQuery Kick Start</title> XML Website Tools
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<book category="WEB">
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<title lang="en">Learning XML</title>
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How to Select Nodes From "books.xml"?
Functions
XQuery uses functions to extract data from XML documents.
The doc() function is used to open the "books.xml" file:
doc("books.xml")
Path Expressions
XQuery uses path expressions to navigate through elements in an XML document.
The following path expression is used to select all the title elements in the "books.xml" file:
doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book/title
(/bookstore selects the bookstore element, /book selects all the book elements under the
bookstore element, and /title selects all the title elements under each book element)
The XQuery above will extract the following:
<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>

<title lang="en">Harry Potter</title>
<title lang="en">XQuery Kick Start</title>
Predicates
XQuery uses predicates to limit the extracted data from XML documents.
The following predicate is used to select all the book elements under the bookstore element
that have a price element with a value that is less than 30:
doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book[price<30]

XQuery Example
The XQuery above will extract the following:
<book category="CHILDREN">
<author>J K. Rowling</author>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
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XQuery FLWOR Expressions
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We will use the "books.xml" document in the examples below (same XML file as in the previous
XQuery Syntax
chapter). WEB HOSTING
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XQuery Reference How to Select Nodes From "books.xml" With FLWOR Alojamiento Web
Look at the following path expression: Register Domain Names
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The expression above will select all the title elements under the book elements that are under Bulk Domain Names
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The following FLWOR expression will select exactly the same as the path expression above:
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for $x in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book
where $x/price>30 Web Hosting Providers
return $x/title
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The result will be: Programming Forums
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where $x/price>30
order by $x/title Custom Programming
return $x/title
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FLWOR is an acronym for "For, Let, Where, Order by, Return". Programming Forum
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_flwor.asp (1 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:10:45 PM]
XQuery FLWOR Expressions
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The for clause selects all book elements under the bookstore element into a variable called $x. Web Content Manager
The where clause selects only book elements with a price element with a value greater than
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30.
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The order by clause defines the sort-order. Will be sort by the title element.
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The return clause specifies what should be returned. Here it returns the title elements.
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The result of the XQuery expression above will be: Bachelor's & Master's
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XQuery FLWOR + HTML
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Look at the following XQuery FLWOR expression: Buy UK Domain Names

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The expression above will select all the title elements under the book elements that are under
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Helping W3Schools the bookstore element, and return the title elements in alphabetical order.
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Now we want to list all the book-titles in our bookstore in an HTML list. We add <ul> and <li> Web Hosting UK
tags to the FLWOR expression: Top 10 Web Hosting
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<ul>
{ ASP.NET Web Hosting
for $x in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book/title 3 Months Free!
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}
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The result of the above will be: Flash Templates
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<ul> Internet Business
<li><title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title></li> Opportunity
<li><title lang="en">Harry Potter</title></li>
Custom Programming
<li><title lang="en">Learning XML</title></li>
<li><title lang="en">XQuery Kick Start</title></li> BEST Flash Templates
</ul>
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_flwor_html.asp (1 of 2) [3/14/2007 1:10:55 PM]

XQuery FLWOR + HTML
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Now we want to eliminate the title element, and show only the data inside the title element: Programming Forum
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<ul> Web Content Manager
{ Forms,Web Alerts,RSS
for $x in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book/title HTML Exam
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return <li>{data($x)}</li> SHOPPING
} UK Wholesalers
</ul> UK Wholesale
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The result will be (an HTML list):
<ul> Tech Degrees ONLINE
<li>Everyday Italian</li>
<li>Harry Potter</li>
<li>Learning XML</li>
<li>XQuery Kick Start</li>
</ul>
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XQuery Terms
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XQuery Reference In XQuery, there are seven kinds of nodes: element, attribute, text, namespace, processing- Alojamiento Web
XQuery Reference instruction, comment, and document (root) nodes. XML documents are treated as trees of
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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Example of nodes in the XML document above: XML Website Tools
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<author>J K. Rowling</author> (element node) Internet Business
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http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_terms.asp (1 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:05 PM]
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Atomic values are nodes with no children or parent. FREE Trial or Demo
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Example of atomic values: Forms,Web Alerts,RSS
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Items are atomic values or nodes. Tech Degrees ONLINE
Relationship of Nodes
Parent
Each element and attribute has one parent.
In the following example; the book element is the parent of the title, author, year, and price:
<book>
<title>Harry Potter</title>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
Children
Element nodes may have zero, one or more children.
In the following example; the title, author, year, and price elements are all children of the
book element:
<book>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
Siblings
Nodes that have the same parent.
In the following example; the title, author, year, and price elements are all siblings:

XQuery Terms
<book>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
Ancestors
A node's parent, parent's parent, etc.
In the following example; the ancestors of the title element are the book element and the
bookstore element:
<bookstore>
<book>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
</bookstore>
Descendants
A node's children, children's children, etc.
In the following example; descendants of the bookstore element are the book, title, author,
year, and price elements:
<bookstore>
<book>
<year>2005</year>
</book>
</bookstore>
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XQuery Syntax
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● XQuery is case-sensitive Alojamiento Web
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● XQuery elements, attributes, and variables must be valid XML names
● An XQuery string value can be in single or double quotes
● An XQuery variable is defined with a $ followed by a name, e.g. $bookstore Register Domain Names
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● XQuery comments are delimited by (: and :), e.g. (: XQuery Comment :)
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XQuery Conditional Expressions Bulk Domain Names
Helping W3Schools "If-Then-Else" expressions are allowed in XQuery. PHP MySQL Hosting
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Look at the following example:
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return if ($x/@category="CHILDREN") ASP.NET Web Hosting
then <child>{data($x/title)}</child> 3 Months Free!
else <adult>{data($x/title)}</adult> Programming Forums
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Notes on the "if-then-else" syntax: parentheses around the if expression are required. else WEB BUILDING
is required, but it can be just else (). XML Website Tools
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The result of the example above will be: Flash Templates
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<adult>Everyday Italian</adult> Internet Business
<child>Harry Potter</child> Opportunity
<adult>Learning XML</adult> Custom Programming
<adult>XQuery Kick Start</adult>
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Programming Forum
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_syntax.asp (1 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:11:15 PM]
XQuery Syntax
XQuery Comparisons FREE Trial or Demo

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In XQuery there are two ways of comparing values. Forms,Web Alerts,RSS
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1. General comparisons: =, !=, <, <=, >, >=
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2. Value comparisons: eq, ne, lt, le, gt, ge UK Wholesale
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The difference between the two comparison methods are shown below. Advance Your Career
Look at the following XQuery expressions: Bachelor's & Master's
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$bookstore//book/@q > 10
The expression above returns true if any q attributes

have values greater than 10.
$bookstore//book/@q gt 10
The expression above returns true if there is only one

q attribute returned by the expression, and its value
is greater than 10. If more than one q is returned,
an error occurs.
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What do you want your Web site to do? Ektron CMS400.NET lets you do everything you
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site analytics, community building, blogging, personalization, and online
calendars. Ektron CMS400.NET bridges your Web site gaps.
Use Ektron CMS400.NET for:
● Content & Document Management - Author/edit content,

manage navigation, menus, audit trails, workflow, approvals
● Personalzation & Portal Support - Allow visitors to create their own view of your
web page
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_syntax.asp (2 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:11:15 PM]
XQuery Adding Elements and Attributes
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As we have seen in a previous chapter, we may include elements and attributes from the input Buy UK Domain Names
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document ("books.xml) in the result: Register Domain Names
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Web Hosting for $x in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book/title Cheap Web Hosting
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return $x
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Helping W3Schools The XQuery expression above will include both the title element and the lang attribute in the
result, like this: PHP MySQL Hosting
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<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title> Top 10 Web Hosting
<title lang="en">XQuery Kick Start</title> ASP.NET Web Hosting
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The XQuery expression above returns the title elements the exact same way as they are Programming Forums
described in the input document. Windows Web Hosting
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We now want to add our own elements and attributes to the result! XML Website Tools
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Add HTML Elements and Text Flash Templates
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Now, we want to add some HTML elements to the result. We will put the result in an HTML list Internet Business
- together with some text: Opportunity
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http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_add.asp (1 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:26 PM]

<html> Web Design Forum

<body> Programming Forum
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<h1>Bookstore</h1> Web Content Manager
<ul> HTML Exam
{
for $x in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book SHOPPING
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order by $x/title
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return <li>{data($x/title)}. Category: {data($x/@category)}</li>
} ONLINE DEGREE
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The XQuery expression above will generate the following result:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Bookstore</h1>
<ul>
<li>Everyday Italian. Category: COOKING</li>
<li>Harry Potter. Category: CHILDREN</li>
<li>Learning XML. Category: WEB</li>
<li>XQuery Kick Start. Category: WEB</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
Add Attributes to HTML Elements
Next, we want to use the category attribute as a class attribute in the HTML list:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Bookstore</h1>
<ul>
{
order by $x/title
return <li class="{data($x/@category)}">{data($x/title)}</li>
}
</ul>
</body>

</html>
The XQuery expression above will generate the following result:
<html>
<body>
<h1>Bookstore</h1>
<ul>
<li class="COOKING">Everyday Italian</li>
<li class="CHILDREN">Harry Potter</li>
<li class="WEB">Learning XML</li>
<li class="WEB">XQuery Kick Start</li>
</ul>
</body>
</html>
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XQuery Selecting and Filtering
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As we have seen in the previous chapters, we are selecting and filtering elements with either a Buy UK Domain Names
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Path expression or with a FLWOR expression. Register Domain Names
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Web Hosting Look at the following FLWOR expression: Cheap Web Hosting
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where $x/price>30
order by $x/title UK Web Hosting
Helping W3Schools
return $x/title
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● for - (optional) binds a variable to each item returned by the in expression Top 10 Web Hosting
● let - (optional)
● where - (optional) specifies a criteria Web Hosting Providers
● order by - (optional) specifies the sort-order of the result ASP.NET Web Hosting
● return - specifies what to return in the result
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The for Clause
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The for clause binds a variable to each item returned by the in expression. The for clause
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results in iteration. There can be multiple for clauses in the same FLWOR expression.
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To loop a specific number of times in a for clause, you may use the to keyword: Flash Templates
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for $x in (1 to 5) Opportunity
return <test>{$x}</test>
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Result:
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_select.asp (1 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:36 PM]

<test>1</test> Web Design Forum

<test>2</test> Programming Forum
<test>3</test> FREE Trial or Demo
<test>4</test> Web Content Manager
<test>5</test> Forms,Web Alerts,RSS
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The at keyword can be used to count the iteration: SHOPPING
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for $x at $i in doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book/title UK Wholesale
return <book>{$i}. {data($x)}</book> ONLINE DEGREE
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Result:
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<book>1. Everyday Italian</book>
<book>2. Harry Potter</book>
<book>3. XQuery Kick Start</book>
<book>4. Learning XML</book>
It is also allowed with more than one in expression in the for clause. Use comma to separate
each in expression:
for $x in (10,20), $y in (100,200)

return <test>x={$x} and y={$y}</test>
Result:
<test>x=10 and y=100</test>

The let Clause
The let clause allows variable assignments and it avoids repeating the same expression many
times. The let clause does not result in iteration.
let $x := (1 to 5)
return <test>{$x}</test>
Result:
<test>1 2 3 4 5</test>
The where Clause
The where clause is used to specify one or more criteria for the result:
where $x/price>30 and $x/price<100

The order by Clause
The order by clause is used to specify the sort order of the result. Here we want to order the
result by category and title:
order by $x/@category, $x/title
return $x/title
Result:

The return Clause
The return clause specifies what is to be returned.
return $x/title
Result:

frames.
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XQuery Functions
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XQuery FLWOR XQuery 1.0, XPath 2.0, and XSLT 2.0 share the same functions library.
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XQuery Functions values, date and time comparison, node and QName manipulation, sequence manipulation, UK Domain Names
XQuery Summary Boolean values, and more. You can also define your own functions in XQuery.
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Selected Reading XQuery Built-in Functions
Web Glossary The URI of the XQuery function namespace is: Cheap Web Hosting
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W3Schools Forum The default prefix for the function namespace is fn:.
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The reference of all the built-in XQuery 1.0 functions is located in our XPath tutorial.
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Examples of Function Calls Programming Forums

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A call to a function can appear where an expression may appear. Look at the examples below: WEB BUILDING
XML Website Tools
Example 1: In an element Website Templates

Flash Templates
Website Builder
<name>{uppercase($booktitle)}</name>
Internet Business
Opportunity
Example 2: In the predicate of a path expression Custom Programming
doc("books.xml")/bookstore/book[substring(title,1,5)='Harry']
Web Design Forum
Programming Forum
http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_functions.asp (1 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:11:47 PM]
XQuery Functions
Example 3: In a let clause FREE Trial or Demo

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let $name := (substring($booktitle,1,4)) Forms,Web Alerts,RSS
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XQuery User-Defined Functions
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If you cannot find the XQuery function you need, you can write your own.
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User-defined functions can be defined in the query or in a separate library. Bachelor's & Master's
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Syntax
declare function prefix:function_name($parameter AS datatype)

AS returnDatatype
{
(: ...function code here... :)
};
Notes on user-defined functions:
● Use the declare function keyword

● The name of the function must be prefixed
● The data type of the parameters are mostly the same as the data types defined in XML
Schema
● The body of the function must be surrounded by curly braces
Example of a User-defined Function Declared in the Query
declare function local:minPrice(

$price as xs:decimal?,
$discount as xs:decimal?)
AS xs:decimal?
{
let $disc := ($price * $discount) div 100
return ($price - $disc)
};
(: Below is an example of how to call the function above :)
<minPrice>{local:minPrice($book/price, $book/discount)}</minPrice>
frames.

XQuery Functions
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XQuery Introduction

FREE Trial or Demo

XQuery can be used to:

● Extract information to use in a Web Service

XQuery is a W3C Recommendation

XQuery 1.0 became a W3C Recommendation January 23, 2007.

Want To Be A Web Master?

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_intro.asp (2 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:10:11 PM]

<book category="WEB"> WEB BUILDING

View the "books.xml" file in your browser. ONLINE DEGREE

XQuery uses functions to extract data from XML documents.

The doc() function is used to open the "books.xml" file:

XQuery uses path expressions to navigate through elements in an XML document.

The XQuery above will extract the following:

<title lang="en">Everyday Italian</title>

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_example.asp (2 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:10:29 PM]

The XQuery above will extract the following:

Want To Be A Web Master?

Jump to: Top of Page or HOME or Printer friendly page

Copyright 1999-2007 by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.

W3Schools was converted to XHTML

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_example.asp (3 of 3) [3/14/2007 1:10:29 PM]

FREE Trial or Demo

What do you want your Web site to do?

Use Ektron CMS400.NET for:

● Content & Document Management - Author/edit content,

Look at the following XQuery FLWOR expression: Buy UK Domain Names

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_flwor_html.asp (1 of 2) [3/14/2007 1:10:55 PM]

Web Design Forum

Learn XML with Stylus Studio XML Tools - Free Download!

Stylus Studio makes it easy to edit and validate XML, XSLT,

Download a FREE Trial Now!

Jump to: Top of Page or HOME or Printer friendly page

Copyright 1999-2007 by Refsnes Data. All Rights Reserved.

W3Schools was converted to XHTML

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_flwor_html.asp (2 of 2) [3/14/2007 1:10:55 PM]

</bookstore> Programming Forums

Each element and attribute has one parent.

Element nodes may have zero, one or more children.

Nodes that have the same parent.

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_terms.asp (2 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:05 PM]

A node's parent, parent's parent, etc.

A node's children, children's children, etc.

What do you want your Web site to do?

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_terms.asp (3 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:05 PM]

XQuery Comparisons FREE Trial or Demo

The expression above returns true if any q attributes

The expression above returns true if there is only one

What do you want your Web site to do?

Use Ektron CMS400.NET for:

● Content & Document Management - Author/edit content,

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_add.asp (1 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:26 PM]

<html> Web Design Forum

The XQuery expression above will generate the following result:

Add Attributes to HTML Elements

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_add.asp (2 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:26 PM]

The XQuery expression above will generate the following result:

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http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_add.asp (3 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:26 PM]

http://www.w3schools.com/xquery/xquery_select.asp (1 of 4) [3/14/2007 1:11:36 PM]

<test>1</test> Web Design Forum

for $x in (10,20), $y in (100,200)