VIEWING AND RECORDING

OF THE
INTENSIFIED IMAGE
 Fluoroscopic Unit
CINE OR PHOTOSPOT
CAMERA

VIDEO MONITOR
IMAGE INTENSIFIER

SPOTFILM CASSETTE
SLOT CONTROL KNOBS

PATIENT COUCH

UNDER COUCH X RAY TUBE

 INTENSIFICATION

• Process of brightening the image.

Visual information Electrical information

Electrical information Visual information

The apparatus used is the television camera

(Television Camera)
 VIDEO LINK

SIGNAL AMPLIFIER TV MONITOR

(Viewing System)
1. Video/TV camera
-Vidicon or
Plumbicon -CCD
TELEVISION 2. Video/TV Monitor
CAMERA 3. Digital

RECORDING SYSTEM

Cine film systems(Cinefluroscopy)

Videotape recording
Static spot filming systems
 TELEVISION CAMERA COUPLING

a) FIBRE OPTIC COUPLING b) OPTICAL LENS COUPLING

Because of the limitations of the mirror optic
viewing system, a more practical and efficient
viewing system was employed.

1.Afford viewing by multiple persons.

2.Monitors may be located in remote locations
other than the radiographic room.
3.Image brightness and contrast can be
manipulated.
4.Images may be stored on different medium
for reviewing at a later time.
viewING
 1. Thermionic TV camera tube
• Works on principle of photoconductivity or
photoemission.

• Several types
 Vidicon
 Plumbicon
Hivicon
Chalnicon
Vidicon (tube) TV camera
 Parts of a vidicon tube
• Small electronic vacuum tube-1” in diameter
& 6 in. in length.
• Surrounded by coils- Electromagnetic focusing coil
Electrostatic deflecting coils

• Cathode-thermionic emission. ELECTRON GUN

• Control grid
Accelerates electrons to the anode
• Anode
Extends across the target end as a fine wire
mesh.
+ve potential of approx.250V with respect to
the cathode.
• Target assembly-3 layers
GLASS FACE PLACE MAINTAIN VACCUM IN GLASS
THE TUBE

SIGNAL PLATE ELECTRICAL THIN TRANSPARENT

CONDUCTOR(25V) FILM OF GRAPHITE

TARGET PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ANTIMONY SULPHIDE

GLOBULES IN MICA
MATRIX
 Video signal formation
Signal plate
Photoelectron
Target
Glass face plate
Globule
Light
Mica

Electrical +
Electron +
image ++ ++
beam

Clipped - -- -- -- -
signal
Video signal
Vidicon Target Assembly
PLUMBICON TUBE
 2. Ccd
• Use visible light to form an image
• Silicon(photodiode) used as IC chip arranged in a matrix known
as pixel.
• The silicon surface of the CCD is photosensitive – as visible light
falls on each pixel, electrons are liberated and build up in the
pixel

Electronic
video signal
to TV
Monitor
 LIGHT PHOTONS

FOCUSSED ON THE PHOTOELECTRIC CATHODE

ELECTRONS PROPORTIONAL TO LIGHT INTENSITY

ELECTRONS CAPTURED IN CHARGE BUCKETS

(STORED IMAGE)
READ OUT PROCESS IN
CCD
 VIDICON V/S Ccd

*STORES POSITIVE IMAGE

*READ OUT BY ELECTRONIC
*STORES NEGATIVE IMAGE
BEAM
*READ OUT BY THE CHARGE
BUCKETS BEING MOVED FROM ONE
BUCKET TO THE NEXT UNTIL THE
CHARGE REACHES THE EDGE
*SMALLER, REQUIRE LESS POWER,
AND HAVE A LONGER LIFETIME.
 TV MONITOR
• Last link in television chain.

• Contains the picture tube & the controls regulating

brightness and contrast.
• Electron gun
• Control grid
• Anode focusing coil
• Deflecting coil
• Ion trap
TV Monitor
• Focusing and deflecting coils control electron
beam.

• Brightness of individual dot is controlled by

control grid.
Receives video signal from camera control unit.
Regulate no. of electrons in the beam.

• Anode plated onto the inside surface of picture

tube near the fluorescent screen.
Carries higher +ve potential -10,000V

• Electron strike fluorescent screen at the flared

end-emit large no. of electrons-VISIBLE IMAGE
 TELEVISION SCANNING

SEQUENTIAL INTERLACED
a). SEQUENTIAL SCANNING
b). interlaced SCANNING

Video Field Interlacing

 3. Digital Fluoroscopy
• Image intensifier output screen coupled to
TFTs
• TFT photodiodes are connected to each
pixel element
• Resolution limited in favor of radiation
exposure concerns
RECORDING
 RECORDING
• Light image from the Image Intensifier output
phosphor.

• Electronic signal from TV camera.

 • Photo spot camera
Light • Cine camera
image

• Magnetic tape
Electroni • Magnetic disc 1.8GB
c signal • Optical disc 50MB-6-8GB
 1. SPOT FILM RECORDER
• X-ray film cassette interposed between x-ray beam &
the image intensifier.

PART POSITION EXPOSURE POSITION

¾ to 1sec delay

• Exposure uses fluoroscopic kVp(80-90) and a higher

mA 300-400.

• Photo timer controls the length of exposure.

. SPOT FILM RECORDER
 2. PHOTOSPOT CAMERA

• A spot film(Photospot) camera records the image

o/p of Image Intensifier on a film.
• Types :
105 mm & 70 mm camera using roll film.
100 mm camera using sheet film.
• Capable of recording images at the rate of 1
per sec or rapid sequence of up to 12 per sec.
PHOTOSPOT CAMERA
Camera features
• Separate supply & take-up magazines.

• Automatic exposure of patient data onto film.

• Automatic recording of serial number of each

shot in a sequence.
• A safety mechanism to prevent use if camera
runs empty or patient’s id card is not inserted.
 3. CINEFLUOROSCOPY

• Process of recording images on movie(cine)

film.
• Beam splitting mirror allows cine recording.
• Movie camera intercepts image
– 16 mm and 35 mm formats
– Record series of static exposures at high speed
– 30 – 60 frames per second
Camera In Action

•Film travel
•Variable-speed motor
•Shutter
•Aperture
3. Videotape(TV IMAGE) Recording

• It involves recording the electrical signal from tv

camera.
• This group of recorders include:
1. Tape recorders
2. Magnetic disc recorders.
3. Optical disc recorders.
• The three recorders may employ either
analog or digital signals.
42
 MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDERS

MAGNETIC DISC RECORDER OPTICAL DISC RECORDER