Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition Wayne Weiten Test Bank 1

Psychology Themes and Variations
9th Edition Wayne Weiten Solutions

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Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. The awareness of self, your thoughts, internal sensations and external stimuli is defined as
a. consciousness.
b. hypnosis.
c. sensation.
d. perception.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
OBJ: 5.1 TOP: WWW KEY: Factual
2. The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

a. wakefulness.
b. the unconscious.
c. consciousness.
d. alertness.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Factual
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3. The idea that one's consciousness continually changes, fluctuates, and wanders characterizes William
James's concept that consciousness is
a. an incomplete picture puzzle.
b. a partially submerged iceberg.
c. a stream.
d. a flower garden.
OBJ: 5.1 KEY: Concept/Applied
4. If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find

a. a system of hierarchically organized cognitions.
b. one central thought and multiple, related subsidiary thoughts.
c. an endless flow of ideas that constantly shifts and changes.
d. an organized system of parallel thoughts.
5. The example of a new parent who sleeps through a loud thunderstorm, but wakes up the minute their
newborn infant begins to cry is used to illustrate that during sleep, there is
a. no awareness of external stimuli.
b. a selective awareness of external stimuli.
c. no awareness of either external or internal stimuli.
d. an awareness of all external stimuli.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
6. Which of the following statements BEST reflects current thinking regarding the evolutionary roots of
consciousness?
a. Researchers generally agree that there is no plausible evolutionary explanation of
consciousness.
b. The evolutionary bases of consciousness remain elusive.
c. Unobservable behaviors such as consciousness are not subject to the laws of evolution.
d. Plenty of empirical evidence exists to support the adaptive quality of consciousness.
7. The personal awareness you have of both internal and external stimuli, and your thoughts concerning
those stimuli, comprise your
a. attention.
b. unconsciousness.
c. consciousness.
d. alertness.
8. William James proposed the concept ____ to describe the continually changing aspect of
consciousness.
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a. circadian consciousness
b. flow of consciousness
c. stream of unconsciousness
d. stream of consciousness
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
9. According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

a. levels of reality.
b. levels of awareness.
c. streams of awareness.
d. streams of consciousness.
10. Doctors and nurses try to "watch what they say" when performing surgery because
a. the concentration of other members of the surgical team is disrupted by unnecessary
comments.
b. people under anesthesia occasionally awaken completely during surgery.
c. people under anesthesia maintain some awareness and can occasionally hear comments.
d. the patient's family members occasionally overhear comments.
11. The electroencephalograph is used in sleep research to measure brain-wave activity in the
a. corpus callous.
b. cerebral cortex.
c. hypothalamus.
d. medulla.
12. A device that measures electrical activity in the brain over time by the means of recording electrodes
attached to the surface of the skin is
a. a CT scan.
b. electroencephalograph.
c. an MRI.
d. a fMRI.
13. An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

a. glucose metabolism in the brain.
b. muscle tension in the body.
c. respiration rates as an index of arousal.
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d. electrical activity of the brain.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
14. Which of the following does NOT belong with the other three?
a. omega
b. theta
c. alpha
d. delta
ANS: A PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 88%
REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.2 KEY: Critical Thinking
15. The EEG pattern associated with normal, waking, alert states is
a. gamma.
b. beta.
c. alpha.
d. delta.
ANS: B PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 58%
REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.2 KEY: Factual
16. Which brain wave is probably operating while you are taking this exam?
a. alpha
b. beta
c. theta
d. delta
17. The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

a. dreaming.
b. deep sleep.
c. a waking state.
d. none of these states.
REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.2 KEY: Factual
18. At this moment, as you are concentrating on answering this exam question correctly, your dominant
brain wave pattern MOST likely consists of
a. alpha waves.
b. beta waves.
c. delta waves.
d. theta waves.
19. If you were to lie down under a tree and relax, but not fall asleep, your dominant brain wave pattern
would MOST likely consist of
a. alpha waves.
b. beta waves.
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c. delta waves.
d. theta waves.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness
20. The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as ____ rhythms.
a. circadian
b. slow-wave
c. rem
d. subcortical
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep
21. The circadian rhythm operates around:

a. a 1-year cycle
b. a 28-day cycle
c. a 24-hour cycle
d. a 90-minute cycle
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep
22. Which of the following glands is responsible for secreting the hormone involved in adjustments to our
biological clocks?
a. the pineal gland
b. the pituitary gland
c. the thyroid
d. the gonads
23. Kayla's core body temperature has risen 1.5 degrees in the last half hour. This change in body
temperature means that it is most likely that Kayla
a. has just fallen asleep.
b. will fall asleep in the next 60 minutes.
c. has just woken up.
d. has been meditating for the past 30 minutes.
24. In general, research into circadian rhythms has found that overall level of alertness and body
temperature are
a. negatively correlated.
b. positively correlated in females and negatively correlated in males.
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c. positively correlated in males and negatively correlated in females.
d. positively correlated.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep
OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Critical Thinking
25. When the first astronauts travel to Mars, they will be traveling for long periods of time with no
external time cues. You would predict that the circadian rhythms for these astronauts would
a. drift toward a slightly longer cycle.
b. drift toward a slightly shorter cycle.
c. stay synchronized with a 24-hour cycle.
d. become sporadic and show no definite pattern.
26. Some researchers have suggested that our 24-hour sleep/wake cycle may partially be a response to a
world where the sun rises and sets on a 24-hour cycle. Imagine that the earth is gradually slowing
down, and in 10,000 years the sun rises and sets on a 26-hour cycle instead. If you came to this future
world you might expect that people would tend to
a. follow the old cycle and still fall asleep once every 24 hours.
b. show no consistent wake-sleep cycle.
c. develop an even shorter 22-hour sleep/wake cycle.
d. follow the extended cycle set by the sun and fall asleep once every 26 hours.
27. Signals sent from the suprachiasmatic nucleus to the pineal gland have been implicated in
a. inducing sleep.
b. causing one to dream.
c. alpha rhythm generation.
d. resetting circadian rhythms.
ANS: D PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 46%
REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Factual
28. Which of the following appears to be the sequence of events associated with resetting one's biological
clock?
a. The hypothalamus signals the thalamus, which in turn sends signals to the medial
forebrain bundle.
b. The thalamus signals the optic chiasm, which in turn causes a release of the hormone
philoxin, which activates the renal gland.
c. The suprachiasmatic nucleus signals the pineal gland, which in turn secretes the hormone
melatonin.
d. The superior colliculus signals the thalamus, which stimulates Broca's area.
ANS: C PTS: 1 DIF: Correct = 71%
REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
29. The hormone that appears to play a key role in adjusting our biological clocks is
a. melatonin.
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b. cholecystokinin.
c. serotonin.
d. phenylalanine.
30. Mary is a “night person” and Gary is a “morning person.” This difference is probably due to
differences in their
a. REM sleep patterns.
b. cytoplasm.
c. circadian rhythms.
d. use of alcohol.
REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep OBJ: 5.3 KEY: Concept/Applied
31. Based on what is known about circadian rhythms and jet lag, you might expect that a flight attendant
would experience the most jet lag on a flight from
a. Philadelphia to San Francisco (east to west).
b. Minneapolis to Houston (north to south).
c. San Francisco to Philadelphia (west to east).
d. Houston to Minneapolis (south to north).
32. Gunther is a news anchor who just flew from San Diego to Paris, crossing 8 time zones. Based on what
is known about jet lag, Gunther will MOST likely
a. take about 4 days to adjust to the new time zone.
b. take 48 hours to adjust to the new time zone.
c. not experience any jet lag because he has flown west to east.
d. take just over a week to adjust to the new time zone.
33. Research has shown that people who work on a rotating shift schedule are ____ to have accidents and
be ____ productive than people who do not work on a rotating shift schedule.
a. more apt; just as
b. less apt; less
c. less apt; more
d. more apt; less
34. The day-night cycle resets the human biological clock when light causes receptors in the retina to
direct input to the ____ of the ____.
a. pineal gland; medulla
b. pineal gland; hypothalamus
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c. suprachiasmatic nucleus; medulla
d. suprachiasmatic nucleus; hypothalamus
35. What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

a. amount of time spent sleeping
b. amount of time spent awake
c. cultural practices
d. exposure to light
36. How long does it typically take a person to readjust her biological clock after experiencing jet lag?
a. one day for each time zone crossed
b. two days for each time zone crossed
c. three days
d. one week
37. The evidence from numerous studies on the effectiveness of melatonin indicates that
a. melatonin consistently reduces the effects of jet lag.
b. melatonin consistently enhances the effects of jet lag by resynchronizing the biological
clock in the wrong direction.
c. melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the dose is given at the right time.
d. melatonin can be used to reduce jet lag if the right dose is taken.
38. Researchers have tried exposure to ____ as a treatment to realign circadian rhythms.
a. melatonin
b. caffeine
c. bright light
d. endorphins
39. Felicia is a participant in a study on stress reactions. Which of the following instruments would MOST
likely be used to measure her muscle tension?
a. electromyograph
b. circadiometer
c. electroencephalograph
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d. polygraph
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle
40. Felicia is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be
used to measure her muscle tension?
a. electromyograph
b. circadiometer
d. polygraph
41. Philippe is being monitored in a sleep lab. Which of the following instruments would MOST likely be
used to measure his eye movements?
a. electromyograph
b. electrooculograph
d. polygraph
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle
42. Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

a. alpha waves
b. REM waves
c. theta waves
d. zeta waves
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle
43. Victoria is listening to a lecture in a hot lecture hall, late on a Friday afternoon. She starts to feel
drowsy, and then falls into a light sleep. If her brain wave patterns were being monitored, they would
show a shift from
a. alpha waves to beta waves and finally to delta waves.
b. theta waves to beta waves and finally to alpha waves.
c. beta waves to alpha waves and finally to theta waves.
d. beta waves to theta waves and finally to alpha waves.
44. Alexander is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches
the printout from the EEG, theta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude
that Alexander
a. has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
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b. is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
c. has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
d. is currently in REM sleep.
45. Sleep spindles, which appear against a background of mixed, mostly lower frequency EEG activity,
are characteristic of
a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. stage 4 sleep.
d. REM sleep.
REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Factual
46. Ryan is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the
printout from the EEG, sleep spindles begin to appear. Based on this information, the researcher can
conclude that Ryan
a. is currently in REM sleep.
b. has just entered Stage 2 sleep.
c. has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
d. is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
47. Rebecca is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. As the researcher watches the
printout from the EEG, delta waves appear. Based on this information, the researcher can conclude
that Rebecca
a. has just entered Stage 1 sleep.
b. is still awake, but is relaxed and drowsy.
c. is currently in REM sleep.
d. has just entered Stage 3 sleep.
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle
48. An electroencephalograph (EEG) is recording Joseph's brain activity, and the recording is currently
dominated by delta waves. Unexpectedly, there is a loud crash in the sleep lab. It is likely
a. the crash will wake Joseph from his relatively light sleep.
b. there will be a sleep spindle recorded on the EEG at the time of the crash.
c. the noise of the crash will be incorporated into the dream Joseph is currently experiencing.
d. there will be no change in the EEG, and Joseph's sleep will not be interrupted.
49. As a person falls into deeper sleep, his pattern of brain wave activity becomes both ____ in frequency
and ____ in amplitude.
a. slower; higher
b. faster; higher
c. slower; lower
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d. faster; lower
50. Peter is in a deep sleep and his brain wave pattern consists of low frequency delta waves. Peter is
experiencing which stage of sleep?
a. REM
b. Stage 3 or 4
c. Stage 1
d. Stage 2
51. Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

a. low amplitude sleep.
b. high amplitude sleep.
c. slow-wave sleep.
d. fast-wave sleep.
52. REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

a. minimal bodily movement.
b. regular breathing and pulse rate.
c. beta waves.
d. dreaming.
53. The brain wave pattern of a person in ____ sleep resembles the brain wave pattern observed when the
individual is awake and alert.
a. Stage 1
b. Stage 4
c. REM
d. NREM
54. The paradox concerning REM sleep is while

a. it is a deep sleep; the person is easy to awaken.
b. it is a deep sleep; the brain wave pattern resembles the pattern of an alert and awake
individual.
c. the person is dreaming: the brain wave pattern resembles that of an awake and relaxed
individual.
d. the person is dreaming; his muscles are practically paralyzed.
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55. If you were awakened while you are experiencing rapid eye movements you probably would report
that you had
a. a headache.
b. been dreaming.
c. not been dreaming.
d. not really been asleep.
56. Bailey is hooked up to an electroencephalograph (EEG) in a sleep lab. She has been asleep for just
over an hour now, and her EEG is showing low amplitude, irregular brain wave patterns. Her breathing
and pulse rate are irregular, and her eyes are darting back and forth beneath her closed eyelids. The
researcher who is monitoring Bailey's sleep can conclude that Bailey
a. has just entered REM sleep.
b. has just entered Stage 4 sleep.
c. is experiencing sleep anoxia and needs immediate medical attention.
d. suffers from a sleep disorder.
57. A rapid EEG (beta waves), dreaming, rapid eye movements, and profound muscle relaxation go with
a. stage 1 sleep.
b. stage 2 sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. relaxed wakefulness.
58. Dr. Everett is observing Robert in a sleep lab. Dr. Everett intends to wake Robert up each time he
begins REM sleep. Based on the electroencephalograph (EEG) recordings, Robert should be awakened
each time the EEG shows
a. alpha wave activity.
b. low-voltage, high frequency beta waves.
c. the presence of sleep spindles.
d. theta wave activity.
59. You are observing your friend Melissa while she is sleeping. She is tossing and turning. It is most
likely that Melissa is currently in
a. NREM sleep and she is acting out a dream she is experiencing.
b. REM sleep and is acting out a dream that she is experiencing.
c. NREM sleep and her movements are random.
d. REM sleep and her movements are random.
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60. "Manny got out of bed and began doing calisthenics during REM sleep, probably because he was
dreaming about boot camp." What is WRONG with this statement?
a. Sleep is a relaxed condition of the body and, as such, precludes physical activity.
b. Research shows that no dreaming takes place in REM sleep.
c. Research shows that we are virtually paralyzed in REM sleep.
d. Manny was never in boot camp so he is not likely to be dreaming about it.
61. Olivia has trouble staying asleep for more than 4 hours at a time. Olivia is likely to experience
a. more vivid dreams than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
b. less REM sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
c. less deep sleep than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
d. more sleep spindles than people who sleep for a full 8 hours.
62. In general, as the cycle of sleep recurs through the night, it tends to contain
a. more stage 4 and less REM.
b. more stage 4 and more REM.
c. less stage 4 and less REM.
d. less stage 4 and more REM.
63. Given the cyclical nature of sleep, we can expect to do the most dreaming
a. toward the beginning of the night's sleep.
b. in the middle of the night's sleep.
c. in NREM sleep.
d. toward the end of the night's sleep.
REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5 KEY: Concept/Applied
64. REM periods of sleep tend to ____ as the night goes on.
a. deepen
b. lighten
c. shorten
d. lengthen
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65. A person typically has ____ sleep cycles during the course of a night's sleep.
a. one
b. two
c. four
d. six
66. The majority of slow-wave sleep occurs ____ the course of a night's sleep.
a. early in
b. late in
c. in the middle of
d. evenly distributed throughout
67. The stage of sleep in which the slowest brain waves occur is
a. stage 1.
b. stage 2.
c. REM.
d. stage 4.
68. If you normally sleep eight hours each night, and last night you only slept for six hours, which stage of
sleep would be MOST affected by the loss of total sleep time?
a. slow-wave
b. NREM
c. Stage 2
d. REM
69. Charlene is twelve, and her elderly aunt has come for a visit. The aunt is using the spare bed in
Charlene's room. Several times during the night the aunt awakens briefly, and then falls back to sleep.
Charlene doesn't awaken at all during the night. This difference in sleep patterns can best be explained
by research that shows
a. during adulthood the proportion of REM sleep gradually declines.
b. during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep increases significantly.
c. the elderly are more affected by jet lag and shifts in their circadian rhythm.
d. during adulthood the proportion of slow-wave sleep gradually declines.
70. Compared to young adults, infants sleep for a ____ period of time each day and spend a ____
proportion of their total sleep time in REM sleep.
a. longer; smaller
b. longer; larger
c. shorter; larger
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d. shorter; smaller
71. As adults age, the proportion of sleep time they spend in slow-wave sleep ____ while the proportion of
time spent in REM sleep ____.
a. remains stable; decreases
b. decreases; remains stable
c. increases; decreases
d. decreases; increases
72. Recent research suggests that sleep deprivation causes ______ .

a. more impairment in older adults than younger adults.
b. less impairment in older adults than younger adults.
c. about the same level of impairment in older and younger adults.
d. no impairment in either older or younger adults.
73. Which of the following statements about napping practices is NOT accurate?
a. Napping practices vary along cultural lines.
b. Industrialization tends to undermine the siesta tradition.
c. The siesta tradition is found mostly in tropical regions.
d. The siesta tradition is generally found in most nomadic groups.
REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.6 KEY: Critical Thinking
74. Cody is visiting his pen pal in a tropical, non-industrialized village. Cody is likely to find that the
inhabitants of the village
a. take a 1-to-2 hour midday nap each day.
b. are less likely than Americans are to encourage co-sleeping.
c. experience less REM sleep than is typical for Americans.
d. experience less slow-wave sleep than is typical for Americans.
75. The midday napping practices of "siesta cultures" are adaptive because the siesta allows individuals
a. a necessary break from their extremely physical labor.
b. to sleep at the same time as their young infants.
c. time to digest their large midday meal.
d. to avoid working during the hottest part of the day.
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76. Dakota is taking a prescription drug, and one of the side effects of the drug is an increase in the
stimulation of ascending fibers in the reticular activating system. Dakota is likely to find that he
a. wants to sleep all the time.
b. no longer experiences REM sleep.
c. has difficulty falling asleep.
d. begins to dream during Stage 3 and 4 sleep.
77. Which of the following statements does NOT represent a current hypothesis on the evolutionary bases
of sleep?
a. Sleep helps restore energy and other body resources depleted by waking activities.
b. The immobilization associated with sleep reduces exposure to predators and other dangers.
c. Sleep allows us to live out our unconscious wishes and desires.
d. Sleep evolved to help maintain a constant, high body temperature by metabolic means.
78. Severing the ascending reticular activating system in cats caused them to
a. become very aggressive.
b. become very fearful.
c. remain in continuous wakefulness.
d. remain in continuous sleep.
79. The brain structure that results in continuous sleep when severely damaged and produces arousal and
alertness when electrically stimulated is the
a. hypothalamus.
b. pons.
c. ascending reticular activating system.
d. thalamus.
80. Which of the following functions would MOST likely be impaired by damaging the reticular
activating system?
a. menstruation
b. sleep-wake cycle
c. visual sensory processing
d. coordination of motor movement
OBJ: 5.7 TOP: WWW KEY: Concept/Applied
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81. Which of the following has not been suggested as a hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of
sleep?
a. to reduce exposure to predators
b. to conserve energy
c. to reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle
d. to restore energy and other bodily resources
82. The hypothesis concerning the evolutionary bases of sleep that has the strongest support suggests that
sleep evolved to help individuals
a. reduce exposure to predators.
b. conserve energy.
c. reduce the risk of accidents during the night part of the day-night cycle.
d. restore energy and other bodily resources.
83. For the past month Mitchell has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though he goes to bed at his
usual time, he lays awake for several hours before he finally drifts off to sleep. As a result, Mitchell
has only been getting 5 to 6 hours of sleep, instead of the 8 hours he is used to. Mitchell is likely to
find that his lack of sleep leads to
a. the inability to solve complex problems.
b. impaired attention.
c. hallucinations and general disorientation.
d. night terrors when he actually does fall asleep.
84. The results of the Featured Study on the effects of sleep deprivation show that when compared to
members of the control group, participants who experienced partial sleep deprivation
a. showed no significant decline in performance on cognitive measures during the study.
b. showed a gradual decline in performance on cognitive measures during the study.
c. scored significantly lower on a measure of mood at the end of the study.
d. maintained a significant level of irritability weeks after the study.
85. The Featured Study is representative of a great deal of recent research which suggests that the effects
of sleep deprivation
a. are substantially different in males and females.
b. vary as a function of one's normal sleeping habits.
c. are more serious than widely believed.
d. are practically nonexistent in healthy adults.
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86. What was found in the Featured Study regarding the effects of sleep deprivation?
a. Sleep deprivation had little effect on the ability to perform cognitive tasks.
b. Sleep deprivation had a substantial negative effect on mood.
c. Sleep deprivation had a substantial positive effect on the ability to perform cognitive tasks
because the subjects compensated by increasing their effort.
d. The subjects were only moderately aware of the actual negative effects of the deprivation.
87. Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience

a. impaired attention.
b. impaired motor coordination.
c. impaired decision making.
d. impaired attention, motor coordination, and decision making.
88. Recent research suggests that neurogenesis may be fostered by

a. REM sleep.
b. hypnosis.
c. alcohol consumption.
d. memory loss.
89. While serving as a subject at a sleep clinic, Erica is deprived of dreaming for several nights. As a
result, she is likely to
a. experience REM rebound and spend more time in REM sleep on subsequent nights.
b. become accustomed to going without dreaming and spend less time in REM sleep on
subsequent nights.
c. immediately return to a normal sleep cycle when she is allowed to sleep through the night.
d. have difficulty achieving REM on subsequent nights.
90. Kara has just fallen asleep and immediately slips into REM. Kara has probably experienced or
undergone
a. selective sleep deprivation.
b. alcohol overdose.
c. NREM rebound.
d. biofeedback training.
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91. People who are selectively deprived of slow-wave sleep for several nights in a row
a. will suffer no ill effects whatsoever.
b. need to be awakened less and less frequently as the deprivation goes on.
c. will make up for the lost slow-wave sleep when allowed to sleep normally again.
d. will spend more time in REM sleep to compensate.
92. Ethan took part in a research study in which, for three consecutive nights, he was awakened each time
he entered slow-wave sleep. Now that Ethan is back at home it is likely that he will
a. develop insomnia and show general disturbances in his sleep patterns.
b. spend extra time in slow-wave sleep for several nights.
c. spend less time in slow-wave sleep than he did before he took part in the study.
d. spend extra time in both slow-wave and REM sleep for several nights.
93. One possible theory as to the reason humans need REM and slow wave sleep focuses on the possibility
that they contribute to
a. keeping the individual safe from predators.
b. the firming up of the learning that took place during that day.
c. impairing the individuals creative response.
d. helping the individual keep their body temperature low.
94. Correlational research, using self-report data, has investigated the link between sleep duration and
mortality risk. The two key findings are: people who consistently sleep less than seven hours exhibit
____ mortality risk; people who consistently sleep more than eight hours exhibit ____ mortality risk.
a. an increased; a decreased
b. a decreased; an increased
c. an increased; an increased
d. a decreased; a decreased
95. Results from a variety of selective deprivation sleep studies have shown that people have a specific
need for
a. at least four hours of sleep each night.
b. slow-wave sleep.
c. REM sleep.
d. REM and slow-wave sleep.
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96. The most common known sleep disorder is
a. sleep apnea.
b. night terrors.
c. insomnia.
d. somnambulism.
REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.9 TOP: WWW
KEY: Factual
97. For the past week Laura has had difficulty falling asleep at night. Even though she goes to bed at her
usual time, she lays awake for several hours before she finally drifts off to sleep. It appears that Laura
is experiencing
a. narcolepsy.
b. sleep apnea.
c. insomnia.
d. night terrors.
98. Sheri has no trouble falling asleep, but she has difficulty remaining asleep. Sheri is suffering from
a. insomnia.
b. narcolepsy.
c. sleep apnea.
d. pseudoinsomnia.
99. According to the hyperarousal model of insomnia, some people may fail to get enough sleep because
their bodies are aroused by
a. amphetamines.
b. anxiety.
c. depression.
d. hormones.
100. Anne has noticed that for the past three weeks she is unable to sleep for more than five hours at a time,
even though she used to regularly get 8 hours of sleep per night. She wakes early in the morning and
just can't fall back to sleep once this happens. It appears that Anne has developed
a. somnambulism.
b. insomnia.
c. pseudoinsomnia.
d. sleep apnea.
101. The best estimates suggest that about what percentage of adults report problems with insomnia?
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a. 15-17%
b. 34-35%
c. 49-50%
d. 74-75%
102. Which of the following has NOT been suggested as a potential cause of insomnia?
a. excess anxiety and tension
b. emotional problems including depression
c. the use of certain drugs, including narcotics
d. health problems including ulcers and asthma
103. Which of the following statements regarding the use of sleeping pills is least accurate?
a. They are a good long-range solution for insomnia.
b. There is some danger of overdose.
c. They reduce the proportion of time spent in slow-wave sleep.
d. They gradually become less effective with continued use.
REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.9 KEY: Critical Thinking
104. For the past two weeks Cameron has been taking a mild sedative to help him fall asleep. He is likely to
find that
a. he now needs to take a larger dose in order to fall asleep because over time sedatives
become less effective.
b. he can take less of the drug because the effects of sedatives tend to be cumulative.
c. he will spend more of the night dreaming than he did without the sedative.
d. after two weeks his insomnia should be cured, and he can stop using the sedative.
105. Recent research suggests that ____ treatments produce more long-lasting benefits in the treatment of
insomnia than do drug therapies.
a. hypnosis
b. psychoanalytic
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. electroconvulsive shock
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106. Problems associated with continued use of sedatives to treat insomnia include all of the following
EXCEPT
a. the original dose of sedative becomes less effective.
b. sedatives increase the proportion of sleep time spent in both REM and slow-wave sleep.
c. sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in REM sleep.
d. sedatives reduce the proportion of sleep time spent in slow-wave sleep.
107. One hypothesis regarding the cause of crib death in babies is that they stop breathing during sleep, a
sleep disorder known as
a. narcolepsy.
b. sleep apnea.
c. night terror.
d. hypersomnia.
108. Nathaniel's wife cannot sleep through the night. She claims that her husband seems to stop breathing in
his sleep and then suddenly jerks awake, gasping for breath. This not only disturbs his sleep, it also
awakens her. It is likely that Nathaniel
a. has narcolepsy.
b. is experiencing night terrors.
c. has sleep apnea.
d. has developed pseudoinsomnia.
109. Which of the following usually occurs in REM sleep?

a. night terrors
b. nightmares
c. sleepwalking
d. enuresis
110. Sara had been asleep for just over 2 hours when she suddenly let out a piercing cry and sat straight up
in her bed. When her parents asked what had scared her, she couldn't remember and she soon fell back
to sleep. From this description, it appears that Sara experienced
a. an episode of sleep apnea.
b. a night terror.
c. a nightmare.
d. REM deprivation.
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111. Night terrors are MOST closely associated with which of the following?
a. a somnambulistic episode
b. emotional disturbance
c. severe depression
d. NREM sleep
OBJ: 5.9 TOP: WWW KEY: Critical Thinking
112. Kelli wakes up abruptly from NREM sleep with intense autonomic arousal and feelings of panic. Kelli
has just experienced a
a. night terror.
b. nightmare.
c. psychotic dream.
d. somnambulistic break.
113. Stephen wanders about while remaining asleep. Stephen's condition is called
a. narcology.
b. sleep tremors.
c. somnambulism.
d. agnosia.
114. Iris has been asleep for less than an hour. Her parents are surprised when she walks into the living
room, and they tell her to go back to sleep. The next day Iris does not remember getting up after she
went to bed. From this description it appears that Iris experienced
a. a night terror.
b. somnambulism.
c. a nightmare.
d. an episode of sleep apnea.
115. Differences between a nightmare and a night terror include all of the following EXCEPT
a. nightmares tend to occur in REM sleep; night terrors occur in N-REM.
b. nightmares produce vivid dreams; night terrors do not.
c. night terrors produce intense feelings of panic; nightmares produce anxiety responses.
d. nightmares tend to happen most frequently in the first 2 hours of sleep and night terrors in
the last few hours.
116. Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?
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a. Sleepwalking is generally a manifestation of underlying psychological problems.
b. It is unsafe to awaken a sleepwalker.
c. Sleepwalking typically occurs while the person is dreaming.
d. There appears to be a genetic predisposition to sleepwalking.
117. Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur

a. when a person has emotional or psychological problems.
b. after a person has been asleep for several hours.
c. during slow-wave sleep.
d. during REM sleep.
118. REM sleep behavior disorder causes people to ______________ during REM sleep.
a. dream
b. move about in aggressive ways
c. break the law
d. fantasize about bad behavior.
119. REM sleep behavior disorder is most likely caused by

a. brainstem deterioration.
b. caffeine consumption.
c. a viral disease.
d. damage to the occipital lobe.
120. Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate?

a. Dreams only occur during REM sleep.
b. Dreams have sometimes changed the world.
c. Dreams are not as bizarre as widely assumed.
d. Dreamers sometimes realize that they are dreaming.
REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Factual
121. Differences between a REM dream and a non-REM dream include

a. non-REM dreams are more vivid, visual and story like.
b. dreamers tend to remember their non-REM dreams more frequently and clearly.
c. REM dreams are more vivid, visual and story like.
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d. non-REM dreams don't exist.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
122. Research has revealed that most dreams are

a. about fairly normal activities.
b. about fairly bizarre activities.
c. random bursts of activity with little coherence.
d. focused on others rather than oneself.
123. According to research evidence on dream content, which of the following would a student be LEAST
likely to dream about?
a. falling from the top of a tall building on campus
b. being chased by his or her most feared instructor
c. a political candidate who held strong views about tuition increases
d. missing an important exam
REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.10 KEY: Concept/Applied
124. Freud called the contents of our waking life that spill into our dreams
a. the day residue.
b. manifest content.
c. reticular synthesis.
d. wish fulfillment.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
125. In which culture would people be held responsible for their dream actions? (For example an erotic
dream about someone could be seen as an adulterous act.)
a. Marakesh of Morocco
b. Aborigines of Australia
c. Arapesh of New Guinea
d. Parintinin of Brazil
126. Which of the following statements is NOT correct in describing cultural differences concerning
dreams?
a. some non-Western cultures view dreams as permitting communication with ancestors
b. individuals in many non-Western cultures tend to have poorer recall of dreams than
individuals in Western cultures
c. many Western cultures view dreams as of little significance
d. many non-Western cultures view dreams as an important source of information
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
127. The theorist who advanced the wish-fulfillment idea about dreaming was
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a. Cartwright.
b. Hobson.
c. McCarley.
d. Freud.
128. According to Freud, a sexually frustrated person would probably have highly erotic dreams because,
according to him, the principal purpose of a dream is
a. sexual gratification.
b. conflict resolution.
c. wish fulfillment.
d. the repression of unconscious desires.
129. Denise is unemployed. Over the past three years she has been fired from 10 different positions. If you
interpreted Denise's dream of being the CEO of a fortune 500 company as an attempt for Denise to
fulfill ungratified needs from her waking life, you would be subscribing to the
a. problem-solving theory of dreams.
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.
130. If you interpreted Peter's dream of arguing with a larger-than-life faceless authority figure as an
attempt on his part to decide which approach to take in convincing his father of the merits of his future
plans, you would be subscribing to the
a. problem-solving theory of dreams.
b. activation-synthesis theory of dreams.
c. wish-fulfillment theory of dreams.
d. neural overflow hypothesis of dreams.
131. The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as

a. id idealization.
b. self-centeredness.
c. wish fulfillment.
d. sublimation.
132. If a college student who is struggling to keep from flunking out of school dreams of winning the
"student of the year award," this dream would be MOST consistent with which theory of dreaming?
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a. fantasy
b. activation-synthesis
c. wish fulfillment
d. problem solving
133. The idea that dreams are times when people can think creatively about what is going on in their lives
and then use that information later when awake is consistent with the
a. wish fulfillment view of dreams.
b. problem-solving view of dreams.
c. synergistic view of dreams.
d. James-Verduin view of dreams.
REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.12 KEY: Critical Thinking
134. Logan has a dream in which he is taken captive by a band of talking cats who force him to solve
complex algebra problems for them. According to Rosalind Cartwright's cognitive theory of dreaming,
the images in Logan's dream represent
a. an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
b. the manifest content of the dream.
c. an attempt to work through problems he is currently experiencing in his life.
d. the latent content of the dream.
135. The idea that dreams are the cortex's attempt to make sense out of bursts of general firing from lower
brain centers is the core of
a. the wish fulfillment theory of dreaming.
b. the activation-synthesis theory of dreaming.
c. the problem-solving theory of dreaming.
d. no current theory of dreaming.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
136. Danielle had a dream in which she was playing rummy with an elephant wearing suspenders. The next
instant, the elephant had changed into one of her grade school teachers and they were watching a
purple sunset over a red ocean. According to the activation synthesis model of dreaming, the sudden
bizarre changes in settings that took place in Danielle's dream represent
a. an interpretation of random neuron activity in lower brain centers.
b. the manifest content of the dream.
c. the latent content of the dream.
d. an attempt to work through problems she is currently experiencing in her life.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
137. The observations that both the discovery of insulin and refinements in the design of the sewing
machine were inspired, in part, by dreams, provides support for the ____ theory of dreaming.
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a. activation-synthesis
b. conservation of energy
c. wish fulfillment
d. problem-solving
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams
138. Hypnosis owes its beginnings to the work of which of the following?
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Franz Anton Mesmer
c. Ernest Hilgard
d. Harry Houdini
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?
139. A systematic procedure that typically produces a heightened sate of suggestibility is known as what?
a. mesmerization
b. hypnosis
c. hallucinations
d. hypersomnia
140. Research suggests that about ____ of the population does not respond to hypnosis.
a. 1-2%
b. 25-30%
c. 40%
d. 10-20%
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?
141. Research suggests that about ____ of people are exceptionally good hypnotic subjects.
a. 1-2%
b. 20-25%
c. 10-15%
d. 40%
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?
142. Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?

a. auditory and visual hallucinations
b. the reduction of inhibitions
c. some resistance to pain
d. total loss of personal control
REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing? OBJ: 5.13
KEY: Critical Thinking
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143. Katherine's new dentist plans to use hypnosis, instead of anesthesia, while he works on Katherine's
teeth. Katherine asks you if she should go along with this, or if she should find another dentist. Based
on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell her
a. hypnosis typically has no effect on the experience of pain.
b. hypnosis is only effective as an anesthetic when it is used in conjunction with sedatives.
c. once she is no longer hypnotized her sensitivity to pain will show a rebound effect.
d. hypnosis can be an effective substitute for some anesthetic drugs.
144. A stage hypnotist is sometimes successful in getting people to disrobe in public. What is the BEST
explanation for this phenomenon?
a. When hypnotized, a subject comes under the total control of the hypnotist and will follow
any instructions to the letter.
b. The subject is a confederate of the hypnotist and disrobes while pretending to be
hypnotized.
c. When hypnotized, subjects are able to convince themselves that they cannot be held
responsible for their actions.
d. The hypnotist is careful to select only those subjects who look as if they would enjoy
disrobing in public.
145. A hypnotist is putting on a demonstration, and your friend Benjamin is thinking about volunteering.
However, he is a little nervous because he is afraid he might do things while he is hypnotized that he
would normally not do. Based on research into the effects of hypnosis, you should tell Benjamin
a. people will never do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider
unacceptable.
b. people will often do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider
unacceptable.
c. sometimes people will do things under hypnosis that they would normally consider
unacceptable.
d. hypnosis doesn't really work, so he shouldn't bother volunteering.
146. Which of the following is the MOST common posthypnotic suggestion given to people?
a. to act infantile.
b. to show amnesia and forget something.
c. to perform a behavior unusual for the person.
d. to act like an animal.
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KEY: Factual
147. The procedure used by a hypnotist that relaxes an individual and increases his attention and
suggestibility is called a
a. hypnotic induction.
b. hypnotic trance.
c. hypnotic dissociation.
d. hypnotic deduction.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?
148. Which of the following is NOT a common effect produced by hypnosis?

a. posthypnotic suggestions
b. decrease in sensitivity to suggestions
c. sensory distortions and hallucinations
d. anesthesia
149. The role-playing theory of hypnosis offered by Barber and Spanos suggests that the hypnotized subject
a. actually fakes the hypnotic state.
b. enters into a trance and acts out suggestions.
c. knows that he or she is only pretending.
d. is in a normal state but acts out the role of a hypnotized person.
KEY: Concept/Applied
150. The finding that memories of early life events reported by hypnotized subjects are often inaccurate
a. supports the role-playing view of hypnosis.
b. provides support for the notion of posthypnotic suggestion.
c. supports the idea that hypnosis is a unique altered state.
d. suggests that hypnosis can tap into the subjects unconscious
151. While Kimberly was hypnotized she vividly recalled the events of her first birthday party. However,
when the events she described were compared with an actual video from her birthday party, most of
the things she described did not actually happen. Kimberly's inaccuracy in recall lends support to the
view that hypnosis
a. causes people to act out a role.
b. is the same as REM-sleep.
c. creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.
d. is the same as slow-wave sleep.
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152. While Nicholas was hypnotized he was able to endure painful jaw surgery without any anesthesia.
This could be taken as support for the view that hypnosis
a. causes people to act out a role.
b. is the same as REM-sleep.
c. is the same as slow-wave sleep.
d. creates a dissociation in conscious awareness.
153. Dissociation refers to

a. a loss of inhibition by hypnotized subjects
b. a hypnotized subject's willingness to act out the hypnotist's suggestions
c. a splitting of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of awareness
d. role playing by hypnotized subjects in response to situational cues
KEY: Factual
154. The theory of hypnosis that suggests that hypnosis is not an altered state of consciousness is the
a. wish fulfillment theory.
b. dissociation theory.
c. role-playing theory.
d. activation-synthesis theory.
155. Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is

a. an altered state of consciousness.
b. an altered state of consciousness.
c. not an altered state of consciousness.
d. identical to meditation.
156. The idea that hypnosis is associated with divided consciousness and is an altered state is most
consistent with which of the following theories of hypnosis?
a. Barber's role theory
b. Schachter's cognitive theory
c. Freud's psychoanalytic theory
d. Hilgard's dissociation theory
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157. The dissociation theory of hypnosis states that while hypnotized a person's consciousness is divided
between two streams of consciousness; one is in communication with the external world and the other
is the
a. role-playing partner.
b. visible monitor.
c. overt observer.
d. hidden observer.
158. Meditation has its roots in

a. early Christianity.
b. Eastern religions.
c. transcendental psychology.
d. the scientific study of the relaxation response.
REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness OBJ: 5.15
KEY: Factual
159. A family of practices that train attention to heighten awareness and bring mental process under greater
voluntary control is known as
a. hypnosis.
b. transcendental psychology.
c. meditation.
d. Buddhism.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
160. Research has shown that meditation can produce a physiological state similar to
a. the REM stage of sleep.
b. that produced by hypnosis.
c. relaxation.
d. a drug-induced trance.
REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness OBJ: 5.15
KEY: Factual
161. Which of the following does NOT happen when a person is in a meditative state?
a. Alpha waves become more prominent in EEG recordings.
b. Heart rate decreases.
c. Oxygen consumption increases.
d. Respiration rate decreases.
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162. Scott's brain is producing alpha and theta waves, and he shows a decrease in his heart rate, oxygen
consumption, and carbon dioxide elimination. Scott is probably
a. hypnotized.
b. in a drug-induced trance.
c. meditating.
d. in REM sleep.
163. Mark is meditating by concentrating on a specific sound to narrow his attention. Mark is using which
style of meditation?
a. focused attention
b. open monitoring
c. hypnotic induction
d. dissociation
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
164. Mark is meditating by attending to his immediate experience in a non-judgmental way. Mark is using
which style of meditation?
a. focused attention
b. open monitoring
c. hypnotic induction
d. dissociation
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
165. Hailey recently began meditating on a regular basis. Over the short-term Hailey should expect to
experience
a. an alteration in her consciousness similar to taking psychedelic drugs.
b. an increase in relaxation and a decrease in autonomic arousal.
c. a sense of euphoria similar to that experienced when taking opiate drugs.
d. an improvement in her immune system and enhanced memory.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
166. In the physiological domain, research has suggested meditation may help with all of the following
EXCEPT:
a. regulating hormone levels
b. controlling blood pressure
c. reducing chronic pain
d. improving cardiovascular health
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ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
167. Which of the following statements regarding physiological functioning is not consistent with a person
who is in a meditative state?
a. reduced heart rate
b. reduced respiration rate
c. increased alpha and theta brain waves
d. increased muscular tension
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
168. Research has shown the long-term benefits of meditation to

a. include benefits for physical health such as control of blood pressure.
b. include benefits for mental health such as reducing anxiety.
c. include benefits for both physical and mental health.
d. be greatly exaggerated by advocates of meditation.
169. Recent research suggests that experienced meditators are able to endure more pain than non-mediators
because of differences in
a. opiate use.
b. heart rate.
c. neuron firing rate.
d. brain structure
ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness
170. Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

a. alleviate pain.
b. improve memory.
c. enhance sensory awareness.
d. do all of these things.
REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs OBJ: 5.17
KEY: Factual
171. Heather is taking a prescription drug to control her back pain. She finds that when she takes the drug
she experiences some short-term drowsiness and nausea. It is likely that Heather's physician has
prescribed
a. a stimulant.
b. a sedative.
c. a hallucinogen.
d. a narcotic.
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ANS: D PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs
172. A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as

a. a hallucinogen.
b. a sedative.
c. a narcotic.
d. an amphetamine.
KEY: Factual
173. Charles is taking a prescription drug to reduce the anxiety he has been feeling since he lost his job. He
finds that when he takes the drug he experiences some short-term lethargy and impaired coordination.
It is likely that Charles' physician has prescribed
a. a sedative.
b. a narcotic.
c. a stimulant.
d. a hallucinogen.
ANS: A PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs
174. Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along
with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces
his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested
a. THC.
b. an amphetamine.
c. LSD.
d. a sedative.
175. Alicia is taking a prescription drug to help treat her narcolepsy. She finds that when she takes the drug
she feels extremely restless and irritable, and she feels paranoid. It is likely that Alicia's physician has
prescribed
a. a sedative.
b. a stimulant.
c. a narcotic.
d. a hallucinogen.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs
176. Which of the following does NOT belong with the others?
a. cocaine
b. LSD
c. mescaline
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d. psilocybin
177. Renee is experiencing distortions in her sensory and perceptual processes. Additionally, she is
exhibiting paranoia and "jumbled" thought processes. Renee is most likely under the influence of a
a. hallucinogen.
b. sedative.
c. narcotic.
d. stimulant.
178. Wyatt uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects he
experiences are mood swings and poor mental functioning. It is most likely Wyatt is using
a. LSD.
b. marijuana.
c. alcohol.
d. cocaine.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs
179. Christopher has just taken a drug. He finds that his perceptions are altered and he feels like his sensory
awareness has increased. It is most likely that Christopher has taken
a. LSD or mescaline.
b. morphine or heroin.
c. barbiturates or Quaaludes.
d. cocaine or amphetamines.
180. Madeline uses a non-prescription drug on a regular basis. Some of the short-term side effects she
experiences are anxiety and impaired memory. It is most likely Madeline is using
a. marijuana.
b. LSD.
c. heroin.
d. cocaine.
181. Haley has severe glaucoma and she finds that the symptoms of her glaucoma can be relieved by using
a non-prescription drug. In addition to relieving the symptoms of glaucoma, the drug relaxes her and
induces a mild feeling of euphoria. It is most likely that Haley is treating her glaucoma using
a. cocaine.
b. marijuana.
c. heroin.
d. mescaline.
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182. Christine has just taken a drug. She experiences a short-lived high that lasted a few hours and reports
that she feels warm, friendly, sensual, and insightful. Additionally her blood pressure has increased
and shows sweating, insomnia and transient anxiety. It is most likely that Christine has taken
a. MDMA.
b. morphine or heroin.
c. barbiturates or Quaaludes.
d. cocaine or amphetamines.
183. Chemical substances that modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning are referred to as
a. hallucinogens.
b. psychoactive drugs.
c. narcotics or opiates.
d. stimulants.
184. Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic?

a. codeine
b. cocaine
c. morphine
d. heroin
185. If your roommate recently took a recreational drug and is very energetic, alert and has an "I can
conquer the world" euphoria, he most likely took
a. a stimulant such as cocaine or amphetamine.
b. a stimulant such as caffeine or nicotine.
c. a sedative such as one of the barbiturates.
d. a cannabis such as marijuana or hashish.
186. Common side effects of ____ include mood swings, quarrelsomeness, and impaired mental and motor
functioning.
a. narcotics
b. sedatives
c. cannabis
d. alcohol
187. A compound drug that is related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens is
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a. ecstasy.
b. speed.
c. LSD.
d. cocaine.
188. The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that

a. taking several different drugs at the same time reduces their effects.
b. taking several different drugs at once increases their effectiveness.
c. the effects of a drug depend on the dosage and the user's personal makeup and experience.
d. each person will have the same physiological response to a drug, but there can be different
psychological responses.
189. A progressive decrease in one's response to a drug with repeated and prolonged use is called
a. withdrawal.
b. habituation.
c. dependency.
d. tolerance.
KEY: Factual
190. Seymour used to get quite a "buzz" from his first cup of coffee in the morning. Now he finds that he
doesn't start to feel alert until his third cup. This suggests that Seymour
a. has developed a caffeine dependency.
b. has developed a drug tolerance for caffeine.
c. is experiencing the effects of caffeine withdrawal.
d. has become caffeine intolerant.
191. Among the following, which drug tends to produce tolerance most SLOWLY?
a. narcotics
b. stimulants
c. sedatives
d. alcohol
KEY: Factual
284
192. For which of the following drugs does the tolerance level develop the most RAPIDLY?
a. cannabis
b. sedatives
c. alcohol
d. hallucinogens
KEY: Factual
193. John needs to continue to take doses of morphine to avoid withdrawal illness symptoms. John is
demonstrating
a. physical dependence.
b. psychological tolerance.
c. physical tolerance.
d. psychological dependence.
194. When a person must continue to take a drug to satisfy intense cravings for the drug they are
demonstrating
a. psychological tolerance.
b. physical dependence.
c. psychological dependence.
d. physical tolerance.
195. Judy feels that she needs her can of Diet Coke every morning to wake her up and satisfy her cravings.
She doubts that she could ever give up drinking Diet Coke. Judy is demonstrating
a. physical dependence.
b. psychological tolerance.
c. physical tolerance.
d. psychological dependence.
196. Which of the following drugs carries the GREATEST risk for physical and/or psychological
dependence?
a. LSD
b. cocaine
c. alcohol
d. heroin
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197. Aaron has been taking a mild amphetamine for the past four months to help him cope with being a
full-time student while holding down a full-time job. Now that his classes have ended he wants to stop
taking the amphetamine, but each time he tries to skip the medication he starts sweating and he
develops tremors. It appears that Aaron has
a. developed a drug tolerance for amphetamines.
b. become amphetamine intolerant.
c. developed a physical dependence for amphetamines.
d. habituated to the effects of amphetamines.
198. Hannah used to experience insomnia once or twice a week. A month ago she starting taking Seconal to
help her sleep, but now she finds she cannot get to sleep unless she takes a Seconal tablet. This would
suggest that Hannah has
a. developed a drug tolerance for Seconal.
b. developed a dependency on Seconal.
c. habituated to the effects of Seconal.
d. developed pseudoinsomnia.
199. A morphine addict experiences a state of euphoria after a dose of morphine, and a postsurgical patient
experiences a reduction in pain after the same dosage. This difference in effect most clearly reflects the
influence of ____ on drug effects.
a. personality
b. expectations
c. potency
d. age
200. Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs does NOT result in a rapid development a
tolerance for the drug?
a. hallucinogens
b. sedatives
c. stimulants
d. narcotics
201. Dr. Montgomery has developed a new drug that blocks the reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine.
It is likely that this drug will
a. function as a sedative.
b. have stimulant effects in the body.
c. produce hallucinogenic effects.
d. act as an effective pain killer.
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202. Most psychoactive drugs work primarily by altering
a. the functioning of the endocrine system.
b. the functioning of sensory receptor cells.
c. neurotransmitter activity in the brain.
d. neurotransmitter activity in the peripheral nervous system.
203. Amphetamines appear to exert their main effects by altering the release and reuptake of
a. serotonin and acetylcholine.
b. dopamine and norepinephrine.
c. endorphins.
d. GABA.
204. The ____ neural pathway has been characterized as a "reward pathway" that is believed to be
responsible for the reinforcing effects of most abused drugs.
a. cortical
b. medulla-pons
c. mesolimbic dopamine
d. hypothalamus dopamine
205. Which of the following drugs would MOST likely result in a fatal overdose?
a. LSD
b. mescaline
c. marijuana
d. morphine
206. Which of the following drugs is LEAST likely to result in a fatal overdose?
a. LSD
b. heroin
c. cocaine
d. morphine
207. Rachel has been using a non-prescription drug on a regular basis for several years. She has now
developed liver disease and ulcers, and she has been in three car accidents. It is most likely that Rachel
is a chronic user of
a. LSD.
287
b. marijuana.
c. sedatives.
d. alcohol.
208. Ralph has been using a drug on a regular basis for several years. He has now developed damaged nasal
membranes, a host of respiratory problems and cardiovascular disease. It is most likely that Ralph is a
chronic user of
a. cocaine.
b. marijuana.
c. sedatives.
d. alcohol.
209. Symptoms such as fever, chills, tremors, convulsions, vomiting, cramps, and diarrhea are associated
with
a. consuming psychoactive drugs.
b. tolerance.
c. psychological dependence.
d. physical dependence.
210. Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs has the greatest risk for developing physical
and psychological dependence?
a. narcotics and sedatives
b. stimulants and hallucinogens
c. sedatives and alcohol
d. cannabis and alcohol
211. Which of the following categories of psychoactive drugs has the LEAST risk for developing physical
and psychological dependence?
a. hallucinogens
b. stimulants
c. sedatives
d. alcohol
288
212. Which category of psychoactive drug is best characterized as having a moderate risk for physical
dependence associated with a high risk for psychological dependence?
a. cannabis
b. stimulants
c. hallucinogens
d. narcotics
213. Psychoactive drugs that are associated with a low risk of a lethal overdose include all of the following
EXCEPT
a. marijuana.
b. hallucinogens.
c. sedatives.
d. cannabis.
214. Which of the following is NOT an example of a direct effect health-related risk associated with
recreational drugs?
a. marijuana can increase the risk of respiratory disease
b. sedatives and alcohol can increase the risk of automobile accidents
c. cocaine can increase the risk of heart attacks
d. alcohol can increase the risk of liver damage
215. The negative effect of recreational drugs that results from the drug's impact on the individual's
behavior is referred to as
a. an indirect effect.
b. a direct effect.
c. a lifestyle effect.
d. a codependency effect.
216. Recent studies have reported an unexpected link between cannabis use and
a. severe mood disorders, including bipolar disorder.
b. the onset of some dementias, including Alzheimer's disease.
c. severe psychotic disorders, including schizophrenia.
d. the onset of some motor system disorders, including Parkinson's disease.
217. There is the greatest amount of debate on the risks associated with which of the following drugs?
a. marijuana
b. alcohol
289
c. cocaine
d. heroin
KEY: Factual
218. Chronic, heavy use of marijuana is associated with all of the following EXCEPT
a. increased risk for respiratory and pulmonary disease.
b. reduced levels of testosterone.
c. disabling cognitive deficits.
d. increased risks of automobile accidents.
219. Chronic, heavy use of MDMA is NOT associated with

a. depression.
b. reduced fertility.
c. memory deficits.
d. increased anxiety.
220. Which of the following has NOT been shown to be associated with the use of ecstasy (MDMA)?
a. depression and anxiety
b. memory deficits
c. a high risk for physical dependence
d. strokes and seizures
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: p. 219-221 OBJ: 5.25
KEY: Factual
221. The fact that research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology
was redefined as the science of behavior, only to be reborn in the early 1960s, best illustrates which of
the textbook's unifying themes?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANS: B PTS: 1 REF: Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes
222. Research on consciousness dwindled in the early part of the 20th century after psychology was
redefined as the science of behavior by
a. Sigmund Freud.
b. Roger Sperry.
290
c. John Watson.
d. Wilhelm Wundt.
REF: Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes OBJ: 5.21
KEY: Factual
223. Which of the following statements regarding the study of consciousness is accurate?
a. Psychology began as the study of behavior rather than the study of consciousness.
b. John Watson and others viewed psychology as the science of consciousness.
c. The 1960s saw an increase in the study of variations of consciousness.
d. Today, psychologists are generally not interested in studying issues related to
consciousness.
REF: Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes OBJ: 5.21
224. The fact that the importance people place on dreams varies across societies best illustrates which of the
textbook's unifying themes?
a. Psychology is empirical.
b. Psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
c. Our behavior is shaped by our cultural heritage.
d. Our experience of the world is highly subjective.
ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: Reflecting on the Chapter's Themes
OBJ: 5.21 TOP: WWW KEY: Critical Thinking
225. The observations that both the setting in which a psychoactive drug is taken and an individual's
expectations influence the drug's effect and individuals vary in their susceptibility to hypnosis best
reflect which unifying theme in psychology?
a. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context
b. people's experience of the world is highly subjective
c. behavior is determined by multiple causes
d. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage
226. The observations that many approaches to meditation are rooted in Eastern religions and some
societies use hallucinogens in religious practices best reflect the unifying theme in psychology that
a. behavior is determined by multiple causes.
b. behavior is shaped by cultural heritage.
c. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context.
d. people's experience of the world is highly subjective.
291
227. Mark's mother is worried because he only sleeps about 4 to 5 hours per night. What would you tell
her?
a. She has reason to be concerned because, in the long run, Mark's lack of sleep will take its
toll physically.
b. There is nothing to worry about because young people need less sleep than older people.
c. There is no problem as long as Mark spends most of his sleep time in REM sleep.
d. There is probably nothing to be worried about since different people need differing
amounts of sleep.
REF: Personal Application: Addressing Practical Questions About Sleep and Dreams
228. Which of the following statements regarding yawning is LEAST accurate?
a. Yawning is seen in all cultures.
b. Yawning is a response to a buildup of carbon dioxide.
c. Yawning is correlated with sleepiness and boredom.
d. Yawning is seen in other mammals, as well as in birds, fish, and reptiles.
ANS: B PTS: 1
229. James is 40 years old; his sister Jasmine is 30 years old. Recently they both came home for their
parents' anniversary party and stayed overnight. If you were to walk through the house while they were
sleeping you might expect that
a. Jasmine is more likely to be snoring because she is younger and female.
b. both are equally likely to be snoring because snoring is hereditary.
c. James is more likely to be snoring because he is older and male.
d. James is more likely to snore during slow-wave sleep, but Jasmine is more likely to snore
during REM sleep.
ANS: C PTS: 1
230. Which of the following is NOT good advice for avoiding sleep problems?
a. Minimize consumption of stimulants such as caffeine and nicotine.
b. Vary the time when you go to bed at night.
c. Establish a daytime exercise program.
d. Avoid daytime naps if you're having trouble sleeping at night.
ANS: B PTS: 1
231. Twyla insists she never dreams; she is convinced of this because she has never recalled a single dream.
If Twyla were tested in a sleep lab, it is likely that she would
a. experience REM sleep, but she would only report a dream if she was awakened from
slow-wave sleep.
b. experience REM sleep, and she would report a dream if she was awakened from REM
sleep.
c. wake each time she entered REM sleep and show no evidence of completing a full cycle
of REM sleep.
292
d. experience REM sleep, but she would not report any dreams if she was awakened from
REM sleep.
ANS: B PTS: 1
232. Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

a. Only about 75 percent of all people dream.
b. The reason we do not remember our dreams is that the content of the dream is repressed.
c. People cannot remember their dreams because of too much time passing between when
they dreamed and when they try to recall the dream.
d. Most dreams people can remember deal with sexually oriented topics.
233. The psychoanalyst interpreted his patient's dream of riding a horse as indicative of her repressed sexual
urges. This interpretation constitutes the
a. latent content of the dream.
b. manifest content of the dream.
c. overt content of the dream.
d. subliminal content of the dream.
234. Alice decided that her dream of flying reflects her desire to escape from an unfulfilling marriage. What
would a contemporary dream theorist say to Alice?
a. Her interpretation may be accurate because she is the person best equipped to decipher her
dream.
b. Her interpretation is too superficial and does not get at the latent meaning of the dream.
c. Alice needs an analyst to interpret her dream for her because the dream is a reflection of
unconscious wishes.
d. Before any credibility is given to her interpretation, she needs to have a series of similar
dreams.
235. Brittany had a dream in which she was arrested by a blue giraffe riding a motorcycle. Brittany is
convinced the dream represents an unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding. According to
Freud, Brittany's unconscious desire to cancel her upcoming wedding would represent
a. the manifest content of the dream.
b. an interpretation of random neural activity in lower brain centers.
293
c. an attempt to work through problems she is currently experiencing in her life.
d. the latent content of the dream.
ANS: D PTS: 1
236. Thinking clearly about the circumstances of your waking life while recognizing that you are dreaming
is referred to as a
a. latent dream.
b. lucid dream.
c. manifest dream.
d. confabulated dream.
237. Hunter was dreaming, but he knew that he was dreaming. During his dream he was able to control
some of the events that occurred in the dream. In this case, Hunter is
a. dreaming during Stage 4 of the sleep cycle.
b. having a theta-wave dream.
c. having a lucid dream.
d. experiencing pseudo-REM sleep.
ANS: C PTS: 1
238. People who rarely remember their dreams probably

a. are from non-Western cultures.
b. are among the 15% of the population who do not dream.
c. have their last REM sleep period a relatively long time before they awaken.
d. have their last REM sleep period immediately before they awaken.
ANS: C PTS: 1
239. According to Freud, the hidden or disguised meaning of the events in dreams is the ____ of the dream.
a. latent content
b. symbolic content
c. factual content
d. manifest content
ANS: A PTS: 1
294
240. Historically alcoholism has been categorized under all of the following labels EXCEPT
a. a personal weakness.
b. normal behavior.
c. physical illness.
d. mental illness.
ANS: B PTS: 1
REF: Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions
241. Which of the following statements regarding the use of definitions in psychology is the MOST
accurate?
a. Definitions generally emerge out of research.
b. Definitions can be useful as explanations for phenomena.
c. Definitions are typically crafted by experts in a specific field.
d. The source of a definition is unimportant in evaluating its validity.
ANS: C PTS: 1
242. Concluding that a person drinks too much because he/she is an alcoholic, is an example of
a. logical reasoning.
b. circular reasoning.
c. inductive reasoning.
d. deductive reasoning.
ANS: B PTS: 1
243. The logical fallacy involved in circular reasoning where a person mistakes a label or definition for an
explanation is termed the
a. nominal fallacy.
b. inductive fallacy.
c. deductive fallacy.
d. ordinal fallacy.
ANS: A PTS: 1
244. Tyler was relaxing and not really paying attention to anything when his roommate came home. The
roommate has asked for help working through some difficulties with a computer program. As Tyler
helps his roommate solve the programming problem his brain waves will
a. decrease in both frequency and amplitude.
b. increase in both frequency and amplitude.
c. increase in frequency and decrease in amplitude.
d. decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude.
ANS: C PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative
295
245. Alpha waves are likely to be prominent if you are
a. programming a computer.
b. meditating.
c. under hypnosis.
d. doing any of these things.
ANS: B PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative
COMPLETION
1. ____________________ is the awareness of external events, internal sensations, self and your
thoughts about these experiences.
ANS: Consciousness
PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.1
2. An EEG would indicate primarily ____________________ activity in a person who is in a light sleep
with his or her eyes closed.
ANS: theta
PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.2
3. The 24 hour biological cycles found in humans and many other species are known as
____________________.
ANS: circadian rhythms
PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep OBJ: 5.3
4. In sleep research subjects are usually hooked up to a variety of physiological recording devices
including a(n) ____________________, which records muscular activity and a(n)
____________________, which records eye movements.
ANS: electromyography; electrooculograph
PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5
5. Stages 3 and 4 of sleep are associated with ____________________ waves in EEG recordings.
ANS: delta
6. ____________________ sleep consists of sleep stages 3 and 4 during which high-amplitude, low-
frequency delta waves become prominent in EEG recordings.
296
ANS: Slow-wave
7. In general, it appears that in most countries the level of industrialization and the custom of daytime
napping are ____________________ correlated.
ANS: negatively
8. The ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) consists of afferent fibers running through the
reticular formation that influence physiological ____________________.
ANS: arousal
9. Experts have estimated that accidents attributed to drowsiness induced by sleep deprivation cost the
US economy over $56 ____________________ annually.
ANS: billion
10. Research studies suggest that REM and slow-wave sleep contribute to ____________________, or a
firming up of the learning that takes place during the day.
ANS: memory consolidation
11. When a person has chronic problems with not getting adequate sleep, he or she is said to suffer from
____________________.
ANS: insomnia
12. Joshua experiences reflexive gasping for air during sleep several times a night and frequently wakes up
because of it. Joshua most likely has ____________________.
ANS: sleep apnea
13. Dream reports from ____________________ sleep show that these dreams appear to be less vivid and
story like then ____________________ dreams.
ANS: non-REM; REM
PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.10
297
14. The ____________________ theory of dreaming suggests that people fulfill ungratified needs from
waking hours in their dreams.
ANS: wish fulfillment
15. The ____________________ theory of hypnosis suggests that people in a normal mental state behave
as they believe a hypnoized person would.
ANS: role playing
PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

OBJ: 5.14
16. A conscious attempt to focus one's attention and bring mental processes under voluntary control is
called ____________________.
ANS: meditation
PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness

OBJ: 5.15
17. Pain-relieving drugs thar are derived from opium are called ____________________.
ANS:
narcotics
opiates
PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs

OBJ: 5.17
18. Snoring is a common phenomenon that is seen in about ____________________ percent of adults.
ANS:
thirty to forty
30-40
30 to 40
PTS: 1
OBJ: 5.22
19. According to Freud, the ____________________ content of a dream is the actual content of the dream
at the surface level.
ANS: manifest
PTS: 1
298
OBJ: 5.23
20. The logical error which equates the naming of a phenomenon with the explanation of that same
phenomenon is called the ____________________.
ANS: nominal fallacy
PTS: 1
REF: Critical Thinking Application: Is Alcoholism a Disease? The Power of Definitions.
OBJ: 5.24
TRUE/FALSE
1. When people are under surgical anesthesia, the mental processing of external stimuli is temporarily
suspended.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness

OBJ: 5.1
2. The EEG pattern observed when individuals are in deep relaxation is generally 8-12 cycles per second
and are known by the Greek letter Alpha.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness

OBJ: 5.2
3. A circadian rhythm involves a biological cycle that fluctuates approximately every 24 hours.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep

OBJ: 5.3
4. Researchers have recently found that carefully timed exposure to bright light may help shift workers
adapt to rotating shift schedules.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep

OBJ: 5.4
5. During sleep people generally cycle through a series of four stages that include stages of slow-wave
and REM sleep.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle

OBJ: 5.5
6. Among the physiological changes that occur when you are dreaming is increased voluntary muscle
activity.
299
OBJ: 5.5
7.
The general course of development of sleep patterns from infancy to adulthood includes a greater
REM percentage in infancy than adulthood.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle

OBJ: 5.6
8. The brain structures involved in the control of sleep include the reticular formation and the pons and
specific areas of the medulla, thalamus, and hypothalamus.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle

OBJ: 5.7
9. The featured study in the text is representative of a body of recent research that suggests that sleep
deprivation is relatively benign.

OBJ: 5.8
10. The most common treatment for insomnia is the prescription of several classes of psychoactive drugs
such as opiates and other sedatives.

OBJ: 5.9
11. Recent research studies have shown that dreams occur during NREM sleep, but that these dreams tend
to be less vivid and less story like.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams

OBJ: 5.10
12. The content of a person's dreams can be affected by external stimuli that are present while the person
is sleeping.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams

OBJ: 5.10
13. In many non-Western, unindustrialized cultures, dreams are often confused with waking reality.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams

OBJ: 5.11
14. According to the cognitive view on dreams proposed by Rosalind Cartwright, dreams are simply the
by-product of bursts of activity emanating from subcortical areas in the brain.

OBJ: 5.12
15. According to the cognitive view dreams are simply the by-product of bursts of activity emanating from
subcortical areas in the brain.
300
OBJ: 5.12
16. People differ in how well they respond to hypnotic induction and recent research attributes these
variations to basic differences in personality traits.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing

OBJ: 5.13
17. Regular meditation is associated with lower levels of stress, enhanced immune response and a
reduction in anxiety and drug abuse.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness

OBJ: 5.16
18. Many theorists believe that virtually all abused drugs eventually increase activity in the monoamine
reticular pathway.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Alterning Consciousness with Drugs

OBJ: 5.17
19. The health-impairing behaviors that can develop from recreational drug use are considered to be
indirect effects.
ANS: T PTS: 1 REF: Alterning Consciousness with Drugs

OBJ: 5.19
20. There is strong evidence that marijuana causes permanent brain damage in humans.
ANS: F PTS: 1 REF: Alterning Consciousness with Drugs

OBJ: 5.20
SHORT ANSWER
1. Briefly summarize what is known about our biological clocks and their relationship to sleep.
ANS: Humans and other animals operate on a 24-hour biological cycle. These daily cycles are
particularly important in the regulation of sleep, but also in the regulation of temperature, blood
production, hormone production, and other bodily processes.
Circadian rhythms vary from person to person, and different people may have different optimal times
to fall asleep, have a good night's sleep, etc.
The pathway for regulation of the human biological clock appears to be based on light levels, which go
from the eye to an area of the brain called the suprachiasmatic nucleus (in the hypothalamus). This
nucleus tells the pineal gland to secrete melatonin, a hormone that adjusts biological clocks.

KEY: Factual
301
2. Briefly discuss the methods available to assist people in realigning their circadian rhythms.
ANS: One method for circadian rhythm realignment has been the use of a small dose of melatonin.
Research shows that melatonin can be helpful in the treatment of jet lag, but timing is very important
and hard to get right.
Another method that has been tried is careful, timed exposure to bright light. Positive effects have
been seen in some research in that the treatment has been shown to accelerate workers adaptation to
new sleep-wake schedules; however the effects have been modest and somewhat inconsistent.
A third method that has also been tried is to help rotate shift workers carefully to reduce the severity of
their rotation schedules.

KEY: Factual
3. Describe the typical sleep pattern. What type of EEG pattern is seen at each stage?
ANS: Sleep researchers have discovered 5 distinctly different stages of sleep, based on physiological
recordings. Each cycle lasts approximately 90 minutes in length and a typical sleeper will complete
multiple cycles each night.
Stage 1 is a brief, transitional stage of light sleep that lasts between 1 and 7 minutes. The EEG moves
from predominately alpha waves, when the person is just about to fall asleep, to more theta activity.
Hypnic jerks, those brief muscle contractions that occur when one is falling asleep, occur in stage 1
sleep.
Stage 2 is characterized by more mixed brain wave activity with brief bursts of higher-frequency brain
waves, called sleep spindles.
Stages 3 and 4 are characterized by low frequency delta waves.
It takes about 30 minutes to reach stage 4, and usually people stay there for about 30 minutes. Then the
cycle reverses. When stage 1 should be next in line in the cycle, something interesting happensrapid
eye movement (REM) sleep begins. In REM sleep, the EEG is similar to awake, and most people
report vivid dreaming.

KEY: Factual
4. Describe the changes in sleep patterns that occur as one ages.
ANS: Age has been shown to alter the sleep cycle. Infants spend much more time in REM than do
302
adults. The REM portion of sleep declines during childhood, leveling off at approximately 20% of
sleep. During adulthood, sleep changes continue with the percentage of slow-wave sleep declining and
the percentage of time spent in stage 1 increasing. In the elderly total sleep time declines slightly.

KEY: Factual
5. Summarize what is known about how culture influences sleep patterns.
ANS: Culture appears to have very little impact on the physiological experience of sleep, but it does
appear to influence the expression of it in the form of differences in napping patterns and sleeping
arrangements.
A recent poll revealed ethnic disparities in people’s perceptions of the quality of their sleep, with
Asians reporting fewer sleep complaints than other ethnic groups.
In many "siesta" societies shops close and activities are curtailed in the afternoon to permit a 1-2 hour
midday nap. These cultures are found mostly in tropical regions of the world and the practice adaptive
in that it allows people to avoid working during the hottest part of the day. However, when
industrialization comes to a "siesta" culture a decline in the practice is seen.

KEY: Factual
6. Many suggestions have been made for the evolutionary function of sleep. Briefly describe two of
them.
ANS: There are three main hypotheses regarding the evolutionary significance of sleep.
To conserve energy, to be immobilized (and therefore out of danger), or to restore energy and other
resources used during waking hours.
The immobilization hypothesis proposed that sleep is adaptive because it reduces exposure to
predators and other sources of danger.
The energy restoration hypothesis argues that sleep helps us restore energy and other bodily resources
depleted in waking activities and most research evidence supports this hypothesis.

7. What is REM rebound and when does it occur?
ANS: When researchers wake subjects up whenever they go into REM sleep, thus depriving them of
this one particular stage, they find that soon, the person will try to go back into REM faster. Pretty
soon, the researchers have to wake them up almost constantly. The increasing frequency of movement
into REM within the sleep cycle is termed REM rebound, and it suggests that the body, for some
reason, needs REM. The same rebound effect has been found for slow-wave sleep.
303
KEY: Factual
8. Pick two sleep disorders and briefly discuss the symptoms for each disorder.
ANS: Answers to this question could be varied. Sleep disorders are quite varied and include insomnia,
sleep apnea, nightmares and night terrors. The most common, however, is insomnia.
Insomnia occurs in 3 different patterns: trouble falling asleep, trouble remaining asleep, and
persistent early morning awakening. Difficulty falling asleep is most common among young people,
while early morning awakening and trouble staying asleep are more common among middle-aged and
elderly people. Estimates of the prevalence of insomnia vary, but it appears that about 34-35% of
adults report problems with insomnia and about 15-17% have severe, or frequent, insomnia. The
prevalence increases with age and is 50% more common in men than in women. Some people think
they have insomnia, when they really have sound patterns of sleep − pseudoinsomnia or sleep state
misperception.
Sleep apnea involves frequent, reflexive gasping for air that periodically occurs, waking the person
who has it. With sleep apnea, the person literally stops breathing for 15 to 60 secondscan cause heart
and lung damage.
Nightmares usually occur in REM sleep and are anxiety-arousing dreams.
Night terrors are associated with non-REM sleep and are characterized by intense autonomic arousal
and feelings of panicmore common in childrennot indicative of emotional disturbance.

KEY: Factual
9. What are dreams and what is known about the significance of their content?
ANS: Dreams are conventionally defined as mental experiences during REM sleep that are often
based in vivid imagery, have a story-like quality, are often bizarre, and seem real to the dreamer. Many
recent theorists have, however, questioned almost every aspect of this definition. We know now that
people dream in non-REM too, although the dreams are less story-like and vivid in imagery. Also,
recent research shows that content is usually not bizarre, and that dreamers are often aware that they
are dreaming. Thus, the scientific conceptualization of dreaming is changing.
Research shows that the content of dreams is usually familiar. Common themes in dreams include
things like falling, being pursued, trying repeatedly to do something, school, sex, being late, eating,
and being frightened, etc.
Freud said that the contents of waking life tend to spill into dreams; he called this day residue.
304
People in Western cultures pay little attention to dreams as meaningful messages in their lives, while
people from many non-Western cultures are likely to view dreams as important information about
themselves, the future, or the spiritual world.

KEY: Factual
ESSAY
1. Compare REM and NREM sleep with respect to EEG activity, muscular activity, and cognitive
activity.
ANS: NREM sleep refers to stages 1 through 4, collectively, and thus is characterized by varied EEG
activity. As sleep progresses through these stages, sleep becomes progressively deeper; brain waves
correspondingly decrease in frequency and increase in amplitude. Muscle tension also decreases as
sleep deepens, but even in stage 4, there is sufficient muscle tone to allow the possibility of
sleepwalking. Dreams occasionally occur during NREM sleep, but these tend to be brief and fragile.
REM sleep is also a deep sleep, in the sense that it is relatively difficult to awaken a person from this
stage. Muscle tone is so relaxed as to leave the body virtually paralyzed, precluding the possibility of
sleepwalking. The eyes, however, move beneath closed lids. The EEG shows beta activity, as if the
person was wide-awake. This paradoxical finding can be accounted for by the fact that REM is the
stage during which most dreaming occurs.

KEY: Factual
2. Describe the effects of complete, partial, and selective sleep deprivation. What, if anything, do these
effects tell us about why we sleep?
ANS: Complete sleep deprivation for one or more nights is associated with feelings of sleepiness,
irritability, and difficulty concentrating. Nevertheless, sleep-deprived people function surprisingly
well, thus telling us little about why we sleep. Partial sleep deprivation likewise has inconsistent
effects. People who get substantially less sleep than they are accustomed to do feel sleepy, and may
suffer impaired performance on tasks that are long, difficult, or tedious. These results also tell us little
about the functions of sleep.
The existence of distinct sleep stages implies that each stage may have its own function. To investigate
this possibility, researchers have selectively deprived subjects of either REM sleep or slow-wave sleep.
In both kinds of selective deprivation, subjects experience an increased need for that stage of sleep
specifically. In addition, both REM deprivation and slow-wave deprivation produce a "rebound effect"
in which subjects make up for lost time when allowed to sleep normally again. None of these studies
tell us the precise functions of sleep, but they do demonstrate definite and independent needs for both
REM and slow-wave sleep.

305
3. Compare and contrast the "role-playing" and "altered state" views of hypnosis.
ANS: Both views are attempts to account for known hypnotic phenomena, which include heightened
suggestibility, relaxation, focused attention, and enhanced fantasy. Proponents of the "role-playing"
view regard hypnosis as a normal state of consciousness in which suggestible people act "as if" they
are hypnotized by enacting their role expectations about how hypnotized people should behave. In
support of this view, there is evidence that many supposed hypnotic phenomena can be duplicated by
nonhypnotized subjects. Other theorists continue to insist that hypnosis is a unique, altered state of
consciousness. For example, Ernest Hilgard maintains that hypnosis creates a dissociation in
consciousness⎯a splitting off of mental processes into two separate, simultaneous streams of
awareness. This view is made plausible by the fact that divided consciousness is a common, normal
experience (as in "highway hypnosis," for example). At present, there is no resolution to the debate
between these two opposing views.
PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing

306
4. Briefly discuss which drugs carry the greatest risk of tolerance, physical dependence, and
psychological dependence.
ANS: Psychoactive drugs: modify mental, emotional, or behavioral functioning.
Narcotics show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence and tolerance develops
rapidly. Narcotics include heroin, morphine, codeine, Demerol, and methadonehigh doses produce
an overwhelming sense of euphoria a "who cares" quality.
Sedatives show the high risks of both physical and psychological dependence and tolerance develops
rapidly. Sedatives include barbituratesdownersused in higher doses than are prescribed for
medical purposes.
Stimulants show the moderate risks for physical dependence and high risks for psychological
dependence. Tolerance develops rapidly with stimulants and this class includes mild drugs such as
caffeine and nicotine, as well as much stronger drugs such as cocaine and amphetamines. Cocaine and
amphetamines have similar effects, except amphetamines last longer. The euphoria created by these
drugs is very different from a "who cares," very relaxed state - more like an "I can conquer the world,"
very alert state of being.
Hallucinogens show low risks of both physical and psychological dependence and tolerance to them
develops gradually. Hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, and psilocybin have similar effects
including producing euphoria, increasing sensory awareness and a distorting sense of time. These
experiences may be pleasant, but they can also produce nightmarish feelings of anxiety and
paranoiaa bad trip.
Cannabis is the hemp plant from which marijuana, hashish, and THC are derived. Cannabis shows low
to moderate risks of psychological dependence with no risk of physical dependence. Tolerance
develops gradually to THC, and the active chemical ingredient, causes a mild, relaxed euphoria and
enhanced sensory awareness. Unintended effects can be anxiety, sluggish mental functioning, and
memory impairment. New research shows that long-term marijuana use may impair some aspects of
cognitive functioning, even when users are no longer high.
Alcohol is the most widely used psychoactive drug. There is a moderate risk for both physical and
psychological dependence and tolerance develops gradually. When people drink heavily, the effect is a
relaxed euphoria that temporarily boosts self-esteem and decreases inhibitions.
PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs

307
5. What do people tend to dream about, and what theories have been proposed to explain why people
dream at all?
ANS: Above all, dreams tend to be personal. They generally involve people we know, in settings that
are familiar to us. We are particularly likely to dream about current worries, conflicts, and stressors.
There is no universally agreed upon explanation for why we dream. Freud proposed that dreams are a
form of "wishful thinking" in which we have the opportunity to gratify impulses that have gone
unfulfilled in our waking lives. Other theorists take a more cognitive view, proposing that dreams
provide an opportunity to engage in creative problem solving. Both of these views mesh nicely with
available data regarding the typical content of dreams. A very different view is the activation-synthesis
model of dreaming, which proposes that dreams are simply by-products of neural activation during
REM sleep. In this view, the content of dreams is almost incidental. Whereas the wish-fulfillment and
problem-solving theories both regard the "wide awake" brain as the effect of dreaming, the activation-
synthesis model views the "wide awake" brain as the cause of dreaming.
PTS: 1 KEY: Integrative
308

Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition Wayne Weiten Test Bank 1

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Psychology Themes and Variations 9th Edition Wayne Weiten Test Bank 1

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Psychology Themes and Variations

9th Edition Wayne Weiten Solutions

Chapter 5 Variations in Consciousness

2. The awareness of internal and external stimuli defines

4. If you could tape-record your thoughts, you would find

9. According to Sigmund Freud, conscious and unconscious processes are different

13. An electroencephalograph is a device that measures

17. The delta wave EEG pattern is associated with

21. The circadian rhythm operates around:

35. What appears to be responsible for regulating the circadian rhythm?

42. Stage 1 sleep is represented by EEG brain-wave patterns referred to as

51. Sleep stages 3 and 4 are referred to as

52. REM sleep is characterized by all of the following except

54. The paradox concerning REM sleep is while

72. Recent research suggests that sleep deprivation causes ______ .

87. Individuals with partial sleep deprivation or sleep restriction experience

88. Recent research suggests that neurogenesis may be fostered by

109. Which of the following usually occurs in REM sleep?

116. Which of the following statements regarding sleepwalking is MOST accurate?

117. Sleepwalking is MOST likely to occur

119. REM sleep behavior disorder is most likely caused by

120. Which of the following statements about dreams is NOT accurate?

121. Differences between a REM dream and a non-REM dream include

122. Research has revealed that most dreams are

131. The use of dreams to satisfy ungratified needs is referred to as

142. Which of the following is NOT a common effect of hypnosis?

148. Which of the following is NOT a common effect produced by hypnosis?

153. Dissociation refers to

155. Hilgard's dissociation theory of hypnosis suggests that hypnosis is

158. Meditation has its roots in

168. Research has shown the long-term benefits of meditation to

170. Opiates such as morphine and heroin have a capacity to

172. A drug that depresses central nervous system activity is referred to as

184. Which of the following drugs is NOT a narcotic?

187. A compound drug that is related to both amphetamines and hallucinogens is

188. The idea of multifactorial causation in drug effects suggests that

219. Chronic, heavy use of MDMA is NOT associated with

232. Which of the following statements about dreams is MOST accurate?

238. People who rarely remember their dreams probably

PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.1

PTS: 1 REF: On the Nature of Consciousness OBJ: 5.2

ANS: circadian rhythms

PTS: 1 REF: Biological Rhythms and Sleep OBJ: 5.3

ANS: electromyography; electrooculograph

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.5

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.6

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.7

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.8

ANS: memory consolidation

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.8

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.9

ANS: sleep apnea

PTS: 1 REF: The Sleep and Waking Cycle OBJ: 5.9

ANS: non-REM; REM

PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.10

ANS: wish fulfillment

PTS: 1 REF: The World of Dreams OBJ: 5.12

ANS: role playing

PTS: 1 REF: Hypnosis: Altered Consciousness or Role Playing?

PTS: 1 REF: Meditation: Seeking Higher Consciousness

PTS: 1 REF: Altering Consciousness with Drugs

ANS: nominal fallacy