1.

Critical Threshold number for smooth and rough bed

2.Bagnold formula
3.Ashida-Michiue

Lecture 03
Threshold condition for sediment movement

If D<viscous sub-layer, then Smooth bed

If D> viscous sub-layer, then Rough bed
Figure 3.1shows the Forces acting on grain.

For Smooth bed

u 1 z u* 1 9 z u*
 ln  5.5  ln
u* k v k v
11.6v
We know viscous sub-layer  v 
u*
z
11.6v u* z
Let z   v  or  11.6 D=sediment dia.
u* v Viscous sub-layer Fr
Then
u 1 9 u* z 1 Figure 3.1: Forces acting on grain
 ln  ln  9*11.6   11.6
u* k v 0.4
So,
u u z 1 u* D 1
 *   Re for z  D/ 2, Re  Reynolds number
u* v 2 v 2

For Rough bed

u 1 z 1 30 z
 ln  8.5  ln  6.77 for z  D / 2
u* k ks k D

We can write,
1
u  Re for Smooth bed
 2
u* 
6.77 for Rough bed
Where, u=flow velocity (fluid velocity), u*=shear or friction or drag velocity

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We know
  s  
Gravity force, FG  D3   s    g  D3  Rg  Submerged Sp. gr.R 
6 6 
(3.1)
2
u2 D u
2
Drag force, FD  CD A  CD    (3.2)
2 2 2
2
u2 D u
2
Lift force, FL  CL A  CL    (3.3)
2 2 2
Resistance force, Fr    FG  FL  (3.4)
Assuming
FD=Fr (3.5)
From (3.1)-(3.5), we get
2
D u
2  3 D u 
2 2
CD       D  Rg  CL     (3.6)
2 2  6 2 2 


2
D u
2
 CD  CL        D3  Rg (3.7)
2 2 6
u2 4 
 (3.8)
RgD 3  CD  CL 
2
u 
Multiplying (3.8) by  * 
u

2
u*2 4  u* 
   kN/m2 (3.9)
RgD 3  CD  CL   u 

b 
2
4  u* 
   (3.10)
 RgD 3  CD   C L   u 
u
Let, F
u* kN/m2
4 
 c*  F 2 (3.11)
3  CD   CL 
This is the critical threshold shield number both for smooth and rough bed.
Where, μ=0.84, CL=0.85CD

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Bed load transport relationship
Bagnold’s hypothesis (1957):
The shear stress (τ) is approximated to be constant in the bed load layer. The Figure 3.2 shows
the shear stress distribution in the bed load layer (hs).

τc

Figure 3.2: shear stress distribution in the bed load layer (hs)
In the bed load layer, bed shear stress is divided into grain shear stress (τg) and fluid shear stress
(τ).
The total shear stress at bed load layer,
T   g  (1)
The τg is expressed by the normal resistive force ( g ) times the dynamic friction coefficient ( ) .
g  g (2)
The σg normal to the bed is mainly determined by the gravity force,
 g  Vp  s    g   RgVp (3)
If τ > threshold shear stress (τc), grains are start to move and the excessive shear stress (τ-τc) is
used for the grain movement. When τ=τc, the grains are stop.
Thus τ is always τc at bottom of the bed load layer.
From (1),
 T   b   gb   c   gb (4)
 gb   RgVt  (5)
Vt=total sediment volume in the bed load layer per unit area
 T   c   RgVt  (6)
 T   c   RgVt (7)
Dividing the (7) by ρRgD

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 T c Vt
  (8)
 RgD  RgD D
Vt
 *   c*   (9)
D

Vt 
D

 *
  c*  (10)

The bed load transport rate (qb) per unit width

qb  useVt (11)
use=sediment velocity (group of particle velocity) in the bed load layer
Bagnold assumed,
use  f p  * , Rep , R  u* (12)
From (11) by using (12),
(13)
From (13) by using (10),

qb  f pu*  *   c* 
D
(14)

We know
 u*2 u2
*   *
 RgD RgD (15)
 u*   * RgD
From (14) by using (15),

qb  f p  * RgD  *   c* 
D
(16)
 2
m /s
 f p  *  *   c* 
qb 1
(17)
RgDD 
m2/s
    
fp
q 
* * * *
(18)
b
 c

The above (18) is the Bagnold’s bed load formula (1957). where, qb*  Dimensionless bed load
Where, f p  * , Rep , R  have to be determined by the experiment.

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Ashida-Michiue (1972) formula:

Assumption: The drag force (FD) is balanced with the friction force (Fr). The lifting force (FL) is
ignored.


Resistance force, Fr    FG  FL    FG   D 3  Rg (19)
6

u  u   D  u  u p 
2 2
2

Drag force, FD  CD A  CD   

p
(20)
2 2 2

Where, up=particle or grain velocity

So,
FD=Fr

 D  u  u p 
2

2

 CD      D3  Rg (21)
2 2 6
1/2
 4 RgD 
 u  up     (22)
 3 CD 
When up=0 (particle is not moving or sediment does not move), u correspond to the threshold
flow velocity (uc), i.e. u=uc.
1/2
 4 RgD 
 uc     (23)
 3 CD 
Now, (using eqn (22) and (23))
u  u p  uc (24)
Diving (24) by u*
u u p uc
  (25)
u* u* u*
They assumed,
u 1 z
 ln  8.5  8.5 for z  ks  D (26)
u* k ks
uc 1 z
 ln  8.5  8.5 for z  ks  D (27)
u*c k ks

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We find from (25) using (26) and (27)
u u p u*c uc
 
u* u* u* u*c
up u*c
 8.5   8.5
u* u*
 u p  8.5  u*  u*c  (28)
Where,
u*  shear velocity= RgD * , u*c  critical shear velocity= RgD c*

 u p  8.5  RgD *  RgD c*  8.5    *   c*  RgD (29)

Assume
use=up
The bed load transport rate (qb) per unit width
qb  useVt (30)
We know,

Vt   *   c* 
D
(31)

So,

qb  u p
D

 *
  c*   8.5   *   c*  RgD
D

 *
  c*  (32)


qb

RgDD 
8.5
 
 *   c*  *   c*  (33)

Assuming μ=0.5
 qb*  17  
 *   c*  *   c*  (34)

This is the Ashida-Michiue formula

Ashida and Michiue recommend a value of  c* of 0.05 in their relation. It was verified with
uniform material ranging in size (D) from 0.3mm to 7mm.

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