Lecture 11,12

Date: 08,09-03-2020
FLOW PROFILES IN SERIAL ARRANGEMENT OF CHANNELS
Flow profiles in a mild slope channel followed by a steep slope channel
Flow profile in a steep slope channel followed by a mild slope channel
Lecture 13
Date: 16-03-2020
Example 6.1
A trapezoidal channel with b = 6m, n = 0.025, s
= 2 and S0 = 0.001 carries a discharge of 28 m3/s.
At a certain section A of the channel the depth of
flow is 1.30 m. (i) Determine the type of channel
slope. (ii) Determine the type of flow profile. (iii)
If at another section B, the depth of flow is 1.50 m,
state whether section B is located upstream or
downstream of section A.
Example 6.1
A trapezoidal channel with b = 6m, n = 0.025, s = 2 and Sn = 0.001 carries a discharge of 28
m3/s. At a certain section A of the channel the depth of flow is 1.30 m. (i) Determine the type of
channel slope. (ii) Determine the type of flow profile. (iii) If at another section B, the depth of
flow is 1.50 m, state whether section B is located upstream or downstream of section A.
b= 6
s= 2
i) hn>hc Mild slope channel S0= 0.001
Q= 28
ii) M1 flow profile. α= 1
n= 0.025
nQ 14022
nQAR2 /03 .025 .025  14
iii) As, hA=1.30m, hB=1.50m AR 2/3
   011 .068 11.068
S0 .001
S0 0.001
h A P R AR2/3
hn 1.91 1.91 18.76 14.54 1.29 22

Q
Q Z  9
Z c  c
g /
g /

h A B D Z = AD
hc 1.14 1.14 9.44 10.56 0.89 9
Lecture 14
Example 6.2: A rectangular channel b=10 m
wide and having  = 1.10 and n = 0.025 has
three reaches arranged serially. The bottom
slopes of these reaches are S0=0.0040,
0.0065 and 0.0090, respectively. For a
discharge of Q=35 m3/s in this channel,
sketch the resulting flow profiles.
 PROBLEM
Solution The critical depth for the given conditions is obtained as
Q 2 3 1.10  352
hC  3   1.11m
gb 2
9.8110 2

Since critical slope is the slope for which flow in the channel is both uniform and critical, hence
hn = hc = 1.11 m
Therefore, A = 10  1.11 = 11.12 m2, P = 10 + 2  1.11 = 12.22 m and R = A/P = 0.9 m, and

 nQ   0.025  35 
2 2

Sc   2 / 3      0.0070
 AR   11.12  0.91 
Thus, the bottom slopes of the three reaches are mild, steeper mild and steep, respectively. The resulting
flow profiles are M2, M2 and S2, as shown in the following figure. Mild (S < S )
0 c
Steep (S0 > Sc)
0.0040<0.0070 ->Mild
0.0065 <0.0070->Steeper mild
0.0090>0.0070->Steep
COMPUTATION OF GRADUALLY VARIED FLOW PROFILES

dh 1  (hn / h) N
 S0 .......(6.18)
dx 1  (hc / h) M

Dynamic equation of gradually varied flow

 The computation of the gradually varied flow basically involves the integration of
the dynamic equation of gradually varied flow, presented earlier.
 This equation is a non linear ordinary differential equation of the first order and its
solution requires one boundary condition for depth, i.e. the depth at the section
where the computation begins must be given.
 This equation can be easily integrated (i) for a wide channel, and (ii) for a
horizontal channel. For other channels, the integration of the gradually varied flow
equation has to be performed either graphically or numerically.
 The computation of gradually varied flow profile must begin with the known depth
of flow at a control and proceed in the direction in which the control operates.
 the computation of flow profiles is usually terminated at a section where the depth
of flow is about 5% greater or less than the normal depth.
Information are generally required:

1. The discharge Q for which the flow profile is desired.

2. The depth of flow or stage at the control section where the computation

begins.

3. The channel shape at various channel sections.

4. The bottom slope S0 of the channel.

5. The energy coefficient .

6. The Manning’s n or Chezy’s C.

 There are many methods for computing gradually varied flow profiles.
 However, these methods can be broadly classified into the following two categories:
i) Methods used for computing flow profiles in prismatic channels.
ii) Methods used for computing flow profiles in non-prismatic channels.

 The methods used for computing flow profiles in prismatic or regular or uniform
channels compute a longitudinal distance x for a given h explicitly without involving
any trial. The direct step method and the direct integration method fall in this
category.

 On the other hand, the methods used for computing flow profiles in non-prismatic or
irregular or non-uniform channels compute h from a given x. In this case, a trial-
and-error procedure is necessary. The standard step method falls in this second
category.
 Computation of Flow Profiles in Prismatic Channels

(a) Direct Integration Method

 Direct integration of the gradually varied flow equation for computing flow profiles in a
wide channel and in a horizontal channel is simple and considered here.
dh 1  (hn / h) N
 S0 .......(6.18)
(i) Flow Profile a Wide Channel: Breese Method dx 1  (hc / h) M

 Equation (6.18) can be integrated exactly for a wide rectangular channel with the
conveyance expressed in terms of the Chezy equation. For this case, M = N = 3 and
dh 1  (hn / h) 3
 S0
dx 1  (hc / h) 3

Putting u = h/hn, so that du = dh/hn in above Eq. and rearranging yields

h   hc3  1 
dx  n 1  1  3  3
du
S0   hn  1  u 
h   hc3  
which on integration gives x n u  1  3    C1
S0   hn  
 where  is the Breese function given by
1 u2  u 1 1
u
du 3
  ln  tan 1

0
1 u 3
6 u  12
3 2u  1
 and C1 is a constant of integration.
 This integration was first performed by J.A. Ch. Breese in 1860.
 A determination of the flow profile by this solution is widely known as the Breese
method.
2
 For a wide channel the critical depth hc is given by h  3 q
c
g
 and, using the Chezy formula, the normal depth hn is given by h  q2
3
n
C 2 S0
where C is Chezy’s C and q is the discharge per unit width, and hence
3
 hc  C 2 S 0
  
 hn  g
 hn   hc3  
x u  1  3    C1
S0   hn  

h   hc3  
x1  n u1  1  3  1   C1
S0   hn   h2
h1
h   hc3  
x2  n u2  1  3  2   C1 L
S0   hn  
The length of the flow profile between two consecutive sections of depth h1 and h2 is
  hc3  
u2  u1   1  3 2  1 
h
L  x2  x1  n
S0   hn  
where 1 and 2 are the values of  corresponding to u1 = h1/hn and u2 = h2/hn, respectively

1 u12  u1  1 1 3
1  ln  tan 1

6  u1  12 3 2u1  1
1 u22  u2  1 1 3
2  ln  tan 1

 u1  1 2u2  1
2
6 3
Example 6.3

A wide rectangular channel with Chezy’s C = 47 m1/2/s and S0 = 0.0001

carries a discharge of 2 m2/s. A dam raises the water level by 0.50 m above

the normal depth at the dam site. Compute the length of the resulting flow

profile between the dam site and the location where the depth is 2.90 m.

0.50
h2=2.90
h1=hn+0.50

L
 q 2 3 22
hc  3   0.742m
g 9.81 Since hn > hc, the channel slope is mild.
q2 2 2
hn  3 2  3  2.626m
C S0 47.0  0.0001
2

Now, h1 = 2.626 + 0.50 = 3.126 m, h2 = 2.90 m, Since h1 or h2 > hn > hc, the
profile is M1. 1 u12  u1  1 1 3
1  ln  tan 1
 0.7667  0.2734  0.4933
So, u1 = h1/hn = 1.190 6 u1  12
3 2u1  1
u2 = h2/hn = 1.104. 1 u22  u2  1 1 3
2  ln  tan 1
 0.9545  0.2858  0.6687
6 u1  12 3 2u 2  1

Hence, the length of the profile is obtained using Eq. (6.33) as

hn   hc3  
L   u2  u1   1  3  2  1  
S0   hn  
2.626   0.7423  
 1.104  1.190   1  3 
0.6687  0.4933   6760.06m
0.0001   2.626  
Flow Profile in a Horizontal Channel

*By yourself