Ch-7
Non-Uniform
Gradually Varied Flow
Er. Sandip Sigdel
Asst. Lecturer
United Technical College
Introduction
If depth of the flow changes slowly with distance, the flow is said to
be gradually varied .
In GVF, the flow depth & velocity varies along the channel and
consequently bed slope(water surface slope ( and energy line slope
(nt from each other. (i.e. ≠≠).
Example: flow upstream of weir or dam, flow downstream of a
sluice gate etc.
Governing Equation/ Dynamic
Equation/Basic Equation of
GVF:
Let us consider a short reach of prismatic channel of
length ‘dx’ of constant slope in which flow is
gradually varied.
Where,
H= Total Head
z= Vertical distance of channel bed
y= Depth of flow
V= mean velocity
Total Energy head above datum(H)=z + y+
Differentiating with respect to x,
Physical meaning
• When Uniform flow
• When Water Surface is rising i.e. Backwater
• When Water Surface is falling i.e. drawdown
Backwater & Drawdown:
A backwater curve represents the increase in water surface elevation
with increase in length in flow direction, while a drawdown curve
represents the decrease in water surface elevation with increase in
length in flow direction.
𝑑𝑦
=+¿
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
=−
𝑑𝑥
Normal Depth (Uniform flow depth)
Manning’s and Chezy’s equation for GVF is,
V= & V= C
If the flow characteristics such as depth, velocity, slope, cross section,
discharge etc. remains constant over a length of the channel, then
the flow is called uniform flow.
When Uniform flow occurs , = and depth y=
Which can be computed by manning’s or Chezy’s Equation
i.e. for rectangular channel (A=B & P=B+2)
Q=
Q=
Critical Depth(:
When energy is minimum, the corresponding depth is called critical
depth.
i.e. for a rectangular channel
=
Governing equation in terms of wide rectangular channel:
For wide rectangular channel, R=y
Different Zones in flow Profile:
For a given discharge & Channel Condition, the normal depth and
critical depth can be calculated.
A line draw parallel to channel bed and at a height is called Normal
depth line(NDL) and a line parallel to channel bed at a height Is called
critical depth line(CDL).
On the basis of these lines vertical slope in the longitudinal section of
a channel can be divided into 3 regions:
i. Zone 1:Space above Critical and normal depth.
ii. Zone 2: Region lies between normal depth and critical depth.
iii. Zone 3: Region lies below both normal and critical line and above
channel bed.
Classification of Slope:
1. Critical Slope(:
Critical slope is that channel slope for a particular channel and
discharge, at which the normal depth for uniform flow will be
the same as the critical depth. Critical slope varies with both the
roughness and geometric shape of the channel and with the discharge.
i.e. Normal Depth)= Critical Depth(
2. Mild Slope(M:
Channel bed slope ( < Critical bed slope (
Normal depth)>Critical Depth(
3.Steep Slope(S:
Channel bed slope ( > Critical bed slope (
Normal depth)<Critical Depth(
4. Horizontal Slope(H):
Channel bed slope (=0
Normal depth) = ∞
5. Adverse Slope(H):
Channel bed slope (0
Normal depth) = imaginary
Summary:
2014’Spring’
Q)A rectangular channel with a bottom width of 4m and a bottom
slope of 0.0008 has a discharge of 1.5 cumec. In a gradually varied
flow in this channel, the depth at a certain location is found to be
0.3m. Assuming n=0.016, determine the type of GVL profile.
Given,
Width(B)=4m
Bottom slope ( =0.0008
Discharge (Q) =1.5 cumec
Depth (y)=0.3m q=
Manning’s Coefficient
(n)=0.016
GVL profile =? ==0.24m
Calculation of critical depth ()
Calculation of Normal depth):
Q=
Q=
On solving, =0.426m
Here, >y> so M2 profile
2018’fall’
Q)Find the slope of the free water surface in a rectangular channel of width 20m
having depth of flow 5m.The discharge through the channel is 50 cumec. The bed
of the channel is having a slope of 1in 4000. Take the value of chezy’s constant 60.
Hint:
->get from chezy’s equation.
->Calcuate Froude no.
Computation of GVF
1.Direct Step Method
2.Standard Step Method
3.Graphical Integration Method
1.Graphical Integration Method:
This method is used to compute the distance from
the given depth.
We have,
Here, x is distance between and .
x =-
Take different values of y and compute
corresponding f(y) then plot f(y) vs y curve. The
area enclosed between and gives distance.
2.Direct Step Method:
In this method entire length of the channel is divided
into short reaches and the computation is carried out
step to step from one end of reach to the other. This
method is frequently used for prismatic channel to
calculate distance.
From figure, By Bernoulli’s equation,
dx++=++dx
Consider,
+&+
Then,
dx+=+dx
dx=
Procedure:
Divide channel into ‘N’ Parts. There will be N+1
depth.
Calculate Energy difference between two section.
= ++
Calculate slope of energy line at each point using
manning’s or Chezy’s equation.
Take average of slope line for that section.
Calculate length of each part.
dx=
Total length is sum of each length.
Note :
+sign represent downstream from initial section.
-sign represent upstream from initial section.
It’s accuracy depends upon the number of divided parts.
2015(Spring)
Q) A rectangular channel 10m wide and 3m deep
has an average bed slope of 0.0005. Estimate the
length of GVF profile produced by a low weir which
rises the water just upstream of it by 1.5 m. Assume
manning’s coefficient n=0.035.
2017(fall)
Q) A rectangular flume 2m wide carries discharge at the
rate of 2. The bed slope of flume is 0.0004. At a certain
section the depth of flow is 1m. Calculate the length of
water surface profile of the section downstream where
depth of flow is 0.9m. Solve by single step method.
Assuming Manning’s Constant(n)=0.014
Q) Find the rate of change of depth of water in a rectangular
channel of 10m wide and 1.5m deep, when the water is
flowing with the velocity of 1 m/s. The flow of water through
the channel of bed slope of 1 in 4000 and energy slope of 1
in 25000. Also find the length of curve by single step
method. Take manning’s n=0.014.
3.Standard Step
Method:
This method is used for natural channel which are generally
non-prismatic. In natural channels, the cross sectional
shapes are likely to vary from section and also cross-
sectional information is known only at a few locations along
the channel. In such problems, trial and error approach is
applied.
From figure, By Bernoulli’s
equation,
++=+++
Meaning of different value of
=0,Tengential Touches
=∞,Normal
=,Horizontal
Surface profile for mild slope channel(M profile)
M1 profile:(y>>
i.e. Tangent
Surface profile for mild slope channel(M profile)
M2 profile:(>y>
Surface profile for mild slope channel(M profile)
M3 profile:(>>y)
Surface profile for steep slope channel(S profile)
S1 profile:(y>>)
Surface profile for steep slope channel(S profile)
S2 profile:(>y>)
Surface profile for steep slope channel(S profile)
S3 profile:(> >y)
Surface profile for Critical slope channel(C profile)
Surface profile for Horizontal slope channel(H profile)
