WATER SURFACE PROFILES (GVF)

Figure 1 Gradually Varied Flow- Canal Drop Figure 2 Gradually Varied Flow- Weir Structure

Figure 3 Gradually Varied Flow Figure 4 Bernoulli Energy Principle

WATER SURFACE PROFILES (GVF)

Salient Features

1. The water surface profile is a measure of how the flow depth changes longitudinally (GVF).

2. The water surface profiles are classified based on the relationship between the actual depth (y), the
normal depth (yn) and the critical depth (yc).

3. Normal depth (yn) is the depth of flow that would occur if flow was uniform and steady, and is usually
predicted using Manning’s equation.

4. Critical depth (yc)is defined as the depth of flow where energy is at a minimum for a particular
discharge.
5. Water surface profiles are influenced by channel bottom slope. In order to classify water surface
profiles; it is necessary to identify the type of channel bottom slopes (So)

6. There are five cases of channel bottom slopes; Mild, Steep, Critical, Horizontal and Adverse. Water
surface (GVF) profiles are graphed in relation to the critical depth and normal depth.

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7. The entire region above the channel bottom is divided into three zones by drawing two fixed lines in
the longitudinal direction above the channel bottom, one representing critical depth (yc) and the other
is normal depth yn).

8. For each of the five cases, lines representing the critical depth and normal depth are held fixed, zoning
the flow space into three regions:

a) Region 1: Refers to the zone lying above the uppermost line or top most line
b) Region 2: Refers to the zone between the top most line and the next lower line
c) Region3: Refer to the zone between the second line and the channel bed line

Figure 5 Flow Zones

1. Mild Slope (M)

Mild slope occurs when yn > yc hence flow will be subcritical and the slope is referred to as` mild
Slope. The conditions for mild slope are:
• Fr < 1,
• yn > yc
• S0 < Sc (+ve)

Figure 6 Mild Slope

2. Steep Slope (S)

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 Steep slope occurs when yn < yc then flow will be supercritical and slope is referred to steep Slope.
The conditions for steep slope are:
• Fr > 1,
• yn < yc
• S0 > Sc (+ve)

Figure 7 Steep Slope

3. Critical Slope (C)

Critical slope occurs when yn = yc then flow will be critical and slope is referred to critical Slope.
The conditions for critical slope are:
• Fr = 1,
• yn = yc
• S0 = Sc (+ve)

Figure 8 Critical Slope

4. Horizontal Slope (H)

Horizontal slope occurs when yn does not exist and (S0 = 0) then the channel is referred to as
Horizontal Bed. This slope is also known as non-sustaining slope. The conditions for horizontal bed
are:
• yn → ∞
• S0 = 0

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Figure 9 Horizontal Slope

5. Adverse Slope (A)

Adverse slope occurs when yn does not exist and (S0 < 0) then the channel is referred to as Adverse
Slope. This slope is called non-sustaining slope. The conditions for Adverse slope are:
• yn → ∞
• S0 < 0 (−ve)

Figure 10 Adverse Slope

The following is a summary of types of channel slopes, classification criteria, symbols used and
general remarks.

Figure 11 Types of Channel slopes

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TYPES OF WATER SURFACE PROFILES -GVF

Figure 12 Channel slope Zones 1, 2, 3 Figure 13 Water Surface Profiles – Control Structures

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WATER SURFACE PROFILE (GVF) COMPUTATIONS
DYNAMIC EQUATION FOR GVF

𝒅𝒅 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇
• … … … … … … . … (𝟔)
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝑸𝟐 𝑩
𝒈𝑨𝟑

𝟏𝟎⁄
𝒅 𝟑
[𝟏−( 𝒏 ) ]
𝒅𝒅 𝒅
• = 𝑺𝟎 𝟑 … … . [𝟕]
𝒅𝒙 𝒅
[𝟏−( 𝒄 ) ]
𝒅

𝒅𝒅 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇
• = 𝑽𝟐
… … … … … … . . [𝟖].
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−
𝒈𝒅

𝒅𝒅 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇
• = … … … . . … … … (𝟗).
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝑭𝒓 𝟐
dd +𝒗𝒆 dd +𝒗𝒆 dd −𝒗𝒆 dd −𝒗𝒆
• (𝒊) = +𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 dx = −𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 = +𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒓 dx = −𝒗𝒆
dx dx

• Refer separate hand out for the shape of the water surface profile.

Figure 14 Water Surface Profiles for Mild and Step Slopes

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The three forms of gradually varied flow computation equations may be expressed in terms of:

𝛿𝐻
(i) Total energy 𝛿𝑥 = −𝑆𝑓 -------------[8𝑎]
𝛿𝑦 𝑆𝑜 −𝑆𝑓
(ii) Flow depth 𝛿𝑥 = ( ) ----------[8b]
1-F2𝑟

(iii)Specific energy equation

𝛿𝐸
= S𝑜 − 𝑆𝑓 …………………….[8c]
𝛿𝑥

There are three types of solutions to the computation equations; direct integration, graphical integration
and numerical integration.

(a) DIRECT INTEGRATION

𝑥 𝑦 1−𝐹𝑟2
Equation [8b] may be written as ∫0 𝛿𝑥 = ∫𝑦 2 (𝑆 ) 𝛿𝑦
1 𝑜 −𝑆𝑓

𝑦
Therefore 𝑋 = ∫𝑦 2 𝑓(𝑦) 𝛿𝑦 … … … … … . . [9𝑎].
1

1−𝐹𝑟2
where 𝑓(𝑦) = (𝑆 ) ------------------------[9b]
𝑜 −𝑆𝑓

(b) BY GRAPHICAL INTEGRATION.

(i) Graph of y against f(y) is plotted, then the area under the curve is equivalent to X.

(ii) The value of the function f(y) may be found by substitution of A, P, So and Sf for various values of y for a
given discharge Q. Hence the distance X between given depths (y1 and y2) may be found.

(c) NUMERICAL INTEGRATION

There are two numerical methods for possible solutions;

(i) The standard step method (depth for a given distance for natural irregular channels).

(ii) The direct step method (for regular channels). In the direct step method equation [8b,8c] may be written in
the form
(1-F2𝑟 ) ∆𝐸
• 𝛥𝑥 = 𝛥𝑦 [ ] ----------[10a] and ∆𝑥 = [(𝑆 ] …………(10𝑏)
(𝑆𝑜 −𝑆𝑓 ) 𝑜 −𝑆𝑓𝑚 )
𝑚

• Where ‘m’ refers to the mean value for the interval (∆x).
1. DIRECT STEP METHOD

Specific Energy Approach: In this method, a short length of the channel of length ∆𝑥, shown in Figure 16 is to
be computed by applying the Bernoulli’s theorem to sections 1-1 and 2-2.

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Figure 15 Bernoulli Diagram

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
(I) From Bernoulli: 𝑆0 . ∆𝑥 + 𝑦1 + = 𝑆𝑓𝑚 . ∆𝑥 + 𝑦2 + … … … . . (11)
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑆𝑓1 +𝑆𝑓2
• 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑆𝑓𝑚. = ( 2
)
2
𝑉2 𝑉1 2
• From equation (11) (𝑆0 . −𝑆𝑓𝑚 )∆𝑥 = (𝑦2 + 2𝑔
) − (𝑦1 + 2𝑔
)
(𝑆0 . −𝑆𝑓𝑚 )∆𝑥 = 𝐸𝑠2 − 𝐸𝑠1
(𝐸𝑠2 − 𝐸𝑠1 )
∆𝑥 =
(𝑆0 . −𝑆𝑓𝑚 )
(𝑬𝟐 −𝑬𝟏 )
• 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ ∆𝒙 = 𝑺𝒇𝟏 +𝑺𝒇𝟏
… … … … … … … . (12)
(𝑺𝟎 −( ))
𝟐

(II) Also, from Gradually varied flow dynamic equation

𝒅𝒅 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇
• 𝑫𝒚𝒏𝒂𝒎𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝑮𝑽𝑭, = .
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝑭𝒓 𝟐

(1-F2𝑟 ) (1-F2𝑟 )
• 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝛥𝑥 = 𝛥𝑦 [ ] = 𝛥𝑦 [ 𝑺𝒇𝟏 +𝑺𝒇𝟏
] … . … . [12].
(𝑆𝑜 −𝑆𝑓 )
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 (𝑺𝟎 −( ))
𝟐

(III) Thus, if the whole channel length is split up into short steps, the length (𝛥𝑥) for each such step is
determined starting from the control section by using the above equation. The accuracy of this
method depends upon the depth of increment (𝛥𝑦) selected. For better accuracy, the values of
𝑆𝑓 at the ends of the step should not vary appreciably. The method is used for design of prismatic
𝑚
channels.

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TUTORIAL 1

Given the following data carry out the following

(a) Classify the water surface profile (WSP)

(b) Determine the water surface slope

Data
• 𝑩𝒆𝒅 𝒘𝒊𝒅𝒕𝒉 𝒃 =8.5m
• 𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒚 = 𝟑. 𝟐𝒎
• 𝑫𝒊𝒔𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒓𝒈𝒆 𝑸 = 𝟑𝟏𝒎𝟑 𝑺−𝟏
• 𝑩𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒍𝒐𝒑𝒆 𝑺𝟎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟏
• 𝑴𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒊𝒏𝒈′ 𝒔 𝒏 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟑𝟑

SOLUTION STEPS
Q2 B
• 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 Fr = (√ gA3 )n

1
• 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑉 = 𝑛 𝑅 2⁄3 S0 1⁄2
A5⁄3
• 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 = ( ) S0 1⁄2
nP2⁄3

3 q2
• 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ yc = (√ g )

𝐐𝟐 𝐧𝟐 𝐏 𝟒⁄𝟑
• Energy gradient sf = ( )
𝐀𝟏𝟎⁄𝟑

𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇
• 𝑮𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒖𝒂𝒍𝒍𝒚 𝒗𝒂𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 =( 𝟐 ) =( )
𝒅𝒙
𝟏− 𝑸 𝟑 𝑩 𝟏−𝑭𝒓𝟐
𝒈𝑨

• To classify WSP-you need to determine the following:

(a) Find the normal depth yn
(b) Find the critical depth yc
(c) Compare results to profile criteria (yc , yn and y)

• To find water surface slope

(a) Find slope of the energy line Sf
𝐝𝐲
(b) Compute water surface slope 𝐝𝐱

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(a) Computing WSP

• Bed width b=8.5m

• Discharge Q=31m3 S-1
• Bed slope S0=0.001
• Manning' s n= 0.033

A5⁄3 8.55⁄3
• 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑄 = (nP3⁄2 ) S0 1⁄2 =(0.03×(8.5+2y 3⁄2
) (0.001)1⁄2 . . SOLVE: yn = 2.717m
n)

3 31 2
q2 ( )
Critical depth yc = ( √ g ) = ( √ 9.81
3
• 8.5
) = 1.107m

• Water surface profile is mild slope M1 water surface profile:

(𝑦 = 3.2𝑚) > (𝑦𝑛 = 2.717𝑚) > (𝑦𝑐 = 1.107𝑚)

(b) To find water surface slope

• Area A = by = 8.5 × 3.2 = 27.20m2
• Wetted perimetr P = b + 2y = (8.5 + (2 × 3.2)) = 14.90m
• Find slope of the energy line Sf` `1`

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 Q2 B 312 ×8.5
Fr = (√ gA3 ) = (√9.81×(8.5×3.2)3 ) =0.2034

• Manning ′ s Energy gradient

Q2 n2 P 4⁄3 312 × 0.0332 × 14.94⁄3 38.3707
sf = ( 10⁄3 ) = ( ) = = 0.000634
A 27.0210⁄3 59194.9260
𝒅𝒚 𝑺𝒐 −𝑺𝒇 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟏−𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟑𝟒 𝟎.𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟒
• 𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒔𝒖𝒓𝒇𝒂𝒄𝒆 𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒅𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕 =( 𝟐 )=( ) = 𝟎.𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝟖𝟐
𝒅𝒙 𝟏−𝑭𝒓 𝟏−𝟎.𝟐𝟎𝟑𝟒𝟐

• The water surface slope is (+ve), water is becoming deeper in the direction of flow

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TUTORIAL 2

A rectangular channel section carrying a discharge of (𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝟐 𝒔−𝟏 ) has a width of 10m and the
bed slope of 1 in 5625 and Manning’s n=0.02. At a particular section of the channel the depth of
flow is 1.6m. Determine how far upstream or downstream of the section the depth of flow will be
2m. use the step-by-step method (take two steps).

SOLUTION

(a) Determining Type of Water Surface Slope

• 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎 (𝑨𝒄𝒕𝒖𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍)

• 𝑳𝒆𝒕 𝒚𝒏 = 𝑵𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒂𝒍 𝒅𝒆𝒑𝒕𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒇𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒏𝒆𝒍

⁄𝟑
𝑨 𝟏 𝒃 × 𝒚𝒏 𝟐
𝑸 = 𝑨𝑽 = ( . 𝑹𝟐⁄𝟑 𝑺𝒐 𝟏⁄𝟐 ) = ((𝒃 × 𝒚𝟎 ) × ( ) × 𝑺𝟎 𝟏⁄𝟐 )
𝒏 𝒏 𝒃 + 𝟐𝒚𝒏

(𝟏𝟎×𝒚𝒏 ) 𝟏𝟎×𝒚 𝟐⁄𝟑 𝟏 𝟏⁄𝟐

𝟑𝟎 = {( ) (𝟏𝟎+𝟐𝒚𝒏 ) (𝟑𝟔𝟐𝟓) }, by trial and error
𝒏 𝒏

𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝒎

3 𝑞2 3 (30⁄10)2
• 𝐶𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑦𝑐 = √ 𝑔 = √ = 0.971𝑚
9.81

• (𝒚𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟕𝒎) > (𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝟔𝒎) > (𝒚𝒄 = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟕𝟏𝒎)

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 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑖𝑠 𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑀2 - draw-down curve.

MKepha Page 13
 3
2
1
S/N

MKepha
DEPTH OF FLOW y (m)
(b)

1.6

2.00
1.80
AREA OF SECTION

20.00
18.00
16.00
A=by (m2)

MEAN VELOCITY
𝑄

1.88

1.500
1.667
(𝑉 = ) (𝑚⁄𝑠)
𝐴

VELOCITY HEAD
𝑉2

0.115
0.142
0.180

( ) (𝑚)
2𝑔

SPECIFIC ENERGY
𝑉2
2.115
1.942
1.780

(𝐸 = 𝑦 + ) (𝑚)
2𝑔

HYDRAULIC RADIUS
STEP BY STEP ANALYTICAL TABULATION

𝐴
1.430
1.320
1.210

(𝑅 = ) (𝑚)
𝑃

ENERGY SLOPE
𝑛2 𝑉 2
𝑆𝑓 = ( 4⁄3 )
0.000315
0.000433
0.000615

MEAN SLOPE
𝑆𝑓1 + 𝑆𝑓2
(𝑆𝑓𝑚 = )
0.000374
0.000524

(∆𝐸 = 𝐸2 − 𝐸1 )
0.173
0.162

(𝑆0 − 𝑆𝑓𝑚 )
0.000197
0.000347

(𝐸2 − 𝐸1 )
∆𝑥 =
(𝑆0 . −𝑆𝑓𝑚 )
878.17
466.85

Page 14
∑ ∆𝑥

𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟓. 𝟎𝟐
≈ 𝟏, 𝟑𝟒𝟓𝒎
ASSIGNMENT 4

Determine water profile by the direct step method using the following data: Flow rate Q is 600𝑚3 𝑠 −1,
Channel width b=50m, 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑙 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑜 𝑖𝑠 2𝑚 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑘𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟, Depth of water at the control (weir) is
6.5m, Manning’s n is 0.04.

SOLUTION

• Discharge Q=600m3s-1
2
• Channel slope s0 =(1000)
• Channel width b=50m
• Depth of water yw=6.5m (At control)
• Channel roughness n=0.04
• From manning’s equation for discharge
•

2⁄
𝐴 2⁄ 1⁄2 𝐴 𝐴 3 1⁄
• 𝑄 = 𝑛𝑅 3𝑆
0 = 𝑛 (𝑃) 𝑆0 2

2
1 5 1 ⁄3 1⁄2
= (𝐴) ⁄3 . 𝑆0
𝑛 𝑃
2⁄ 1⁄
1 5⁄ 1 3 2 2
600 = (𝐴) 3 . ( )
0.04 𝑃 1000

2⁄ 5
5 1 3 (𝑦𝑛 ) ⁄3 600 × 0.04
600 × 0.04 = (50 × 𝑦𝑛 ) ⁄3 ( ) ∴( ) = ( 1⁄ ) = 0.791
50 + 2𝑦𝑛 (50 + 2𝑦𝑛 )2⁄3 5
50 ⁄3×0.002 2
∷ 𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑉𝐸 𝐹𝑂𝑅 𝑦𝑛

ASSIGNMENT 5
A Very wide rectangular channel carries a discharge of 3132 l/s/m channel width at a depth of 2m. A weir
is constructed across this channel raises water by 2m just upstream of it. Assuming; bed slope of the
channel is 1 in 4900, Chezy’s coefficient is 50 and using step method -take two steps:

(a) Locate the point upstream of the weir at which the depth of water is 3m

(b) Classify the water surface profile for the above case.
MKepha Page 15
2. STANDARD STEP METHOD

The direct step (step-by-step) is used only for cross sectional shape that is not changing e.g. rectangular
or trapezoidal up and down stream channel. On the hand the standard step method can be used regardless
of the cross-sectional shape. The following may be noted in the standard step method:

1. When the flow is subcritical, known section (1) is downstream, work upstream towards (2)

2. When the flow is Super-critical, known section (1) is upstream, work downstream.

3. The total energy balance (hL) is with the "1 " side of the equation here because subcritical
flow has been identified through inspection.

4. The standard step method assumes that properties at section 1 are known and those at 2 are unknown
by making reference to water surface profiles. So WS2 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑.

5. 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 1 − 1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 2 − 2

𝑽𝟏 𝟐 𝑽𝟐 𝟐
W𝑺𝟏 + + 𝒉𝑳 = 𝑾𝑺𝟐 +
𝟐𝒈 𝟐𝒈

6. The “1” meams “known” and “2” means”unknown”-does not refer upstream/downstream

𝑉2 2 𝑉1 2
7. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝐿−𝑂𝑏𝑠 = (𝑊𝑆2 + ) − (𝑊𝑆1 + )
2𝑔 2𝑔
2 𝑉2 𝑉1 2
8. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑆𝑓𝑚 . 𝐿 ( 2𝑔 − )
2𝑔
𝑄𝑛
9. 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑆𝑓𝑚 = 𝐴𝑅2⁄3
10. Assume a WS (Look up at WSP classifications)

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CALCULATIONS

1. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝐿−𝑜𝑏𝑠 = (𝐻2 − 𝐻1 )

2
𝑉 −𝑉1 2
2. 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑆̅𝑓 𝐿 ( 2 )
2𝑔
𝑛𝑄 2 ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅
𝑆𝑓1 +𝑆𝑓2
3. 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝑆𝑓 = ( 2 ⁄3 ) and 𝑆𝑓 = ( )
𝐴𝑅 2
4. 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝐿−𝑜𝑏𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐−𝑖𝑓 𝑛𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑐ℎ,𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎 𝑊𝑆2−𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠 𝑉2 .

5. New total energy balance between 1-1 and 2-2

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
• 𝑊𝑆1 + + ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑊𝑆2−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 +
2𝑔 2𝑔

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
• ∴ 𝑊𝑆2−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑊𝑆1 + ( − ) + ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑊𝑆2−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 +𝑊𝑆2−𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠
6. Determine updated 𝑊𝑆2 as 𝑊𝑆2−𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = ( )
2

7. Second new total energy balance between 1-1 and 2-2

𝑉1 2 𝑉2 2
𝑊𝑆1 + + ℎ𝐿−𝐶𝑎𝑙𝑐 = 𝑊𝑆2−𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 +
2𝑔 2𝑔
8. The process is repeated in Excel iteration shown below until difference between WS2-
Updated and WS2-Previous s zero for solution convergence.

𝑊𝑆2−𝑈𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 − 𝑊𝑆2−𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑜𝑢𝑠
𝐴𝑏𝑠 [( ) 100% ≈ 0%]
𝑊𝑆2−𝑢𝑝𝑑𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑

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