1.

Dune, Anti-dune, ripple,bar,types of bar-12, bar modes and river configuration-13

2.Cross stratification (pg 10)
3.progression of bed form (pg 11)
4.Effect of bed

Dunes are characteristic of subcritical flow

Dunes, however, do not qualify as long waves, in that their wavelength is
of the order of the depth.
1
For critical flow over a bedform: F 2
tanh  kH 
kH

as k  0      tanh  kH   kH
then, F  1

For dunes to occur the following condition must be satisfied.

1
F2  tanh  kH 
kH
For dunes: the water surface is high where the bed is low and vice-versa
(out of phase)

Dunes can also occur in the case of wind-blown sand

Barchan dunes are moving over a desert pavement
Barchan dunes are also found in the fluvial environment in the case of sand
(in supply insufficient to cover the bed completely) migrating over an immobile
gravel bed.
Image of dunes
Dunes in a laboratory flume
 Antidunes: the watersurface undulations are nearly in phase with those
of the bed. 1
They associated with supercritical flow, in the sense that, F 
2
tanh  kH 
kH

Antidunes may migrate either upstream or downstream.

Upstream-migrating antidunes are usually rather symmetrical in shape,
and lack a slip face
Downstream–migrating antidunes are rather rarer; these have a well-
defined slip face and look rather like dunes.

The potential-flow criterion dividing upstream-migrating antidunes from

downstream-migrating antidunes is: 1
F 
2

kH tanh  kH 
Ripples: are dune-like features that occur only in the presence of a
Viscous sub-layer.  v  10 / u*

They look very much like dunes in that they migrate downstream and have a
pronounced slip face.

They generally are much more three-dimensional in structure than dunes, however,
and have a little effect on the water surface.

Criterion for existence of ripples:

u* D
 10

Ripples image
 Bar: bars are bedforms in rivers that scale with channel width.
They include alternate bars in straight streams.
•Points bars in meandering streams.
•Spool bars in braided streams.

Progression of bedforms:
Various bedforms are associated with various flow regimes.
In case of sand bed D less than 0.5mm, a clear progression is evident as
flow velocity increases.
The bed is assumed to be initially flat
At very low imposed velocity U, the bed remains flat because no sediment
is moved
As the velocity exceeds the critical value, ripples are first formed at higher
values, dunes form and coexist with ripples
For even higher velocities, well-developed dunes form in the absence of
ripples.
At some points the velocity reaches a value near the critical value (F=1),
near this point the dunes are often suddenly and dramatically washed out.
This results in a flat bed known as an upper-regime (supercritical) flat bed.
Further increases in velocity lead to the formation of antidunes, and finally to the
chute and pool pattern.
 Types of bars
Fluvial bars are one of the characteristic morphological features observed in rivers.
Bars can be classfied as free and forced as relating to their origin.
Free bars spontaneously develop because of an instability of the flow bed system
(Seminara and Tubino ,1989).
Single alternate bars are the familiar type of free bars in sandy streams and gravel bed
rivers when the channel is narrow enough (Callander ,1969).
 Channel that represents large aspect ratios, the rivers grow multiple bars leading to
braiding patterns (Fujita and Muramoto ,1985).
Fluvial bars may also be forced by various effects like curvature, variations of channel
width or confluences etc.

Single alternate bars Double row bars Bars with higher mode
i.e. Multiple bars
19
 Bar modes and corresponding river bed configurations

a a

a a
b b
The dotted regions mark submerged bars

n is the bar modes

b b

e e
n=1
Single alternate bars

c f f
c

e e
d d d d
f f
c c
cross-section n=3
Multiple bars
cross-section
n=2
Double row bars
Source: A. Crosato and E. Mosselman (2009)

20
 Single alternate bars
λ

k=2 π / λ
k=Wave number, Sketch of single alternate bars

λ=Wave length

Thalweg: Line along the deepest

part of the river .

bar

Image of alternate bar

21
 Satellite image of Jamuna river, Bangladesh
(Source: Google earth)

Jamuna
Bridge

Jamuna river is characterized by multiple bars and braided channels.

Formations of bars are accompanied by periodic geometry of the channel width.
This suggests that the variation of the channel width and geometry may have
important influences on the bar instability.

25
Lower plane bed
 Flat and featureless.
 Sediment transport largely as contact load.
 Develops on sands with d > 0.70 mm; rough turbulent boundaries.

Washed-out dunes
 As flow strength increases dunes become longer and lower, “washing
out” into the next bed form.

Upper plane bed

 A flat bed with intense sediment transport.
In the case of a bed coarser than 0.5mm, the ripple regime is replaced by a
zone characterized by a lower-regime (subcritical) flat bed.
Above this lies the ranges for dunes, upper-regime flat bed, and antidunes.

Fig: rough Schematization of bedforms regime

 EFFECT OF BEDFORMS ON RIVER STAGE

The presence or absence of bedcforms on the bed of a river can lead to

some serious effects on river stage.

Manning relation: channel is assumed to be wide enough where R=H

1 2/3 1/ 2
U H S
n
If energy slope remains relatively constant, depth should increase monotonically
With increasing velocity.
This would indeed be the case for a rigid bed.
In a sand-bed stream, however, resistance decreases as U increases over a very
Wide range of conditions.

At equilibrium,  b  C f U 2   gHS
Decrease in resistance implies that depth does not increase as rapidly in U
For a rigid-bed.
In fact, as transition to upper-regime is approached, the bedforms can be quite
Suddenly wiped out, resulting in a dramatic decrease in resistance.
The result can be an actual decrease in depth as velocity increase.