Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.

BSN 2-YB-29

A. Alteration Definition Etiology Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment & Management

with infectious,
inflammatory
and
immunologic
responses

Juvenile Children with juvenile The immune 1. Pain 1. X-Ray: A little 1. NSAIDs (nonsteroidal
Rheumatoid idiopathic arthritis system of the body 2. Stiffness, amount of radiation anti-inflammatory drugs) to
Arthritis (JIA) experience joint targets its own especially in the is used in this test to lessen inflammation and pain
inflammation, which healthy cells and morning create images of a. Naproxen
is known as arthritis. tissues. This 3. Swelling over interior tissues, b. Ibuprofen
This arthritis causes Inflammation the joints bones, and organs c. Indomethacin
swelling, pain with occurs in and 4. Decreased on film. 2. Disease-modifying
movement, and around the joints. movement 2. Nodule Biopsy: antirheumatic drugs (MRADs),
possibly reduced joint This could harm 5. Pain that is Small tissue samples such as methotrexate, are used
motion. the skeletal worse with joint are collected for to reduce inflammation and
system. Other movement examination under a regulate JIA.
organs, such as 6. Bumps over microscope. This a. Methotrexate
the heart and the small joints aids in the detection b. Sulfasalazine
lungs, can also be 7. Trouble doing of cancer and other c. Leflunomide
harmed by RA. activities of daily aberrant cells. 3. Corticosteroid medications,
living 3. Joint Aspiration: A which are used to treat
8. Trouble tiny fluid sample is inflammation and severe pain.
grasping or collected from a a. Prednisolone
pinching things swollen joint for this b. Methylprednisolone
9. Tiredness and test. It is performed 4. Biologics are medications
lack of energy to detect symptoms that interfere with the body's
(fatigue) of infection or gout. inflammatory response. They
10. Occasional 4. Blood Tests: are used when other treatments
fever These tests are done have failed.
to find certain a. Etanercept
antibodies, called b. Infliximab
rheumatoid factor, c. Adalimumab
cyclic citrullinated 5. Splints can assist protect the
antibody, and other joints and strengthen weak
signs of RA. ones.
5. MRI: Ultrasound 6. Physical therapy may be
or MRI. These utilized to help strengthen and
imaging tests can move the afflicted parts.
look for bone 7. Physiotherapy to avoid
damage and prolonged immobilization
inflammation.

Allergic Rhinitis Rhinitis is defined as There is a 1. Nasal 1. Immunoglobulin E 1. Antihistamines operate by

inflammation of the hereditary stuffiness (IgE): It is inhibiting the histamine released
nasal membranes component to the (congestion) in a position to by your body during an allergic
and is characterized susceptibility to 2. Sneezing and detecting many reaction.
by a symptom develop allergic, or runny nose. types allergy a. Loratadine (Claritin®).
complex that consists IgE-mediated, 3. Itchy nose, symptoms, b. Cetirizine (Zyrtec®).
of any combination of reactions to throat and eyes. as well as food c. Fexofenadine
the following: extrinsic allergens 4. Headaches, allergies. (Allegra®).
sneezing, nasal (proteins capable sinus 2. A skin prick test to 2. Decongestants are drugs that
congestion, nasal of triggering an pain determine reduce nasal and sinus
 Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.
BSN 2-YB-29

itching, and allergic reaction). 5. Increased ascertain what congestion. Decongestants can
rhinorrhea. Exposure to some mucus in Allergens exist. be taken orally (as pills or
The eyes, ears, foreign proteins the nose and resulting in your liquids) or by nasal spray.
sinuses, and throat causes allergy throat. symptoms. a. Afrin® nasal spray.
can also be involved. sensitization in 6. Fatigue and b. Phenylephrine nasal
Allergic rhinitis is very susceptible malaise spray
common cause of individuals, which 7. Sore throat (Neo-Synephrine®).
rhinitis. is defined by the from c. Pseudoephedrine
creation of mucus dripping (Sudafed®).
particular IgE down the throat 3. Corticosteroid nasal sprays
directed towards (postnasal drip). and inhalers: These sprays and
these proteins. 8. Wheezing, inhalers lessen inflammation
coughing and and improve hay fever
trouble symptoms. These pills are
breathing. leukotriene inhibitors.
a. Flonase®
b. Nasacort®
c. Rhinocort®
4. Immunotherapy is a
treatment that teaches your
body to tolerate allergens.

Eczema Eczema is a common It is caused by a 1. Dry, cracked 1. A skin biopsy can 1. Avoidance of allergen
skin condition where the interaction of skin also be done to 2. Treatment with drugs
your skin becomes immunological 2. Itchiness confirm the benign a. Antihistamines: They
dry, itchy and easily dysregulation, (pruritus) nature of a skin may help the itching.
irritated. epidermal gene 3. Rash on tumor or to diagnose The drowsiness they
Eczema can appear changes, and swollen inflammatory skin cause can also be
as areas of red, dry environmental skin disorders such as a useful at night to
skin, most commonly factors can cause 4. Small, raised medication rash or conquer sleeplessness
in the creases of your epidermal bumps, on eczema. caused by the
elbows, behind your changes, brown or black 2. Blood testing to irritation.
knees and on your culminating in skin rule out other causes b. Sympathomimetics
wrists and ankles. highly pruritic skin 5. Oozing and of the rash than c. Corticosteroids: They
sores. crusting dermatitis. are anti-inflammatory
6. Thickened 3. Patch testing can medications that can
skin aid in the diagnosis be very effective in
7. Darkening of of certain types of relieving symptoms of
the skin around allergies that are eczema and dermatitis.
the eyes causing your 3. Immunotherapy: It is given in
8. Raw, sensitive dermatitis. gradually increasing doses till
skin from the maintenance dose is
scratching reached
9. Erythema
10. Crusting,
drying, fissuring,
and peeling.

Asthma Asthma is a condition It is caused by 1. Chest 1. Physical 1. Bronchodilators: These drugs

in which your airways host factors: tightness or Examination: relax the muscles that surround
constrict and swell, genetics; genes pain Dyspnea, expiratory your airways. The relaxed
resulting in increased predisposing to 2. Wheezing wheeze, accessory muscles allow the airways to
mucus production. airway hyper when exhaling, muscle movement, move. They also facilitate
This can make it responsiveness, which is a difficulty in feeding, mucus movement through the
difficult to breathe sex; occurs more common sign of talking, getting to airways. These medications
and induce coughing. in males, asthma in sleep ease your symptoms as they
 Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.
BSN 2-YB-29

Shortness of breath environmental children 2. Spirometry: This occur and are used to treat both
and a whistling sound factors such as 3. Trouble test is used to intermittent and chronic
(wheezing). allergens, furred sleeping determine the asthma.
animals, pollens, caused by narrowing of your 2. Inhaled Corticosteroids:
fungi, molds, shortness bronchial tubes These drugs include fluticasone
yeasts, respiratory of breath, 3. Peak Flow: It propionate. Fluticasone oral
infections. coughing measures the air that inhalation is used to prevent
or wheezing is flowing out of your difficulty breathing, chest
4. Coughing or lungs tightness, wheezing, and
wheezing 4. Nitric Oxide: This coughing caused by asthma in
attacks test measures the adults and children
that are amount of nitric 3. Theophylline (Theo-24,
worsened by oxide in your breath. Elixophyllin, Theochron) is a
a respiratory 5. Methacholine daily pill that helps keep the
virus, such as a Challenge: This test airways open by relaxing the
cold or the flu. is used to trigger muscles
your asthma, if you around the airways.
happen to react to it, 4. Anti-Inflammatory
it is positive. Medications: These medicines
reduce swelling
and mucus production in your
airways. They make it easier for
air to enter and exit your lungs.

B. Cellular Definition Etiology Manifestation Diagnosis Treatment & Management

Aberrations

Leukemia Leukemia is a type of 1. Congenital 1. Pallor, 1. Blood Smear Test: 1. Chemotherapy: It is the use
cancer that affects disorder: Down lethargy, malaise This test is done by of drugs that either kill cancer
the developing blood syndrome, and dyspnea taking a drop of cells or prevent the cells from
cells. Leukemia is Immunodeficiency due to anemia. blood and examining dividing.
most typically a y syndrome. 2. Fever, it under a a. Vincristine (Oncovin®)
cancer of white blood 2. Ionizing malaise, features microscope. b. Anthracyclines
cells, but other blood radiation: X-ray, of mouth, skin, 2. Blood testing can (daunorubicin
cell types can radiotherapy. respiratory also detect particles [Cerubidine®],
develop leukemia. 3. Chemicals: infections due to that indicate how doxorubicin
There are numerous (alkylating agent, neutropenia. well other organs [Adriamycin®])
types of leukemia Benzene). 3. Spontaneous such as the liver are c. Corticosteroids
that can be 4. Viruses: bruises, purpura, working. This can (prednisone,
distinguished. Human bleeding gums assist in dexamethasone)
T-lymphocyte due to 3. A patient's blood 2. Radiation Therapy: Radiation
leukemia virus thrombocytopen sample is often therapy destroys cancer cells
ia. analyzed for by delivering high doses of
4. Generalized leukemia using a radiation, such as X-rays. It is
lymphadenopath complete blood typically administered via an
y count (CBC), external machine that sends
microscopic radiation to the malignancy
examination of the (external radiation).
blood, or flow 3. Stem cell transplant may be
cytometry. part of the treatment plan for
4. CBC measures people who have high-risk
red blood cells, acute leukemia. Most stem cell
white blood cells and transplants for leukemia are
platelets. allogeneic (donated). The goal
of a transplant is to destroy all
the cells in your bone marrow,
 Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.
BSN 2-YB-29

including the leukemia cells,

and replace them with new,
normal cells.
4. Intrathecal Chemotherapy:
Injecting medications straight
into your spinal canal to attack
any leukemia cells there.

Lymphomas Lymphoma is a 1. Heredity - 1. Painless 1. Chest X-Ray: A 1. Chemotherapy is one of the

malignancy that identical twins, swelling in one chest x-ray is used primary modalities of treatment
starts in the family history, or more lymph to look for enlarged for lymphoma, and it can be
lymphatic system and genetic disorders node(s) lymph nodes. used alone or in conjunction
affects immune cells. 2. Infections - 2. Unexplained 2. Blood Tests: The with radiation therapy. It entails
Lymphocytes, or HTLV-I, EBV, HCV, fever number of white the administration of
infection-fighting HIV, etc. 3. Persistent blood cells, platelets cancer-killing medicines via
cells, are present 3.Environmental fatigue and red blood cells mouth or injection.
throughout the body, factors - radiation, 4. Loss of may become low 2. Monoclonal Antibody
including lymph carcinogen, etc. appetite when lymphoma Therapy (Targeted Therapy) -
nodes, the thymus, 4. Association with 5. Unexplained spreads to the bone This is a treatment that employs
the spleen, and bone disease of weight loss marrow. laboratory-created molecules
marrow. immunity 6. Cough or 3. Lymph Node known as monoclonal
chest pain Biopsy: A surgical antibodies, which are designed
7. Abdominal procedure in which a to identify and bind to the
pain portion or the surface of cancer cells.
8. Sensation of complete lymph a. Rituximab®
bloating or node is excised and b. Brentuximab vedotin
fullness (due to examined under a (Adcetris®)
an enlarged microscope for the 3. Prophylaxis of the CNS:
spleen) presence of Chemotherapy administered
9. Itchy skin lymphoma cells. through lumbar puncture may
10. Enlargement 4. Lumbar Puncture: be used to treat non-Hodgkin
of the spleen or It is the removal of a lymphoma that has spread to
liver small amount of the brain or is at high risk of
11. Rashes or cerebrospinal fluid spreading. Edema and
skin lumps. (CSF)—the fluid that inflammation can also be
surrounds the brain treated with steroids.
and spinal cord—so 4. The use of natural or
it can be analyzed synthetic drugs to strengthen,
for the presence of direct, or restore the body's
lymphoma cells. natural anti-cancer defenses, or
to interfere with specific
biochemical pathways within
lymphoma cells, is part of this
treatment.

Wilms’ Tumor This condition Wilms tumor is 1. Presence of 1. Medical History: 1. Surgery - A procedure to
accounts for nearly hypothesized to be abdominal mass Evaluating the nature remove cancer, such as a
90% of pediatric caused by 2. Pain, if tumor of signs and nephrectomy.
kidney tumors. Wilms changes in genes is enlarging symptoms by the 2. Chemotherapy -
tumor is occasionally involved in normal 3. Anorexia physician. Cancer-killing medication,
associated with a set genitourinary 4. Hematuria 2. Physical commonly known as systemic
of illnesses that are development. 5. Nausea and Examination: treatment. The following
present at birth. Vomiting Children with Wilms medications will be
These are known as 6. Fever Tumor generally administered:
congenital 7. Anemia present to a. Vincristine
syndromes. It is also physicians with a b. Dactinomycin
 Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.
BSN 2-YB-29

known as Wilms' swollen c. Actinomycin.

tumor or abdomen/mass. 3. Radiation Therapy - X-rays or
nephroblastoma. 3. CT scan other radiation rays are used to
Typically, just one (Computed kill cancer cells and shrink
tumor on one kidney Tomography) will tumors; not recommended for
is present, but tumors assist in determining children under the age of one
on both kidneys whether the Wilms year.
(bilateral) or more tumor has
than one malignant progressed from the
region on one kidney kidney into the blood
may occur. arteries, notably the
inferior vena cava.
4. Intravenous
Pyelography: This is
a procedure in which
a dye is injected into
a vein to help display
the architecture of
the kidney.
5. Ultrasound: Using
sound waves, an
ultrasound generates
a picture of the
internal organs. A
transmitter that emits
sound is moved
across the body.

Brain Tumors It is an aberrant mass Exposure to 1. Headaches 1. Computerized 1. Chemotherapy: Impedes

of tissue in which ionizing radiation is 2. Nausea & Tomography: CT cellular replication of the tumor
cells multiply and a known risk factor Vomiting Scan uses ionizing cells, interfering with their ability
replicate in an for developing 3. Changes in radiation, thin bands to copy DNA and reproduce.
uncontrollable brain cancer. This speech of x-rays to produce a. Methotrexate with
manner, appearing to type of radiation 4. Problems in images of slices of Leucovorin (Antidote)
be unhindered by includes exposure balancing or brain tissue, and b. Temozolomide
normal cell regulatory to X-rays, nuclear walking allows determination c. Avastin (bevacizumab)
processes. power plants, and 5. Muscle jerking of tumor size. 2. Radiation Therapy: It is
certain types of or seizures 2. Magnetic typically chosen as a treatment
electromagnetic 6. Numbness or Resonance Imaging option for tumors that are too
fields. Additionally, tingling (MRI): It uses large or inaccessible for surgical
certain gene magnetic fields and resection and to eradicate
mutations can is superior to CT in residual neoplastic cells after a
increase the risk of detecting & surgical debulking.
certain types of localizing tumors as 3. Stereotactic Radiosurgery: It
brain cancer. For well as evaluating is defined as delivery of a high
example, a edema, and dose of ionizing radiation, in a
mutation in the hemorrhage. single fraction to a precisely
gene TP53 can 3. Neurological defined volume of tissue, its
increase the risk of Examination: Testing goal is to arrest tumor growth.
developing a type of reflexes and 4. Craniotomy: The most
of brain tumor assessing visual, common type of surgery to
called cognitive, sensory, remove a brain tumor is a
glioblastoma. and motor function. craniotomy. This procedure
Viruses can also 4. Tissue involves making an incision in
increase the risk of sampling/biopsy/sur the scalp and removing a piece
brain cancer. The gical removal of a of bone from the skull to give
Dalman, Jhaziel Elizabeth C.
BSN 2-YB-29

human tumor. A sample of the neurosurgeon access to the

papillomavirus the tumor’s tissue is tumor.
(HPV) is one virus usually needed to
that has been make a final
linked to the diagnosis. A biopsy
development of is the removal of a
certain types of small amount of
brain cancer. tissue for
examination under a
microscope and is
the only definitive
way a brain tumor
can be diagnosed.