Et 8 PLC

Information Sheet No.
1
I. Basics of PLC’s
Learning Objectives:
After reading this INFORMATION SHEET, YOU MUST be able to:
1. Describe the Programmable Logic Controller
2. Explain the basic PLC operation
3. Know the advantages of PLC
This information sheet explains the basic of PLC.
A. What is a PLC?
Programmable Logic Controller (PLC’s),
- Also called a PLC or programmable controller, is a computer-type
device used to control equipment in an industrial facility. The
kinds of equipment that PLC can control are as varied as industrial
facilities themselves. Conveyor systems, food processing
machinery, auto assembly lines… you name it and there’s probably
out there controlling it.
- Also referred to as programmable controllers, are in the computer
family. They are used in commercial and industrial applications. A
PLC monitors inputs, makes decision based on the program and
controls outputs to automate a process or machine. This course is
meant to supply you with basic information on functions and
configurations of PLC.
Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

January 2018 Issued by:
Date Revised:
January 2018
PSU-ETEEAP 2018 Page 1 of 61
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
B. Why use PLC’s?
In a traditional industrial control system, all control devices are wired
directly to each other according to how the system is supposed to
operate. In a PLC system, however, the PLC replaces the wiring between
the devices. Thus, instead of being wired directly to each other, all
equipment is wired to the PLC. Then, the control program inside the PLC
provides the “wiring” connection between the devices.
The control program is a computer program stored in the PLC’s
memory that tells the PLC what’s supposed to be going on in the system.
The use of a PLC to provide the wiring connections between system
devices is called soft wiring.
The soft wiring advantage provided by programmable controllers

is tremendous. In fact, it is one of the most important features of
PLC’s. Soft wiring makes changes in the control program. In a
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January 2018
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
traditional system, making this type of change would involve
physically changing the wiring between the devices, a costly and time
consuming endeavor.
C. Advantages of a PLC
In addition to the programming flexibility, PLC’s offer
advantages over traditional control systems. These advantages
include:
 High reliability
 Small space requirement
 Computing capabilities
 Reduced costs
 Ability to withstand harsh environments
 Expandability

Date Revised:
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
But what exactly is a PLC?
D. The Central Processing Unit

The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the part of a
programmable controller that retrieves, decodes, stores, and processes
information. It also executes the control program stored in PLC’s
memory. In essence, the CPU is the “brains” of programmable
controller, It functions much the same way the CPU of regular
computer does, except that it uses special instructions and coding to
perform its functions. The CPU has three parts:
 The processor
 The memory system
 The power supply
The processor is the section of the CPU that codes, decodes,
and computes data. The memory system is the section of the
CPU that stores both the control program and data from the
equipment connected to the PLC. The power supply is the
section that provides the PLC with the voltage and current it
needs to operate.
E. The Input/output System

The Input/output system is the section of a PLC to which all
of the field/devices are connected. If the CPU can be thought of
as the brains of the PLC then I/O can be thought of as the arms
and legs. Then I/O is what actually physically carries out the
control commands from the program stored in the PLC’s
memory.
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January 2018
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
The I/O system consists of two main parts:
 The rack
 I/O modules
The rack is an enclosure with slots in it that is connected

to the CPU. I/O modules are devices with connection terminals
to which the field devices are wired. Together, the rack and the
I/O modules form the interface between the field devices and
the PLC. When set up properly, each I/O module is both
securely installed in a slot in the rack. This creates physical
connection between the field equipment and the PLC. In some
small PLC’s the rack and the I/O modules came pre packaged
as one unit.
F. Discrete and Analog Devices
All of the field devices connected to a PLC can be
classified in one of two categories:
 Inputs
 Outputs
Inputs are devices that supply a signal/data to a PLC. Typical
examples of inputs are push buttons, switches and
measurement devices. Basically, an input device tells the PLC,
“Hey, something’s happening out here…. You need to check this
out to see how it affects the control program.”

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Outputs are devices that await a signal/data from the PLC to
perform their control functions. Lights, horns, motors and
valves are all good examples of output devices. These devices
stay put, mining their own business, until the PLC says. “You
need to turn now,” or “You better open up your valve a little
more,” etc.
There are two basic types of input and output devices:

 Discrete
 Analog
Discrete devices are input and outputs that have only two
states: ON and OFF. As a result they send /receive simple
signals to/from a PLC. These signals consist of only 1’s and 0’s.
A 1 means that the device is On and a 0 means that the device
is OFF.
Analog devices are inputs and outputs that can have an infinite
number of states. These devices cannot only be on and off, but
they can also be barely on, almost totally on, not quite off, etc.
These devices send/receive complex signals to/from PLC. Their
communications consists of a variety of signals, not just 1’s and
0s.

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Example
Because different input and output devices send different kinds

of signal, they sometimes have a hard time communicating with
PLC. While PLC’s are powerful devices, they can’t always speak
the “language” of every device connected to them. That’s were
the I/O modules come in. The modules act as “translators”
between the field devices and the PLC. They ensure the PLC and
the field devices all get all the information they need in a
language that they can understand.
…..AND A LITTLE MORE ABOUT THE CONTROL PROGRAM
We talked a little bit earlier about the control program. The
control program is a software program stored in PLC’s memory.
It’s what puts the control in a programmable controller.
The user or the system designer is usually the one who develops
the control program. The control program is made up of things
called instructions. Instructions are, in essence, little computer
codes that make the inputs and outputs do what you want in
order to get the result you need.
There are all different kinds of instructions and they can make
PLC do just about anything (add and subtract data, time and
count events, compare information, etc.). All you have to do is
program the instructions in the proper order and make sure
that they are telling the right devices what to do and voila!.. you
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have a PLC controlled system. And remember changing the
system is a snap. If you want the system to act differently, just
change the instructions in the control program.
G. Contacts and Coils
Different PLCs offer different kinds of instructions. That’s what
make each type of PLC unique, However, all PLCs use two basic
type of instructions:
 Contacts
 Coils
Contacts are instructions that refer to the input conditions to
the control program – that is to the information supplied by the
input field devices; each contact in the control program
monitors a certain field device. The contact waits for the input
to do something in particular (e.g. turn on, turn off, etc.,- this
all depends on what contact it is). Then the contact tells the
PLCs program, “The input device just did what it is supposed to
do. You’d better check to see if this supposed to affect any of the
output devices.”
Coils are instructions that refer to the outputs of the control
program- that is, to what particular output device is supposed
to do in the system. Like a contact, each coil also monitors a
certain field device. However, unlike a contact which monitors
the field device and then tells the PLC what to do, a coil
monitors the PLC program and then tells the field device what to
do, a coil monitors the PLC control program and then tells the
field device what to do. It tells the output device, “Hey, the PLC
just told me that the switch turned on. That means that you’re
supposed to turn on now. So let’s go.”

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
In PLC talk, the three step process of monitoring the inputs,
executing the plc control program, and changing the status of
the outputs accordingly is called the scan.
H. Addressing
A PLC’s memory system is very complex, allowing it to store
information not only about the control program but about the
status of all the inputs and outputs as well. To keep track of all
the information, it uses a system called addressing. An address
is a label or number that indicates where a certain piece of
information is located in a PLCs memory. Just like your home
address tells where you live in your city, a device or piece of
data’s address tells where the information about it resides in the
PLC’s memory. That way, if a PLC wants to find out information
a field device, it knows to look in its corresponding address
location.
Some addresses contain information about the status of

particular field devices. Other addresses store data that’s the
result of control program computations. Still others contain
reference data entered by the system programmer. Nonetheless,
no matter what type of data it is, a PLC uses its addressing

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scheme to keep track of it all. That way, it’ll have the right when
it needs it.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Information Sheet No. 2
II. Terminology I
4. Describe the basic terminologist used in PLC operation
5. Explain the basic terminologist in
6. Understand the sensors, actuators, inputs, etc. as to PLC operation
The language of PLC’s consists of commonly used set
terms; many of which are unique to PLC’s. In order to
understand the ideas and concepts of PLC’s An understanding
of these terms is necessary.
Sensor - a sensor is a device that converts a physical

condition into an electrical signal for use by the PLC. Sensors
are connected to the PLC input. A pushbutton is one example of
a sensor that is connected to the PLC input. An electrical signal
is sent from the pushbutton to the PLC indicating the condition
(open/closed) of the pushbutton contacts.
http://riyansblog.blogspot.com/2016/09/terminology-of-plcs.html https://slideplayer.com/
slide/5696588/
Actuators - Actuators convert an electrical signal from the

PLC into a PLC condition. Actuators are connected to the PLC
output. A motor starter is one example of an actuator that is
connected to the PLC output. Depending on the output PLC
signal the motor starter will either start or stop the motor.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Discrete input - A discrete input, also referred to as digital
input, is an input that is either in an ON or OFF condition.
Push buttons, toggle switches, limit switches, and contact
closures are examples of discrete sensors which are connected
to the PLC’s discrete or digital inputs. In the ON condition a
discrete input maybe referred to as logic 1 or logic high. In the
OFF condition a discrete input may be referred to as a logic 0 or
a logic low.
A Normally Open (NO) pushbutton is used in the following

example. One side of the pushbutton is connected to the first
PLC input. The other side of the pushbutton is connected to the
first PLC input. The other side of the pushbutton is connected
to an internal 24VDC power supply. Many PLCs require a
separate power supply to power the inputs. In the open state,
no voltage is present at the plc input. This is the OFF condition.
When the pushbutton is depressed, 24 VDC is applied to the
PLC input. This is the ON condition.

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Jr. Revision # 01
https://www.machinedesign.com/engineering-essentials/engineering-essentials-what-
programmable-logic-controller
Analog Inputs An analog input is an input signal that has

continuous signal. Typical may vary from 0-20 milliamps, 4-20
milliamps, or 0-10 volts. In the following example, a level
transmitter monitors the level of liquid in a tank. Depending on
the level transmitter, the signal to the PLC can either increase
or decrease as the level increase or decreases.
https://
www.tekscan.com/resources/whitepaper/load-cell-vs-force-sensor
https://www.slideshare.net/haki517/plc-analog-and-special-io

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Discrete Outputs A discrete output is an output that is
either an ON or OFF condition. Solenoid, contactor coils and
lamps are examples of actuator devices connected to discrete
outputs. Discrete outputs may also be referred to as digital
outputs. In the following example, a lamp can be turned on or
off by the PLC output it is connected to.
http://all-about-automation.blogspot.com/2011/07/contactor-cotrol.html https://
www.indiamart.com/proddetail/contactor-coil-11750106733.html
Analog Outputs An analog output is an output signal that

has a continuous signal. The output maybe as simple as a 0-10
VDC level that drives an analog meter. Examples of analog
meter outputs are speed, weight and temperature. The output
signal may also be used on more complex applications such as
a current-to- pneumatic transducer that controls an air
operated flow-control valve.
Flow control Valve

Date Revised:
January 2018
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
CPU The central processor unit (CPU) is a microprocessor
system that contains the system memory and is the PLC
decision making-unit. The CPU monitors the inputs and makes
decisions based on instructions held in the program memory.
The CPU performs relay, counting, timing, data comparison,
and sequential operations.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
III. Terminology II
7. Describe the basic programming of PLC.
8. Explain and Differentiate types of Programming a PLC.
9. Understand the PLC’s basic programming.
Programming A program consists of one or more instructions

that accomplish a task. Programming a PLC is simply constructing a set of
instructions. There are several ways to look at a program such as ladder logic,
statement lists, or function block diagrams.
Ladder Logic Ladder logic (LAD) is one programming used in PLC’s.

Ladder logic uses components that resemble elements used in a line diagram
format to describe the hard wired control.
Ladder Logic Diagram
The left vertical line of a ladder logic diagram represents the power or
energized conductor. The output element or instruction represents the neutral
or return path of the circuit. The right vertical line, which represents the return
path on a hard wired control diagram, is omitted. Ladder logic diagrams are
read from left-to-right, top-to-bottom. Rungs are sometimes referred to as
networks. A network may have several control elements, but only one output
coil.
In this example program shown example I0.0, I0.1 and Q0.0 represent the first
instruction combination. If inputs I0.0 and I0.1 are energized, the output relay
Q0.0 energizes. The inputs could be switches, push buttons or contact
closures. I0.4, I0.5, and Q0.1 represent the second instruction combination. If
either input I0.4 or I0.5 are energized, output relay Q0.1 energizes.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Statement List A statement list (STL) provides another view of a set of
instructions. The operation, what is to be done, is shown on the left. The
operand, the item to be operated on by the operation, is shown on the right. A
comparison between the statement list shown below, and the ladder logic
shown on the previous page, reveals a similar structure, the set of instructions
in this statement list perform the same task as the ladder diagram.
Function Block Diagrams Function Block Diagrams (FBD) provides

another view of a set of instructions. Each function has a name to designate its
specific task. Functions are indicated by a rectangle, Inputs are shown on the
left-hand side. The function block shown below performs the same function as
shown by the ladder diagram and statement list.
PLC SCAN The PLC program is executed as part of a repetitive process

referred to as a scan. A PLC scan starts the CPU reading the status of inputs.
The application program is executed using the status of inputs. Once the
program is completed, the CPU performs internal diagnostics and
communication tasks. The scan cycle ends by updating the outputs, then starts
over. The cycle time depends on the size of the program, The number of I/Os
and the amount of communication required.

Date Revised:
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Jr. Revision # 01
Software Software is any information in a form that a computer or PLC
can use. Software includes the instructions or programs that direct hardware.
Hardware Hardware is the actual equipment. The PLC, the programming

device, and the connecting cable are examples of hardware.
Memory Size Kilo abbreviated as K, normally refers to 1000 unit,

When talking about computer or PLC memory, however 1K means 1024. This
is because of the binary number system (2 10 = 1024). This can be 1024 bits, 1024
bytes, or 1024 words depending on memory.
RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory where data can

be directly accessed at any address. Data can be written to and read from
RAM. Ram is used as a temporary storage area. RAM is volatile, meaning that
the data stored in RAM will be lost if power is lost. A battery backup is
required to avoid losing data in the event of power loss.
ROM Read Only Memory (ROM) is a type of memory that data can
be read from but not written to. This type of memory is used to protect data or
programs from accidental erasure. ROM memory is nonvolatile. This means a
user program will not lose data during a loss of electrical power. ROM is
normally used to store the programs that define the capabilities of the PLC.

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Jr. Revision # 01
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
provides some level of security against unauthorized or unwanted changes in a
program. EPROMs are designed so that data stored in them can be read, but
not easily altered. Changing EPROM data requires a special effort.
UVEPROMs (ultraviolet erasable programmable read only memory) can only
be erased with an ultraviolet light. EEPROM (electronically erasable
programmable read only memory), can be erased electronically.
Firmware Firmware is a user or application specific software burned into

EPROM and delivered as part of the hardware. Firmware gives the PLC its
basic functionality.
The memory of the PLC is divided into three areas: program space, data space,
and configurable parameter space.
 Program Space stores the ladder logic. (LAD) or Statement list (STL)
program instructions. This area of memory controls the way data space
and I/O points are used. LAD or STL instructions are written using a
programming device such as a PC, then loaded into a program memory
of a PLC.
 Data space is used as a working area, and includes memory locations
for calculations, temporary storage of intermediate results and
constants. Data space includes memory locations for devices such as
timers, counters, high speed counters, and analog inputs and outputs.
Data space can be accessed under program control.
 Configurable parameter space, or memory, stores either the default
or modified configuration parameters.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
IV. Basic Requirements in PLC
10. Describe the basic requirements needed to run PLC.
11. Explain and differentiate the requirements needed to create or change a program in PLC.
In order to create or change a program, the following items are needed:

 PLC
 Programming Device
 Programming Software
 Connector cable
Programming Devices The program is created in a programming device (PG)

and then transferred to the PLC. Some PLC models can also be used a personal
computer (PC) as a programming device.

Date Revised:
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Jr. Revision # 01
Software A software program is required in order to tell the PLC what
instructions it must follow. Programming software is typically of PLC’s. A software
package for one PLC, or one family of PLC’s.
Connector Cables PPI (Point to Point Interface)

Connector cables are required to transfer data from programming device to transfer
data from the programming device to the PLC. Communication can only take place
when two devices speak the same language or protocol.
A special cable, referred to a PC/PPI, is needed when a personal computer is used as a

programming device. This cable allows a serial interface of the PLC to communicate
with the RS-232 serial interface of a personal computer.

Date Revised:
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Mode Switch and Analog Adjustment
When the mode switch is in the RUN position the CPU is in the run mode and
executing the program. When the mode switch is in the STOP position the CPU is
stopped. When the mode switch is in the TERM position the programming device can
select the operating mode.
The Analog adjustment is used to increase the values stored in special memory. These
values can be used to update the value of the timer or counter, or can be used to set
limits.
Optional Cartridge PLC models supports memory cartridge that provides a

portable EEPROM storage for your program. The cartridge can be used to copy a
program from one PLC model to the same PLC model.
Expansion Modules Some PLC models are expandable; Expansion modules contain
additional inputs and outputs. These are connected to the base unit using a ribbon
connector. The ribbon connector is protected by a cover on the base unit. Side-by-side
mounting completely encloses and protects the ribbon connector.

Date Revised:
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Status Indicators The CPU status indicators reflect the current mode of CPU
operation. If, for example, the mode switch is set to the RUN position, the green RUN
indicator is lit. When the mode switch is set to the STOP position, the yellow STOP
indicator is lit.
The I/O status indicators represent the On or Off status of corresponding inputs and
outputs. When the CPU senses an input is on, the corresponding green indicator is lit.
Installing Some PLC models can be installed in one of two ways. A DIN clip
allows installation on a standard DIN rail. The DIN clip snaps open to allow
installation and snaps closed to secure the unit on the rail. It can also be panel
mounted using installation holes behind the access cover.
External Power Supply Source

Some PLC models can be connected to either a 24VDC or a 120/230 VAC power
supply depending on the CPU. Some plc unit can be connected to a 24VDC power
supply.

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Jr. Revision # 01
I/O Numbering
PLC inputs and outputs are labeled at the wiring terminations and next to the status
indicators. These alphanumeric symbols identify the I/O address to which a device is
connected. This address is used by the CPU to determine which input is present and
which output needs to be turned on or off. I designate a discrete input and Q
designates a discrete output. The first number identifies the byte; the second number
identifies the bit. Input I0.0, for example, is byte 0, bit 0.
I0.0 = Byte 0, Bit 0

Inputs
Input Devices, such as switches, pushbuttons and other sensor devices are connected
to the terminal strip under the bottom cover of the PLC.
Input Simulator
A convenient method of testing a program is to wire toggle switches to the input
simulators with pre wired switches available. Switches are wired between the 24VDC
power supply (L+) and the inputs. For example, the switch on the far left is wired
between the first input (0.0) and L+. When the switch is closed, 24VDC is applied to
the input. This is referred to as Logic 1. When the switch is open, 0VDC is applied to
the input. This is referred to as Logic 0.

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Jr. Revision # 01
Outputs
Output devices such as relays are connected to the terminal strip under the top cover
of the PLC. When testing a program, it is not necessary to connect the output devices.
The LED status indicators signal if an output is active.
Optional Connector
An optional fan- out connector allows for field wiring connections to remain fixed
when removing or replacing. The appropriate connector slides into either the input,
output, or expansion module terminals,
Removable Terminal Strip

Some PLC models do not have fan-out connector. Instead, the terminal strips are
removable. This allows field wiring connections to remain fixed when removing or
replacing the unit.

Date Revised:
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
V. Connecting External Devices
12. Describe the external devices used in PLC.
13. Explain and differentiate the requirements needed in connecting external devices for
PLC.
Some PLC models programming port can be used to communicate with a variety of
external devices,
TD 2000
The TD 2000 displays messages read from other PLC unit models allows adjustments of
designated program variables, provides the ability to force and permits setting of the time
and date. The TD 2000 can be connected to an external power supply or receive power
for some PLC unit.
Freeport Mode
The programming port has a mode called Freeport Mode allows connectivity to various
intelligent sensing devices such as barcode reader.
Printer
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Freeport mode can also be used to connect a non SIMATIC printer.
Interconnection
It is possible to use one programming device to address multiple PLC units on the same
communication cable. A total of 31 units can be interconnected without a repeater.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
VI. Programming a PLC
14. Understand how to program a PLC
15. Explain and differentiate the several instructions in programming a PLC
STEP 7- Micro/WIN32 is the program software used with some PLC models to create the
PLC operating program. STEP 7 consists of number of instructions that must be arranged
in a logical order to obtain the desired PLC operation. These instructions are divided into
three groups: standard instructions, special instructions, and high speed instructions.
Standard Instructions
Standard Instructions consists of instructions that are found in most programs. Standard
instructions include: timer, counter, math, logical, increment/decrement/ move and block
instructions
Special Instructions
Special instructions are used to manipulate data, Special instructions include shift, table,
find, table, find, conversion, for/next and real-time instructions.
High-Speed Instructions
High speed instructions allow for events and interrupts to occur independent of the PLC
of the PLC scan time. These include high-speed counters, interrupts, output, and transmit
instructions.
Micro/WIN32
The programming software can be run Off-line or On-line. Off line programming allows
the user to edit the ladder diagram and perform a number of maintenance tasks. The PLC
does not need to be connected to the programming device in this mode. On-line
programming requires the PLC to be connected to the programming device. In this mode
program changes are downloaded to the PLC. In addition, status of the input/output
elements can be monitored. The CPU can be started, stopped or reset.
Symbol
In order to understand the instructions a PLC is to carry out, an understanding of the
language is necessary. The language of the PLC ladder logic consists of commonly used
set of symbols that represent control components and instructions.
Contacts
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
One of the most confusing aspects of the PLC programming for first-time users is the
relationship between the device that controls a status bit and programming function that
uses a status bit. Two of the most common programming functions are normally open
(NO) contact and the normally closed (NC) contact. Symbolically, power flows through
these contacts when they are closed. The normally open contact (NO) is true (closed)
when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is 1. The normally closed
contact (NC) is true (closed) when the input or output status bit controlling the contact is
0.
Coils
Coils represent relays that are energized when power flows through them. When a coil is
energized, it causes corresponding output to turn by changing the state of the status bit
controlling that output to 1. The same output status bit maybe used to control normally
and normally closed contacts is elsewhere in the program.
Boxes
Boxes represent various instructions or functions that are executed when power flows to the
box. Typical box functions are timers, counters, and math operations.
Entering Elements
Control elements are entered in the ladder diagram by positioning the cursor and selecting
the element from lists. In the following example the cursor has been placed in the position
to the right of I0,2. A coil was selected from a pull-down list and instead in this position.
An AND Operation
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Each rung or network on a ladder represents a logic operation. The following
programming example demonstrates an AND operation. Two contact closures and one
output coil are placed on network 1, They were assigned addresses I0.0 and I0,1 and
Q0.0. Note that in the statement list of a new logic operation always begins with a load
instruction (LD). In this example, I0.0(input1) and (A in the statement list) 10.1(input 2)
must be true in order for output Q0.0 (output 1) to be true. It can also be seen that I0.0
and I0.1 must be true for Q0.0 to be true by looking at the function block diagram
representation.
Another way to see how an AND function works is with Boolean Logic Diagram. In
Boolean logic AND gate is represented by a number of inputs on the left side. In this case
there are two inputs. The output is represented on the right side. It can be seen from the
table that both inputs must be logic 1 in order for the output to be at logic 1.
Testing a program
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Once a program has been written it needs to be tested and debugged. One way this can be
done is to stimulate the field inputs with an input simulator. The program is first
downloaded from the programming device to the CPU. The selector switch is placed in
the run position, the simulator switches are operated and the resulting indication is
observed on the output status indicator lamps.
Status Functions
After a program has been loaded and is running in the PLC. The actual status of ladder
elements can be monitored using STEP MICROWIN/32 software. The standard method
of showing a ladder element is by indicating the circuit condition it produces when the
device is in the de-energized or non operated state. In the following illustration input 1
(I0.0) is programmed as normally open (NO) contact. In this condition, power will not
flow through the contacts to the output (Q0.0).
When viewing the ladder diagram in the status mode, control elements that are active, or
true logic 1), are highlighted. In the same example shown the toggle switch connected to
input 1has been closed. Power can now flow through the control element associated with
input 1(I0.0) and activate the output (Q0.0) The lamp will illuminate.
Forcing
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Forcing is another useful tool in the commissioning of an application. It can used to
temporarily override the input or output status of the application in order to test and
debug the program. The force function can also be used to override discrete output points.
The force function can be used to skip portions of a program by enabling a jump
instruction with a forced memory bit. Under normal circumstances the toggle switch,
shown the illustration below, would have to be closed to enable input 1,(I0.0) and turn on
the output light. Forcing enables input 1 even though the input toggle switch is open.
When input 1 forced high the output light will illuminate. When a function is forced the
control bit identifier is highlighted. The element is also highlighted because it is on.
The following table shows the appearance of ladder elements in Off, forced, and On
condition.
Discrete Inputs/Outputs
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
To understand discrete control of a programmable controller the same simple lamp circuit
illustrated with forcing will be used. This is only for instructional purposes as a circuit
this simple would not require a programmable controller. In this example the lamp is off
when the switch is closed.
Wiring
To accomplish this task, a switch is wired to the input of the PLC and an indicator light is
wired to the input of the PLC and indicator light is wired to output terminal.
The following drawing illustrates the sequence of events. A switch is wired to the input
module of the PLC. A lamp is wired to the output module of a PLC. A lamp is wired to
the output module. The program is in the CPU. The CPU scans the inputs. When it finds
the switch open I0.0 receives a binary 0. This instructs Q0.0 to send a binary 0 to the
output module. The lamp is off. When it finds the switch closed I0.0 receives a binary 1.
This instructs Q0.0 send a binary 1 to the output module, turning on the lamp.
Program Instruction
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
When the switch is open the CPU receives logic 0 from input I0.0 The CPU sends a logic
0 to output Q0.0 and the light is off.
When the switch is closed the CPU receives logic 1 from input I0.0. The CPU sends logic
1 to output Q0.0, thus activating Q0.0. The light turns on.
Motor Starter Example
The following example involves a motor start and stop circuit. The line diagram
illustrates how a normally open and a normally closed push button might be used in
control circuit. The line diagram illustrates how a normally open and a normally closed
pushbutton might be used in a control circuit. In this example a motor started (M) is wired
in series with a normally open momentary push button (Start), a normally closed
momentary push button (Stop) and the normally closed contacts of an overload relay.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Momentarily depressing the Start pushbutton completes the path of current flow and
energizes the motor starter (M).
This closes the associated M and Ma (auxiliary contact located in the motor starter)
contacts. When the Start button is released a holding circuit exists to the M contactor
through the auxiliary contact Ma. The motor will run until the normally closed Stop
button is depressed, or the overload relay opens the OL contacts, breaking the path of
current flow to the motor starter and opening the associated M and Ma contacts.
The control task can also be accomplished with a PLC.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Program Instruction
A normally open Start pushbutton is wired to the first input (I0.0), a normally closed
Stop pushbutton is wired to the second input (I0.1) and normally closed overload
relay contacts (part of the motor starter) are connected to the third input (I0.2).The
first input (I0.0), second input(I0.1), and third input(I0.2) form an AND circuit and
are used to control normally open programming function contacts on Network 1. I0.1
status bit is logic 1 because the normally closed Stop pushbutton is closed. I0.2 status
bit is logic 1 because the normally closed (NC) overload relay (OL) contacts are
closed. Output Q0.0 is also programmed on Network 1. In addition, a normally open
set of contacts associated with Q0.0 is programmed on Network1 to form an OR
circuit. A motor starter is connected to output Q0.0.
When the Start pushbutton is depressed the CPU receives a Logic 1 from input I0.0.
This causes the I0.0 contact to close. All these inputs are now logic 1. The CPU sends
logic 1 to output Q0.0. The motor starter is energized and the motor starts.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
When the Start pushbutton is pressed, output Q0.0 is now true and on the next scan,
when normally open contact Q0.0 is solved, the contact will close and output Q0.0
will stay on even if the Start pushbutton has been released.
The motor will continue to run until the Stop pushbutton is depressed Input I0.1 will
now be logic 0 (false). The CPU sends a binary 0 to output Q0.0. The motor will turn
off.
Expanding the Application

The application can be easily expanded to include indicator lights for RUN and STOP
conditions. In this example a run indicator is connected to the output Q0.1 and a
STOP indicator light is connected to output Q0.2

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
It can be seen from the ladder logic that a normally open output Q0.0 is connected on
Network 2 to output Q0.1 and a normally closed Q0.0 is connected to network 2 to
output Q0.1 and a normally closed Q0.0 contact is connected to output Q0,2 on
network 3. In a stopped condition output Q0.0 is off. The normally open Q0.0
contacts on Network 2 are open and the RUN indicator, connected to output Q0.1
light is off. The normally closed Q0.1 on Network 3 lights are closed and the stop
indicator light, connected to output Q0.2 is on.
When the PLC starts the motor output Q0.0 is now logic high (On) The normally open
Q0.0 contacts on Network 2 now switched to logic 1. (Closed) and output Q0.1 turns
the RUN indicator on. The normally closed Q0,0 contacts on Network 3 switch to a
logic 0 (open) and STOP indicator light connected to output Q0.2 is now off.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Republic of the Philippines
PANGASINAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Asingan, Pangasinan
ETEEAP
Programmable Logic controller
Self-Check Questionnaire
I. TRUE or FALSE: Write TRUE is the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is
incorrect.
1. The program is created in a programming device and then transferred to the PLC.
__________
2. A personal computer (PC) with STEP 7 Micro/WIN installed can also be used as
programming device.__________
3. A software program is required in order to tell what instructions it must
follow.________
4. Connector cables are not required to transfer data to programming device to the
PLC.________________
5. A special referred to as USB to lightning, is needed when a personal computer is
used as a programming device.__________________
6. When the mode switch is in the TERM position the programming device can select
the operating mode._____________________
7. The optional memory cartridge provides portable EEPROM storage of your
program.________________
8. Expansion modules contain additional inputs and outputs._______________
9. The CPU status indicators reflect the current mode of CPU
operation._________________-
10. PLC can be installed by using DIN clip._________________________
11. I0.0 is = Bit0, Byte 0___________________
12. A convenient method of testing a program is to wire discrete input to the PLC
inputs._______________
13. Output devices, such as relays, are connected to the terminal strip under the top
cover of the PLC. ____________________
14. A super capacitor is used as back-up battery for a short period of
time.____________________
15. Boxes represent various instructions or functions that are executed when power
flows to the box. _______________________
II. Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer.
1. Coils re represents _______ that are energized when power flows to them.
a. Boxes b. coils c. Entering elements
2. ____________ is another useful tool in the commissioning of an application. It can
be use to temporarily override the input and output status application in order to
test and debug the program.
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
a. Switching b. Testing c. Forcing
3. The type of cable needed in programming a PLC using PC.
a. Lightning to USB b. VGA cable c. PC/PPI
4. A convenient method of testing a program is to wire ________ ___________ to the
inputs of the PLC.
a. Push Buttons b. toggle switches c. Pressure sensors
5. When the CPU status indicators are in GREEN light the PLC is _____________.
a. RUN b. STOP c. IDLE
6. When the CPU status indicators are in YELLOW light the PLC is _____________.
b. RUN b. STOP c. IDLE
7. In the I/O numbering for PLC, I the indicates the ____________.
a. Illumination b. Installation c. Input
8. In the I/O numbering for PLC, the Q indicates the ____________.
a. Output b. Lamp c. Input
9. When testing a program, it is not necessary to connect output devices, the ___
status indicators signal if an output is active.
a. LED b. Input indicators c. Output indicators
10. A __________ __________ so named because its ability to maintain a charge for a
long period of time, protects data stored in RAM in the event of power loss.
a. Capacitor b. super battery c. super capacitor
III. Programming:
1-4 Basic requirements of PLC
4-6 Examples of Discrete Input for PLC
7-11 Types of PLC’s memory
12-14 Examples of Analog Output for PLC.
15-17 Examples of Analog Inputs for PLC
18-20 Types of Programming for PLC’s
Prepared by:
CARLOS G. CASTILLO JR.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Self- Check 3-1.1
Direction: Matching Type. Below are tools and equipment used in

Electrical Installation and Maintenance. Match the term in Column II
corresponding to those stated in Column I. Write before the number on your
Answer Sheet, the space provided, the letter corresponding tool of your
choice.
COLUMN I COLUMN II
1. Tool used for removing insulation A. Electrician’s Knife
of medium- sized wires.
2. Used for striking hard objects like B. Screw driver
cold chisel, star drill and nails
3. Special tool used by linemen to remove C. Pliers
insulation of big cables and low voltage
transmission lines.
4. Used for cutting and twisting wires and D. Hammers
to grip small parts.
5. Used for cutting small and medium sized E. Gimlet
metals.
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
6. Small tool with a tapered drill point used F. Ball pen hammer
to make pilot hole for wood screw
mounting.
7. Used for cutting wire and holding G. Long nose plier
flat and round stock
8. Used for cutting and holding fine wires; H. Diagonal plier
commonly used by electricians to make
terminal loops in copper wire.
9. A pipe bending tool which came in various I. Claw hammer
sizes and length of handle depending
upon the diameter of the pipe to bend.
10. Are tools which are operated and J. Slip joint
manipulated by our hands with or combination plier
the use of electrical energy. K. Hand tools
L. Megger
M. Multi-tester
N. Hickey
O. Wire Stripper
Note: In taking the self-check, make sure your score should be ranged 90-
100%. If not, repeat answering the self-check.
DIRECTION: I. Identify the parts of Digital Multi-meter below.

Write the name of the part on the blank space provided in the number.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
1.
2.
3.
9.
4.
8.
5.
7.
6.
Clamp on Ammeter

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
9. 1.
8.
2.
7. 3.
4.
6.
5..
Multi-tester
Note: In taking the self-check, make sure your score should be ranged 90-
100%. If not, repeat answering the self-check.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
ANSWER KEY 3-1.1
1. O
2. D
3. A
4. C
5. H
6. E
7. J
8. G
9. N
10.K
1. Transformer Jaw
2. Barrier
3. Trigger
4. Range switch
5. Wrist strap
6. Volt/Ohm terminal
7. COM terminal
8. Display
9. Data hold
1. Scale
2. Zero ohm adjuster
3. Range selector
4. Negative Test probe
5. Positive Test probe
6. Test probes
7. Range
8. Dial infinity knob
9. Needle/ Pointer

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
OPERATION SHEET 3-1.1
Title: How to use multi-tester/VOM.
Performance Objective: Provided with test measurement tools, perform

measurements on voltages and resistances using
VOM tester as one means in troubleshooting
defective electrical wiring and protective devices used
in electrical maintenance.
Supplies/Materials : User’s manual
Tools/Equipment Multi-tester (analog)
Steps/Procedure:
1. Names of components
2. Safety Information

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
3. Scale Reading

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
4. Measuring ACV and Resistances

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
5. Maintenance

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
OPERATION SHEET 3-1.2
Title: How to use multi-tester/VOM. Digital
Performance Objective: Provided with test measurement tools, perform

measurements on voltages and resistances using
VOM tester as one means in troubleshooting
defective electrical wiring and protective devices
used in electrical maintenance.
Supplies/Materials : User’s manual
Tools/Equipment Multi-tester (Digital)
Steps/Procedure:
1. Names of components

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
2. Safety Information

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
3. Measurement procedure

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
4. Measuring ACV and Resistances
AC/DC Voltage Reading

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Resistance measurements:

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Information Sheet No. 3-2.1
Prepare Personal Protective Equipment’s

1. Select proper PPE’s suited for electrical installation and
maintenance.
2. Examine carefully the different of personal protective equipment’s
3. Use the different types PPE’s
4. Handle different types of PPE’s
This information sheets explains the uses of different personal

protective equipment used in installing and maintaining electrical wiring
devices.
Personal protective equipment (PPE) is defined in Personal Protective

Equipment Work Regulation 1992 as meaning all equipment – which is
intended to be worn or held by person who is at work and which protect him
or her against one or more risks to his or her health or safety.
www.ucl.ac.uk

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) are gadgets to protect workers
from injury or illness caused by having contact with the danger/hazards in
the workplace whether they are chemical, biological, radiation, physical,
electrical, mechanical and others.
Common Personal Protective Equipment gadgets:

1. Hard hats or helmets – are required when there is a potential for
injury to the head from falling objects. In addition, hard hats
designed to reduce electrical shock are required when working near
exposed electrical conductors that may contact the head.
Types and Classes
1.1 Type 1 – Helmets intended to reduce the force of

impact resulting in a blow only to the top of the head.
1.2 Type 2 – Helmets intended to reduce the force of
impact resulting in a blow to the top and side of the
head.
1.3 Class E ( formerly Class B) – Helmets for sue where
electrical hazards are present (in utility services) that
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
are non-conducting and intended to protect against
falling objects and reduce the danger of exposure to
high voltage electrical shocks and burns. Offers the
highest protection with high voltage shock and burn
protection up to 20,000 volts
1.4 Class G (formerly Class A)- General use (limited
voltage –non conducting) intended to protect against
falling objects and reduced the danger of exposure to
low voltage electrical conductors. They provide impact
and penetration resistance and protection from up to
2,200 volts.
1.5 Class C – hard hats which are not tested for electrical
resistance. They are designed for lightweight comfort
and impact protection and are not intended to
provide protection from electrical conductors.
Hard hat headbands and chin and nape straps should be

adjusted to keep the hat comfortably on the head. Liners

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
or sweatbands can be added for warmth and cooling. The
shell or other parts of the hat should be replaced when
they become damaged. Clean hats by dipping in hot water
with detergent, scrub the shell and rinse in clear hot
water. Cleaning solvents may damage the shell.
https://ehs.research.uiowa.edu
2. Electrician’s Glove – Gloves for electricians and electrical work must

be closed fitting and have excellent grip in order to handle the many
tasks requiring fine motor skills, such as wiring electrical boxes,
conduit and junction boxes.
Electricians also need gloves that are anti-static or electrostatic
dissipation (ESD) or that offer low to voltage protection for certain
activities.
www.superiorglove.com

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
3. Safety Shoes- protective shoes can help prevent injuries by
protecting workers from hazards such as falling or rolling objects,
sharp objects, wet and slippery surfaces, molten metals, hot
surfaces and electrical hazards.
www.osha.gov
4. Goggles -these are tight fitting eye protection that completely cover
the eyes, eye sockets and facial area immediately surrounding the
eyes and provide protection from impact dust and splashes.
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
www.osha.gov
Self- Check 3-2.1

A. Multiple Choice: Write the letter of your choice on your answer sheet.
1. Which type/class of hard hat will you choose which can protect you
from a voltage of 2,200 volts below? _________
A. Type 1
B. Type 2
C. Class E
D. Class G
2. Which of the following statements best suited in cleaning hats
____________?
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
A. Clean hats by dipping in hot water with detergent, scrub the shell
and rinse in clear hot water.
B. Clean hats by cleaning solvents in order to remove dirt.
C. Cleat hats with clean soft cloth
D. Clean hats with dishwashing scrub and soak with dishwashing
liquid to keep it from dirt.
3. The Type 1 hard hat is intended to _________.
A. Reduce the force of impact resulting in a blow to the top and side of
the head.
B. . Reduce the force of impact resulting in a blow only to the top of
the head.
C. Protect against falling objects and reduce the danger of exposure to
high voltage electrical shocks and burns.
D. Protect against falling objects and reduce the danger of exposure to
high voltage electrical shocks and burns.
4. This marking for gloves stands that the product has passed the
standards of ______?
A. NEMA
B. Underwriter’s Laboratory
C. IEC/EN
D. Philippine standards
5. They are used to protect the workers from hazards such as falling
or rolling objects, sharp objects, wet and slippery surfaces, molten
metals, hot surfaces and electrical hazards.
A. Hard hats
B. Safety shoes
C. Goggles
D. Gloves
6. They are intended to protect against falling objects and reduce the
danger of exposure to high voltage electrical shocks and burns.
Offers the highest protection with high voltage shock and burn
protection up to 20,000 volts.
A. Type 1

Date Revised:
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Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
B. Type 2
C. Class E
D. Class G
B. Identify the parts of safety goggles below. Write the name of the
part on the blank space provided in the number.
7.
13.
8.
12.
9.
10. 11.
Answer key 3-2.1

1. C
2. A
3. B
4. C
5. B
6. D
7. Adjustable frame
8. Frame
9. Bridge
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
10. Anti- log impact resistance lens
11. Lens marking
12. Side shield
13. Top shield

Prepare electrical wiring materials and devices

1. Select wiring devices according to specifications
2. Examine carefully the different uses and types of electrical wiring
devices.
3. Use the different types of wiring devices according to specifications
4. Handle different types of wiring devices and materials
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
.
Electrical Wiring Devices and Materials
Wiring devices are defined as single discrete units of electrical

distribution systems which are intended to carry but not utilize electrical
energy. ftp.ocfl.net
Circuit devices include switches and outlets. Types of toggle switches either
single pole, three-way, four way, grounded duplex outlet, and the screw
socket.
They are developed and assembled with specified purpose which:

1. regulate the flow of current to an electrical circuit
2. carry electrical current from the source to load or current
consuming devices
3. Support, fix and fastened conductors to its fixtures inside and
outside houses and buildings
4. Protect the installation from overloading and damage.
Electrical Wiring Devices:

1. Convenience outlet – a receptacle in a wall or baseboard for
connection to lamps or other electrical appliances.
https://www.merriam-webster.com
An outlet is defined as “ any point at which the electrical
energy is taken from the wiring system for application”. Most
modern outlets have two terminals on each side so that wires
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
may be run from one outlet to another. These terminals are
usually connected internally.
Figure 1:
CO’s could be single, duplex, triplex or multiplex and could

be surface type or flush type.
2. Lamp Holders/ Receptacles – devices that hold and protect

the lamp and are also called as “Lamp Sockets or
Receptacles”.
These come in many designs and sizes. They are classified as

hanging, flush, and surface type.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
3. Fuses- are a safety device designed to protect the circuit when
fault, overload or short circuit occurs. They are especially
effective in interrupting high level faults.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Types of Fuses:
a. Knife Blade Fuse -
b. Fuse with ferrule end

Date Revised:
January 2018
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
c. Fuse with renewable link
4. Circuit breaker – are protective device which automatically

trips when shorts or fault occurs. They are effective in
interrupting circuit with low level faults.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Types:
a. Miniature Circuit Breaker

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January 2018
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Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
b. Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
5. Electrical Wires - serves as a path or conductor of electrical
current. Wire sizes are measured in terms of the American
Wire Gauge.
Stranded Wire and Solid Wires
6. Conduit Pipes – electrical materials serves as a raceway for

electrical conductor. It is also used as passageway for wires
as for protection on the insulation. These could be rigid
metallic conduit (RMC),rigid nonmetallic (PVC) or corrugated
plastic (Moldflex).
a. Non Metallic b. Moldflex Rigid Metallic Conduit

Conduit (PVC)

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Jr. Revision # 01
7. Supports/Clamps- electrical materials used to support or
hold and anchor electrical pipes or conduits in proper
position. If cables are used, cable clamps hold the cables
securely in place.
a. Metal clamps
b. PVC clamps

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
8. Junction Box- an octagonal or square-shaped electrical
material where the connections or terminations of wires are
being done. They are also used for mounting lighting
receptacles in electrical installation. It is made of either PVC
or metal. These boxes have knock-outs of several standard
sizes for connecting conduits or clamps.
a. PVC junction boxes b. metal junction box
9. Utility Box – a rectangular shaped metallic or PVC material in

which flush type convenience outlet and switch are to be fixed
or attached.
a. PVC utility box b. Metal utility box

Date Revised:
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Jr. Revision # 01
10. Connectors – used to attach metallic on non-metallic
conduit to the junction or utility boxes.
Metal Control PVC Connector
11. Switch- it regulates or control the flow of current. It is

also a device which connects and disconnects the flow of
electric current. They are classified as hanging, flush and
surface types.
a. Flush Type b. Surface type c. Hanging type

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Self- Check 3-3.1
Direction: Read the statement carefully and identify what is being
described or defined. Choose your answer from the
words inside the box.
Switch Connectors Utility box Junction Box
Supports/Clamps Fuses Circuit Breaker Conduit pipes
Conduit Pipes Electrical Wires
Receptacles/Lamp holders Convenience Outlet
1. __________ used to attach metallic on non-metallic conduit to the

junction or utility boxes.
2. ___________ rectangular shaped metallic or PVC material in which

flush type convenience outlet and switch are to be fixed or attached.
3. ___________ regulates or control the flow of current. It is also a device

which connects and disconnects the flow of electric current. They are
classified as hanging, flush and surface types.
4. ____________rectangular shaped metallic or PVC material in which
flush type convenience outlet and switch are to be fixed or attached.
5. ___________ Materials serves as a raceway for electrical conductor. It is
also used as passageway for wires as for protection on the insulation
6. _____________ Materials used to support or hold and anchor electrical
pipes or conduits in proper position
7. ____________serves as a path or conductor of electrical current.
8. ___________ Protective device which automatically trips when shorts or
fault occurs.
9. __________devices that hold and protect the lamp.
10. _______ Protective device effective in high level faults.
Note: In taking the self-check, make sure your score is100%. If not,
repeat answering the self-check.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
ANSWER KEY 3-3.1
1. Connectors
2. Junction Box
3. Switch
4. Utility Box
5. Conduits
6. Clamps/Supports
7. Wires
8. Circuit Breakers
9. Receptacles
10. Fuses

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
TASK SHEET 3-3.1
Title: Install Circuit Breaker
Performance Objective:
At the wiring booth in the laboratory area and provided with the
various type of circuit breaker, and necessary supplies and
materials, install each type of circuit breaker as a protective
device of appliance or load for electrical energy as per the given
wiring diagram for each type. Your performance will be evaluated
through your output using the listed evaluation criteria
Supplies/Materials : Circuit breaker, wires, electrical tapes,

junction box, wiring booth
Tools/Equipment : electric hand drill, Wire

crimper, Pliers, screw drivers, Multi-Tester.
Steps/Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed.
2. Follow the lay-out and cut the PVC according to specific
measurements given by the trainer/facilitator based on the
given lay-out. Insert all wires needed for the installation of
different convenience outlet.
3. Follow the circuit schematic wiring diagram on installing:
a. Molded Case Circuit Breaker

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
b. Miniature Circuit breaker

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
4. Terminate the wires at termination point. Make sure that all
the information learned from the information sheet/ lecture be
applied correctly.
5. Double check the connections by using Resistance Check.
6. Call the attention of the Trainer facilitator for checking and
testing.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
TASK SHEET 3-3.2
Title: Install Convenience Outlet
Performance Objective:
At the wiring booth in the laboratory area and provided with the various
type of convenience outlet, and necessary supplies and materials, install
each type of convenience outlet as a source of appliance or load for
electrical energy as per the given wiring diagram for each type. Your
performance will be evaluated through your output using the listed
evaluation criteria
Supplies/Materials :
Tools/Equipment : electric hand drill, Wire

crimper, Pliers, screw drivers, Multi-Tester.
Steps/Procedure:
1. Prepare all the materials needed.

2. Follow the lay-out and cut the PVC according to
specific measurements given by the trainer/facilitator
based on the given lay-out. Insert all wires needed for the
installation of different convenience outlet.
3. Follow the circuit schematic wiring diagram on
installing:
a. One gang and three prong convenience outlet
mounted in utility box.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
b. Two gang convenience outlet

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Two gang three prong
c. Three gang convenience outlet

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
1. Terminate the wires at termination point. Make sure that all
the information learned from the information sheet/ lecture
be applied correctly.
2. Double check the connections by using Resistance Check.
3. Call the attention of the Trainer facilitator for checking and
testing.
Assessment Method: Performance Test / Demonstration

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Various types of Switches

1. Differentiate the various types of switches.
2. Explain how the different functions and types of switches used in
installation.
3. Install the different types of electrical wiring devices
This information sheet explains the types and uses of electrical
devices. The lesson reviews many of the most common material used
in electrical installation and maintenance. As an electrician, it is
necessary to how each type of electrical wiring devices operates and
the standard connections for each type of devices before you install
and connect various types of wiring devices.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Types and uses of electrical wiring devices:
A. Switch – A device that controls electrical current passing through hot

circuit wires. Used to turn lights and appliances on and off.
(For additional information Google:
www.thefreedictionary.com/electricalswitch;
http://en.wikipidea.org/wiki/switch)

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure1. Examples of toggle flush switches
Figure2. Some electrical symbols of switches
Theories and Principles:

The most frequently used switch in lighting circuit is the toggle flush
switch or snap switch.
Four Types of Toggle Switches are available:

1. Single pole single throw
2. Three way
3. Four way
4. Double pole
1. Single Pole Single Throw switch (SPST) - this switch is used
when a light or group of light, or other load, must controlled
from one switching point. This switch is connected in series
with the ungrounded or hot wire feeding the load.
Figure 1.1: Electrical symbol of SPST switch

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure1.2. a black mark on the switch indicating the switch is
SPST type.
Figure 1.3: Circuit with Single- Pole Switch: feed at light

2. Three-way switch – A three-way switch has one terminal, called
the common terminal, to which the switch blade is always
connected. In addition there are two other terminals. These are
called traveller wire terminals. In one position, the switch blade
is connected between the common terminal and one of the
traveller terminals. In the alternate position, the switch blade is
connected between the common terminal and the other traveller
terminal. Note that the three-way is actually single pole, double

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
pole switch. This type of switch is used when a light or group of
lights, or other load in two switching points.
Figure 2.1: Electrical symbol of a three-way switch
Figure 2.2: The three way switch showing the three terminals.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure 2.3: Circuit with three-way switches
3. Four-way – a four-way switch is used when a light or group of

lights, or other load, must be controlled from more than two
switching points. The switch connected to the source and the
switch connected to the load must be three-way switches. At all
other control points, four way switch are used.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure 3.1: Electrical symbol of a four-way switch
Figure 3.2 The four-way switch

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure 3.3: Four way switch showing the four terminals.
Figure 3.4: Circuits with switch control at three different

locations with four way and three way switches.
4. Double pole double throw (DPDT)– It is used when necessary
to break (open) both conductor of a circuit.

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Figure 4.1. Electrical symbol of DPDT switch
Figure 4.2. A double pole double throw switch
Figure 4.3 Circuits with double pole double throw

Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Self- Check 3-3.3
Direction: Multiple Choice: Write the letter of your choice on your

answer sheet.
1. When a light is to be controlled from one switching point. You should
use ______________ switch.
A. SPST
B. DPDT
C. 3-way
D. 4-way
2. If a light is to be controlled from three different locations, the following
switches must be used.
A. Four-way switch and two three way switches
B. Double-pole double throw switch
C. Single-pole single throw switch
D. Single –pole double throw switch
3. A switch with a black mark color on the front is an example
of_________ switch
A. DPDT
B. 3-WAY SWITCH
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
C. 4-WAY SWITCH
D. SINGLE POLE
4. If it is necessary to break both conductors on a circuit. You should
use __________ switch.
A. 3- way switch
B. Four-way
C. DPDT
D. SPST
5. Including the ground, A four way switch has ______ terminals
A. Two
B. Three
C. Four
D. Five
6. The electrical symbol indicating at the back of four way switch is

_____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
7. The electrical symbol indicating at the back of SPST switch is _____.
A.

Date Revised:
January 2018 Page 100 of
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
B.
C.
D.
8. The type of switch that can best applicable for controlling a hall light
from either on upstairs or downstairs location is __________.
A. SPST
B. Two DPDT
C. Two Three-way
D. Three Four-way
9. The electrical symbol indicating at the back of 3-way switch is _____.
A.
B.
C.
D.
10. The electrical symbol indicating at the back of DPDT switch is

_____.

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
A.
B.
C.
D.
ANSWER KEY 3-3.3

1. A
2. A
3. D
4. C
5. D
6. B
7. B
8. C
9. B
10. B

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
TASK SHEET 3-3.3
Title: Install various types of Switches
Performance Objective: : At the wiring booth in the laboratory

area and provided with the various type of
switches, and necessary supplies and materials,
install each type of switches in controlling a
single lighting fixture as per the given wiring
diagram for each type. Your performance will be
evaluated through your output using the listed
evaluation criteria.
3.1
Supplies/Materials : 1SPST switch, 2 Three-way switch, 1

four-way switch, Stranded wire No. 14 type TW, Junction boxes, utility
box, receptacle 4 x 4, electrical tape vinyl, Three LED lamps. Screws,
Wiring diagram.
Tools/Equipment : Electric hand drill, Wire

crimper, Pliers, screw drivers, Multi-Tester,
Steps/Procedure:
a. Prepare all the materials needed.
b. Follow the lay-out and cut the PVC according to specific
measurements given by the trainer/facilitator based on the
given lay-out. Insert all wires needed for the installation of
different switches.
c. Follow the circuit schematic wiring diagram on installing:
1.1 SPST Switch

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
1.2 Three way Switch

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
1.3 Four-way switch
1.4 Terminate the wires at the junction box or

termination point. Make sure that all the
information learned from the information sheet be
applied correctly.
1.5 Double check the connections by using Resistance
Check.
1.6 Call the attention of the Trainer facilitator for
checking and testing.
Assessment Method: Performance Test/Demonstration Test

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Performance Criteria Checklist
CRITERIA
YES NO
Did you….
1. Follow safety procedures in installing
switches/electrical devices
2. Correct procedures for installation of lighting
fixtures/switches are performed in line with job
requirements
3. Follow the lay-out and the correct measurements
as given by the trainer/facilitator.
4. Follow the schedule of work to ensure work is
completed in an agreed time, to a quality standard
and with a minimum waste.
5. Observe instructions sought from a supervisor if
unplanned events or conditions occur
6. Check quality of work as undertaken in
accordance with instructions and requirements
7. Able to identify the different types of electrical
wiring devices.
8. Perform the correct connections of SPST switch
controlling a lamp in one location in accordance
with the electrical wiring diagram
9. Perform the correct connections of three way
switch in controlling a lamp in two locations in
accordance to electrical wiring diagram.
10. Perform the correct connections of four way
switch and two three-way controlling a lamp in
three locations in accordance with the electrical
wiring diagram.
11. Terminate all the wires at the junction box
or termination point.
12. Check the connection by using Resistance
check.
13. Call the attention of the Training facilitator
to double check your work.

Date Revised:
PSU-ETEEAP 2018
Developed by: 61
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01
Date Revised:
January 2018
Developed by:
Carlos G. Castillo
Jr. Revision # 01

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Information Sheet No.

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

The soft wiring advantage provided by programmable controllers

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

D. The Central Processing Unit

E. The Input/output System

The rack is an enclosure with slots in it that is connected

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

There are two basic types of input and output devices:

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Because different input and output devices send different kinds

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Some addresses contain information about the status of

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Sensor - a sensor is a device that converts a physical

Actuators - Actuators convert an electrical signal from the

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

A Normally Open (NO) pushbutton is used in the following

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Analog Inputs An analog input is an input signal that has

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Analog Outputs An analog output is an output signal that

Flow control Valve

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Programming A program consists of one or more instructions

Ladder Logic Ladder logic (LAD) is one programming used in PLC’s.

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Function Block Diagrams Function Block Diagrams (FBD) provides

PLC SCAN The PLC program is executed as part of a repetitive process

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Hardware Hardware is the actual equipment. The PLC, the programming

Memory Size Kilo abbreviated as K, normally refers to 1000 unit,

RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory where data can

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Firmware Firmware is a user or application specific software burned into

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

In order to create or change a program, the following items are needed:

Programming Devices The program is created in a programming device (PG)

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Connector Cables PPI (Point to Point Interface)

A special cable, referred to a PC/PPI, is needed when a personal computer is used as a

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Optional Cartridge PLC models supports memory cartridge that provides a

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

External Power Supply Source

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

I0.0 = Byte 0, Bit 0

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Removable Terminal Strip

Information Sheet No. 5

Information Sheet No. 6

Motor Starter Example

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

The control task can also be accomplished with a PLC.

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Expanding the Application

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

Date Developed: Document No. PSU-ETEEAP

II. Multiple Choices: Choose the letter of the correct answer.

1-4 Basic requirements of PLC