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Edition 1.0 2022-05

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD

NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside

Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests -

Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines

Regles pour les essais thermiques de reception des turbines a vapeur­

Partie 0: Plage de precision etendue pour differents types et dimensions de
turbines

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 IEC 60953-0
Edition 1 .0 2022-05

INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD

NORME
INTERNATIONALE colour
inside

Rules for steam turbine thermal acceptance tests -

Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines

Regles pour les essais thermiques de reception des turbines a vapeur­

Partie 0: Plage de precision etendue pour differents types et dimensions de
turbines

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COM M I SSION

COM M ISSION
ELECTROTECH N I QUE
INTERNATIONALE

ICS 27.040 ISBN 978-2-8322-0938-7

Warn i ng! Make s u re that you obtai ned this publ ication from an authorized d istributor.
Attention! Veu i l lez vous assurer que vous avez obten u cette publication via un d istributeur ag ree.

® Registered trademark of the International Electrotechnical Commission

Marque deposee de Ia Commission Electrotechnique lnternationale
 -2- I E C 60953-0 : 2 022 © I E C 2022

CONTENTS

F O REWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?
I N T RO D U C T I O N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 .1 G e n era l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1 .2 O bj ect . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
1 .3 Matters to be consid ered i n the contract . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
2 N o rmative refe re n ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
3 U n its, symbols, terms a n d d efi n itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
3.1 G e n era l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
3.2 Symbols, u n its . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
3.3 S u bscri pts , superscripts a n d defi n itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4
3.4 Defi n ition o f g u arantee values a nd test res u lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
3. 4 . 1 G u i d a nce o n g u ara ntee para m eters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
3.4.2 Therm a l efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
3.4.3 H eat rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
3.4.4 Th ermodyn a m i c efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
3.4.5 Stea m rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
3.4.6 M a i n stea m flow capa city . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
3.4.7 Power output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 9
3.4.8 G u ara ntee val ues for extract i o n a n d m ixed- press u re t u r b i nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
3.4.9 Therm a l L o a d Ca pac ity (for N u clear appl icat i o n s ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
4 G u id i n g p r i n c i ples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
4.1 Adva nce p l a n n i n g for test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4.2 Preparatory agreeme nts a n d arra n g e m e nts for tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
4.3 P l a n n i n g o f the test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3. 1 T i m e for acceptance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.3.2 D i rection o f accepta nce tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4 Preparation o f the tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4. 1 C o n d ition of the plant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
4.4.2 C o n d ition o f t h e steam tu rb i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4.3 C o n d ition o f the condenser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
4.4.4 I solation o f the cycl e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
4.4.5 C h ecks fo r l eakage o f condenser a n d feed water heate rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.6 Clean l i ness o f the stea m stra i n ers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.4.7 Checking of the test m ea s u r i n g equ i p m en t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.5 Comparison measurem ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.6 Sett i n g s fo r tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6. 1 Load sett i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
4.6.2 Special sett i n gs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.7 Pre l i m i n a ry tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8 Accepta nce tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8. 1 Consta n cy of test cond itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8.2 Max i m u m deviati o n a n d fl u ctuation i n test co n d itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
4.8.3 D u ration o f test r u n s a n d frequ ency o f read i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4.8.4 Read i n g o f i n tegrati n g measuring i n stru m e nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.8.5 Alternative methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.8.6 Record i n g o f tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 -3-

4.8.7 Additional measurement . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .. .. ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.8.8 Prel i m i nary ca l c u l ations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
4.8.9 Cons istency a n d n u m ber o f tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0
4.9 Repetition o f acce pta nce tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
5 Measuring tech n i q ues a n d meas u r i n g i n stru m e n ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
5.1 Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. 1 . 1 I n stru ment accu racy req u i reme nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
5. 1 .2 Measuring i n stru m ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
5. 1 .3 Measuring u ncerta i n ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1
5 . 1 .4 C a l i bration of i n struments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5. 1 .5 Alternative i n stru me ntation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
5.2 Measurement of power. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2 . 1 Dete r m i n ation of mech a n ical t u rb i n e output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.2 Measurement o f b o i l e r fe ed p u m p power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
5.2.3 Dete r m i n ation o f e l ectrical power o f a t u rb i n e g e n e rator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
5.2.4 Measurement of e l ectrical power . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.5 E l ectri cal instrument con n ections . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.6 E l ectri cal instrume nts . . . . . . . . . . . .. ............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
5.2.7 I n stru ment tran sformers . . . . . . . . .. ......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3 F l ow measureme n t . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .......................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5. 3 . 1 Dete r m i n ation of flows t o b e measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.2 Measurement o f primary fl ow . . . . . . . .. .. ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
5.3.3 I n sta l l ation a n d location o f flow measu ring d evices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
5.3.4 C a l i bration of pri mary flow devices for water fl ow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.3.5 I n spection o f flow measuring devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
5.3.6 D i ffere ntial pressure measureme nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3. 7 Water flow fluctuation . . . . . . . . . . . .. ......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3.8 Seco n d ary flow measureme n ts . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
5.3.9 Occas i o n a l seco n d ary fl ows . . . . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5.3. 1 0 Dens ity of water a n d steam . . . . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.3. 1 1 Dete r m i n ation of coo l i n g water fl ow of condens er . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
5.4 Pressure measure m en t ( excl u d i n g co n d e n s i ng turb i n e exhaust pres s u re) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4 . 1 Pressures to be measured . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4.2 I n stru me nts . . . . . . . . .. . .. ...................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4.3 M a i n press u re measureme n ts . . . . . . .. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
5.4.4 Pressure t a p p i n g h o l e s a n d connect i n g l i n es . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
5.4.5 S h u t-off va l ves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. ...........
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.6 C a l i bration of press u re m easuring d evices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.7 Atmospheric press u re . . . . . .. .. .... ......
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.4.8 Correction of rea d i ngs . . . . . . . . . . .. ............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
5.5 C o n d e n s i n g t u r b i n e exhaust pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5. 1 G e n e ra l . . . . . . . . .. .. .............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5.2 P l a n e of measurement . . . . . . . . . . .. ............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5.3 Pressure taps . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
5.5.4 M a n ifol d s . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ..............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.5 C o n n ecting l i n es . . . . . . . . .. ...................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.6 I n stru me nts . . . . . . . . .. . .. ...................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.5.7 C a l i bration . . . . . . . . . . .. ..............................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5.6 Temperature measurement . . . . . . . . . .. ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
 -4- I E C 60953-0 : 2 022 © I E C 2022

5.6. 1 Poi nts of tem perature m easurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

5.6.2 I n stru me nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6.3 M a i n tem perat u re measureme nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6.4 Feed tra i n te m perat u re measure m e nts ( i ncl u d i n g b l ed ste a m ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
5.6.5 Condenser cool i n g water temperature measure m e nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
5.6.6 Therm o m eter we l l s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 6
5.6. 7 Preca u tions to be observed i n the measurement of te m pe rature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.7 Steam q u a l ity d eterm i n ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5. 7 . 1 G e neral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
5.7.2 Tracer tech n iq u e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 7
5.7.3 C o n d e n s i n g method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 8
5.7.4 Constant rate i njection method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1
5 .7.5 Extraction enthalpy d eterm i n e d b y co n sta nt rate i nject i o n method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 2
5.7.6 T racers a n d t h e i r u s e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4
5.8 T i m e measure m ent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
5.9 S peed measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
6 Evaluation o f tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 5
6.1 Preparation of eva l u ation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
6.2 Com putation o f res u l ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
6.2 . 1 C a l c u l ation of average val ues of i n stru m e nt rea d i n gs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
6.2.2 Correction and convers i o n o f averaged rea d i n g s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
6.2.3 Checking o f measured d ata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 6
6.2.4 Thermodyn a m i c properties o f ste a m a n d water . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
6.2.5 C a l c u l ation o f test res u lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
7 Correction of test res u l ts a n d co m parison with g u ara ntee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
7.1 G u a ra ntee v a l u e s a n d g u a ra ntee conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
7.2 Correction o f i n itial steam flow ca pac ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 8
7.3 Correction of output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3. 1 Correction of m ax i m u m o utput . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
7.3.2 Correction o f Output with s pecified i n i t i a l stea m flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9
7.4 Correction o f t h e thermal perform ance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9
7.5 Defi n ition a n d a p p l ication o f correct i o n val ues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.6 Correction methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.6. 1 G e neral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
7.6.2 Correction b y heat bala nce calcu l at i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1
7.6.3 Correction b y use o f correct i o n curves prepared by t h e m a n ufacturer . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.6.4 Tests t o d ete rm i n e correcti on v a l u e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.7 Varia bles to be consid ered in the co rrection of specific turb i n e cyc l e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7. 7 . 1 Scope o f co rrect ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7. 7 . 2 T u rb i n es with regenerative feed-water heati ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
7.7.3 Turbines w h i c h have n o provi s i o n for the add ition or extraction o f steam
after partial expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.7.4 T u rb i n es with stea m extraction for pu rposes other t h a n feed -wate r
heati n g ( extraction turbines) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.7.5 Other types of turb i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
7.8 G u a ra ntee comparison . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.8. 1 Tol erance a n d weighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.8.2 G u ara ntee comparison with locus c u rve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
7.8.3 G u ara ntee comparison with g u a ra ntee p o i n t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 -5-

7.8.4 G u ara ntee comparison fo r turbi nes with throttle g overn i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

7.8.5 G u ara ntee comparison fo r extra ct ion turbi nes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
7.9 Deterioration o f turbi n e performance ( a g e i n g ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.9 . 1 T i m i n g t o m i n i m ise d eteri oration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
7.9.2 Correction with comparison tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
7.9.3 Correction without comparison tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7
8 Measuring u n certa i n ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.1 G e n era l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
8.2 Determ i n ation o f measuring u ncertai nty o f ste a m a n d water p ro pe rties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.2 . 1 Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.2.2 Tem peratu re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.2.3 E ntha l py a n d entha l py d i ffere nce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
8.3 Calcu lation of meas u r i n g u n certai nty of output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.3. 1 E l ectri cal measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
8.3.2 Mechan ical measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.3.3 Additional u n certai nty al l owa nce because o f u nsteady load co n d i t i o n s . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.4 Determ i n ation of measuring u ncertai nty of m ass flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.4 . 1 Measuring u n certa i n ty of mass fl ow measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.4.2 Measuring u n certa i n ty o f m u ltiple measurem ents o f primary flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
8.4.3 U n certa i n ty a l l owance for cycle i m perfections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.5 Calcu lation of meas u r i n g u n certai nty of resu lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.5. 1 G e neral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.5.2 Measuring u n certa i n ty o f thermal efficiency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
8.5.3 Measuring u ncerta i n ty of thermod y n a m i c effici e n cy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.5.4 U n certa i n ty of co rrect i o n s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
8.5.5 G u id i n g val ues for the measuring u n ce rta i n ty of res u l ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
8.6 Exa m p l e u n certai nty calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
A n n ex A ( n o rm ative) Feedwater heater leakage a nd condenser leakage tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A. 1 Feed water heater leakage tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A.2 Condenser l ea kage tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
A n n ex B ( normative) Eva l u ation of m u ltiple measure m e nts , co m p at i b i l i ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8
A n n ex C ( n ormative) Mass flow bala n ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C.1 G e n era l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
C.2 F l ows for further eva l u ations ( i nformative) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
A n n ex D ( i nformative) Short-statistical defi n ition of measuring u n ce rta i n ty and error
propagation in acceptance tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
A n n ex E ( i nformative) Tem perature variation method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
E.1 Descri ption of the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
E.2 Poss i b i l ity t o d eterm i n e t h e leakage flow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
E.3 Applied exa m p l e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
B i b l i o g raphy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 02

F i g u re 1 - D i a g ra m s for i nterpretation of symbols a n d s u bscri pts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7

F i g u re 2 - D i ag ra m showing l ocation a n d type of test i nstru m e ntation (fos s i l fuel p l a n t ) . . . . . . . . 3 3
F i g u re 3 - D i ag ra m showing l ocation a n d type of test instru m e ntation ( n uclear pla nt) . . . . . . . . . . . 3 4
F i g u re 4 - U S M w i t h fl ow c o n d i t i o n e r or fl ow stra i g htener . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1
F i g u re 5 - Th rottl e steam q u a l ity calculations for b o i l i n g water reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
 -6- I E C 60953-0 : 2 022 © I E C 2022

F ig u re 6 - T h rott l e steam q u a l ity calculations for p ressu rized water reactor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1

F i g u re 7 - Typical i n stal l ation o f i nj ection a nd s a m p l i ng po i n ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 3
F i g u re 8 - Oxyg en content o f s a m p l e strea m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
F i g u re 9 - G u ara n tee comparison on locus c u rve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 6
F i g u re 1 0 - Correction factor for steam table tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0
F i g u re C . 1 - D i ag ra m o f cycle for p l a nt with steam turb i n e with s i ng l e reheati ng a n d
five stag es o f reg e n erative feedwater heati ng extract i o n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
F i g u re E . 1 - I P t u r b i n e bowl expa n s i o n l i n e d e pe n d i n g o n d ifferent labyrinth flow rates . . . . . . . . 97
F i g u re E . 2 - Schematic d i agram of a combi ned H P/ I P 1 / I P2 t u rb i n e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 8
F i g u re E . 3 - Res u l t o f tem perature variation tests . I P2 turb i n e b o w l efficie n cy a s a
fu nction of the l a byri nth flow rate (sea l i n g 2) fo r varying l ive a n d reheat tem peratures . . . . . . . . 1 0 1

Table 1 - Max i m u m deviations a n d fl uctuations i n o pe rat i n g cond itions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Table 2 - Accepta b l e i n stru me ntati on a n d u ncerta i n t i es fo r accepta nce tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Table 3 - Apporti o n m e n t of u n acco u nted l eakages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7
Table 4 - Ave rag e d eterioration by a g e i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 5 - Deteri oration of thermal efficiency and power output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Table 6 - G u i d i n g v a l u e s for the u n certai n ty of test resu lts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
Table 7 - Exa m p l e u n certa i n ty calcu lation for reheat cycle with u nc a l i b rated primary
flows measurem ents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Table E . 1 - Measured thermod y n a m i c para m eters and calcu lated I P2 turbine bowl
ise ntro p i c efficiencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 00
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 7 -

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION

RULES FOR STEAM TU RBINE THERMAL ACCE PTANCE TESTS -

Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines

FOREWORD

1) The I nternational Electrote c h n i ca l Commission ( I EC ) is a worldwide o rg a n i zation for stan da rd ization comprising
a l l national e lectrotechnical comm ittees ( I EC Natio n a l C o m m ittees). The object of IEC i s to pro mote i ntern ational
co-o peration on a l l q uestions concern i n g stan d a rd ization i n the electrical and electro n i c fie l d s . To this end a n d
i n addition to o t h e r activities, I EC p u b l i shes I ntern ational Standards, Technical S pecifications, Tech nical Reports,
P u b l i c l y Ava i lable S pecificatio n s (PAS) a n d Guides ( h e reafter referred to as "I EC Publ icatio n ( s )"). Their
prepa ration is entrusted to tec h n i c a l comm ittees; a n y I E C National Com mittee i nterested i n the su bject dealt with
may participate i n this preparatory work. I nte rnationa l , governmental and non-governmental org a n izations l i a ising
with the I E C also partici pate i n this prepa ratio n . I E C col l a borates closely with the I nternat i o n a l O rg a n ization for
Sta n d a rd ization ( I S O ) in accordance with conditions d ete rmi ned by a g reement between the two org a n izati o n s .
2) The formal d e c i s i o n s o r a g reements of I EC on tech n i ca l matters express , as n e a r l y as poss i b l e , a n i nternatio n a l
consensus o f o p i n i o n on the relevant s u bjects s i nce e a c h technical comm ittee h a s representation from a l l
interested I E C National Committees.
3) IEC P u b l ications have the form of recommendations for i nternati o n a l use a n d a re accepted by IEC National
Comm ittees i n that sense. W h i l e a l l reasonable efforts a re made to e n s u re that the tec h ni ca l content of I EC
P u b l i cations is accu rate , I E C cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for a n y
m i s i nterpretation by a n y end user.
4) I n order to promote i nternati o n a l u n ifo rm ity, I EC National Comm ittees u n d e rtake to apply I E C P u b l i cations
trans parently to the maximum extent possible in their national a n d regional p u b l i catio n s . Any d iverge nce between
a n y I E C P u b l ication a n d the correspond i n g national o r reg i o n a l p u b l ication shall be clearly i n d i cated i n t h e l atter.
5) I E C itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. I ndependent certification bodies provide conform ity
assessment services a n d , in some areas , access to I E C m arks of conformity. I E C is not res p o n s i b l e for a n y
services carried o u t by i n d e pendent certificati o n bod i e s .
6) All users s h o u l d e n s u re t h a t t h e y h ave the latest e d i t i o n of t h i s p u b l i cation .
7) No l i a b i l ity s h a l l attach t o I EC o r its d i rectors, e m p l oyees, servants o r agents incl uding i nd ividual experts a n d
mem bers o f i t s tec h n i c a l committees a n d I E C Nati o n a l Comm ittees f o r any personal i nju ry , property damage or
other damage of a n y nature whatsoeve r, whether d i rect o r i n d i rect, o r for costs ( i ncl u d i n g legal fees) a n d
expenses arising out o f the p u b l icati o n , use o f , or reliance u po n , this I E C P u b l ication or a n y o t h e r I E C
P u b l i cati o n s .
8) Attention is d rawn to the Normative references cited i n this p u b l icatio n . Use of the referenced p u bl icati ons is
i n d ispensable for the correct appl ication of this p u b l ication.
9) Attention is d rawn to the possi b i l ity that some of the ele ments of this I E C P u b l ication may be the su bject of patent
rights. I EC s h a l l not be held respo n s i b l e for ide ntifying any o r all such patent rights.

I E C 60953-0 has been prepared by s u bcomm ittee W G 1 1 /M T 1 4 : Thermal Acce pta n ce Test , of
I E C tech n i ca l committee 5: Ste a m T u rb i n e s . I t i s an I nte rnati o n a l Sta n d a r d .

T h i s first e d i t i o n c a n c e l s a n d re p l aces I E C 60953-2, p u b l ished i n 1 99 0 . T h i s ed ition co nstitutes

a tec h n ical revi s i o n . Th i s ed ition i n cl u d es the fo l l owi n g s i g n ifi cant tech n i cal changes with
res pect to the p rev i o u s ed ition :
a ) I E C 60953-2 : 1 990 has been used as the basis to develop I E C 60953- 0 ;
b ) O utdated measuring tech n i q u es have b e e n u p d ated a n d t h e correspo n d i n g red u ction of the
expected test res u lt measuring u n ce rta i nty i n d i cated ;
c) G u a ra ntee of power output at specifi e d steam flow has been i n c l u d e d ;
d ) A proposal fo r ass i g n me n t o f u n acco u n ted for leakages has b e e n i n c l u d ed ;
e ) C orrection methods a n d g u a ra ntee comparisons a re u pdated;
f) Various a p p e n d ices d e l eted :
Appe n d ix B (flow nozzle)
Appendix E (gen era l ized correction c u rves)
Appendix G (power measurement u n ce rta i n ty)
 -
8 - I E C 6 0953-0 : 2 022 © I E C 2022

g ) An nex a d d e d :
- A n n ex E (Tem peratu re variation meth o d ) taken over from I E C 60953- 3 : 20 02 , An nex L

The text of t h i s l nternat i o n a l Sta n d a rd is based o n the fo l l ow i n g d oc u m e nts :

Draft Report on voting

5/248/ F D I S 5/250/RVD

F u l l i nfo rmation on the voting for its a p proval can be fou n d in the report on voti n g i n d i cated i n
the a bove table.

A l ist of all pa rts i n the I E C 60953 serie s , p u b l ished u n d e r the g e neral title Rules for steam
turbine thermal acceptance tests, can be fou n d o n the I E C we bs ite.

T h e l a n g uage u s ed for the development of this l nternat i o n a l Sta n d a rd is E ng l i s h .

This docu ment was d rafted i n accorda n ce with I S O/ I E C D i rectives, Part 2 , a n d d eve l o ped i n
accord a n ce with I SO/I EC D i rectives, Part 1 a n d I S O/I EC D i rectives , I E C S u ppl eme nt, ava i l a b l e
a t www . iec.ch/members _experts/refd ocs . The m a i n d o c u m e n t types developed b y I E C a re
described i n g reater d eta i l at www . iec.ch/sta n dardsdev/pu b l ications .

The committee has decided that the conte nts of t h i s document w i l l re m a i n u n c h a n g e d u n t i l the
sta b i l ity d ateind icated on the I E C webs ite u n der webstore . iec.ch in the d ata re l ated to the
specific d o c u m ent. At t h i s date, the document w i l l be

• reco nfi rmed ,

• withdrawn ,
• replaced by a revised e d i ti o n , or
• amended.

I M PORTANT - The "colour i nside" logo o n t h e cover page of this docu ment i n dicates that it
conta i ns colours which are considered to be useful for the correct u n derstand i n g of its
contents. Users should therefore pri nt this document u s i n g a colour printer.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 -9-

INTRODUCTION

The conti n u i ng development of measuri n g tec h n i q u es , the i ncreas i n g capacity of stea m turbines
a n d i ncreas i n g variety of ste a m turb i n e confi g urati o n s has necessitated a rev i s i o n of
I E C 60953 : 1 990 .

S i nce a l l the n eeds of the power i n d u stry co u l d not be s atisfied by one s i ng le perform a n ce test
sta n d a rd covering the req u i re ments fo r a l l of the steam turb i n e config u rations and a ccuracy,
the rev i s i o n to this sta n d a rd is based upon one reference sta n d a rd and various s u p p l e m e ntary
parts as i n d icated b e l ow :

Rules for Steam T urbine Thermal Acceptance Tests

IEC 60953-0
Wide range of accuracy
for various types and
sizes of turbines

Reference Standard

IEC 60953-1 IEC 60953-3 IEC 60953-5 IEC 60953-6

H i gh accuracy Retrofitted Steam turbines Steam turbines
for large steam turbines in Combined in Combined
condensing Heat and Cycles (CC)
steam turbines Power (CHP) I
District Heating
(DH) cycles
Supplementary Standards

1 ) Basic p h i losophy a n d fi g u res on u n certa i nty

I E C 60953-0 prov ides fo r accepta nce tests of steam turbi nes of various types a n d capacities
with corres p o n d i n g measuring u n certa i nty, it is based u pon the M ethod B of I E C 60953-
2 : 1 990. Additional a n d a lternative g u i d a nce will be g iven fo r s pecific stea m t u rb i n e
a p p l i cations i n the s u p p l e m entary stand ards where it is req u i red .
I n stru me ntati on a n d measuri n g proce d u res are chosen accord i n g l y fro m a scope specified
in the sta n d a rd series which is ce ntred m a i n ly o n sta n d a rd ized i n stru mentation a n d
p roced u re s , b u t m ay extend u p t o h ig h accu racy prov i s i o n s req u i r i n g ca l i b rati o n o f flow
meas u r i n g devices. The res u l t i n g measu r i n g u ncerta i nty of the test res u l t is then d eterm i n ed
by calcu l at i n g methods presented i n the sta n d a rd series a n d norm a l l y , if not stated
oth e rwise in the contract , taken into acco u n t in the comparison betwee n test res u l t a n d
g u a ra n tee v a l u e . The tota l cost of a n accepta n ce test can therefo re be m a i n ta i ned i n
re lati o n s h i p with the eco n o m i c va l u e o f the guara ntee va l u es t o b e asce rta i n ed .
When g ood-sta n d a rdized i n stru m e ntation and procedures are a p p l ied i n a test, the
meas u r i n g u n certai nty g iven in Table 6 can b e ach i eved . T h e parties to the test shou l d reach
agreement on the measuring u n certa i nty d e s i red for the acce pta nce tests .
2) G u i d i n g princi p l es
T h e req u i reme nts concern i n g the preparation a n d cond itions of the test a nd especia l l y s u ch
conditions of the test as d u rati o n , d eviations a n d constancy of test conditions a re defi n e d .
 - 10 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

The test s h o u l d be con d u cted prefera bly with i n eight weeks after fi rst synchro n isat i o n . I t is
the i ntent d u r i n g this period to m i n i m i ze perform a n ce d eterioration and ris k of d a mage to
the t u rb i n e .
E nth a l py d ro p tests s h o u l d be made d u ri n g this period to m o n i to r H P a n d I P turb i n e sect i o n
perfo rm a n c e . H owever, t h e s e tests d o not prov ide L P section performa n ce a n d fo r this
reason i t is i m perative to co n d u ct the acce pta n ce tests as soon as practica b l e .
Adj ustment o f t h e h eat rate a n d power o u tput test resu lts fo r t h e effects o f a g i n g preferably
by use of start- u p enth a l py drop efficiency tests or by a p p l i cation of a sta n d a rd a l l owa n ce
accord i n g to 7 . 9 is to be a p p l ied u n less oth erwise agreed i n the co ntract .
3 ) I n stru me nts a n d methods of m easure m e nt
a) Meas u re m en t i n stru m e nts (for e l ectrical power, p res s u re , te m perature)
The measuring i n stru me nts used s h o u l d be i n d iv i d u ally ca l i b rated s h ortly before the test.
b) F l ow measurement devices
For the measurement of m a i n fl ows , u nc a l i brated or cali brated sta n d a rd i zed flow
measuring d evices may be used .
Typically u n c a l i brated sta ndard ized flow measu r i n g devices a re used , however
c a l i b ration is reco m m e n d e d where a red u ction of overa l l measuring u n ce rta i n ty is
desirable. D o u b l e or m u ltiple measurement of primary flow is reco m m e n d e d fo r the
red u cti o n of measuring u n certa i n ty and a method for chec k i n g the co mpati b i l i ty is
descri bed .
4) Eva I uation of tests
The preparatory work for the eva luation and calculation of the test res u lts is covered .
Detai l ed methods for calcu lation of measuring u n ce rta i n ty va l u es of measured variab les a n d
tests resu lts a r e g iven .
5) C orrecti on of test res u l ts a n d comparison with g u a rantees
The correct i o n of test res u lts to g u a ra ntee conditions is covered . The measuring u n ce rta i nty
of the resu lt is taken i n to acco u n t in the guara ntee compa r i s o n .
6 ) Proposals for appl ication
S i nce the acceptance test method to be a p p l i e d has to be co n s i d e red in the deta i ls of the
plant d es i g n , it should be stated as early as poss i b l e , preferably i n the turbine co ntract ,
w h i c h method w i l l be used.
T h i s stand ard series can be a p p l i e d to steam t u rb i n es of a ny type a n d a n y power. The
desired measuring u n certa i n ty should be decided u pon s uffi ciently early, so that the
necessary provi s i o n s can be i n c l u ded i n the plant.
If the g u arantee i n c l u des the complete power p l a n t or larg e pa rts thereof, the re levant pa rts
of t h is sta n d a rd series can be applied for an accepta n ce test i n accord a nce with the
defi n ition of the g ua rantee v a l u e .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 11 -

RULES FO R STEAM TU RBINE THE RMAL ACCEPTANCE TESTS -

Part 0: Wide range of accuracy for various types and sizes of turbines

1 Scope

1 .1 G e n eral

The rules g iven in this docu m ent are a pp l icable to thermal a ccepta n ce tests cove ring a wide
ra n g e of accu racy on steam turb i n es of every typ e , rat i n g and a p p l i c at i o n . O n ly the re leva nt
port i o n of these r u l es wi l l a pply to a n y i n d i v i d u a l case.

The ru l es prov i d e for the testing of turbi nes, whether operating with e i t h e r s u perheated o r
saturated stea m . T h e y i n c l u d e measure m e nts a n d procedu res req u i red t o d eterm i n e s pecific
enth a l py w ith i n the moisture region a n d d escribe precautions n e cessary to permit testing w h i l e
res pecti n g rad iological safety rules i n n u clear p l a nts .

U n iform r u l es fo r the preparat io n , carrying out, eva l u a t i o n , comparison with g u a ra ntee a n d

ca lcu l ation o f measu ri n g u n certa inty o f accepta n ce tests are d efi n ed i n t h i s sta n d a r d . Deta i l s
o f the conditions u n d er which the acceptance test can t a k e place are i n c l u d e d .

S h o u l d a n y com p l ex or spec i a l case a r i s e which is not covered b y these ru l e s , a p p ro p riate

agree ment i s to be reac hed by man ufactu rer and purchaser before the con tract is s i g n e d .

1 .2 Object

The pu rpose of the thermal accepta nce tests of stea m turbines and t u r b i n e cycles d e scribed i n
th i s document i s t o verify g u ara ntees g iven b y t h e m a n ufactu rer o f the e q u i pment co ncern i n g :

Effi ciency g ua rantees

a ) Thermal efficiency;
b) H eat rate;
c) Th ermod y n a m i c efficiency;
d ) Steam rate ;
e) Power o utput.

Capacity g u a ra ntees

a ) M a i n steam flow capacity;

b) M a x i m u m power output at s pecified ste a m conditions accord i n g to IEC 60045-1 (other t h a n
ste a m fl ow ) ;
c ) N u clear: therm a l l oad capacity o f the ste a m t u rb i n e u n d er d efi ned co n d i t i o n s .

The g u ara n tees w i t h t h e i r prov isions are fo rmu lated completely a n d without contra d i cti o n s
( s e e 3 . 4 ) The accepta nce tests may also i n c l u d e s u ch measurements as a re necessary fo r
.

correcti ons accord i n g to the cond itions of the guarantee a n d checki ng of the res u lts.
 - 12 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

1 .3 M atte rs to be c o n s i d e re d i n t h e c o n t ract

Some m atters i n these rules are to be consi d ere d at a n early stag e . Such matters a re dealt with
i n the fo l l owi ng s u bclauses:

Subclause
1 .1 ( p a ra g raph 4)
1 .2 ( pa ra g ra p h 2)
4.1 ( pa ra g ra p h 3 and 4)
4.3.2 ( pa ra g ra p h 1)
7.6
7.8
7.9 ( pa ra g ra p h 1)

2 Normative references

The fo l l owi ng docume n ts are referred to in the text in s u ch a way that some or a l l of t h e i r content
constitutes req u i re m ents of this document. For d ated refere nces, o n ly the ed ition cited a p p l i e s .
For u n d ated referen ces , the l atest e d i t i o n o f the refere nced d oc u m e n t ( i n c l u d i n g a n y
a m e n d m e nts) a p p l i e s .

I S O/ I E C G u i d e 9 8 , Uncertainty o f measurement

I E C 60045- 1 , Steam turbines- Part 1: Specifications

I S O 5 1 6 7 (a l l parts ) , Measurement of fluid flow by means of pressure differential devices

inserted in circular cross-section conduits running full.

I S O 1 224 2, Measurement of fluid flow in conduits- ultrasonic transit-time meters for liquids

I S O 1 88 8 8 , Gas turbine combined cycle power plants- Thermal performance tests

AN S I/ I E E E C5 7 . 1 3 , IEEE Standard requirements for instrument transformers

3 Units, symbols, terms and definitions

For the p u rposes of t h i s document, the fo l l owi ng terms a n d d efi n it i o n s a p p l y .

I S O a n d I E C m a i n ta i n term i n o logical databases for use i n sta n d a rd ization at the fo l l owi ng

ad d resses:

• I E C E l ectroped i a : ava i l a b l e at http://www . e l ectrope d i a . o rg/

• I S O O n l i n e b rows i n g platfo rm: ava i l a b l e at http : //www . is o . o rg/o b p

3.1 G e n e ra l

T h e I n ternati o n a l System o f U n its ( S I ) is u s e d in t h e s e rules; a l l convers i o n factors can the refore

be avo i d ed .

T h e coherent u n its fo r a l l re l evant q u a ntities are g i ven i n the Table i n 3 . 2 . Some co nvers i o n
factors are g iven as well for s pecific h e a t rates based on u n its other than W/W.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 13 -

3.2 S y m b o l s, u n its

For the p u rpose of these ru l es the fo llowing symbols, d efi n itions and u n i ts s h al l be used :

Exa m p l e s of
mu ltiples
Quantity Sym b o l U n it Oth e riSO units
and s u b-
mu ltiples

Power p w kW
Flow rate rh kg/s
P ressure , a bsol ute p Pa kPa bar a
Ambient p ressure ( b a rometric) Pamb Pa kPa bar a, mbar
Press u re d ifference LJp Pa kPa bar, mbar
Thermodynamic tempe ratu re T. e K
Celsius temperatu re t, f) oc
Temperature d ifference LJt K
Vertical d i stance H m mm
Specific enthalpy h J/kg kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of satu rated wate r h' J/kg kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy of satu rated steam h" J/kg kJ/kg
Specific enthalpy d rop LJh J/kg kJ/kg
Specific heat c J/kg/K kJ/kg/K
Qual ity, i . e . , d ryness fraction of X kg/kg g/g
saturatedsteam by weight
Rotatio n a l speed n s-1 m i n -1
Velocity v m/s
Density Q kg/m 3
Specific volume v m 3/kg
Diameter D m mm
Acceleration d u e to g ravity g m/s 2
Thermal effici e n cy 11t W/W kW/kW

Thermodynamic efficiency 11td W/W kW/kW

Heat rate HR W/W kW/kW kJ/kW·s , kJ/kW·h

Steam rate SR kg/W·sor kg/J kg/kW·skg/kJ kg/kW·h
Heat flow rate Q J/s kJ/s
Cavitation factor K 1
Conce ntration c According
tonature of
tracer
Correction factor accord i n g to 7 . 6 a ) F 1
Correction factor accord i n g to 7 . 6 b ) F* 1
I sentropic exponent K

Discha rge coefficient Cd

Flow coefficient a

General q u antity X

Weight factor for avera g i n g y

Confide nce l i m it v
Relative measuring u ncertai nty of x
=-
Vx
T
X X

Tolera n ce of steam table R

a Adm itted by C I PM a n d I S O for temporary use with fl u i d s o n l y .

 - 14 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Rel ation between H e at R ate an d therm al effi ciency:

U n its used fo r H R Re l ation

W/W, kW/kW, k J/kW ·s HR =.!:...

1Jt
36oo
k J/kW ·h HR =
1Jt
1ooo
k J/MW·s HR =
1Jt
859.845
kc al/kW·h HR =

1Jt

3412.14
BTU/kW·h HR =

1Jt

3.3 S u b s c r i pts, s u p e rscri pts a n d d efi n it i o n s

Q u a n t i ty P o s i t i o n o r defi n it i o n

Power b At gene rator terminals

a Taken by auxil i a ries not d riven by the turbine; (see also I EC 60034)
g Net power output: P9 = Pb- Pa

c At turbine cou p l i n g , l ess power req uired by turb i n e auxiliaries, if

I n itial steam flow rate a n d
output
d riven separately
I nternal to t h e turbine
mech Mechanical losses of pump and pump d rive
max Values for ful l y opened control valves

Steam condition and flow Di rectly u pstream of h i g h p ressure (HP) tur b i n e stop valve( s ) and the
rate steam stra i ner(s) (if any) that are included i n the turbine contract
2 At exhaust of the turbine HP from which steam passes to the reheater
3 Di rectly u pstream of intermed iate pressure IP turbi n e stop va lves
4 At exhaust of the turbine(s) d is charg i n g to the condenser
e At extraction point of extraction turbine

Condensate a n d feed 5 At condenser discharg e

water conditions a n d flow
rates 6 A t i n let t o condensate pump
7 At d ischarge from condensate p u m p

8 See Fig u re 1 a )
9 At i n let of boiler feed pump
10 At outlet of boiler feed pump

11 At outlet of final feed heater

b After passage th rough the condensate pump a n d any coolers
(oii,Generator, gas/air) included in the contract
d At outlet from t h e d rain coole r
a At outlet of a i r ejector condenser
is Refers to water taken from the feed-water system to the superheater
for regulation of the i n itial steam temperature
ir Refers to water taken from the feed-water system to the reh eater for
control of the reheated steam temperature
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 15 -

Quantity P o s i t i o n or definiti on

Ma ke-up water cond itions
and flow rate
Gland steam cond itions
and flow rates
m Measurements adjacent to the i n let flange of the con d e n sate system
or of the evaporator
g Steam sup p l i ed to glands from a separate source
gl Leak-off steam from g l a n d s and valve stems returned to the system
and included in the measurement of the i n itial steam flow

q Flow of leak-off steam from g l a n d s a n d valve stems at i n let e n d or

before a reheater which is led away for any extraneous purpose and
neither it n o r its heat is del ivered to any part of the turbine cycle
qy Leak-off flows similar to q , but coming from a point or poi nts
downstream of a reheater

M a i n steam flow rate and M M a i n steam flow at outlet of reactor

concentration
Mass flow rate and F Refers to feed-water for reactor
concentration core Refers to medium fluid passing through reactor core
cond Refers to condensed steam

inj Refers t o i n jected tracer solution

E At entry into core of PWR
R Reci rculated water flow from water separator

Condenser coo l i n g water w

wi Condenser i n let
wo Condenser outlet
wio Average value between condenser in let and outlet

Efficiency Thermal

td T h e rmody n a m i c
Enthalpy d rop s Refers t o isentropic e nthalpy d ro p

Velocity throat A t th roat o f flow-metering nozzl e

Static pressure sat Saturation pressure o f water a t perti nent temperature
Conce ntration wat In water p hase
L I n pump l oop of BWR
B I n blow-down water of PWR

lnj Of i njected tracer

0 At i n jection point before tracer i n jection

Test results a n d g Gua ranteed

gua ra nteed values
c Corrected
m Measured
tot P roduct of a l l ind ividual correction factors

Correction Factor F or F* 1 ' 2, 3 Numbering of i n d i vidual correction factors

H For correction of efficiency

General use p For correction of output

i, j Numbering subscripts

For confi d e nce l i m it V a n d rel ative meas u r i n g u n certa i n ty r, s u bscri pts which a re identical to
symbols for q u a ntities a lways i n d icate the confi d e n ce l i m it a p p l i cable to the re l ative measuring
u n ce rtai nty of this q u a ntity.

See F i g u re 1 fo r i nterpretation of symbols and su bscri pts .

 - 16 - I EC 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Quantity S u b s c r i pt Definition

Efficiency Reference value of cal culated efficiency

General Average val u e , mean value

Weig hted average value

3.4 D efi n it i o n o f g u a rantee val ues a n d t e s t res u lts

3.4. 1 G u i d a n ce on g u a ra ntee parameters

For the q u a ntitative d escription of the thermodyn a m i c performa n ce of a stea m t u r b i n e or stea m

turbine p l a n t , several q u a ntities are tec h n ically a ppropriate a n d g e n era l l y a p p l ied . G u a ra ntee
values are expressed as such q u a ntities a n d , consequently, test res u lts a re to be eva l uated i n
the same m a n n e r .

The performance o f a steam turb i n e is d escri bed by effici e n cy a n d capacity a n d the refore the
g u a rantees g iven s h o u l d cover both . H owever d u p l i cation of these categ ories s h o u l d be avo i d e d .

T h e g e neral d efi n ition o f these q u a n tities is always q u ite o bv i o u s . The deta i l s , however, may
be d iffe re n t i n each case a n d shall be fu l l y considered (see a l s o 1 . 2 ) .

3.4.2 T h e r m a l effi c ie n cy

For a p ower station turbine with regenerative feed heat i n g , the thermal effi ciency is the
s i g n ificant criteri o n . I t is d efi n ed as the ratio of power output to heat added to the cycle fro m
exte rnal s o u rces.

p
(1 )

where:
mi a re the mass-fl ows , to which heat i s added
Llhi a re the res u lting e n th a l py rises

For each s pecific case a g u arantee heat cyc l e , together with the g u arantee term i n a l para m eter,
has to be defi n ed as a basis for g u arantee defi n ition and test eva l u at i o n . It s h o u l d be a s s i m p l e
as poss i b l e a n d as n e a r a s practicable t o the cycle co nfi g u ration t o b e rea l ized fo r t h e test (see
also 4 . 4 . 4 ).

A practical defi n ition fo r tu rbi n e cycles with s i n g l e reh eat and feed heati ng accord i n g to
F i g u re 1 a) is t h e n :

p
(2)

P can be P b , Pg or Pc accord i n g t o contract s pecification .

I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 17 -

11

IEC

GC = generator gas cooler

OC = o i l cooler
DC = drain cooler
EC = a i r ejector condenser

The point n umber rem a i n s the same for the same item of any other turb i n e type: for exa m p l e , point 9 w i l l be at the
i n let of the feed pum p , point 8 may be anywhere between downstream of point 6 a n d point 1 1 .

F i g u re 1a)- Reheat i n g regen erative condens i n g t u rb i n e w i t h feed-water heating

IEC IEC

F i g u re 1 b)- Stra i g h t condensing or back-pres s u re F i g u re 1c)- Extraction condensing or back­

tu rbine w i t h o u t feed-heati n g p re s s u re t u rbine w i t h o u t feed-heating

F i g u re 1 - D i a g ra m s for i nte rpretati o n of s y m b o l s a n d s u bs c ri pts

 - 18 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Any a d d it i o n a l heat a n d/or mass fl ows a d ded to o r su btracted from the cycle e . g . , by make-up
flow mm, s pray atte m perator flow mir or mis or add i t i o n a l extraction for steam air preheater has
to be acco u nted fo r i n the eva l u ation by a n a p propriate correction of the test res u lt (see
Clause 7 ) . Losses are not i n c l uded in this defi n itio n , but treated a ccord i n g to 6 . 2 . 3 . 4 .

T o keep t h e s u m of correcti o n s s m a l l , it may b e reas o n a b l e t o i n c l u d e i n the g u a ra n tee defi n it i o n ,

b y means o f a d d it i o n a l terms, i m portant h e a t a n d m a s s flows present i n the cycle config u rati o n
fo r the test fo r tec h n i c a l reasons ( e . g . , sp ray atte mperator, reactor blow d ow n , etc . ) .

T h i s , h owever, a l s o mod ifies t h e thermod y n a m i c character o f t h e d efi n ition a n d t h e res u l t i n g

values o f the t h e r m a l effi ciency a re not d i rectly comparable w i t h those acco rd i ng t o fo rmu la ( 2 ) .
F u rthermore , t h e co rrection procedure w i l l n o t be avo i d ed altogether i n t h i s way, beca use i t i s
i m proba b l e t h a t the va l u es o f these a d d itional flows d u ri n g the test w i l l co i n c i d e exactly with
those i n the a m e n d e d g u a ra ntee d efi n it i o n .

I t is i m p racticable t o describe i n t h e s e rules a l l the poss i b l e vari ations i n t u r b i n e cyc l e s . I n cases

of com p l i cated d eviations of test cycle confi g u ration from g u a ra ntee d efi n it i o n , it i s advisable to
use the co rrection procedures accord i n g to 7 . 6 . 2 .

3.4.3 H e at rate

The heat rate trad itio n a l l y has been used ( a n d is sti l l used) for the same o bj ective as thermal
effic i e n cy , w h ich is applied i n these rules .

I n a coherent u n it system ( S I ) :

1
HR=­ (3)
TJt

The u n it of the so c a l c u l ated heat rate is kW/kW = k J/kW ·s .

H e at rate v a l u e s expressed i n o t h e r u n its can be converted easily to t h e r m a l effi ciency va l u es ,

t a k i n g i n to acco u n t the a ppropriate convers i o n factors (see 3 . 2 ) .

3.4.4 T h e r m o dy n a m i c effi c i e n c y

For a turb i n e receiv i n g all the stea m at one i n it i a l steam c o n d i t i o n a n d d ischarg i n g all the steam
at a l ower pressure (con d e n s i n g or back- pressure turb i n e without reg e nerating fe ed- heati ng o r
re heat) , t h e thermody n a m ic effi ciency is the m o s t a p propri ate measure o f performance. I t i s
defi ned as ratio o f power output to isentro pic power capac ity ( p rod uct o f steam mass flow a n d
ise ntro p ic entha lpy d ro p between i n itial steam co n d ition a n d exhaust pres s u re ) :

p
TJtct = (4)
mLlhs

The n u merical value of thermodyn a m ic effici ency does not d e p e n d o n the i n it i a l steam a n d
exhaust conditions, b u t i s t h e i n d i cation for t h e effi ciency o f t h e expa nsion o n l y .

T h e form u l a defi n i n g the thermody n a m i c effi ciency for a stra i g h t cond e n s i n g turbine without
feed-heating accord i n g to F i g u re 1 b ) , is th e n :
I E C 60953-0:2022 © I E C 2022 - 19 -

p
(5)

P can be P b , P9 or P c accord i n g t o contract s pecificatio n .

where:

t::.h5 1.4 is the isentro pic ent h a l py d ro p between i n itial steam con d it i o n at po i nt 1 a n d press u re
at point 4

3.4.5 S t e a m rate

The ste a m rate trad itionally has been used ( a n d is sti l l used ) as a performance cri te rion fo r
turbi nes as descri bed i n 3 . 4 . 4 . It is d efi ned as the rati o of i n it i a l ste a m flow rate to power o utput
a n d i s connected with thermod y n a m i c efficie n cy as fo l l ows i n coherent u n i ts ( S I ) .

m1 1
SR = - = --
(6)
p 17tct L1hs

Steam rate val ues expressed i n other u n its can b e converted t o th ermodyn a m i c efficiency
values after determ i n ation of the rel eva nt t::. h 5 value t a k i n g i nto accou nt the a p pro p riate
convers i o n facto rs (see 3 . 2 ) .

S i nce n u merical steam rate val ues d e p e n d a lso on i n itial steam a n d exhaust co n d itio n s , they
are not comparable for turb i n es with d i ffere nt s pec ified co n d ition s . T h e refo re , thermodyn a m i c
effic i e n cy is used i n these ru l e s .

3.4.6 M a i n steam flow c a pac ity

The maxi m u m flow rate of the i n itial steam with a l l reg u lati n g valves w i d e o pe n u n d e r specified
steam conditions ( u s u a l l y the steam conditions accord i n g to the d efi n i tion of the other g u a ra n tee
values) d efi nes the m ax i m u m fl ow ca pacity of the turb i n e .

Where there a r e fu rther i n d uction steam fl ows t o t h e turb i n e , t h e max i m u m fl ow rate o f i n itia l
and i n d uction steam flows with a l l reg u lating valves w i d e open u n d er s pecified ste a m conditions
(usua l l y the steam conditions accord i n g to the defi n ition of the other g u a ra n tee values) d efi nes
the m ax i m u m flow ca pacity of the turb i n e .

3.4. 7 Power o u t p u t

The power output of the turb i n e can be guara nteed fo r the m ax i m u m flow capacity o r at a
specified stea m flow or thermal load .

Power output at a specified steam flow or therm a l load is s i m ilar to an effi ciency or steam rate
g u a rante e . If an efficiency, steam rate or heat rate g u arantee is give n , an add itional g u a ra ntee
of power output at a s pecified steam flow would lead to a d o u b l e g u a ra ntee a n d s h o u l d be
avoided .
 - 20 - I E C 60953-0: 2022 © I EC 2022

3.4.8 G u arantee va l u es fo r extract i o n a n d m ixed -press u re t u rb i n es 1

For m ixed-pressure turbi nes a n d s i n g l e or m u lti ple-extracti o n turbi nes with or without reg u l ated
extraction pressure(s), in a l l cases without regen erative feed- heati n g , the g u a ra n tee val ues a re
most a p p ro p riately d efi ned as thermodyn a m i c effi ciency i n the fo l l ow i n g g e ne ra l ized way :

p
(7)

P can b e Pb , P9 or Pc accord i n g t o con tract specifi cation .

wh ere mi a n d Llhsi are the steam flow rate a n d ise ntro p i c enthalpy d ro p res pective l y fo r each
consecutive section of the turbi n e .

F o r exa m p l e , for a s i n g l e extraction tu rb i n e (either back-pressure or co n d e n s i n g ) , a ccord i n g to

F i g u re 1 c ) , this resu lts i n :

p
(8)

I n the case o f a n extraction or m ixed- pressure t u rb i n e , h oweve r, it is necessary t o spe cify i n

add ition to the val u es o f output, i n itial stea m flow rate a n d thermod y n a m i c effi ciency, t h e
pertinent flow rate va l u e ( s ) o f extraction steam flow(s ) a n d seco n d a ry ste a m flow(s ) . T h i s
a p p l ies at e a c h l oad s u bj ect t o g u arantee.

G u a ra ntee val ues for m i xed- pres s u re or extract i o n turbi nes with regen erative feed- heati n g can
be defi n ed , if more practica b l e , as thermal effi c i e n cy also. In th is case, too, the perti nent flow
rate value(s) of seco n d a ry steam a n d extraction steam flow(s) is (are) n ecessary fo r a complete
g u a rantee d efi n itio n .

3.4.9 T h e r m a l Load C a pac ity (fo r N u c l e a r a p p l i c at i o n s )

The m ax i m u m t h e r m a l l oad capacity o f the steam t u rb i n e may be g u a ra n teed u n d e r specified

steam co n d itions to verify that the steam t u r b i n e can be operated with the m ax i m u m ste a m
generator t h e r m a l load . Care h as t o be t a k e n t h a t the b o u n d a ry conditions a n d the defi n it i o n of
the thermal l oa d are consistent with the scope of s u p p l y .

4 G uiding principles

4.1 Adva n c e p l a n n i n g for test

The parties to any test u n d er these rules s h a l l reach agreement, when the plant is be i n g
d e s i g n e d , a s t o t h e testing proced u re , t h e interpretation o f g u a ra ntees , t h e n u m ber, location
and arra n g e m e n t of measuring points and measuring d evices , valves and p i p i n g arra n g e m e nts .
This espe c i a l l y a p p l ies to steam t u r b i n es i n n u clear power stat i o n s where s u bsequent
m o d ifi cati o n s are often i m p ractica b l e a n d the measuring p o i nts a re not a lways accessible o n ce
the p l a nt has started to o perate . It is reco m m e n d e d that for the most i m portant measure m e nts
speci a l co n n ect ion fa cil ities such as flanges a n d thermo meter wells be p rovided fo r the

M ixed pressure turb ines - several i n lets at d ifferent p ressures during the expa n s i o n .
I E C 60953-0:2022 © I E C 2022 - 21 -

meas u ri n g e q u i p m en t so that the acceptance tests can be carried out without i m pa i ri n g the
i n stru me nts for n ormal operati on .

The i n stru me ntat i o n has to be s e l ected i n such a way that power and heat fl ows which e nter
and l eave the "system " , as d efi ned in the co ntract, and the conditions at its b o u n d a ries , can be
determ i n e d .

T h e parties i n terested i n the test s h a l l reach agreement a t a d ate as ea rly a s p ra ctica b l e o n the
meas u ri n g accura cy d e s i red for the a cceptance tests . T h i s accuracy, with due co n s i d e ration of
the cost of the a ccepta n ce test, shall be i n reas o n a b l e relati o n s h i p with the s i g n ificance of the
plant.

The fo l lowi ng is a l ist o f typical i t e m s u pon which agreem ent s h o u l d be reached d u ri n g the plant
des i g n :

a ) Location of, a n d p 1 p m g arra n g e m e n t aro u n d , flow m e a s u ri ng devices o n which test

ca lcu l ations are to be based .
b) N u m ber a n d locat i o n of va lves req u i red to ensure as fa r as pra cticable that no u n a cco u nted­
fo r flow enters o r l eaves the test cyc l e or bypasses a n y cycle component.
c) N u m ber a n d l ocation of te m perature we l l s a n d pressure con nect i o n s req u i red to e n s u re
correct measure m ents at critica l points .
d ) N u m ber a n d location of d u p l icate i n stru ment con nections req u i red t o e n s u re correct
measurem ents at critical points .
e) H a n d l i n g of lea k-off flows to avoid compl ications i n testing or the i n tro d u ct i o n of e rrors .
f) M e a n s o f measuring p u m p s haft leakages , i f necessary .
g ) Method o f determ i n i n g ste a m q u a l ity , i n c l u d i n g s a m p l i n g tech n i q u e as req u i red . The
reco m m e n d ed meth ods a re g iven i n 5 . 7 .
h ) Method i n o rd e r t o d eterm i n e steam turb i n e i n tern a l leakage flows s h a l l b e d efi n e d a n d
agreed b y both parties (va l u es o f the heat balance d i ag ra m o r cond ucti ng a tem perature
variation test , see A n n ex E ) .

4.2 Preparatory a g re e m e nts a n d arra n g e m e nts fo r tests

a ) Before the test the parties to the tests s h a l l reach an agreement as to the test progra m , the
specific o bj ectives of the tests, the m ea s u ri n g methods a n d the method of operation with
due regard to l i m itati on of the n ecessary correct i o n s , the method for correct i n g the test
res u l ts and fo r g u arantee comparison with due reg a rd to the co ntract co n d i t i o n s .
b) Agree ment s h a l l be reached as to the variables t o be measured , the m e a s u r i n g i nstrume nts
and w h o is to s u p p l y the m , the location of the i n d icat i n g i n stru me nts a n d the o pe rati n g a n d
reco rd i n g pers o n n e l req u i red .
c) Ag ree ment s h a l l be reached on the methods of o bta i n i n g the comparison measureme nts
(see 4 . 5 ) .
d ) Ag ree ment s h a l l be rea ched on such matters as t h e means o f secu r i n g consta n cy o f ste a m
c o n d i t i o n s and output.
e) I n stru me nts l ia b l e to fa i l u re or brea kage i n service should be d u p l i cated by rese rve
i n stru ments, properly c a l i brated , which can be put into service without d e l ay . A reco rd of
such change of i n stru ment d u ri n g a test s h a l l be clearly made on the observer's record
sheet.
I n stru me nts s h a l l be l ocated a n d arra n g ed so that they may be read accu rate ly with co mfort
by the observer. The i n stru ment s h o u l d be l ocated d u ri n g the test at a position with a n
enviro n m e nt as close a s practica b l e t o t h e enviro n m e n t fo r ca l i brat i o n . T h i s m a y be
acco m p l is h e d by l ocating the i n stru m e nts in a controlled enviro n m e n t for the test.
f) The d eter m i n ation of the enth a l py of steam su perheated less than 1 5 K, or of the q u a l ity of
steam conta i n i n g mo isture, may be made only when the parties to the test a g ree upon the
method to be e m p l oyed fo r this d eterm i natio n . T h e agreement, the method fo r m a k i n g the
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determ i n ation and the method of applying the entha l py o r q u a l ity values to the test res u lts
s h a l l be fu l l y described in the test report.
The rate of flow of ste a m of any q u a l ity may be d eterm i ned , where p ra ctica b l e , by
con d e n s i n g it co m p l etely a n d then measuring the conde n sate flow rate .
g ) Ag re ement s h a l l be reached as to the method of cal i b ration of i nstrume nts , a n d by whom
a n d wh e n .
h ) For a n y of the measurements necess ary for a test u nd e r these rules , a n y methods may be
e m p l oyed other than those p rescribed i n these rules , p rov i d ed they a re mutua l l y agreed
upon in writ i n g before the test by the part i es to the test. Any such departure fro m the
p rescribed methods s h a l l be c l e a rly described i n the test report. In the a bsence of written
agree ments, the ru l es herein s h a l l b e m a n d atory.
i) Ag re ement s h a l l be reached if an i n d ependent expert may be e m p l oyed to re prese n t the
i nterests of both part i es eq ua l l y .
j) Ag re ement s h a l l be reached o n the m i n i m u m n u m be r of opera t i n g a n d reco rd i n g perso n n e l
that is req u i red .
k ) I t is reco m m e n d e d to use the l atest ava i l a b l e defi n ition of the propert i es of water a n d stea m .
H owever, the appl ication s h a l l b e consistent between t h e calcu l a t i o n o f the g u a ra ntees a n d
the eva l u ati o n o f t h e test res u lts . Refer t o 6 . 2 .4 .

4.3 P l a n n i n g o f t h e test

4.3.1 T i m e for acce pta n ce tests

The acce pta n ce tests s h a l l be perfo rmed at the operat i n g p l a n t or, by m utual agreement, on the
test bed of the man ufacturer. Acce pta nce tests o n site shall be carried out, if pract i ca b l e , with i n
e i g ht weeks after t h e first synch ro n ization ( see 4 . 5 ) , d u e co n s i d erat i o n s h o u l d b e g iven t o a n y
s i g n ifi cant delay between first steam a d m i s s i o n a n d fi rst synchron izati o n . I n a n y event, except
with written ag ree ment to the co ntrary , the accepta nce test s h a l l take p l ace w i t h i n the g u a ra n tee
period s p ecified in the co ntract .

I t i s the i ntent d u ri n g this period prior to the accepta n ce test to m 1 n 1 m 1ze perfo r m a n ce
deterioration a n d risk of d a m age to the t u rb i n e . Enthalpy d ro p tests or pre l i m i n a ry tests s h o u l d
b e made d u ri n g t h i s period to mon itor H P a nd I P turb i n e sect i o n performance. H owever, these
tests d o not prov i d e LP section performance and for th is reason it is i m pe rative to co n d u ct the
acceptance tests as soon as practica b l e .

4.3.2 D i re c t i o n o f acce pta n ce tests

The res pons i b i l ity fo r the d i recti on of the acceptance tests s h a l l be c l e a rl y assig ned by the
parties prior to the test, prefe rably to o n e pers o n . T h i s pers o n is res p o n s i b l e for the co rrect
execution a n d eva l u ation of the accepta n ce tests , a n d serves as a rb i trator in the eve n t of
d i s p utes as to the a ccu racy of obs ervatio n s , c o n d i t i o n s , or methods of o pe rati o n . He is entitled
a n d o b l iged to obta i n i nfo rmation o n all necessary deta i l s .

Accred ited representatives o f t h e p u rchaser a n d t h e m a n ufactu rer m a y at a l l t i mes b e present

to verify that the tests a re c o n d u cted i n accord a nce with these rules a n d the a g reements made
prior to the tests.

A party to the co ntract who i s n ot res ponsible for the d i rect i o n of the accepta n ce tests s h a l l a lso
be g iven the o p po rtu n ity of obta i n i n g i nformation a sufficient time before the tests .

4.4 P re pa rat i o n of the tests

4.4. 1 C o n d i t i o n of t h e p l a nt

Prior to commence m en t of the acceptance tests , it is essential to be satisfied that the steam
turbine a n d d riven mach i n e are in s u ita b l e c o n d i t i o n , together with the condenser a n d / o r
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fee d h e aters if i n c l u d ed i n the g u a ra ntee . I t is a lso essential to verify t h at leaks i n the condensers ,
fee d h e aters , p i pes a n d va lves h ave been e l i m i nated .

Prior to the acceptance tests , the opportu n ity s h a l l be g iven to the m a n ufacturer a n d or the
s u p p l i e r to check the cond ition of the p l a n t , if necessary by making h i s own measurements . Any
defi c i e n cy dete r m i n e d at this time s h a l l be rectifi e d .

Alth o u g h these ru les d ea l s pecifically with the performa n ce testing o f steam t u r b i n e g e n e rators ,
it i s req u ired that a l l other e q u i p m ent s u p p l ied as part of the same t u r b i n e generator co ntract
s h a l l be i n fu l l a n d correct work i n g ord er a n d i n normal commerc i a l d i sposition d u ri n g the turb i n e
generator tests . T h i s req u i re ment d o e s not a pply if other e q u i pment has b e e n o rd e red as a n
extra t o t h e contract after t h e perform ance g u ara ntees have been contractu a l ly a g reed , o r if
spec i a l measures to re nder the e q u i p m ent n o n -operative d u r i n g the tests have been ag reed
before h a n d between the parties to the test a n d are d escribed in prom i n ent deta i l i n the test
report. An exa m p l e of eq u i pment in t h i s categ ory wo u l d be p i p i n g and valves, s u p p l i e d a s pa rt
of the same t u r b i n e gen erator con tract , designed to perm it stea m to bypass part or a l l of the
turbine expa n s i o n stages for te m perature-match i n g pu rposes d u ri n g sta rt- u p .

4.4.2 C o n d it i o n o f t h e steam t u rb i n e

T h e condition o f t h e steam t u r b i n e d e p e n d s o n t h e effects o f a g e i n g 2 (see 7 . 9 ) , o f partial

d a mage 3 a n d of depos its 4 .

The co n d ition of the steam turb i n e can be d eterm i n e d by a n i nternal i n spection of the steam
path gen erally by ope n i n g the ste a m tu rbi n e or by comparison measurem ents accord i n g to 4 . 5 .

The absence o f part i a l d a mage a n d / o r d e posits s h a l l b e confirmed before the test (see a lso
4.4. 1 ).

O p e n i n g the t u rb i n e or an i n d ivid u a l casi n g i n order to l ocate a d efect may be taken i n to

cons i d e ration if l a rge a n d i n expl icable d eviations are appa re n t fro m the comparison
meas u rem ents .

4.4.3 C o n d it i o n o f t h e co n d e ns e r

When the g u a ra ntees i n c l u d e the condenser perfo rm ance and are based u po n coo l i n g med i u m
flow a n d tem perature, the con denser s h a l l b e clean a n d the system s h a l l b e tested fo r suffi cient
air tig htness. Ag reement of the parties reg ard i n g these m atters shall be reached .

The condition of the condense r s h a l l be checked for exa m p l e by open i n g the water boxes or
measuring the term i n a l tem perature d i fference. In the case of d e pos its4, the condenser s h a l l be
cleaned prior to the acceptance tests or the parties concerned by the test may a g ree on a
s u itable correcti o n .

T h e a i r tig htn ess o f t h e compon ents u n der vacu u m c a n b e assessed by co n d u cting a vacu u m
decay test. A n a l l owa b l e decay rate s h a l l be agreed betwee n t h e part i es o f t h e tests .

2 Ageing means deterioration during correct operati n g a n d s h utdown conditions in a m a n n e r such that the
performance of the tur b i n e is adversely i nflue nced .

3 Partial damage: damage and variations in the clearance of the blad i n g , of balance pistons and shaft g l a n d s , valve
s p i n d l e wear: l eakages i n the valve g l a n d s and seats.
4 Deposits: salts or metal on the steam s i d e , s l i me , ashes, bacteria, algae, etc . , on the cool i n g med ium s i d e .
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4.4.4 I s o l a t i o n of the cyc l e

4.4 . 4 . 1 G e n e ra l

The accu racy of test resu lts d e pe n d s to a larg e extent o n effective isolation of the syste m .
Extra neous flows s h o u l d b e iso lated from t h e system a n d i nternal fl ows which bypass i n a n
u n acco u n ted -for way either cycl e components or mass fl ow measuring equ i p ment s h o u l d be
e l i m i n ated , if practica b l e , to o bvi ate the need for measurement. If there is any d o u bt a bout the
a b i l ity to iso late these fl ows d u ri n g the test, preparati ons shall be made prior to the test to
meas u re th e m .

A l l u n us e d con nections s h a l l b e b l a n ked-off. If th i s is n o t practica b l e , t h e con n ect i o n s s h a l l b e

broken a t a s u itable p o i n t so that t h e outlets are u n der constant o bservat i o n .

The e q u i pment a n d flows t o b e iso lated a n d the methods to acco m p l i s h t h i s s h o u l d b e agreed

well ahead of the i n itial operat ion d ate of the t u r b i n e . The isolation of the cycle has to be
described in the test report.

When the system is properly iso lated fo r a performance test, the u n a cco u nted -fo r leakage
expressed i n percent of i n itial steam fl ow at fu l l load shall not exceed 0 , 4 t i m e s the re lative
meas u ri n g u n certa i n ty of the test res u lt (expressed in percent) (see 6 . 2 . 3 .4 ) . The maxi m u m
perm issible leakage va l u e is 0 , 6 % o f t h e fu l l load steam flow . lf t h e max i m u m value is exceeded ,
then the test can be accepted o n l y by m utual agreement of the parties to the test . Water storage
in the co n d enser h otwe l l , d eaerat i n g and other extraction feedwate r heate rs , b o i l e r d r u m ( s ) ,
moistu re separators , reheaters , and a n y other stora g e poi nts w i t h i n the cycl e a re t o be taken
i nto acco u nt (see also 6 . 2 . 3 . 3 a n d 6 . 2 . 3 . 4 ) .

4.4.4.2 I s o l a t i o n o f e q u i pm e n t a n d flows

The fol l owi ng l i st i n c l u des items of the eq u i pment and extra n e o u s flows that sho u ld be iso lated
fro m the pri m a ry t u rb i n e feedwater cycle, if practicable:

a ) Larg e-capacity storage tanks.

b) Evaporators and a l lied e q u i p m en t s u c h as eva porator condenser a n d eva porator
preheaters .
c) Bypass syste ms and a u x i l iary ste a m l i n es for start i n g , if compat i b l e w i th safe o pe rati o n .
d ) Bypass l i n es for conden s ate pri mary flow- m e a s u r i n g device s .
e) T u r b i n e s prays .
f) D ra i n l i n es s h o u l d be isolated i n a ccord a n ce with normal d e s i g n req u i rements .
g ) I nte rco n n ecti ng l i n es t o other u n its.
h ) D e m i n era l i z i n g e q u i p m ent.
Iso l ation of de-mi nera l iz i n g e q u i pment d oes not necessarily mean remov i n g the e q u i p ment
from the cyc l e . I t does, however, mean that all ties with other u n its shall be iso l ated a n d
s u ch e q u i pment as reci rc u l at i n g l i n es that affect the primary flow measu rement s h a l l b e
isol ated o r t h e flows measured .
i) Chem ica l-feed eq u i p ment u s i n g conde nsate.
j) Boiler vents .
k) Stea m-operated soot b l owers .
I) C o n d e n sate a n d fe edwater flow bypas s i n g h eaters .
m ) H e ater d ra i n by passes.
n ) H e ater s h e l l d ra i n s .
o) H e ater water-box vents.
p) H og g i n g j ets.
q ) Condenser water-box pri m i n g j ets.
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r) Steam o r water for stati on h eat i n g .

s ) B l ow-down fro m steam gen erator.

4.4.4.3 F l ows w h i c h s h a l l be d eterm i n e d i f not i so lated

The fol l owing extra n eous fl ows which enter or l eave the cycle in such a m a n ne r as to cause an
e rror i n the flows t h ro u g h the turbine s h a l l be measured or est i m ated , if they a re not iso lated
fro m the syste m .

a ) B o i l e r fire d oor coo l i n g fl ow a n d boi l er-s lag-tap coo l i n g coil flow.

b) Sea l i n g and g l a n d coo l i n g flow on the fo l l ow i n g ( both s u p p l y a n d ret u rn ) :
1 ) condensate p u m ps ;
2 ) b o i l e r feed p u m p s ;
3 ) b o i l er-water or reactor circu lati n g p u m p ;
4 ) heater d ra i n p u m ps w h e n n o t self-sealed ;
5 ) turbines fo r t u rb i n e-d rive p u m p s ;
6 ) control r o d s e a l s o n n u c l ear reactors .
c) Des u perheating water.
d) B o i l e r fe ed p u m p m i n i m u m-fl ow l i n es and balance d r u m flow.
e) Ste a m fo r fuel oil atomization and heati n g .
f) B o i l e r blowdow n s .
g ) B o i l e r fi l l l i n e s .
h ) T u r b i n e water-seal flow.
i) Des u perheati n g water for turb i n e coo l i n g ste a m .
j) E m e rg e n cy b l owd own valve o f t u r b i n e g l a n d leakage a n d s e a l i n g syste m .
k) T u rb i n e water-s eal ove rfl ows .
I) Steam a n d water l i n es i n stal led for was h i n g t h e turb i n e .
m ) Ste a m , other t h a n g l a n d lea k-off stea m , t o t h e steam-seal reg u l a t i n g valve.
n ) M a ke-up water, if n ecessary.
o) Pegging ste a m (such as h ig her stage extraction at l i g h t loads) for low-press u re operation of
deaerator.
p) H e ater vents shall b e cl osed if p racti cable. If not, they s h a l l be t h rottled to a m i n i m u m .
q ) De aerator ove rflow l i n e .
r) Water l ea kage i nto a n y water-sealed fl a n g e s , s u c h as water-sealed vacu u m b re a ke rs .
s ) P u m p seal l eakage leav i n g t h e cycle.
t) Auto matic extraction ste a m for i n d ustri a l uses.
u ) Steam to a i r p reh eaters ( if isolation is not p ractica b l e ) .
v) Water a n d stea m s a m p l i ng eq u i pment. I f i t is i m p ract icable t o isolate water a n d ste a m
s a m p l i n g e q u i p m ent, a n d if the s a m p l i n g flow i s s i g n ifica nt, it s h a l l be measured .
w) Deaerator vents.
x) Reactor-core s p ray.
y) S u b-coo led water used for moisture sep arator or reheater co i l d ra i n coo l i n g .
z ) Conti n u ous d ra i ns from wet steam turbine c a s i n g s a n d co n n ection l i nes ( if not i n c l u d e d i n
the g u a ra ntee ) .
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4.4.4.4 S u g g ested methods a n d / o r d ev i ces for i s o l a t i n g e q u i pm e n t from t u rb i n e

feedwater cyc l e

T h e fo l l owing methods are su gg ested for isolat i n g m isce l l a neous eq u i pment a n d extra neous
flows fro m the primary turbine feedwater cyc le a n d for checking such isolatio n :

a ) D o u b l e valves a n d tel l-ta l e s .

b) B l a n k fl a n g e s .
c ) B l a n k between two fl a n g e s .
d ) Removal o f s pool p i e c e for v i s u a l i n s pecti o n .
e) V i s u a l i n s pection fo r ste a m b lowi n g t o atmosph ere- such a s safety valves.
f) C l osed valve which is known to be leak- proof ( test witn essed by both parties) and not
operated prior to or d u r i n g the test.
g ) Temperature i n d ication ( o n l y accepta ble u n der certain con d it i o n s - mutual a g reement
necessary ) .
h ) Accu rate measurem ents o f levels i n a n y t a n k s t h a t s h o u l d be iso lated fro m t h e syste m .
i) Very i m portant isolati n g va lves (fo r exa m p l e , H P a n d L P bypass valves) s h o u l d b e i n s pected
a n d , if necessary, sea l ed prior to the test.

4.4. 5 C h e c ks fo r l e a k a g e of c o n d e n s e r a n d feed wate r h eaters

Condense rs a n d feedwater h eaters s h a l l be checked for leakage a n d steps s h a l l be taken to

e l i m i n ate any s i g n ifi cant l eakage (see An n ex A) .

I n case of d o u bt , the check can be repeated after the test.

4.4.6 C l e a n l i n e s s o f t h e s t e a m stra i n e rs

If necessary , the stea m stra i n e rs s h a l l be cleaned before the accepta nce tests .

4.4.7 C h ec k i n g o f t h e test m e a s u ri n g eq u i pm e n t

Al l m e a s u r i n g e q u i p m en t s h a l l be exa m i ned before the test as t o its c o n d i t i o n a nd s u itabil ity. It

sh a l l be fu rth er esta b l ished whether the measuring i nstru ment, the point of i n sta l lati o n , a n d the
i nsta l l ation are i n acco rd a n ce with re levant req u i re m e nts . The res u l ts of all these checks s h a l l
b e record ed i n the test report.

4.5 C o m pa r i s o n m e a s u re m e nts

For comparison m e a s u rements, o n l y those va riab les are taken i n to a cco u n t wh ich a re essenti a l
t o esta blish the condition of the steam turb i n e . For the compari s o n , it is a d v i s a b l e t o measure
the i n tern a l effi ciency, the pressure a n d tem perature at the extract i o n s , power output, open i n g
of g overn i n g valve s , t h e g l a n d leakage flows , a n d t h e L P turb i n e exhaust press u re o f the
con denser term i n a l d i ffere nce (depen d i n g o n the g u arantee) as well as the vi bration level of the
ste a m turb i n e rotor at s u itable points .

The measuring uncertai nty o f comparison measurem ents s h o u l d not b e l a rger than that o f the
acceptance tests .

The ty pe a n d scope of the comparison measurem ents as well as the costs s h a l l be a g reed upon
by the p u rchaser a n d the s u p p l ier (see 4.1 ).

The parties i nterested i n the accepta nce test s h a l l part i cipate i n the comparison measure m e n ts .

The refe re nce measure m en t s h a l l b e made i m med iately after t h e fi rst synchro n izat i o n , at partial
load if necessary . Check measurem ents may be m a d e :
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a ) before the acce pta nce test or d u ri n g the prel i m i n a ry test;

b) after b l a d e was h i ng ;
c) before a n d/or after a n i n s pect io n .

T h e measure m ents taken d u ri n g t h e acce pta n ce test c a n normally b e eva l u ated a s a fi n a l check
measurement.

Should the res u l t of a ch eck measure me n t point towards a d e posit w h i c h can be re moved by
blade wash i n g , the s u p p l ier m ay re qu ire of the p u rchaser that the stea m turbine be washed . If
the check measurement sufficiently agrees with the reference measurement after the wash i n g ,
t h e acce pta nce test may b e carried o u t . S h o u l d t h e check measure ment n o t a g ree sufficiently
with the referen ce m easure m e n t , t h e parties to the co ntract s h o u l d t h e n d e c i d e either to
e l i m i n ate the d efect or to carry out the accepta n ce test. If the tests proceed , the comparison
meas u reme nts shall be i n c l u ded i n the test report .

If the res u lt o f t h e refe re n ce measurement d iffe rs consi derably from the expected v a l u es
accord i n g to the g u a ra ntee , remed i a l measures may be a g reed u po n by the p u rchaser a n d the
suppl ier.

4.6 Sett i n g s fo r tests

4.6.1 Load sett i n g s

The g u ara n tee may be g iven a n d the tests carri ed out e i t h e r o n the basis o f s pecific valve
open i n g , a s pecific power output or i n it i a l stea m mass flow or, for n u clear power stations a n d
fo r gas t u r b i n e c o m b i n e d cycle power stati o n s , a specified thermal heat i n put. I n the p l a n n i n g
o f t h e test prog ra m m e the l o a d sett i n g s s h a l l be consistent with t h e g u a ra n te e .

T h e accepta nce tests fo r partial arc a d m i s s i o n turb i n e with g u a ra ntees based o n the locus of
the valve poi nts s h a l l be conducted at valve points.

Tests at va lve points te n d to res u l t i n more repeata ble test co n d itio n s . Test valve point loads
a n d fl ows will probably n ot occ u r at the exact values expected by the man ufacturer. T h e refore
it s h a l l be permiss i b l e to adj ust the o perati o n con d itions with i n the maxi m u m deviati o n s
comp ared to the "Valve poi nt" l oa d point to e n s u re the specified valve ope n i ng is rea ched .

As it m i g h t be d i fficult to set the load for a part i a l valve open i n g test exactly at the a p pro p riate
va l u e , it s h a l l be perm i s s i b l e to run two or more tests to strad d l e the load and obta i n by
i nterp o l ation the act u a l test res u l t at the load adj u sted in accord a nce with t h i s c l a u s e .

M a n u a l ly o perated n ozz l e or bypass valves, if provided , s h a l l be i n the pos ition co nte m p l ated
by the g u a rantee. If the contract or specification is not clear i n t h i s respect, the parties s h a l l
come t o a n ag reement.

In a d d i t i o n , the position of the LP control valves of extraction turbi nes should be bro u g h t to a
"valve point", if practicable, by adj u sti ng the extra n e o u s steam flow. S i m i larly, the "valve poi nts"
of the seco n d a ry i n itial ste a m co ntrol valves of d o u b l e press ure t u rb i n es ca n be ach i eved by
adj ustment of the second ary steam flow, if practicable.

These adj ustments m ay res u l t i n devi ations of the output from the s pecified value g reater t h a n
stated i n 4 . 8 . I n these cases a re-ca lcu lation o f the guara ntee value a ccord i n g t o 7 . 6 . 2 may b e
made b y agreement o f t h e parties.

If l a rg e fl uctu ations i n o utput or steam flow d ue to operating conditions a re occu rri n g , i t is

perm itted to use a device l i m i t i n g further opening of valves i n ord e r to keep opti m u m valve
pos i t i o n s . The rel ative positions of the va lves shall n ot d iffer thro u g hout the test period .
 - 28 - I E C 60953-0: 2022 © I E C 2022

In the event of variable press u re operation of a fu l l arc a d m i s s i o n t u rb i n e , tests s h a l l be

con d u cted with control valves wide o pe n . The same a p p l i e s to throttle contro l if the g u a ra n tee
is based u po n wide open control valves.

4.6.2 S p e c i a l s ett i n g s

N o special a dj u stme nts s h a l l be made to t h e t u r b i n e for test p u rposes t h a t a re i n a ppro p riate fo r

commercial a n d conti n u o u s operation u n der a n y a n d a l l of the s pecified outputs a n d operati ng
conditions. Exceptions are a i r b l eed adj u stments to control the vacu u m , the u s e of load - l i m i t i n g
devices o r o t h e r s i m i l a r test control means, s u c h a s i s o l a t i o n o f t h e cycle t o prevent extra neous
flows a n d/or i n ternal by-pass flows of stea m or water by clos i n g ce rta i n d ra i n s o r other valves.
These s h a l l be cons istent with the terms of the g u arantee a n d practica b l e with reg a rd to
op erat i n g s afety and tech n i q u e .

T h e turbine sh aft s e a l s s h a l l b e adj usted t o normal operating condition before a test a n d

arra n g e m e nts m a d e t o measure outward o r i n ward flow that w i l l i nflue nce test res u l t s .

4.7 P re l i m i n a ry tests

Pre l i m i n a ry tests m ay be run for the pu rpose of

a) determ i n i n g whether the turbine is i n a s u itable c o n d i t i o n for the c o n d u ct of a n acceptance

test,
b) checki n g a l l i n stru me nts ,
c) tra i n i n g pers o n n e l i n test proced ures.

Afte r a p re l i m i n a ry test has been made, it may be consi dered , if m u t u a l l y a g reed , a s an

acceptance test.

If the pre l i m i n ary tests are u n satisfactory, the cau ses s h a l l be i n vesti gated and , if necessary ,
t h e turb i n e s h a l l be placed at the d isposal of the m a n ufact u rer so t h a t t h e l atte r may exa m i n e
it a n d ascerta i n whether it is i n a s u ita b l e condition for an a cceptance test.

4.8 Acceptance tests

4. 8 . 1 C o nsta n cy of test co n d i t i o n s

Al l tests s h a l l be preceded by a period of tem perat u re a n d flow sta b i l izat i o n , t h e d u rati o n of

which s h a l l be agreed u p o n by the parties i n terested in the test, s i nce it w i l l vary with the size
of the turbi n e , the i nte rnal conditions and the a m o u nt of load c h a n g e . A typ ical sta b i l ization
period can be 1 to 2 h o urs.

Any c o n d i ti o n , the variation of which may i nfl u e nce the res u lts of the test, s h a l l be caused to
become as n early con stant as practicable before the test beg i n s , and s h a l l be so m a i nta i n ed
throug hout the test with i n the perm issible vari ations a ccord i n g to 4 . 8 . 2 .

I n order t o maintain con stancy o f th rottl i n g , t h e travel o f t h e g overn i n g valve, i n t h e o pe n i n g

d i rection o n ly, s h o u l d be l i m ited at t h e chosen pos ition a n d t h e governor s h o u l d b e s ufficiently
overwou n d to e n s u re that it does not respond to normal changes in system freq u e n cy .

4.8.2 Maxi m u m d ev i a t i o n a n d fl u ct u a t i o n i n test c o n d i t i o n s

Except u po n agreement to the contrary by the parties , i n ord er to m m 1 m 1ze t h e a m o u n t of

correction of the res u l ts the m axi m u m perm i s s i b l e deviat i o n of the average test co n d ition fo r
each vari a b l e fro m that specified and the m ax i m u m perm i s s i b l e fl u ctuation of the vari a b l e d u r i n g
a n y o n e test ru n s h a l l n o t exceed the l i m it prescribed i n T a b l e 1 .

S h o u l d these req u i reme nts n ot be met, the measurement may serve as i nfo rmat i o n o n ly, u n less
special agreement re lati n g to the i nfl u e n ce of the deviati n g operat i n g conditions i s reached .
I E C 60953-0:2022 © I E C 2022 - 29 -

T a b l e 1 - M ax i m u m d e v i at i o n s a n d fl u ct u a t io n s 5 i n o p e rat i n g c o n d i t i o n s

Vari a b l e Maxi m u m perm i s s i b l e d e v i a t i o n o f average o f test

from that s p e c i fi e d

I n itial steam p ressure ±5 % a

I n itial steam temperature ± 1 5 Ka

Dryness fraction ± 0 , 005

Extraction pressure:

- regulated p rocess ±5 % a

- feed heat i n g See b

Exhaust p ressure:

- for back pressure turbi nes ±5 % a

- for con d e n s i n g turbi nes ±25 % o r ± 1 , 0 kPa whichever is larger, if condenser is

not included i n guarantee

Extraction flow rate ( regulate d , feed heati n g ) ±10 %

Reheat temperature ±15 K

I sentropic e nthalpy d ro p ±7 %

I n itial steam flow ±5 %

Coo l i n g wate r flow ± 1 5 % if condenser is included in guarantee

Coo l i n g wate r i n let temperature ±5 K if condenser is i ncluded in guarantee

Final feed water temperature ±10 K

Speed ±2 OfoC
a
All these items may not lead to a deviati on of enthalpy d ro p of more than ±7 % .
b
Reaso nably s m a l l deviations in the extraction p ressures as compa red with the d e s i g n values normally have a
n e g l i g i b l e effect on the overa l l performance. S h ould there be d i s p roportionately large deviations in t h e
extraction steam flows suggesti n g malfunctioni n g o f t h e heaters, the effect o n the overall performance may be
serious, and a g reement s h a l l then be reached o n the course to be fol lowe d .
c
T h i s maybe g reater for variable speed mechan ical d rive, if perm itted by the tech nical guarantee of the turb i n e .

4.8.3 D u ra t i o n o f test ru n s a n d fre q u e ncy o f rea d i n g

T h e req u is ite test d u ration is d e p e n d ent on t h e stead i n ess o f operat i n g co n d i t i o n s a n d the

speed of acq u isition of test d ata. Accu rately measura b l e c h a nges i n level of water stored i n the
system may be a l i m it i n g factor.

The reco m m e n d e d m i n i m u m test period (see 6 . 1 ) of a n a ccepta nce test is 1 h. This may be
red uced by agree ment or tech n i c a l necess ity , but should be not less t h a n 30 m i n . The d u ration
of the capac ity tests s h o u l d be agreed between the parties , but s h o u l d be not less than 1 5 m i n .

Rel ated test d ata recorded with i n d icat i n g measuring eq u i p ment s h a l l , i f p ra ctica b l e , b e read at
the same t i m e . Since the va l u es measured are n ot co nsta nt, ra n d o m e rrors can not be avoided
when taki n g rea d i n g s at reg u l a r time i n terva l s . The i n terva ls s h a l l be suffi c i e ntly short to e n s u re
that these errors do n ot su bsta n t i a l ly affect the measuring u n certa i n ty of the who l e . T h i s is of
vital i m po rta nce for rea d i n g s of d ifferential pres s u re for mass flow measurement a n d e l ectri cal
output. F o r tests of o n e hour's d u ration rea d i ngs at o n e- m i n ute i ntervals will sati sfacto rily fulfi l
req u i reme nts for m ax i m u m d eviations a l lowed i n Table 1 .

5 The maxi mum fluctuation of the vari a b l e permitted d u ri ng each test s h a l l not be g reater than half the perm i s s i b l e
deviatio n g iven i n Table 1 .
Fluctuation i s d efined as the d iffere nce between the maximum read i n g o r m i n i m u m read i ng and the average of
the test.
 - 30 - I E C 60953-0: 2022 © I E C 2022

If the a d option of l o n g e r i ntervals betwe en rea d i n g s is necessary a correspo n d i n g l y l o n g e r

d u ration o f the test m ay be req u i red .

The t i m e of the read i n g s h o u l d be i n d icated o n the test record . Watc hes s h a l l be synchron ized
with each other prior to each test.

4.8.4 Read i n g of i nt e g rat i n g m e as u r i n g i n stru m e nts

The mean values of the e l ectrica l output and the mass flow can also be dete r m i ned by
i nteg rati n g measuring i n stru ments by d iv i d i n g the d i ffe re n ce in the rea d i n gs at the beg i n n i n g
a n d a t t h e e n d o f a test by t h e corres p o n d i ng t i m e i nterva l .

A l l i n teg rati n g measurement i n strume nts s h o u ld b e read s i m u ltaneously. Rel ated i n d icating
measurement i n stru m en ts should be read at or nearly at the same t i m e .

I t i s advisable t o take s i m u ltaneous read i n gs o f a l l i ntegrati ng i n stru ments at reg u l a r i ntervals

d u ri n g the test. T h i s w i l l enable checks for consi ste n cy to be made a n d perm its the period fo r
eva l uation to be adj usted , if req u i red , after the concl u s i o n of the test.

All observat ions s h o u l d beg i n somewhat before and stop somewhat afte r the intended test
period provided a l l o perati n g c o n d i ti o n s re m a i n constant.

4.8.5 Alte rnative m et h o d s

Altern ative methods are presented i n these rules for con d u ct i n g certa i n d eta i l s of the test. The
test report s h a l l state w h ich a ltern ative has been emp loyed .

4.8.6 Rec o rd i n g of tests

I m med iately after each test run each i nterested party s h a l l receive a set of recorded test data.

4.8.7 A d d i t io n a l m e a s u re m e nt

S h o u l d a deficiency be fo u n d d u ring a test, wh i c h is rectified with i n a relatively s h o rt t i m e , the

test may be conti n u e d . In t h i s event s u pplementary measurem ents shall be take n , if necessary,
p rov i d ed always that the correct ion i nvolved can be calcu l ated suffi cie ntly accurately (e. g . ,
s m a l l variations i n the term i n a l tem perature d i ffere nce of the co n d e nser, a heater cut-out o r
defi c i e n c ies o f m easuring i n stru ments).

If a control valve, which is intended to be closed for the test, opens beca use of fluctuations in
load , o r if i n a d m i s s i b l y larg e fl u ctu ations i n test co n d itions arise d u r i n g a l i m ited period , t h i s
period o f the test m a y s u b sequ e n tly b e om itted by m u t u a l agree ment o f the parties t o t h e test,
p rov i d ed the re m a i n i n g period fulfi ls the req u i re m en ts of 4 . 8 . 3 . Otherwise the test s h a l l be
repeated .

I t i s reco m m e n d ed that one or more stage pressu res a n d tem peratures be observed d u ri n g the
tests , s i nce these may serve as a means of d i sclosing reasons fo r a n y i n co n s i stencies.

4.8.8 P re l i m i n a ry c a l c u l at i o n s

Pre l i m i n a ry c a l c u l ations o f corrections a n d test res u lts s h a l l be co n d u cted i m med iately after t h e
test i n o r d e r t o confirm the valid ity o f the data ta ken .

4.8.9 C o n s i ste n cy a n d n u m be r o f tests

S h o u l d serious inconsisten cies arise, either d u r i n g a test o r d u ri n g the comp utation of res u l ts
fro m a series of tests , the test or tests s h a l l be rejected , i n whole or i n part, u n less otherwise
agreed .
I E C 60953-0:2022 © I E C 2022 - 31 -

The n u mber of test ru n s conducted at the same test po i n t a n d used for g u a ra ntee co m pa rison
is two as a m i n i m u m . Neither test shall d iffer fro m the avera g e by more t h a n half of the test
u n ce rta i nty. Any test d iffering fro m the average by more t h a n half of the test u n ce rta i nty is not
taken i nto acco u n t . The corrected test resu lt is the average of the tests fu lfi l l i n g this criterion .

4.9 R e p et i t i o n of accepta n c e tests

S h o u l d the acceptance test res u l t be u n satisfactory, the s u p p l ier s h a l l be g iven a n opportu n ity
to make mod ifications a n d to repeat the test at h is own expense . A repetition may a l so be
req u ested by one of the parties to the con tract i f j u stified by dou bts about the res u l ts .

If the s u p p l ier, for reasons which are h i s res pons i b i l ity , h a s made mod ifications fo l l ow i n g the
acceptance test which m a ke it pro b a b l e that g u ara ntee val ues w i l l n o l o n g e r be met with i n a
reaso n a b l e m a rg i n , the acceptance tests may be repeated at the req u est of the p u rchaser.

5 M easuring techni ques and measuring instru ments

5.1 Overv i ew

5.1 . 1 I n stru m e n t a c c u racy re q u i re m ents

The measuring eq u i pment s h a l l comply with the req u i rem ents stated in Table 2 and be of such
accu racy that the i n d iv i d u a l m ax i m u m errors do not prevent the d e s i red level of test u n ce rta i nty
from being ach ieve d .

5.1 . 2 M e as u ri n g i n stru m e nts

I n stru me n ts conform i n g to any one or mo re of the fol l ow i n g categories a re perm itted fo r

acceptance tests :

a) Measuring i n strum ents c a l i brated by a n offi c i a l a u thority.

b) Measuring i n stru ments, which have been ca l i brated by comparison with measuring
i nstrume nts offi c i a l l y c a l i brated by a n official a uthority.
c) Sta n d a rd ized measuring i n stru me nts with known a ccuracy.
d ) Other a p p roved m easuri n g i n stru m en ts with k n own a cc u racy , the use of w h i ch has been
agreed upon between the parties to the co ntract.

Table 2 i n d icates the avai l a b l e types of i n stru mentation for a cce pta n ce tests . Typical
arra n g e m ents in a plant are i l l u strated i n F i g u re 2 and F i g u re 3.

If tra nsd uce rs a re used , they s h a l l have a s u itable ra n g e a n d a d e m o n stra ble accura cy
eq u ivalent to u s u a l i n stru mentation .

Meas u ri n g i n stru ments a n d tra n s d u cers may be e q u i pped with d evices to e n a b l e them to record
on a data l o g g i n g syste m .

Data l og g i n g systems for automatic convers i o n , correct i o n a n d record i n g o f measured va l u es

may be used . T h ey may also b e used for s u bseq uent p rocess i n g of these values. T h e i r
depe n d a b i l ity and co rrectness o f operation has t o be checked or prove n i n advance.

5. 1 .3 Meas u ri n g u n c e rt a i nty

The measurement of each q u a ntity enteri n g i n to the computation of the test res u l t is l i a b le to
some degree of error. The test res ult is s u bject to a d e g ree of u n ce rta i n ty d e pe n d i n g on the
com b i n ed effect of a l l these errors of measure m e n t .
 - 32 - I E C 60953-0: 2022 © I E C 2022

The measuring u n certai nty of the i n stru ments and proce d u res s h a l l be clea rly verified by
s uffi cient gen eral i nfo rmati on or, if n ecessary , by special determ i nation . T h i s particularly a p p l ies
to rem ote measuring systems a n d automatic d ata-coll ecti n g syste m s .

T h e u ncertai nty level for each i n d iv i d u a l measurement s h a l l b e chosen i n reas o n a b l e

re latio n s h i p w i t h the i n fl u e n ce of the read i n g o n the test res u lt .

Data a re g iven i n Tab l e 2 for t h e measuring u ncertai nty t h a t can be ex pected fo r the i n d i v i d u a l
meas u red variables a ccord i n g t o gen eral experience.

The measuring u n certa i n ty of the test resu lts can be calcu lated from the u n certa i nties of the
i n d iv i d u a l measure m ents accord i n g to C l a u s e 8 .

5.1 .4 C a l i b rat i o n o f i n stru m e nts

I n stru ments re q u i ri n g cal ibration s h a l l be c a l i brated before the test. Certificates s h a l l be

ava i l ab l e to the parties before the test. T h e status of the i nstru ment ca l i b rat i o n (age of
cali b rati o n , prior use of i n stru ments, d rift , d eterioratio n , etc . ) s h a l l be co n s i d e red in the
u n ce rtai nty a n a l y s i s . Any rec a l i bration after the test s h a l l be a m atter fo r a g reement between
the parties .

5.1 . 5 A l t e rnat ive i n st ru m e ntati o n

By m utual ag ree ment of the part i es to the test, advanced instrument systems such a s those
u s i n g e l ectro n ic d evices or m ass-fl ow tec h n i q u e s , may be used as a lternatives to the m a n d atory
i nstru ment req u i re ments , prov ided that the appl ication of such syste ms has demon strated
accu racy equ iva l e n t to that req u i red by these ru l e s .
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FIG. 3. - Diagram showing location and type of teSl inSlrumentation (nuclear plant) N
. 0
s::::
C')
CD
e rr� � � i,� ���
r s
] Level Current
N
N
Ill
< 2,5 bar @ @
.., A Differential l Orifice ® Voltage
T\ TEST 2
m
* ' Temperature q> Nozzle
pressure (flow)

"E 0 @ Output R332 ()

Ill
:::1
0 05.90 N
..::!:
0 0
N
� N
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 35 -

Table 2 - Acce pta b l e i n stru m e n tat i o n a n d u n ce rt a i n ties for acceptance tests

Acce p t a b l e
M e a s u red Accu racy
M e a s u r i n g I n stru m e n t I M e t h o d Range Measuring Remarks
Vari a b l e Class
U n certai nty

Press u re I nstru ment cal i brated for test For a l l press u res 0 , 1 % to 0 , 3 %

For all
Differenti al Differential p re s s u re i nstrument
d ifferential 0 , 1 % to 0 , 3 %
pre s s u re cali brated for test
pres s u res
t !>300 oc 1 K
Thermocouples c a l i b rated
t > 300 oc 0,3 %
Temperatu re
t $ 1 00 oc 0,2 K
Resistance thermometer cal i b rated
t > 1 00 oc 0,2 %
Sta n d a rd ized d iffe rential p re s s u re 0 , 75 % to 1 , 5 % a
I S O 5 1 67
devices (flow coefficient)

Primary 0,2 % to 0,4 % a

C a l i b rated flow d evices
flow (flow coefficient)

C a l i b rated u ltrasonic mete r - U S M P 0 , 35 % t o 0 , 5 % a

I S O 1 22242
(as defi ned in 5 . 3 . 2 . 3 ) ( mass flow)

U ltrasonic flow meter 2 % to 3 %

Coo l i n g
water Heat bala nce 3 %b
flow
other flow measuring devices 3 %
Two-wattmeter method
I nstru ment transformers i ndivid u a l l y
tested 0,2 %
I nstru ments c a l i b rated for test at test
load 0,2 % 0 , 1 %to 0 , 5 %
Electrical Three-wattmeter method
output I nstru ment transformers i ndivid u a l l y
tested 0,2 %
I nstru ments c a l i b rated for test at test
loads 0,2 % 0 , 1 % to0 , 5 %
0 , 1 to
Station i nstrument
0,5 %

Auxil iary Clamp-on cu rrent meter 0,5 %

Power Clamp-on power meter 0,5 %

C u rrent Am meter 0,2 %

Voltage Voltmeter 0,2 %

Mechanical Torsion dynamometer o r approximately

output thermodynamic method for p u m p 2 %

F reque ncy from electrical output

0,01 %
meas u rement

Range of
M a n u a l tachom eter 1 ,0 %
calibration
Speed
Range of
M a n u a l revolution meter 0,5 %
calibration

Range of
Electronic revol ution meter 0,1 %
cal i b ration
 - 36 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Acce p t a b l e
M e a s u red A c c u ra c y
M e a s u r i n g I n stru m e n t I M e t h o d Range Measuring Remarks
Vari a b l e Class
U n certai nty

±0,02 kPa (if

gauge p ressure
device is used for
back pressure
measurement)
Ambient P recision barometer
pre s s u re Absol ute p re s s u re transducer ±0,05 kPa to
0 , 2 kPa (if
absol ute p ressure
d evices is used
for back pressure
measurement)
a
The accuracy of the primary flow measu rement is d ecisive for the measuring uncertainty of the test result
accord i ng to Table 6 and the flow device s h a l l be chosen accord i ngly.
b
The CW flow u ncertai nty of the Heat Balance m ethod s h o u l d be determ ined for each s pecific case ta king
particu l a r reference of the CW outlet tem peratu re measurement uncertainty.

5.2 M e as u re m e n t of power

5.2.1 D eterm i n a t i o n o f m e c h a n i c a l t u rb i n e o u t p u t

The mechanical output of the ste a m turb i n e can be d eterm i n e d by one of the fo l l owi ng fo u r
tec h n i q u es :

a) By measuring the output at the gen erator term i n a l s (see 5 . 2 . 4 ) a n d add i n g the gen e rato r
losses .
b) By measuring torq ue and speed .
c) By esta b l is h i n g a n en ergy bala nce of the steam t u rb i n e .
T h e output is derived from t h e a l g e b ra i c s u m o f a l l e n ergy flows pass i n g thro u g h t h e e n e rg y
b a l a nce envelope esta b l ished aro u n d the steam turb i n e 6 .
d ) By esta b l is h i n g an en ergy bala nce of a d riven mach i n e ( e . g . compressor. p u m p ) .
T h e o u t p u t is derived fro m the a l g ebraic s u m o f a l l en ergy flows pass i n g thro u g h t h e e n e rg y
b a l a nce e n v e l o p e aro u n d the d riven mach i n e 6 .

5.2.2 M e as u re m e n t of b o i l e r feed p u m p power

For a co m p l ete eva l u ation and for correction of the test res u l ts accord i n g to the g u a ra n tee
defi n itio n , it is n o r m a l l y necessary to measure the power consu med by boiler feed p u m p s . I t
corresponds t o the i n crease i n the enthalpy of the water 7 , a n d pos s i b l y the power consu med by
the hydra u l i c cou p l i n g s a n d speed chan g ers if the p u m ps are d riven d i rectly fro m the m a i ns haft ,
or by a n auxi l i a ry steam t u r b i n e d riven by a bleed fro m the m a i n t u rb i n e .

If the b o i l e r feed p u m p is d riven b y a n a u x i l i ary t u rb i n e , del ivered u n d e r the res pons i b i l ity o f t h e
m a n ufact u re r of t h e m a i n turb i n e , a n d fed b y steam from the m a i n t u r b i n e o r is d riven d i rect
fro m the m a i n s h aft, it is, accord i n g to the g u arantee v a l u e s , n ormally n ecessary to measure
the power consu med by the p u m p , corres p o n d i n g to the i n crease of the e nt h a l py of the wate r
a n d the mechanical losses, a n d poss i b l y the power consu med by the hydra u l i c co u p l i n g s a n d
s p e e d changers.

6 I ns i g n ifica nt e n e rgy flows, for example, heat d i s s i pated to the environment d u e to conduction and rad iation, can
i n most cases be estimated with sufficient accu racy and n eed not be measured.

7 I n many cases , mechanical l osses and heat losses of the p u m p can be negl ected .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 37 -

If the use of a d y n a m o m eter (see 5 . 2 . 1 ) is not pract i c a b l e , the p u m p power i s best d eterm i n ed
fro m the rise i n s pecific enthalpy across the p u m p m u l t i p l ied by the mass flow.

S i nce the temperature rise across the p u m p is s m a l l , a h i g h degree of prec i s i o n is needed i n

the te m perature measurement ( e . g . m u ltiple thermoco u p l es con nected i n series o r res ista nce
thermo meters i n d iffe rential connection ) . In the a bse nce of precise meas u re me nts , val ues of
p u m p effi ciency s u p p l ied by the m a n ufactu rer may be used in conj u nction with the measured
flow a n d p ress u re rise , but u n less they are based on tests over the fu l l range of load, they may
be open to q u estion .

Sea l i ng water fl ow a n d/or i nj ecti o n water fl ow has to be d u ly considered i n the d ete r m i n a t i o n of

the mass flow.

The power losses i n the p u m p beari n g s , the hyd ra u l i c coupl i n g and the gear d rive a re e q u ivalent
to the heat p icked u p i n the o i l coo l i n g water. Rad i ation losses a re g e n era l l y n e g l i g i b l e .

If more t h a n o n e p u m p is i n service, it m a y n ot b e practica b l e t o measure t h e water flow o r the

mechanical losses in the beari n g s , co u p l i ngs and gear d r ives i n d i v i d u a l ly . H owever, the tota l
power cons u m ed by the boiler feed p u m ps i n service is a l l that is needed fo r a n a ccepta n ce
test.

The power consumed by a p u m p driven by a rotating e l ectrical mach i n e can be d eterm i n ed fro m
the power consu med by the motor, having regard to the efficiency of the l atter accord i n g to
i nformation s u p p l i e d by the m a n ufacturer, a n d fro m the measurement of the power consumed
by the beari n g s , the hydra u l ic co u p l i n g a n d the gear d rive.

If the auxi l i a ry turbine d riving the pump i s outs i d e the res pons i b i l ity of the s u p p l i e r of the m a i n
tu r b i n e , it m a y be sufficient to measure t h e flow rate a n d the condition of the b l e d steam .

5.2.3 Determ i n at i o n of e l ec t r i c a l power o f a t u rb i n e g e n e rator

The net power of a t u rb i n e generator is d efi ned by the fo l l ow i n g fo rm u l a :

(9)

Wh ere a n auxil iary of the tu rbo-gen erator is driven by a n e l ectric motor, the power Pa is the
power d e l ivered to the motor. This applies whether the power is d erived fro m the generator
term i n a l s d own stream of the point where Pb is measured or from a se parately generated s u p p l y 8 .

Wh ere an a u x i l iary of the turbo-generator is d riven by other m e a n s , fo r exa m p l e , a p u m p o r

exciter d riven by a prime mover, the power Pa is the power i n p ut t o the cou p l i n g .

Wh ere excitation is derived fro m t h e gen erator term i n a ls a t a point downstream o f t h e p o i n t

where the power P b is measured or from s o m e other source, P a is t h e power i n p ut t o t h e
excitation e q u i p m e n t .

When the turbine g e n erator, co n d e n s i n g a n d feed water h e a t i n g plant a re g u a ra nteed a s a

combined u n it, the power req u i re m ents of the conde nser a n d feed water heat i n g a u x i l i a ries
shall be treated i n accord a n ce with the terms of the co ntract .

8 This does not refer to I E C 60034-2.

 - 38 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

5.2.4 M e as u re m e n t o f e l ectrical power

For a three-ph ase g e n e rator with the n eutral d i rectly earthed ( g ro u n d e d ) o r with the fo u r- l i n e
syste m , t h e u n it p ower s h a l l be meas u red b y t h e three-wattmeter meth od .

For a th ree- phase g e n erator with n eutra l earthed ( g rou n d e d ) thro u g h res istance, reacta nce, o r
tra nsformer w i t h res ista n ce, the u n it power may be measured by the two-wattmeter meth o d , but
p refera bly by the th ree-wattmeter meth o d . I n all i n stances watt mete rs a re p referred in place of
watthour m eters .

A d o u b l e measurement of the el ectrica l power, i f practicable, i n c l u d i n g the d u p l ication of voltage

and cu rrent tran sform ers , has advan tages for i m p rove m ent of accu racy .

5 .2 . 5 E l ectrical i n stru m e n t c o n n ect i o n s

The i nstrument tran sfo rm ers s h a l l be con nected i nto the l i n es from t h e g e n e rator as n e a r t o the
generator term i n a l s as practicable and o n the g e nerator s i d e of any external con necti o n s by
w h i c h power can enter or l eave the gen erator circuit.

The l eads to the meters s h a l l be a rra nged i n s u c h a m a n ner t h at they will not i nfl uence the
meter re a d i ngs by reason of i n d uctance or any other s u c h cause. I n d u ctance may be e l i m i n ated
by b ra i d i n g the wires of each pair of cond uctors for at least 1 m fro m the pos ition where the
i n strume nts a re located . I t i s desirable to check the whole arra ngement of meters fo r stray fi e l d s ,
n o t o n ly fro m t h e i n stru ment l eads but a l s o fro m a n y oth e r so u rce.

The c a l i bration of the tra n sform ers shall be made wherever practica ble with the same
i m pedance of the i n stru m e nts and the wiring as i n the tests .

The wiring i nfluence of the voltage circuit s h a l l not cause a s i g n ificant e rro r i n m e a s u re m e n t of
the p ower output which w i l l be compared with the g u a ra ntee. T h e choice of cross-sect i o n a l a rea
of the wiring s h a l l take i nto account the length of the w i re , the i nfl u e n ce of the voltage
tra n sformers and the res i stance of s afety fuses in the circ u i t . T h e errors due to w i ri ng res i sta n ce
( i n c l u d i n g fu ses) s h a l l a l ways be taken i n to acco u nt .

5.2.6 E l e ctri c a l i n stru m e nts

Polyph ase porta b l e p rec ision watt meters , or polyphase porta ble prec 1 s 1 o n watth o u r mete rs
s h a l l be used with appropriate voltage a n d curre nt transformers for meas u ri n g e l ectri cal o utput.

Porta b l e a m meters, voltm eters a n d watt m eters s h a l l b e i n c l u d ed i n the measuring c i rcu its to
esta b l i s h that the g e n e rator l oad conforms to rated cond itions d u ri n g the tests a n d to measure
the c u rre n t , voltage a n d power facto r.

For the enviro n m e ntal conditions of the i n stru m entation see 4 . 2 point e) (second para g ra p h ) .

T h e reco rd i n g t i m e o f watth o u r meters s h a l l be measu red i n a m a n ner s u c h that a n y i n accuracy

w i l l not exceed 0 , 03 % . Watthour meter re a d i n g s s h a l l be recorded d u ri n g the test at reg u l a r
i ntervals ( a t l e ast every 5 m i n ) .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 39 -

5.2.7 I n str u m e n t t ra n sfo rm e rs

I n stru ment c u rrent a n d potentia l tra nsformers of appro p riate rat i n g a n d a ccu racy characte ristics,
spec i a l l y i ntended for test pu rposes and i n d ividually tested , s h o u l d be used . If red u cti o n of
overa l l measuring u n certa i n ty is d e s i re d , val ues of rati o a n d phase-a n g l e co rrecti o n s fo r the
con d itions of l oa d i n g eq u iv a l e n t to the test i n stru me nts and leads used d u ri n g the test s h a l l be
obta i n ed by a reco g n ized test proced u re to cover the ra n g e of test val ues of c u rre nt and voltage
(see A N S I/I E E E C57. 1 3 ) . I n stru ment tra n sform ers s h a l l be used which have no b u rd e n other
than that of the test i n stru m en ts a n d lead s . Otherwise, it has to be co nfirmed that the
perm i s s i b l e b u rd e n is n ot exceed e d . When u s i n g d i g ital power a n a lysers , add itional b u rd e n fo r
cu rrent a n d voltage tra n sformer n eed not be a p p l i ed when the b u rd e n is with i n the tested ra n g e .

B u rd e n s h a l l be d ete rm i n e d from i nstru ment n a m e p late d a t a a n d by measurement of l e a d

res ista n c e , o r by meas u rement of the volt-am peres o r second ary i m pe d a nce , a n d m u st b e
constant d u ring the test. Protective re lay devices or voltage reg u l ators s h a l l n o t be connected
to the i nstr u m e n t tra n sfo rmers used for the test. N ormal stat i o n i n stru m ents may be connected
to the test tra n sfo rmer if the res u l t i n g tota l b u rd e n i s kn own and is wit h i n the ra nge of test d ata.

5.3 F l ow m e a s u r e m e n t

5.3. 1 D ete rm i n at i o n of fl ows to be m e a s u red

In a n acceptance test the fl ows to be measured can be d iv i d ed i nto two categ ories :

Pri ma ry flows :

F l ows which a re i n d i rect re l ation to the power output a n d which m u st be measured with a
correspon d i ng deg ree of precision (see 8 . 4 ) .

To verify the accuracy of measure m en t of the primary flows , it is reco m m e n d ed t h a t t h e y b e

meas u red s i m u ltaneously i n at l e a s t two d iffere n t l ocat i o n s , a n d t h e rea d i ng s co mpared .

Seco n d a ry flows :

F l ows w h i c h a re n ecessary for the operation of the p l a nt a n d which s h a l l be taken i nto acco u nt
i n the a dj u stment of the measured val ues of the primary flows i n ord e r to d eterm i n e the t u r b i n e
i n i tial steam a n d reheat ste a m fl ows .

5.3.2 M e as u re m e n t o f p ri m a ry flow

5.3.2.1 G e n e ra l

T h e measurement o f primary fl ow m a y be m a d e :

a ) by means o f sta n d ardized or c a l i brated d ifferential pres s u re fl ow meters ( s e e I S O 5 1 67

series) for water a n d steam .
b) by m e a n s of c a l i b rated u l trasonic flow meters (see I S O 1 2 242) for water.

The u s u a l m ethod of d eterm i n i ng fl ows is by means of d i fferential pres s u re devi ces .

5.3. 2.2 D i ffere n t i a l p ress u re d ev i ces fo r m e as u r i n g p r i m a ry w a t e r o r s t e a m flow

Sta n d ard ized or c a l i brated d i fferential press u re devi ces may be used to measure flow. A choice
can be made fro m a m o n g the fo l lowi n g reco m m e n d e d d ev i ces :

a ) sharp-edged o rifice p l ate accord i n g to I S O 5 1 67-2 .

b) nozz l e a cco rd i n g to I S O 5 1 67-3.
 - 40 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

The type and d i ameter ratios of the d i ffere ntial p ressu re devices shall be selected with d u e
con s i d erations of the res u lt i n g measuring u n certa i nty .

D u r i n g the passage of the water thro u g h the orifices a n d n ozzles either the p res s u re s h a l l
rema i n n ot less t h a n 2 5 0 k P a a bove t h e saturat i o n pres s u re w h i c h corresponds t o t h e measured
te mperatu re or the temperature of the flow s h a l l re m a i n not less than 1 5 K below the saturation
te m pe ratu re correspo n d i n g to the l owest a bsol ute pressure i n the measuring device.

Two separate taping pairs s h a l l be provided at the d i ffere ntial press u re device.

To red uce d eterioration of the c a l i brated flow devices, the inner s u rface shall not corrode d u r i n g
o r afte r cali bration . T h e pri m a ry e l e m e n t , 4 x D i n let p i p e len gth a n d 1 x D o u tlet p i pe length
s h a l l be made fro m n o n -corrosive m ateri a l .

5.3.2.3 U lt ras o n i c tra n s it-ti m e m ete rs for p r i m a ry wate r flow m e a s u r i n g

For the p u rpose of t h i s d ocument, the u ltraso n i c flow m eter ( U S M ) is descri bed as:

1 ) A tra n s it time type flow m eter complyi n g with the req u i reme nts of I S O 1 2242 a n d a d d it i o n a l
g u i d a nce g iven i n t h i s d o c u m ent. T h e tra n s d u cers s h a l l be n o n - refracted s e e I S O 1 2 242
4 . 3 . 2 . and the sensor arrangement s h a l l be chord a l m u lti path as described i n ISO 1 2242
4 . 3 . 3 . F ig u re 5 with at l east 3 para l le l chords.
2 ) The geometrical l ength of each acoustic path between the wetted tra n s d u ce r faces s h a l l be
p recisely m eas u red with a k n own accu racy. The geometrica l path l e n gth is req u i red fo r
d iag nostic functio ns o n ce the flowmeter is i n operation a n d can be used to check i ts i nteg rity .
I nfo rmation about the geometrical path l e n gths s h a l l be sh ared betwee n the test parties.
3 ) T h e USM body s h a l l be part of a meter ru n as one package ( U S M P - U S M packa g e ,
i nc l u d i n g meter t u b e s , flow cond itioner o r flow stra i g htener, flow computer a n d thermowe l l ) ,
a n exa m pl e arra n g e m e n t is g iven i n F i g u re 4 . T o achieve t h e des i red meter perfo rm a n ce a
flow cond itioner or flow stra ig htener s h a l l be i nc l u d ed as a part of the meter run w h i ch s h a l l
b e designed consideri n g t h e fol lowi n g :
a ) With t h e s a m e i nternal d i a m eter as meter body sect i o n ;
b) M i n i m u m stra ight l e n gth o f the U S M P u pstream o f the U S M is 1 0 D a n d at l e a s t 5 D
downstream the U S M body;
c) I n n e r s u rface u pstream a n d d ownstream of the USM shall be s m oot h , free fro m rust,
scale and b l isters ;
d ) I n s i d e d i a m eter measured at fo u r points at any cross section s h a l l not d iffe r by more
than 1 % ;
e ) The u pstre a m p i p e section (or for the l e n gth o f 5 . 0 ) s h a l l b e bored ( D ± 0 , 2 5 m m ) with
m i n i m u m re moval of metal for entire len gth of the p i pe sectio n , tapered at 3 , 5 ° to the
re m a i n i n g p i p e d i a meter;
The i n ternal bore d i a m eter in the flow sect i o n of at least 5 D u pstre a m the flowmeter
body s h o u l d be cy l i n d rical with i n (D ± 0 , 2 5 m m ) of the d i a meter of the flowmeter body
section .
f) A flow cond itioner or flow stra i g htener comply i n g with I S O 5 1 67- 1 , Annex C s h a l l be
used with a m i n i m u m stra i g ht l e n gth between downstream face of a flow c o n d i t i o n e r or
flow straig htener a n d the U S M of 5 . 0 ;
g ) F l a n g e d o r wel d ed assembly o f t h e U S M P m a y b e used . There s h o u l d be n o i ntern a l
d i a meter s t a g e at the fl a n g e or we ld j u n ct io n . T h e i nternal d i a meter of t h e u pstream
piping befo re the U S M P should not be smaller t h a n the U S M P .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 41 -

Ultrasonic Flowmeter body

Flow conditioner or straightener
;:: 5.0

5.0

IEC

F i g u re 4 - U S M w i t h flow c o n d it i o n e r o r flow s t ra i g hte n e r.

The fo l l ow i n g deta i l s s h a l l be agreed by test parties:

a ) M i n i m u m n u m ber (<:: 3 ) of u ltraso n ic paths a n d path arra ng e ment;

b) Electro n i c s , a u to m atic compensation of time d e lay t 0 (see ISO 1 2 242 , 4 .4 ) , n u m ber of
meas u reme nts per seco n d ;
c) A n y effect o f Waveg u i d e , i f wavegu ides or s i m i la r tempe ratu re d ec rea s i n g a n d so u n d
con d ucti ng constructions are util ized i n the flowmeter for h i g h tempe rature s ;
d ) D e s i g n o f meter run u pstrea m l e n g t h , type a n d location of flow cond itioner o r flow
stra i g htener a n d any stra i g h t l en g th , total pressure loss of meter ru n ;
e ) N u m ber o f ca l i b ration poi nts , Rey n o l d s n u m ber ra nge o f ca l i b rati o n .

T h e U S M s h a l l b e man ufactu red , c a l i brated a n d i nsta l l e d accord i n g t o I S O 1 2242 t o e n s u re that

accu racy class of the USM is compliant with the req u i re m e nts g iven in Table 2 .

A s a m i n i m u m , the fo l l owi n g measureme nts s h a l l b e provided for d i ag nostic p u rposes (see

1 0 . 4 . 5 of ISO 1 2242 ) :

a ) n o n - l i nearized average axial flow velocity tro u g h t h e meter;

b) fl ow velocity for each u l traso n ic path (or e q u ivalent for eva l u ation of the fl owi ng velo city
profi l e ) ;
c ) speed o f s o u n d a l o n g e a c h u ltrason i c pat h ;
d ) averag e s p e e d o f sou n d ;
e) averag i n g time i n terva l ;
f) percentage of accepted pu lses for each u ltraso n i c path;
g ) s i g n al-to-noise ratio a n d gain contro l ;
h ) status a n d measurement q u a l ity i n d icators ;
i) alarm a n d fa i l u re i n d icator;
j) opti o n a l l y , t h e l i n ea rized average axial flow veloc ity.

The m ete r s h a l l be s u p p l ied with a facil ity fo r stori n g these va l u es i n a d ata fi l e . The d ata s h a l l
b e recorded tog ether with vo l u m etric flow ( a n d m a s s flow if pos s i b l e ) thro u g h o u t the test a n d
s h a l l be m a d e ava i l a b l e t o a l l parties t o t h e test.

Measuring flow u n ce rtainty s h a l l be calcu l ated accord i n g to I S O 1 2 242 .

A l l a d d i t i o n a l effects - d ifferences of ca l i b ration a g a i nst i nstal lati o n , cha nges i n fl owrate

v iscosity, m e d i u m d e n s ity d eterm i n ation etc. s h a l l be added to ca l i b ration u nce rta i n ty.
 - 42 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

5.3.3 I n sta l l a t i o n a n d l o c at i o n o f f l o w m e as u r i n g d e v i ces

5.3.3. 1 I nsta l l at i o n a n d l o c at i o n of d iffere n t i a l p res s u re d e v i ces

The m i n i m u m req u i s ite len gths of stra ight p i p i n g u pstream and d ownstrea m of the orifice o r
n ozz l e are influe nced b y t h e confi g u ration o f t h e p i p i n g before a n d after t h e stra i g ht sect i o n s ;
fo r particu l a rs see the I S O stand ard q u oted .

I n special ci rcu m stances wh ere rotati o n a l flow can be expected or w h e n the req u i red stra i g h t
lengths are not ava i l a b l e , a p p l ication of fl ow stra i g hten ers s h a l l be co n s i d e red . The i n correct
use of flow stra ig hten ers may lead to errors . If a flow stra i g h tener is used a n d stra i g h t p i pe
length is not sufficient, the measuri n g element s h a l l be cali brated with the co m p l ete stra i g ht
p i p i n g section u pstre a m a n d d ownstre a m , the flow stra i g htener i n c l u d e d .

I t i s advisa b l e t h a t o n e o f t h e fl ow-measuring d evices be l ocated i n t h e syste m a t a point where

the temp erature is typica l l y less than 1 6 0 oc to m i n i m ize tem peratu re effects , that i s , thermal
exp a n s i o n correction a n d a n y d i stortion of the primary e lement.

In order to red u ce the poss i b i l ity of thermal d i stortion of the flow- m easuring device, it is
desirable that the p i p e a n d the fla n g es of the flow section be made of corrosio n-re s i s ta nt
m ateri a l h av i n g the same coefficient of exp a n s i o n as the primary element.

When a flow-meas u r i n g device is i n sta lled i n a vertical run of p i pe o r p ress u re taps a re

conn ected at d iffe rent e l evati o n s , a correction may be n ecessary to a cco u n t fo r d iffe re nces i n
altitude between t h e two pressu re-ta p p i n g poi nts a n d d ifferences i n d e n s ity between the fl u i d
fl owing thro u g h the flow-measuring device a n d the fl u i d i n the pressure-ta p l i n e s .

T o m i n i m ize the d iffic u l ty o f obta i n i n g steady flow, the flow-meas u r i n g d evice s h o u ld n o t be

l ocated at a pump d i scharg e . Advantage s h o u l d be taken of the d a m p i ng effect of a n y existi ng
heat exc h a n g e rs and l o n g l e ngths of pipe i n the cyc l e . The location of the flow- meas u r i n g device
s h o u l d a l s o be such that the effects of recircu lati n g a n d bypas s i n g flows a re e l i m i n ated . If t h i s
is n o t practica b l e , extra n eous fl ows s h a l l be measured with sufficient accu racy.

If the feedwater heat i n g cyc l e i n c l u des a dea erator, it is recomme nded to measure the
condensate flow at the d eaerator i n let. This e l i m i nates a n y poss i b i l ity of low pressure heater
leakage reci rculating thro u g h the flow- m easuri n g d evice . If the cycle has n o d eaerator, i t is
reco m m e n d ed that the flow be measured after it has passed thro u g h the l ow- press u re heaters
a n d before it enters the b o i l e r feed p u m p . I f the d ra i ns from the h i g h- press u re heate rs j o i n the
main conde nsate flow u pstream of the fl ow-m eas u r i n g device, it will be necessary to measure
the total d ra i n flow from the h i g h- pres s u re h eaters a n d calcul ate the extracti o n steam by heat
b a l a n ce a ro u n d the h eaters to determ i n e the h i g h - p ress u re heater leaka g e .

For turbines u s i n g wet stea m a n d h eaters with p u m ped-ah ead d ra i n s , a s u ita b l e d o u b l e flow
measurement may be req u i red to determ i n e if any of the h eaters l e a k . The location of the low
p ress u re flow measurement w i l l d e p e n d o n the cycle arra n g e m e n t . H eater leakage can a l so be
measured by u s i n g the tracer method.

5.3.3.2 I nsta l l at i o n a n d l o c at i o n o f u ltras o n i c flow meters

I nsta l l ation of the U S M m u st comply with I S O 1 2242 .

The m a n ufacturer s h a l l specify m i n i m u m len gth req u i reme nts Umin ) a n d max i m u m expected
deviati o n ( S - percentage m ax i m u m d eviation in measured flowrate due to u pstream fitt i n g s )
fo r sta n d ard ised sets o f u pstrea m fitt i n g s ( perturbat i o n s ) .

Determi nation of lmin fo r n o n-sta n d a rd i sed u p-stream p i pework confi g u ration is in res po n s i b i l ity
of the test party res pons i b l e for U S M i n sta l lati o n .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 43 -

The U S M s e n s itivity on fl ow d isturba nces d e p e n d s , a m o n g other t h i n g s , o n the meter's d es i g n .

Beca use o f t h e l a rg e variety o f U S M types a n d flow d i sturb a n ce s , i t is not pos s i b l e t o g e n e ra l ise
u pstream lengths.

The USM is a l ways cali brated together with the actu a l flow c o n d i t i o n e r o r flow stra i g htener a n d
meter tube as one package ( U S M P ) .

T h e U S M P is ca l i brated a n d i n sta l led to t h e p i pe l i n e as s h ortly prior test i n g as poss i b l e , i n n o

case i t is i n sta l l e d prior t h e i n itial fl u s h i n g o r chem ical clea n i n g o f t h e p i p e .

5.3.4 C a l i b rat i o n o f p r i m a ry flow d ev i ces fo r water flow

5.3.4.1 G e n e ra l

If a primary flow d evice h a s t o b e ca l i brated , t h i s s h o u l d prefera bly b e d o n e with flow conditions

corres pond i ng to the same ra n g e of o perat i o n a l conditions that w i l l p rev a i l in the t u rb i n e tests .

C a l i bration is to be co n d u cted prefera bly with the u pstrea m a n d d ownstream p i p i n g compris i n g

the flow secti o n t o b e u s ed i n the test, i n c l u d i n g the flow stra i ghtener if u s ed .

I t s h o u l d be d e m o n strated d u ri n g cali bration that a flow device is capable of re peating s e l ected

ca l i bration points with sufficient accuracy. T h e d ifference between the expected d i scharg e
coefficient acco rd i n g the a p p l ied d e s i g n stand ard a n d the c a l i b ration res u l ts at e a c h ca l i bration
point s h o u l d be within the expected u n certa i n ty of the d isch arge coefficient accord i n g to the
d e s i g n sta n d a rd .

After c a l i bration the fl ow section assembly s h a l l not be d isassembled . T h i s could i n v a l i d ate the
ca l i b ratio n . D u ri n g the time betwee n c a l i brat i o n and i n sta l l ation the flow device s h a l l be
preserved a n d p rotected to e n s u re that the i ntegrity of the c a l i brat i o n is m a i nta i n e d .

I t i s reco m m e n d e d to i n sta l l c a l i brated fl ow devices i m med iately before the test.

I t is reco m m e n d e d to i n s pect c a l i brated flow d ev i ces i m med iately before and after the test. T h ey
s h a l l be rec a l i brated after the test if deemed to be n ecessary .

If i t i s n ecessary t o extrapol ate t h e cali bration a n a d d i t i o n a l u n ce rta i nty i s i ntro d u ced wh ich
shall be consi d ered i n the d eterm i n ation of the m easuring u n certa i nty .

5.3.4.2 C a l i b ration o f d iffere n t i a l p res s u re d e v i ces fo r water flow

If a d i ffe rential pressure device has to be cali brated , t h i s s h o u l d prefera bly be d o n e with flow
conditions corres pond i n g to the same ra nge of Rey n o l d s n u mbers that w i l l preva i l in the t u rb i n e
tests .

Labo ratory faci l ities u s i n g h eated water are capable of achieving val ues of Rey n o l d s n u m be rs
as g reat as those associ ated with test conde n sate at feedwater ta n k i n let flow co n d itions of
l a rg e steam t u r b i n e u n its.

Labo ratory faci l ities usi n g high pressure gas as cali bration med i u m are capable of ach ieving
va l u es of Rey n o l d s n u m b ers as g reat as those associ ated with test fi n a l feedwater flow
conditions of l a rg e steam turbine u n its. Com parison tests have d e m o nstrated g ood correlation
of water a n d h ig h p ress u re gas c a l i b ration res u lts.

G u i d a n ce fo r extra polation of throat tap nozzles ca l i brat i o n res u l ts can be fo u n d in ISO 5 1 67- 3 . 1f
extra p o l ation of the disch arg e coefficient is n ecessary , a n add i t i o n a l u n ce rta i nty is i nt rod u ced
w h i c h shall be consi dered i n the d eterm i n ation of the measuring u n certa i nty.
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5.3.4.3 C a l i b ration o f u lt raso n i c fl ow m et e rs

To achieve the u n certa i n ty req u i reme nts g iven i n Table 2 for primary flow measurem ents the
device s h a l l be c a l i brated . T h e U S M P c a l i brati o n shall be co n d u cted under cond itions as
described i n 8 . 3 of ISO 1 2242 and the vo l u m e flow s h a l l be calcu lated in accord a nce with 4 . 2
o f I S O 1 22242.

Laboratory flow cal ibration s h a l l be conducted :

1 ) Over the a p pro priate ra n g e of Reyn olds n u m ber s u ch that the ca l i b rati o n i s not extrapo lated
when a p p l ied to the test. I f the Reyn o l d s n u m ber on cal i bra tion d o es n ot encompass the
operati n g Rey n o l d s n u mber, then the method to extra po late the ca l i b rati o n a n d
correspo n d i ng u n certa i nty o f extra polation s h a l l be agreed between t h e parties t o t h e test.
2 ) Wh ere pos s i b l e with the v iscosity, tem perat u re and pressure s h a l l be s i m i l a r to the expected
operati n g condition of the meter.
3 ) With u pstrea m and d own stream pipe sections ( i . e . the whole meter r u n - U S M P ) .

5.3.5 I n s p e c t i o n o f flow m e a s u r i n g d e v i c e s

5.3.5 . 1 I n s pect i o n o f d i ffe re n t i a l p ress u re d e v i ces

I t is reco m m e n d ed that shortly before o r after the test a l l d ifferenti a l p res s u re d ev i ces a n d the i r
p i p e secti o n s used for measurement o f primary mass fl ow b e i n s pected fo r co n d i tion (e . g .
rou g h ness), s ize ( e . g . s h arpness o f edge for orifice p l ates ) , a n d g e n eral co nform i ty with the
sta n d ard req u i red . The outcome of this i n spection shall be recorded . If d iffe re n t i a l p ress u re
devices are n ot i n s pecte d , t h i s s h a l l be d u ly consid ered i n the eva l u ation of the test accord i n g
to 6.2.3. 1 .

These d i ffe rential press u re devices s h a l l not be i nsta lled prior to the clea n i n g period before
com m is s i o n i n g of the p l a n t . T h ey s h a l l either be fitted after clea n i n g or they s h a l l be bypasse d .

I n the case of co n d e n s i n g turbines, i t i s m a n d atory that p ractical arra n g e m e n ts fo r i n s pect i o n

b e provi d ed for at l east one d i fferential press u re device for a primary m a s s fl ow, p refera b ly the
condensate mass flow u pstre a m of the dea erator. At least one d i ffere n t i a l p res s u re device has
to be i n s pected after t h e test if this is req u i red by one party .

5.3.5.2 I n s pect i o n o f u l t ras o n i c fl ow meters

5.3.5.2.1 Zero flow c h e c ks

I t is reco m m e n d e d to perform zero flow checks s h ortly before a n d after the tests . T h e method
is described i n I SO 1 2242.

A zero offset ( if fo u n d ) may be i n d icative of a m ore fu n d amental problem with the USM a n d
s h o u l d be i n vestigated to d eterm i n e a n d c a u s e a n d red u ce as fa r as poss i b l e . T h e u s e r may
wish to perfo rm additional d i a g nostic checks as part of a repeat of the theoretica l pred iction
p roce d u re .

5.3.5.2.2 V i s u a l i n s p e ct i o n

I t i s recommended to perfo rm a visual i n spection of all primary flows meas u red by USMs s h o rtly
before o r after the tests . V i s u a l i n spection may be performed beca use of fo u n d zero offset, or
i n d ependently. The outcome of this i n spection s h a l l be record e d .

I n case o f co n d e n s i n g turbines, i t is m a n d atory , that a t least one p r i m a ry flow measurement

shall be i n s pecte d , if req u i red by o n e party. Practical arra n g e m e n ts shall be p rovided i n adva nce .

Deposits, rust i n g or defective i n tern a l coati n g may affect the accuracy of the U S M . At least the
i ntern a l s u rface and the wa l l ro u g h ness s h a l l be checked u s i ng o ptical ( v i s u a l ) methods by
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 45 -

re moving the U S M P fro m the p i p e l i n e or by u s i ng a boresco pic i n specti o n . Deta i l s a nd

reco m m e n d ation of such i n spection a re d escri bed i n I S O 1 2 242 : If the meter bore is clean a n d
the o ri g i n a l mach i n ing marks are cl early v i s i b l e , then there m a y not be a n e e d o r req u i rement
to re-measure.

5.3.6 D i ffere n t i a l p res s u re m e as u rem e n t s

The measure m e nt of t h e d iffe rential pressure necess itates particu l a r care. Measu ring systems
s h a l l be i n sta l led with the precautions l i sted below.

Measuring accu racy for pri mary fl ows s h a l l be i ncreased by the use of two i n d e p e n d e n t
m e a s u r i n g syste m s , i n c l u d i n g two separate ta p i n g pairs .

a ) Con necting p i p i n g used between t h e pressure taps a n d t h e measuring device s h a l l b e not

less than 6 m m i n s i d e d i a m eter tu b i n g , of m ateri a l which will m i n i m ize res ista n ce d a m p i ng
i n s i d e the p i p i n g . T h i s tu b i n g s h o u l d run horizontally at the same e l evation as the p r i m a ry
element pressure taps for 1 m fro m the flow- m eas u r i n g device to co o l down to a m b ient
te m pe rature a n d then s l ope down continuously without loops to the measuring device. The
connecti n g piping s h a l l be tight.
To red uce the a m o u n t of heat tra nsferred to the con nect i o n piping when measuring ste a m
flow, co n d e n s i n g pots s h a l l not be used (this is m o s t re levant for h i g h press u re a p p l icati o n s ) .
b ) The con necting l i n es to the measuring device s h a l l be i n sta l l ed with a conti n u o u s d ownward
s l o p e . After venti n g , time s h o u l d be a l lowed for the water legs to fo rm a n d coo l . S pecial
atte ntion has to be paid to the proper fo rmati o n of water legs at s u b -atmos pheri c p ressure.
c) The length of piping between the flow- m easuring device a n d meas u ri n g d ev i ce s h o u l d not
exceed 7,5 m if practica b l e . I t s h a l l a lso be u n i ns u l ated .
d ) Precauti o n s s h a l l be taken when ru n n i n g the connecti ng p i p i n g to e n s u re that a n y
te m pe rature d i ffere n ce between the fl u i d i n the two l i n es con nect i n g the p r i m a ry e l e m e n t
a n d e a c h m e a s u r i n g device re m a i n s neg l i g i b le . I t is reco m m e n d e d that t h e p i p i ng b e
b u n d led a n d run i n s u c h a m a n ner as t o m i n i m ize h e a t tra nsfer t o these pi pes fro m a n
exte rnal s o u rce.
e) The con necti n g piping shall be well cleaned , prefe ra b l y by fl u s h i n g , before the m e a s u ri n g
device is con n ected . T h e m e a s u r i n g device con nections s h a l l i n c l u d e t h e n ecessary m e a n s
fo r s h utt i n g off connect i n g p i p i n g or v e n t i n g at any t i m e d u ri n g the test . Suffi cient t i m e s h o u l d
he a l l owed for the water l e g s i n t h e co n n ecti n g p i p i n g to reach tem perature eq u i l i b r i u m .
f) S pecial preca utions s h a l l be taken to e n s u re proper venting of the syste m .
The m e a s u ri n g device s h o u l d b e l ocated a t a lower e l evation than t h e p r i m a ry-flow e l e ment.
g ) The measuring d evices s h a l l be c a l i brated before the tests . Each ca l i b rat i o n shall be d o n e
w i t h expected l i n e pres s u re applied w i t h r i s i n g a n d fa l l i n g d iffere ntial p ress u re . The tests
a re to be calcu l ated with the ris i n g a n d fa l l i n g mean c a l i brated va l u e s .

5.3.7 Water fl ow fl u ct u at i o n

F l ow measureme nts s h a l l n ot be attem pted u n less t h e flow is steady o r varies o n ly s l i g htly with
time ( refe r to 4 . 8 . 2 a n d Table 1 ) . Variations i n the flow s h a l l be m i n i m ised before the beg i n n i ng
of a test by adj ustment of the control syste m . D a m p i n g d ev i ces o n the meas u r i n g d ev i ce d o not
e l i m i n ate errors due to fl uctuation or puls ations a n d , th erefo re, s h a l l not be used . If the
fl uctuations o r p u l sations re m a i n excessive after every effort has been made to s u ppress the m ,
mutual a g ree ment i s req u i red before t h e test can b e started .

5.3.8 Seco n d a ry flow m e as u re m e nts

5.3.8.1 G e n era l

I n a d d ition to the primary flow measurem ents (see above), m a n y seco n d a ry flow measureme nts
a re req u i red . Because of d i ffere nces in p l a nt layout and the alternative pos itions of flow
measuring devices , it is not poss i b l e to specify the accu racy req u i red in each separate
measurement. T h e parties to the test s h o u l d decide what seco n d ary flow measure m e n ts s h a l l
 - 46 - I E C 60953-0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

be made fo r the type of turbine installation co ncerned a n d t h e n arra n g e fo r each measuring

device to h ave a n accu racy such that the co m b i ned effect of all errors i n the seco n d a ry flow
meas u rem ents is in a p propri ate proport i o n to the error in the test res u l t . Consequently, if
sta n d a rd ized measuring devices are used , c a l i b rati o n may not be necessary .

If the seco n d a ry flow-measurement is o f stea m , t h e steam s h a l l re m a i n s u perh eated i n pass i n g

thro u g h the flow-measuring device. Measure m ent s h a l l n o t be atte m pted if the a m o u nt of
s u perh eat is less t h a n 1 5 K at the s m a l lest cross-section of the nozz l e or o rifice .

5.3.8.2 Extract i o n steam flows t o fee d h eaters

If the extraction steam is sup erh eated the extraction fl ow can be d eterm i ned by heat bala nce
ca lcu l at i o n . The accu racy of the res u l t fa l l s off as the tem peratu re rise across the heater
diminishes.

A d i rect measurement by s u itable pressure d ifferential devices is pos s i b l e , if the n ecess a ry

measuring accu racy can be ach i eve d .

Wet ste a m extraction flows can be d eterm i n ed from heater d ra i n flow measure m e nts . T h i s can
be acco m p l is h e d by using a sta n d a rd ized or, if n e cessary, a c a l i b ra ted flow measuring device
with s u itable i n sta l l ation cond itions .

The he ater d r a i n fl ows can be measured u s i n g d iffere n t i a l p ress u re devices except fo r the
l owest p res s u re h eaters with cascaded d ra i n s where very l ittle pressure d ro p is ava i l a b l e . I n
these cases, Venturi t u b es o r other low head loss primary elem e nts ( i . e . ca l i b rated U S M P ) of
the req u i red accu racy s h o u l d be used . The con n ecti ng p i p i n g between the tra ns d u ce r a n d the
d i fferential pres s u re device s h o u l d be as short as practicable to m i n i m ize d a m p i n g e rrors d u e
t o u nsteady flow a n d care s h a l l b e taken t o e l i m i n ate a i r bu bbles i n this p i p i n g .

I f , fo r these reaso n s , tra nsd ucers are mou nted i n areas not accessible d u ri n g operation o f the
p l a n t , s u itab l e means fo r a re mote operated c a l i bration are req u i red . The c a l i b rati ng refere nce
s h o u l d be a seco n d ary sta n d ard .

H e ater d ra i n flows are often very u n steady; th erefore, the tra nsd ucer output s h o u l d be o bserved
:::;; every 2 0 s .

I n s i z i n g t h e p r i m a ry elem ents t o avoid cavitat i o n , t h e best compro m ise between Rey n o l d s

n u m ber, pres s u re l o s s , d ia m eter rat i o , a n d d efl ection s h o u l d be made without red u c i n g the
critical cav itation coefficient " K " below 0,2, where:

= Pthroat - Psat
K
!? 2 (1 0)
2 X vthroat

T h e cavitati o n pro b l e m m a y be red uced b y p rov i d i ng a loop s e a l o r i n c reas i n g t h e length o f the

loop seal to put m o re h ead on the meter so that the critical cavitation coeffi cient w i l l be g reater
than 0 , 2 .

If the heater d r a i n fl ow is s u b co o l ed t h e cav itat ion problem i s a lso red uced . T h e extraction wet
steam flow can be determined by a heat balance calcu l a t i o n , if the enth a l py of the extraction
steam has been determ i n ed by the tracer method (see 5 . 7 . 2 ) .
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5.3.8.3 H P h eate r d ra i n s

I t is very i m portant t h a t t h e H P heaters s h e l l a nd emerg ency d ra i ns a re checked fo r leakage

( see A n n ex A ) .

When the m a i n flow meters are at the deaerator outlet there is a risk of c i rcu l a t i n g feedwater
throug h the m a i n flow meter thro u g h the h eater s h e l l .

When the m a i n fl ow meters are at the dea erator i n let th ere is a risk of c i rcu lating feedwater
throug h the m a i n flow meter thro u g h the em erg e n cy d ra i n s .

T o i n vestigate pos s i b l e l e akages t h e H P h eater d ra i n flows can be metered b y devi ces capable
of sufficient a ccu racy a n d comp ared with the HP heater d ra i n flows determi ned by heat balance.

5.3.8.4 M o i st u re s e p a rator a n d re h e a t e r d ra i n s

I t m a y n ot b e pos s i b l e t o i n stall a flow- m ea s u ri n g device beca use t h e ava i l a b l e h e a d i s less

than that requ ired to avoid cavitati on a n d a lso for reasons of plant design o r o pe rat i o n . In these
circumstances, the tracer tech n i q u e can be used to measure the flow with a suffi cient a ccu racy .
I n case of measurement with a press u re d ifference device the reco m m endation of 5 . 3 . 8 . 2 s h a l l
b e fo l l owed .

5.3.8.5 B o i l e r feed p u m p t u rb i n e steam s u p p l y

Steam con s u m ption o f a boiler feed p u m p turb i n e is prefe rably t o b e measu red a s conden sate
if a separate condenser is i n sta l l e d .

I n a reheat cycle havi ng a b o i l e r fe ed p u m p d riven b y a turbine s u ppl ied with ste a m fro m t h e
m a i n t u r b i n e a t a p o i n t u p-stream o f the reheater, the stea m s u p p l ied s h a l l b e dete r m i ned to
e n a b l e the flow thro u g h the re h eater to be determ i n ed .

5.3.8.6 T u rb i n e g l a n d l e a ka g es

The g l and l eakage flows of reheati n g c o n d e n s i n g turbi nes which do not pass t h ro u g h the
reheater but are returned to the system beyo n d the reheater, have to be d eterm i n e d separately,
p refera bly by measurement, as these flows shall be consi d ered when determ i n i n g the heat
s u p p l ied by the reheater.

For the g l a n d flows that are not measured it s h a l l be assumed that they a re in pro po rtion to the
g l a n d fl ows that a re measured , i . e . a pro rata re lati o n s h i p .

If a n y g l a n d s are p rov i d e d with l ea k-offs t o atmosph ere or to a po i nt t h a t i s extra neous t o the

tu r b i n e syste m , this flow s h o u l d be measured or d eterm i n e d by means of d e s i g n d ata.

5.3.8.7 D e s u p e r h e at i n g s p ray water fl ow

When spray water fro m the feed-heating system is used for reg u l a t i n g the reheat ste a m
te mperature, the rate of flow o f s u ch water s h a l l be measured . A l s o , if t h e i n itial steam
te mperature is s i m ilarly reg u l ated , the rate of flow of s pray water to the s u perheater s h a l l be
measured , u n less the water is drawn fro m a pos ition d ownstrea m of the fi n a l feed heater a n d
t h e last feed water flow measuri n g d evice.

5.3.8.8 B o i l e r feed p u m p g l a n d s e a l i n g a n d b a l a n ce water flow

The a m o u nts of water s u p p l ied to the feed p u m p g l a n d s for s e a l i n g a n d / o r coo l i n g p u rposes

and the a m o u n ts of lea k-off water retu r n i n g to various parts of the system a re l i a b le to be
con s i dera b l e , which may be d i rect a d d itions to, o r s u btractions fro m , the main flow
measurement. The n u m ber of boiler feed p u m p water flows to be meas u red w i l l d e p e n d on the
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locat i o n of the main meteri n g d evice. C a l i brated or sta n d ard ized measuring d ev i ces a re
req u i red a n d it shou l d be ascerta i n e d at the time of the test that they are i n good co n d i t i o n .

5.3.8.9 Sto red wat e r c h a n g e s

C h a n g es i n sto red water q u a n tities with i n the test cycle s h a l l be t a k e n i nto acco u n t i n the
assess ment of the condensate/feedwater flows throu g h the syste m .

S u ch stored water q u a ntity changes w i l l i n c l u d e those i n conde nser h ot-we l l s , boiler d r u m s ,

deaerator storage t a n ks , feed heater bodies, reserve conde n sate ta n k a n d a n y storage or d ra i n
t a n k s t h a t can not be isolated from t h e syste m .

Water level chan ges i n a l l storage vessels s h o u l d b e measured b y perm a n e n tly i n sta l led
tra nsd uce rs o r gau ges . Tem pora ri ly i n sta l l e d level tra n s d u ce rs or gau ges may be used .

If the temp eratu re of the water i n a vessel is a p preciably d iffere nt fro m the a m b i e nt tem perature
a n d an external i n stru ment tu bes or a n g a u g e g l ass is e m p l oyed , fo r exa m p l e , as i n the case
of a d e aerato r storage ta n k , the d e n s ity of water in the i n stru ment's tu be o r g a u g e g lass s h o u l d
b e u s e d i n the co nvers i o n o f water leve l c h a n g e to m a s s c h a n g e i n t h e vess e l .

I n stru ment's t u b e or g a u g e g l asses w h i c h are conn ected t o vessels conta i n i ng h o t water s h o u l d

n o t b e b l ow n down w i t h i n a period o f approxi mately h a lf a n h o u r b efore t a k i n g a rea d i ng i n o rd e r
t o a v o i d a fa lse l evel i n d ication d u e t o a c h a n g e o f tem perature i n the water col u m n .

S i nce time is a critical factor i n t h e measurement o f t h e water level c h a n g e s , t h e test rea d i n gs

shall be closely synchron ized with the s i g n a l s for comme ncement a n d term i n ation of a test.

Stored level changes of each vessel s h o u l d be derived fro m i n te rnal d i m e n s i o n and stored water
level deviation d u ri ng the test.

Stored level deviation d u r i n g the test is level d i ffere nce per t i m e between first and last read i n g
( o r average o f severa l read i n gs ) o f t h e test. Approx i m ate curves m a y b e a l ternatively used o n
condition t h a t conti n u o u s and h i g h freq u e n cy (com pared to test d u ra t i o n ) fl uctuations a re fo u n d
i n t h e tre n d o f the level measure m ent d u ring the test.

5.3.8. 1 0 Leakage d e t e rm i n at i o n

I t w i l l be necessary t o u s e ca l c u l ated va l u es for i nternal p u m p leakages, s h aft packi n g , valve

ste m leakages , i nternal turb i n e leakages a n d other leakages when i t is not p ra ctica b l e to
measure these flows .

5.3.9 Occa s i o n a l s e c o n d a ry fl ows

5.3.9. 1 G e n e ra l

F u rther seco n d ary flows, which occu r relatively rare l y , o r need n o t b e m ea s u red , i n c l u d e the
fo l l owi n g :

5.3.9.2 Eje cto r steam

Steam-jet air ej ector steam fl ow can be calcu lated fro m the measured p res s u re and temperature
of the steam s u p p l y a n d the k n own cross-s ecti o n a l area of the j ets . When the steam s u p p l y i s
wet , it may be p refera b l e t o u s e t h e d e s i g n flow rates g iven b y t h e m a n ufacturer.

The a m o u n t of stea m removed fro m the conde nser by the air removal means i s genera l ly
neg l i g i b l e . S h o u l d it be measured , the method of measurement s h a l l be a g reed u p o n by the
parties to the test.
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5.3.9.3 M a ke - u p flow

Make- u p flow to the syste m , if it c a n n ot be avo i d e d , s h a l l be d eterm i n ed .

5.3.9.4 Wat e r s e a l s

Sea l i n g water is u s e d i n co n n ection w i t h hydra u l i c g l a n d s or atmospheric exha ust valves,

con d e n sate pump g l a n d s , etc . As the seals have to be m a i nta i n e d , the flow of water used s h a l l
b e measured o r estim ated a n d a n a p propriate a l l owance m a d e , i f it i nfl u e n ces t h e res u lt o f the
test. I t shall be e n s u red that there is n o varia b l e storage i n the s e a l i n g syste m a n d no poss i b i l ity
of l e a kage of sea l i n g water other than i nto the conde nsate syste m . If exte rnal l e a kage of
con d e n sate water fro m seals can not be avo i d e d , its flow s h a l l be determi ned a n d added to the
con dens ate flow .

5.3.9.5 A u x i l i a ry e x h a u st steam

Any a u x i l i ary exhaust steam that normally enters the conde nser s h a l l either be d iverted
elsewhere d u ri n g the period of the test, or measured . I n decid i n g u p o n the best pos ition to
i nsta l l the measuring d ev ice, particu lar atte ntio n s h o u l d be paid to the net head loss a n d the
poss i b i l ity of flas h i n g in the throat.

5.3. 1 0 D e n s ity of water a n d steam

The d e n s ity of water which is req u i red for calculation of mass flow rate is calcu lated fro m a n
accu rate ly measured te m peratu re a n d reas o n a b ly a p prox i m ate p res s u re . T h e te m pe rature s h a l l
b e measured with a prec i s i on-cali brated i n stru ment. If a n extra i n stru ment i s u sed , it s h o u l d b e
l ocated a t least 1 0 p i p e d i a m eters d ownstream o f t h e primary element. F o r primary water flow ,
it is a l s o perm issible to u se the average of the d i s charg e te m perature of the u pstream heater
and the i n l et tem peratu re of the downstream h eater, prov i d i n g no extra neous flow e n ters
between them and the tem perature is taken at least 1 0 d i a meters d ownstream fro m the heater
outlet to e n s u re adeq uate m i xi n g .

T h e dens ity o f steam which is req u i red for calculation o f mass flow rate is calcu lated fro m
meas u reme nts of precision c a l i brated pressure a n d tem perature i nstru m e nts.

5.3. 1 1 Dete rm i n at i o n of coo l i n g water flow of c o n d e n s e r

This flow is n o r m a l l y o n l y req u i red if condenser perfo rm a nce is i n c l u d ed i n the turb i n e g e n e rator
performance g u a rantee.

In m a n y cases a d i rect measurement is not poss i b l e or pra cticable beca u s e of tec h n i ca l

d ifficu lties. I n these i n stances, the coo l i n g water flow can b e d eterm i n ed conve n i e ntly b y a heat
balance calculation . An exa m p l e calculation can be fo u n d in ISO 1 88 8 8 .

T h e q u a ntity of the condenser cooling m a y be calcu lated . If measurement i s fea s i b l e , o n e of

the fo l l ow i n g methods may be used :

a) sta n d a rd i zed nozzles or orifices i n the p i pe l i n e ;

b) Ventu ri t u b e s , o r t h e i r eq u ivalent i n t h e p i p e l i n e ;
c) c u rre nt meters ;
d ) P itot tubes, provided it is agreed that the d iffere n t i a l head is sufficient to g ive the necessary
accuracy ;
e) i m peller
f) weir- n otch meth od .

F u rther m ea s u r i n g m eth ods n ecessitati n g less i nsta l lation effort a re ava i lable a n d may be used
with s ufficient knowledge and care :
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g ) d i l ution methods or trave l i n g time method u s i ng chem ical o r rad i oactive tracers ;
h ) u ltraso n ic tech n iq u e s .

5.4 P ressu re m e as u re m e n t (exc l u d i n g co n d e n s i n g t u rb i n e exh a u st p res s u re )

5.4. 1 P res s u res to be m e as u red

The i n it i a l p ress u re of stea m s u p p l ied s h a l l be measured i n the stea m l i n e o n the steam­

generator s i d e of, a n d a s cl ose as practica ble to, the turbine stop va lve a n d u pstream of the
stra i ner if this has been fu rnished by the m a n ufa cture r u n d er the t u r b i n e co n tract . The i n i t i a l
ste a m pressure s h a l l be measured i n the p i pe d ownstream fro m the pa rts wh ich h a v e n o t b e e n
fu r n i s h e d u n d er the t u r b i n e co n tract , u n less the turbine co ntract or specification states
oth e rwise.

The steam stra i n er s h a l l be k n own to be clean. If th ere is a d o u bt about its c l ea n l i ness on the
part of either of the parties to the test, it shall be exa m i ned prior to the test and cleaned if
necessary.

Pres s u res s h o u l d also be measured at the i n l ets to the H P , IP and L P cyl i n d e rs of the m a i n
tu r b i n e , at t h e i n let a n d outlet o f the b o i l e r feed p u m p t u r b i n e ( if i n tegrated w i t h t h e feed- heat i n g
syste m ) a n d at b o t h ends of bled stea m l i n e s ; also at the s u ction a n d d i scharg e o f a l l p u m ps i n
t h e condensate and feed syste m .

Wh erever practica b l e , pressure tappings s h a l l be situated i n straight ru ns o f p i p i n g , rem ote from

any flow d i sturbances.

The p ressures measu red d u ri n g steam turbine tests shall be stat i c p res s u res .

5.4.2 I n stru m e nts

5.4. 2 . 1 G e n e ra l

Tra n s d u cers s h a l l b e used for a l l pressure measure m e nts . Tra n s d u ce rs c a n be re p l aced by

oth e r i n stru me nts of s u ita b l e measuring ra n g e and e q u iva lent a ccu racy (see 5 . 4 . 2 . 2 ) . The
meas u ri n g devices s h a l l be mou nted in locations as free as practicable fro m v i brat i o n , d i rt a n d
excessive variations i n a m b i e nt tem peratu res .

P u l s ations of p ress u re s h own s h a l l not be d a m ped by throttl i n g o n the g a u g e valve o r by the

use of commercial g a u g e d a m pers . A v o l u m e c h a m ber may be e m pl oyed .

5.4.2.2 Tra n s d u c e rs

Accu rate p res s u re measurem ents are poss i b le with tra n s d u cers , provi d ed that their use a n d
care a re w e l l u n d erstood a n d that they are properly m a i n ta i ned a n d i nsta l l ed . Rega rd less o f the
appl icatio n , each tra n s d u cer s h o u l d be c a l i brated before the tests .

Each tra n s d ucer s h o u l d be l ocated i n a position which is free fro m v i b ration a n d d i rt , a nd where
there are not l i kely to be larg e changes i n a m b i e nt tem perature such as may be caused by a n
outs i d e door.

If a tra nsd ucer is sensitive to chan ges i n enviro n ment, such as te m pe rature, the system s h o u l d
be g iven s uffi cient time ( e . g . 2 h o u rs for a q u artz Bourdon type tra nsd ucer) t o sta b i l ize before
rea d i n gs a re take n . A zero read i n g s h a l l be taken before a n d after each test ru n .

5.4.3 M a i n p ress u re m e a s u re m ents

The m a i n pressures are those which have a d i rect i nfl u e n ce on the accepta n ce test res u lt, s u ch
as i n itial stea m , hot a n d cold reheat stea m pressure .
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Other pres s u re s , s u ch as feed water p u m p d ischarge pressure , feed water h eater i n l et p ress u re
a n d deaerator i n let press ure, may also be m a i n pressure accord i n g to the g u a ra n tee fo rm u l a ti o n ,
a n d to the method of determ i n i n g the pri mary flow .

If the fl u i d flows associated with the m a i n press u re measureme nts a re co nveyed i n m u l t i p l e

p i pes , pressure o f e a c h p i pe s h o u ld be measured a n d the p ressure s h o u l d be t a k e n a s the
a rith metic mean of the i n d iv i d u a l press u re measureme n t .

5.4.4 P ress u re tap p i n g h o les a n d c o n n ec t i n g l i n es

5 . 4 .4 . 1 G e n e ra l

Tapping h o l es s h o u l d be at right a n g l es t o t h e i n ner s u rface o f the p i p e . T h e i n n er r i m o f the

hole s h o u l d be free from bu rrs , having its edge s h arp and sq uare. For a l e ngth of at least twice
its d i a meter, the h o l e s h o u l d be stra ight and of u n iform bore . The bore of the ta p p i n g holes
shou l d be fro m 6 m m for h i g h er pressure to 1 2 m m for l ower press u re s .

T o prevent e rrors d u e t o a n u n kn own h e a d o f water accu m u lating i n t h e l i n e co n n ecti ng t h e

tap p i n g hole t o the pres s u re measuri n g device, the i nsta l l at i o n s h o u l d a lways be a rra nged to
have the co n n ection l i nes either comp letely fu l l of water, completely fu l l of stea m , each at a
known te m pe rature or co m p l etely fu l l of a i r . If the dens ity of the fl u i d i n a co n n ecting l i n e is
u n k n own o r fl uctuat i n g ( e . g . due to load c h a n g es ) , the corres pond i n g con nect i n g l i n e shall be
routed h o rizonta l l y .

T a p i n g po i n ts s h a l l branch off horizonta l l y . B l ock va lves a n d co n n ecting p i p i ng s h a l l b e ro u ted

horizonta l l y at the same e l evation as the tapping fo r a su itable d i sta nce to cool down to a m bient
te mperature.

The conn ecti ng l i n es s h a l l be i n stal led with a cont i n u o u s s lope towards the measuring device.
Afte r ven t i n g , t i m e s h o u l d be a l l owed for the water legs to form a n d cool . S pec i a l atte ntion has
to be paid to the proper fo rmation of water legs at s u b-atmospheric p ress u re .

5.4.4.2 For p res s u res a lways a bove atm o s p h e ri c p res s u re

I t s h a l l be e n s u red that the co n n ecting l i n es are fu l l of water. The measuring device s h a l l be

p refe ra bly below the t a p p i n g point. The t a p p i n g h o l e s h o u l d prefera bly have a 6 mm d i a m eter.

5.4.4.3 For p res s u res a ro u n d atmos p h e r i c p re s s u re

The cha nces of i n c u r ri n g an error d u e to u n k n own heads of water i n the con necting l i n es a re
h i g h i n this pres s u re ra n g e . For p res s u res aro u n d atmos p heric press u re the ta p i n g p o i n t a n d
con n ecting l i n es s h a l l be routed horizonta l l y . With th is arra n g e ment it i s i rre l eva nt if the
con nection l i n e is fi l l ed with water, steam or air.

5.4.4.4 For p ress u res a lways b e l ow atm o s p h e ri c p res s u re

For p res s u res below atmospheric the co n n ecti n g l i n es s h o u l d be free fro m water. The ta p p i n g
h o l e s h o u l d prefera b l y be 1 2 m m i n d i a m eter a n d a n y s h ut off valves s h a l l b e o f ball type at
least with the same inside d i a meter as the pipe, the pressure meas u r i n g d ev i ce s h o u l d be at
the same level o r a bove the t a p p i n g and th ere s h o u l d be a cont i n u o u s s l ope back to the ta pp i n g .

If t h e tapping h o l e is o n l y 6 m m i n d i a meter, t h e n t h e co n n ecting l i n e ( o r t h e g reater part o f i t)

shou l d be t h i ck-wa l led , n o n - m eta l l i c t u b i n g to m i n i m ize co n d e nsation a n d lessen the pos s i b i l i ty
of water co l l ect i n g i n the l i n e . T h e connecti n g l i n es s h o u l d p refera bly be 1 2 mm i n d i a m ete r . If
small bore con necting l i n es are used then some fo rm of air p u rg i n g between rea d i n g s s h o u ld
be provided .
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5.4.5 S h u t -off v a l ves

A s u ita b l e shut-off valve should be i n stalled at each p ressure tapping point and fo r pres s u re
a bove atmos ph eric p ress u re a seco n d valve at the tra n s d ucer e n d of the con necti n g l i n e .

5.4.6 C a l i b rat i o n o f p ress u re m e as u r i n g d ev i ces

The ca l i b rati on accu racy of test press u re measuring d ev i ces s h o u ld be with i n ±0, 1 % of the
p ress u re b e i n g meas u red , except for measure ments which are not of primary i m po rta nce where
th i s accuracy s h o u l d be with i n ± 0 , 3 % . T h e parties to the accepta nce test s h o u l d a g re e , at a
p re-test me eti n g , which p ressu res , if a n y , may be measured to the l owe r sta n d a rd of accuracy.

Al l the test p ress u re g a uges and tra n s d u cers (but not l i q u i d meas u r i n g d evice) s h o u ld be
ca l i b rated a g a i n st a c a l i brati on refere n ce tracea b l e to recog n ized sta n d a rd s before the
acceptance tests. By ag reement some measuri n g devi ces s h a l l be ca l i brated i m med iately after
the tests. If there is no reason fo r preferring o n e ca l i brat i o n to the other a mean of the two
ca l i b rati o n s s h o u l d be used .

When tra n s d u ce rs with d ata logg ers are used , the c a l i brat i o n cou l d be made either with the
com p l ete measuring set up or every part separate ly. All res u lts from the ca l i brations s h a l l be
con s i d e red at the eva l u ation of the measured va l u e . By a g reement some c h ecks of the comp lete
meas u ri n g set up at site s h o u l d be carried out.

A transd ucer may also be cali brated by a p p lyi n g a measured col u m n of low d e n s ity fl u i d d i rectly
to the l ow press u re side of the sensitive element and a p p l y i n g s i m u ltaneously a h i g h d e n s ity
fl u i d to the h i g h p ressure s i d e of the sen sitive element. These two co l u m n s t h e n prov i d e the
d iffe rential p ress u re . T h e req u i red work i n g pres s u re from a pres s u re s o u rce is n ow
s i m u l ta neously a p p l i e d to both c o l u m n s t a k i n g the p reca ution of e n s u r i n g that the p res s u re
med i u m used does not mix with either the low d e n s ity or h i g h dens i ty fl u i d . The l e ngths of the
co l u m n s are observed and read off by means of h i g h p ressure s i g ht g l asses.

5.4. 7 Atmos p h e r i c p ress u re

The atmosph eric p ressure to which g a u g e pressure measurem ents a re referred , s h a l l wherever
p ractica b l e , be d eterm i n ed by means of a pressure tra n s d ucer o r precision barometer.

The atmos pheric pres s u re i n stru ment if used for back p ressure determ i n ation s h o u l d be l ocated
in the s a m e room as that of the referri n g g a u g e i n stru m e n t and as near a s p ra ctica ble at the
same h e i g h t .

5.4.8 C o rrect i o n of read i n g s

5.4. 8 . 1 G e n e ra l

T h e rea d i ngs s h o u l d be corrected as fo l l ows :

A c a l i bration correction s h a l l be a p p l i e d .

Al l press u re-measuring devices with a h e a d of water i n the co n n ect i n g l i n e s h o u l d be co rrected

by a d d i n g the p ress u re e q u iv a l e n t of the head of water when the g a u g e is a bove the tapping
a n d s u btracting it when the g a u g e is below the ta p p i n g .

Absol ute pressu res a r e d eterm i n ed from g a u g e pressure read i n g b y a d d i n g t h e measured

atmosp heric pres s u re .
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5.4.8.2 C o rrect i o n s fo r t h e water head

To obta i n the correct pressure at the tapping point, the p res s u re e q u ivalent of the head of water
between the steam pipe t a p p i n g and the gauge ce ntre l i n e s h a l l be added (when the g a u g e is
above the ta p p i n g ) or s u btracted (when the g a u g e i s below the ta p p i n g ) fro m the gauge read i n g :

t:..p = H eg (1 1 )

where:

H = vertical d ista nce between the tapping po i nt a n d the centre of the p ress u re g a u g e s

e = d e n s i ty of water at the a m b i e n t tem perature

g = local acce l e ration d u e to g ravity

The a bove a p p l ies also for d iffe re ntial pressure m ea s u rem ents ( e . g . flow measurement i n
vertical arrangement).

5.5 C o n d e n s i n g t u rb i n e e x h a u st p ress u re m ea s u re m e n t

5.5.1 G e n e ra l

The test i n strume ntati on s h o u l d g ive the mean stat i c pres s u re at the e x h a u s t from each
i n d iv i d u a l L P cas i n g . It s h o u l d normally consist of separate s ets of pres s u re s e ns i n g holes
conn ected i n d iv i d u a l ly.

The fo l l owi ng ru l es a re i nte nded to apply to all condens er arra n g e m e nts . I t is rea l i s e d , however,
that it may b e easier to comply with them i n res pect of u n d e rs l u n g condensers than in the case
of s i d e-mou nted conde nsers, parti cu larly of the i ntegra l ty p e . S h o u l d it not be poss i b l e to comply
with the s u b-cla uses below, then the parties concerned s h o u ld m u t u a l l y ag ree o n some
altern ative means of making the measure m ents, be i n g g u ided as fa r as poss i b l e by the conce pts
here i n .

5.5.2 Plane of measurement

U n l ess s pecified otherwise i n the contract docu m e nts, the L P-tu r b i n e exh a u st j o i n t fl a n g e s h a l l
b e taken as t h e measuring p l a n e fo r both turbine a n d condens er p u rpose s . Mod ern condense rs
a re of fo u r gen era l types : tran sverse u n d ers l u n g , axial u n dersl u n g , separate s i de-mou nted ,
i ntegral s i de- m o u n ted . For t h e first ty pe, the p l a n e of meas u rement is i d e n t ified with the t u r b i n e
exhaust fl a n g e . F o r the other three types o f condenser it is m o r e d i ffi cult t o i d e n tify the p l a n e
o f measurement. I n such cases the p l a n e o f measure m ent s h o u l d b e pl a ced i n o n e o r more
p l a n es as close as practicable to the L P-tu rb i n e exhaust.

5.5.3 P ress u re taps

Considerable variati o n s in static pressure u s u a l ly exist across the exhaust s o that it is

necessary to make prov ision to dete r m i n e the mean p ress u re at the mea s u r i n g p l a n e by
p rov i d i n g n u merous press u re sensing holes . S pecial locations of d e m o nstra b l e accu racy may
be used when ag reed u pon by the parties to the test, but i n n o case shall there be fewer than
2 per exhaust a n n u l u s . When test res u l ts are not ava i l a b le to locate se n s i n g holes, o n e device
s h o u l d be e m p l oyed fo r each 1 , 5 m 2 of free area of the measuri ng p l a n e but i n no case more
than 4 fo r each L P-tu r b i n e exhaust flow.

The exhaust j o i n t s h a l l be the j u nction where the L P-tu rb i n e exhaust is attached to the fl a n g e
o f a n expansion j o i n t or of a conde nser, or welded to the condens er neck.
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For s m a l l exhaust co n d u its req u i ri n g n ot more t h a n fo u r g a u g es where the wa l l s a re stra i g ht i n

the d i rection o f t h e flow a n d where t h e fl ow is l i kely t o b e u n iform , fl u s h wa l l tappings m a y be
used .

The position of each wa l l t a p p i n g s h o u l d be chosen so that it i s , as fa r as p racti ca b l e , not

i nfl ue nced by b e n d s , bel l ows p i eces, s p l itters , g u s set p l ates , stay bars o r s i m i l a r d isturba n ces
to flow.

The h o l es s h o u l d be normally 1 0 mm in d i a meter and never less t h a n 8 mm in d ia meter. They

s h o u l d be d r i l l ed n ormal to the wa l l , a l l b u rrs s h a l l be re moved a n d a wide a rea ro u n d the h o l e
s h o u l d be d ressed c l ea n .

Gauge con n ecti o n s thro u g h t h e wa l ls o f t h e exhaust con d u it o r t h ro u g h ribs travers i n g t h e ste a m

space s h a l l be n ormal t o a n d fl u s h with the s u rface o f the wa l l . T h e h o l e at the open e n d s h o u l d
b e 1 2 m m i n d i a meter a n d u n iform l y rou nded t o a rad i u s n o t exceed i n g 0 , 8 m m .

If t h e confi g u rati o n o f t h e exhaust is s u c h t h a t wa l l measureme nts are u n re p resentative , i ntern a l

devices, i n c l u d i n g special pressure taps with g u i d e pl ates or equ ivalent d evices, s h o u l d b e used
and they may also be used if a wa l l is i n acces s i b l e .

5.5.4 M a n i fo l d s

Pressure averag i n g man ifo l d s s h o u l d n ot be used .

5.5.5 C o n n ect i n g l i n es

Special preca utions s h a l l be taken i n m a k i n g the con nect i o n s to the exhaust co n d u it . Each
measuring device s h a l l be m o u n ted as n ear as practicable to the correspo n d i n g p ress u re
conn ection i n the exhaust co n d u it or ca s i n g , but i n a position where it w i l l be free fro m excessive
vi bration a n d where it can be accessed for vent i n g .

T h e test g a uges s h o u l d be a t a h i g h e r leve l t h a n the s e n s i n g h o l e s , so that the measuring

system can be se lf-d ra i n i ng back to the condenser. S h ut off valves s h o u ld not be i n sta l led .
Altern ative l y , s pecial arra n g e m e nts for adequ ate d ra i n i n g may be m a d e . If it s h o u l d prove
d i ffi c u l t to devise a se lf- d ra i n i n g syste m , then the parties i n terested in the tests s h o u l d m u tua l ly
agree o n a means of adeq u ately d ra i n i n g or p u rg i n g the system by a i r or n itrogen fl u s h i n g .
Other req u i re m ents for l ow-press u re con n ecti n g l i nes appear i n 5 . 4 . 4 .

5.5.6 I n stru m e nts

Any rel i a b l e i n str u m e n t for measuring the exhaust p ress u re may be used , ty pically a bsol ute
p ress u re tra n s d u cers or gauge tra n s d u cers i n co m b i n at i o n with a baro m eter.

An accu rate determ i nation of site barometric pres s u re m i g ht be req u i red (see 5 . 4 . 7 ) .

5.5.7 C a l i b rat i o n

Pressure tra n s d u ce rs s h a l l be c a l i brated before the test . Orientation o f the tra n s d u ce rs d u ri n g

ca l i bration s h a l l be the same as d u ri n g i nstal latio n .

5.6 T e m p e ratu re m e a s u re m e n t

5.6.1 P o i nts of t e m p e ratu re m e a s u r e m e n t

Temperature measure ments shall be made at points as close as practica ble to the poi nts at
w h i c h the corres pond i n g pres s u res are measured for e n th a l py determ i n at i o n s . Tem peratu res ,
the values of which i nfl uence the res u lts of the test, s h a l l be taken at two d iffe re nt points close
together a n d the mean of the two rea d i n gs shall be taken as the temperat u re of the fl u i d .
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S h o u l d it be s u s pected that there are d i stri bu t i o n s of fl ow hav i n g d ifferent te m pe ratures within

a p i p e , a n d the weighted average tem perature i nfl u e nces the resu lts of the test, the p i p e i s to
be explored across its d i a meter by tem perat u re measurement means a n d a n average
determ i n ed by a means to be agreed by the parties to the test.

5.6.2 I n stru m e nts

The p referred instrum ents for measuring relatively h i g h tem peratu res are:

a ) ca l i b rated e l ectrical res ista n ce thermometer with ca l i b rated prec i s i o n b ridge o r d i g ital
voltmeter;
b) ca l i b rated h i g h-gra d e thermoco u p l e and prec i s i o n bridge o r d i g ita l voltmeter. Conti n u o u s
leads to the cold j u nction are recom m e n d e d for h i g h m e a s u r i n g accu racy.
When e l ectro n ically controlled reference j u ncti o n s , a m b i e nt reference j u nction or
thermoco u p l e tra n s d u cer are used, s u b-total m eas u r i n g u n certa i n ty of the i r i n stru me ntation
s h a l l be consi d ered .

The thermoco u p l es a n d res istance thermo meters , a n d their voltm eters s h o u l d be ca l i b rated
before the test or at reg u l ar i n tervals wh ere sufficient sta b i l ity has been s h ow n . Otherwise the
i n creased u n ce rtai nty of measurement s h a l l be taken i n to acco u nt i n accord a nce with 8 . 2 . 2 .

Rec a l i bration after t h e tests w i l l gen e ra l ly not b e necessary i f i n d iv i d u a l te mperature

meas u rem ents are sufficiently cross-checked .

A l l this e q u i pment s h a l l be ca refu l l y h a n d led a n d m a i nta i n e d . Its co n d ition s h a l l be exa m i ned

period ically.

5.6.3 M a i n t e m p e ratu re m e a s u rem e n t s

The main temperatures are those which have a d i rect i nfl u e n ce o n the a ccepta n ce test res u l t ,
s u c h as i n itial ste a m , h o t a n d c o l d reheat ste a m , fi n a l feed water tem perature, a n d coo l i n g
water tem peratures.

Other temperatures, such as feed water pump i n let tem peratu res a n d d ischarg e a n d deaerator
condensate i n l et te m peratu res , may a l so b e m a i n te m peratures a ccord i n g to the g u a ra ntee
fo r m u l ati o n , and to the method of d eterm i n i ng the primary flow .

If the fl u i d flows associated with the m a i n tem peratu re measure m en ts are conveyed i n m u ltiple
p i pes , each main te m perature should be taken as the arithmetic mean of the i n d i v i d u a l
te m pe ratu res u n less t h e parties i nterested i n the test agree t h a t some o t h e r flow we i g h t i n g is
ap propriate.

M u ltiple thermometer wells s h o u l d be provided in each p i pe to perm it the tem perature

measurement to be i n d e p e n d ently d u p l icated . M u lt i p l e thermowe l l s s h a l l d i strib uted o n the p i pe
circu mfere nce. D i scre p a n c ies between the m u l t i p l e read i n gs s h o u ld be i nvestigated a n d
m i n i m ized as far as poss i b l e . The te m peratu re i n each p i pe s h o u l d b e taken as t h e arithmetic
averag e of the m u l t i p l e measure m e nts u n less the parties to the test a g ree otherw i s e .

The final feed tem peratu re measurem ents s h o u l d b e t a k e n after the j u n ct i o n s of a ny heate r by­
passes, and sufficiently fa r d ownstream to e n s u re that adeq uate m i x i n g has occu rred .

5.6.4 F e e d t ra i n t e m p e ratu re m e a s u re m e n ts ( i n c l u d i n g b le d stea m )

These temperatures are req u i red w h e n the feed water h e a t i n g p l a n t ( if i n s ta l l e d ) is n o t provided

by the turb i n e contractor, although for d i a g n o stic a n d validation pu rposes it may be of
advantage to measure some or all of t h e m .
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With t h e exception of main temperature measurements, the feed tra i n tem perature
measurem ents need not be d u pl icated . Suffic i e nt i n let a n d outlet tem peratures o n each heater
s h o u l d be measured to e n a b l e a heat balance to b e calcu l ated .

I n m a n y i n sta nces, the i n let feed tem perature of one heater wo u l d be the same as the o utlet
feed temperature of the preced i n g heater 9 a n d , in these i nsta nces, one tem peratu re measure­
meant to serve both h eaters would be sufficient. If both the fe ed i n let temperature a nd the
p rece d i n g feed outlet tem perature are measured , then the mean of the two s h o u l d be ta ken to
obvi ate d iscrepancies in the heat balance. Where a return con nect i o n exists between the two
p o i nts, measureme nts s h o u l d be made u pstrea m a n d down strea m of the j u n ct i o n .

Steam tem peratu res s h o u l d be measured a t e a c h e n d of the b l ed stea m p i pe s : n e a r t h e turb i n e

conn ection u pstrea m o f t h e no n-return va lve and n e a r t h e h eater i n l et con necti o n .

If m ix i n g occurs i n a b l ed steam p i p e , the tem perature of the m ixtu re s h o u l d be taken suffi ciently
fa r downstream of the j u nction to e n s u re that a d e q u ate m ix i n g has occurred .

Therm owe l l s s h o u l d be l ocated i n areas which assure good m i x i n g a n d have m i n i m u m

poss i b i l ity o f stratifi cat i o n .

5.6.5 C o n d e n s e r coo l i n g water t e m p e ratu re m e as u re m e n t

These te m peratu res are norm a l l y o n ly req u i red if co ndenser performa n ce i s i n c l u d e d i n the
turbine generator performance g u arantee.

a ) I n let tem perature

I n let temperature is gen e ra l ly constant across the sect i o n of the pipe, and u n less there is
reason to s u s pect that stratification is occu rri n g , two temp eratu re measurem ents i n each
i n l et p i p e will suffi ce. Thermometer pockets may be used or, a lternative l y , a co n t i n uous flow
of s a m p l e water may be d rawn off thro u g h a c h a m ber i nto which is i n s e rted a d i rect co ntact
thermo meter. If either pa rty s u s pects stratifi cation , the measurement s h a l l be by one or both
of the methods used for outlet tem perature as described in the fo l l owi ng para g ra p h .
b) Outlet tem perature
Temperature stratification occurs in the coo l i n g water d i scharg e boxes . M u ltiple temperature
measurem ents s h o u l d be used at each condenser outlet.
To permit mixing to occur, the meas u r i n g pos itions should be several d i a meters
downstre a m . There s h o u l d n ot be less t h a n three measuri n g probes fo r each outlet p i p e .
For h ig h e r accu racy or w h e n there is i n s uffi c i e n t m i x i n g a larg e r n u mber o f measuring
probes shall be used a n d wh ere pos s i b l e s itu ated at centres of e q u a l a rea s . Typica l l y o n e
measuring probe fo r e a c h 0 , 2 m 2 o f pipe area.
Another poss i b i l ity is to use avera g i n g te m perature measuring methods such as u ltra-so n i c
probes, water s a m p l i n g probes or thermo p i les .

5.6.6 T h e rm o meter we l l s

T h e m ateri a l o f a thermo meter w e l l s h a l l be s u itable for t h e temperature to b e measured . Tubes

a n d wells shall be as thin as practicab l e , cons istent with s afe stress, the i n n e r d i a m eters be i n g
as s m a l l as p ractica b l e . I t is i m portant that t h e wel l s be clean a n d free fro m corro s i o n o r oxid e .
Wells fo r h i g h o r m a i n tem perature measure m e nts m a y b e prov i d ed with external fi n s for good
heat absorpti o n . With h ig h pressures and h i g h tem peratures, it is advisable to weld the
thermo meter wells to the p i p e .

Therm o meter we l l s s h a l l prefera bly be d r y , especi a l l y fo r the h i g h er tem perature measureme nts
but s h a l l be carefu l l y covered and sealed with material to red u ce a i r c i rculation o r loss of heat.

9 The temperature is taken at least 1 0 d i ameters downstream from the heater outlet to e n s u re adequate mixing.
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If tem peratu re rise across the feed p u m p has to be measured , the thermometer pockets at i n let
and d isch arg e s h a l l be of d u p l icate type and m ateri a l . The pocket i n the d is charge p i p i ng s h a l l
b e located s ufficiently down stre a m o f the p u m p t o perm it a good m ix i n g o f the flow.

5.6.7 P re c a u t i o n s to be o b s e rved i n t h e m e a s u r e m e n t of te m p e ratu re

The fo l l ow i n g precautions s h a l l be obs erved i n the measurement of the temperature:

a ) H e at t h at is tra n s m itted by co n d u ction or rad iation to o r from the tem perature m e a s u ri n g

m e a n s other t h a n from t h e m ed i u m be i n g measured s h a l l be red u ced t o a m i n i m u m .
b) T h e immed iate vicin ity o f t h e point o f i nsertion a nd t h e p roj ecti n g pa rts o f the we l l a n d its
s u p p o rt s h a l l be therm a l l y i n s u lated .
c) I n p i pes of less t h a n 1 0 0 mm i n ternal d i a m eter, the th ermometer s h a l l be a rra nged axia l l y
i n t h e p i p e b y i n serti ng it i n a n e l bow or tee. A t a n y location w h e re a n e l bow o r tee i s not
ava i l a b l e , the p i p i n g s h a l l be mod ified a ccord i n g l y .
I n pi pes h av i n g a n i nternal d i a m eter g reater t h a n or e q u a l to 1 0 0 m m a m i n i m u m leng th of
65 mm i n s i d e a p i pe is req u i red except that in t h e case of very large p i pes ( e . g . coo l i n g
water s e e 5 . 6 . 5 ) a n d special m u lti-point measuring devices .
d ) I n meas u ri n g t h e tem perature o f fl u id s t h e heat-rece i v i n g part o f t h e a p paratus s ha l l n o t be
in a dead s p ace.
e) Each comp lete temperatu re measuring i nsta l l ation s h a l l be set up in place in fu l l work i n g
con d ition at the temp eratu re cond itions t h at w i l l preva i l d u ri n g t h e test , fo r n o t l e s s t h a n 2
h o u rs before a test is com menced .

5.7 Steam q u a l ity d eterm i n at i o n

5.7.1 G e ne ra l

I n power stations em ploy i n g cert a i n types o f n u clear reactor a n d solar a n d geothe rmal power
plants, the steam s u p p l i e d to or from the turbines is at saturation temperature and may conta i n
a s m a l l percentage o f m o i st u re . I t is therefore necess ary t o ascerta i n t h e moisture content i n
o rd e r t o d eter m i n e the e nt h a l py o f t h e ste a m .

I t m a y a l so b e req u i red to determ i n e the moist u re content o f t h e steam after partial exp a n s i o n
i n the t u rb i n e , fo r exa m p l e , at a point wh ere extracted stea m is t a k e n to a feedwater heater o r
a water-separator or re h eater. Wh ere it i s practica b l e to cond ense the extracted stea m a n d
meas u re the condensate, the enthalpy o f the steam can be d eterm i n ed by a h e a t bala nce
ca lcu l atio n .

The u s u a l methods of determ i n i n g the moisture content o f ste a m a re by means o f a t h rott l i n g

calori meter o r a n e l ectrical heating calori meter.

The former is on ly a p p l i c a b l e w h en the q u a lity and the p res s u re of the steam a re s uffi c i e n t to
p rod uce a measura b l e de gree of s u perheat i n the calori meter. T h e latter is not s u bj ect to these
l i m itati o n s . Both m et h o d s , h owever, are l i a b l e to g ive m i s l ead i n g res u lts beca use of the
p ro b a b l e l ack of h o mogene ity and the d iffic u lty of obta i n i n g a correct s a m p l e of the local steam­
water m i xture. Consequently, t here is u n certa i n ty as to wh eth e r the steam pass i n g to the
calori meter is representative of the steam flow.

5.7.2 Tracer tec h n i q u e

T h e trace r tech n iq u e e m p l oy i n g t h e d i l u tion method is a n accu rate method fo r determ i n i n g either

the wate r p h ase o r the m o isture fraction of a two- phase vapo u r-water flow . The d i l ution method
is based o n the measurement of a tracer concentrat i o n i n a water s a m p l e . D i lution can be
acco m p l is h e d in either of two ways , appl icable to d eterm i n i n g both t h rott l e and extraction
enth a l py .
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C o n d e n s i n g meth o d : I t is assumed that the tracer conce ntrat i o n in the moisture carried by the
steam is the same as that i n the water i n the boiler. After co n d e nsation of the vapour a n d
measurement o f t h e m a s s flow a n d o f the tracer conce n tration i n the b o i l e r a n d i n the
condensate , a m ass b a l a n ce c a l c u l ation e n a b les the a m o u n t of water tra n s po rted in the steam
fro m the bo i l er to b e d eterm i n e d .

Constant rate i njection met h o d : A s o l u tion o f tra cer of known stre n gth is i nj ected at a known
rate i nto the steam flow. After m ixi n g , a s a m p l e of the water is d rawn off and the tracer
concentration measured . A b a l ance calculation e n a bles t h e m o i s t u re co ntent of the steam
u pstream of the i nj ecti on point to b e d eterm i n e d . Precautions shall be ta ken to e n s u re that the
m ixture is homogeneous a n d that n o ste a m is withdrawn with the water.

Methods other than these m ay be used u p o n agree m e n t .

5.7.3 C o n d e n s i n g method

An a p p ro p ri ate tracer, d i s solved i n the water p h ase of wet steam at a conce n trat i o n Cwat w i l l be
d i l uted by condensation of vapour. After the steam is tota l l y condens ed , the t racer conce ntrati o n
i n the condensate wi l l b e Ccond · The conce ntrat i o n s a re re l ated b y t h e balance:

Cwat X m = Ccond X mcond ( 1 2)

where:

= mass flow rate of water in wet stea m flow

= mass flow rate of conde nsate from wet steam

With the tracer concentrations kn own from test measurements, before a n d after condensat i o n ,
steam wetn ess fract i o n (mo istu re) i s represe nted b y the ratio :

C
1 - x = � = cond ( 1 3)
mcond Cwat

a n d the steam q u a l ity is determ i n ed by:

x 1_
Ccond
= ( 1 4)
Cwat

Th rottle q u a l ity can be ca l c u l ated fro m t h e q u a l ity a n d pressure of ste a m l eavi n g the ste a m
generator, a n d th rottl e pressure.

The moisture in the steam leav i n g the ste a m gen erator is the res u lt of water ca rry-ove r . T h u s ,
a tracer present i n the steam gen erator water w i l l a lso b e fo u n d i n t h e stea m .

I n n o n-reh eat cycl es , t h e tracer w i l l fi n a l ly b e d i luted i n t h e tota l flow g o i ng back to t h e steam

generator. By the a p p l ication of the co n d e n s i n g met h o d , stea m gen e rator exit mo isture can be
eva l u ated using equation ( 1 4 ).

In the case of reh eat cycl es , t h e error i n the t h rottl e m o isture d eterm i n ation cau sed by p l a t i n g
out o f the tracer i n the reh eaters is n e g l i g i b l e , prov i d ed that the external moistu re separator
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 59 -

effective ness is a p prox i m ately 1 0 0 % . H owever, there is the poss i b i l ity of measuring the
moistu re carry-over of the steam g e n erator d u ri n g s pecial tests with the reheate rs o u t of serv i ce
if agreed between the parties concern e d .

W h e n t h e tracer conce n tration is measured at the bottom o f t h e stea m g e n e rator, the factor R
(see F i g u re 5 and F i g u re 6) has to be taken i nto acco u n t i n the d eterm i n ation of the
concentration Cwat which serves for the determ i nation of the steam q u a l ity . Co nseq uently, this
p roced u re is l ess precise than the d i rect m easurement of Cwat ·

Determi nation of the concentration i n the tota l flow, Ccond depends on the arra n g e m e n t of the
feedwater heaters. On cycles with cascad i n g h eaters , tota l flow u s u a l ly exi sts at the d i s c h a rg e
o f the conde nsate p u m p s . O n o t h e r cycles, if the d e m i n e ra l izers are bypassed d u ri n g t h e test,
Ccond w i l l be the tracer conce ntration i n the fi n a l feedwater. Another poss i b i l ity is to ca l c u l ate
Ccond fro m a tracer flow balance. H owever, t h i s calcu l ation req u i res severa l flow a n d
concentration meas u rements. I n a l l cases, effects such as extern a l trace r s o u rces feed i n g i nto
the cycle or losses of tracer ( d e m i n e ra l izers) s h a l l be taken i nto acco u n t .

The conde nsation method may a l s o b e u s e d t o d eterm i n e wet extraction ste a m entha l py . T h i s
method is parti c u l a r l y attractive i f a s u itable tracer is a l ready prese n t i n t h e steam path .
H owever, e rror a n alysis shows that accu rate res u lts can o n l y be o bta i n ed on heaters without
cascad i ng d ra i n s .

With t h i s method , extraction entha l py i s eva l uated fro m a n e n ergy bala nce a n d a tracer balance
a ro u n d the heaters.

For the tracer balance, the concentration of the tracer i n all flows to and fro m each heater s he l l
s i d e are n e e d e d . S a m p l i n g t h e heater d ra i n s for conce ntrat i o n measurement o f the tracer i s
fa i r l y easy, a s t h i s is o n l y s i n g l e phase flow. S a m p l i n g water out o f the extraction l i n e req u i res
the same p reca utions as i n the case of the i njecti o n meth od .
 - 60 - I E C 6 0953-0 : 2 022 © I EC 2022

- .....
...
......
"
\
'\

\
1----- Main steam flow (mM mF) =

rhcore - rtJF + Cwat (concentration at

water steam interface)

1----- Feedwater (mF, CF)

IEC

( 1 5)

( 1 6)

rhcore
Cwat - CL _
. . ( 1 7)
mcore - mF

where:

M
F = --
R = --
m m
rhcore h
r core

F i g u re 5 - T h rott l e steam q u a l ity c a l c u l at i o n s for bo i l i n g wat e r react o r

I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - -
61

Cwat = tracer concentration at water steam interface

c8 = blowdown tracer concentration
mE = mR + mM

R = mM/mE or mE = mMIR

t------ C8 (measure)

IEC

(1 8)

( 1 9)

Cwat = --
1-R
Cs
(20)

F i g u re 6 - T h rott l e steam q u a l ity c a l c u l at i o n s for pressu rized wate r react o r

5.7.4 C o n st a n t rate i nj ectio n m e t h od

A water-so l u b l e tracer of concentrati on Cinj is i nj ected at a constant rate m inj i nto the vapo u r­
water flow wh ere moist u re is to be measured . The conce ntrati o n Cwat
is measured in the water
phase d ow n stream of the i nj ection point after adeq u ate m i x i n g has ta ken place. For this
condition the fol l owi ng material b a l a nce can be written :

(2 1 )
 - 62 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

or

. rhinj ( Cinj - Cwat) - flrh Cwat

m = --'--------'---------
·
(22)
Cwat - Co

where:

rh = mass flow rate of water i n va pou r-water m ixtu re at t h e s a m p l i n g point

C0 = i n itial concentration i n the water phase at the s a m p l i n g p o i n t , before i nj ecti o n sta rts ,

d u e to n atural a m o u nts of tracer (backgrou n d con ce ntrat i o n )

flrh = change in water flow, (co n d e n sation of vapour d u e to i njection of the co l d tracer
solution)

Norm a l l y Cwat « Cini • C0 « Cwat and flrh « rh, so t h a t the a bove equation is red u ced t o :

. . [.In].
m = mini ' c (23)
wat

5.7.5 Extract i o n e n t h a l p y d eterm i n ed b y co nstant rate i nj e ct i o n m e t h o d

5.7.5 . 1 G e n e ra l

If the flow rate of the water phase i n the extracti o n l i n e to a fe edwater heater i s known , wet
steam enth a l py can be calcu l ated by en ergy b a l a n ce aro u nd the h eater.

The water flow rate can be m easured with the constant rate i nj ect i o n method . Measuring flow
rate and concentration of the tracer solution a nd m a i nta i n i n g a co nsta nt i nj ecti o n rate is
comp aratively s i m p l e . H owever, the tracer concentration i n the phase downstream of the point
of injection can be accurate l y d eterm i ned only i f the tracer is well m ixed a n d a sample of the
l i q u i d phase can be obta i n e d .

5.7.5.2 I nj e ct i o n p o i nts

For the s a m p l e to be tru l y representative, the tracer s h a l l be u n iformly d i stributed in the water
phase. The injection point s h o u l d , th erefo re, be l ocated i m m e d iately downstream of the
extraction flange of the turbi n e , a n d the s a m p l i ng point s h o u ld be close to the heater. A long
run of pipe with several e l b ows w i l l pro mote m i xi n g . U s e of a s p ray fo r i njecti n g wo u l d be
benefici a l , but it m ay n ot be necess ary .

5.7.5.3 S am p l i n g p o i nts

S i nce any condensed vapour i n the s a m p l e w i l l fa l s ify the resu lt, care s h a l l be ta ken in selecti n g
t h e location o f the s a m p l i n g t a p . A t the conditions a n d velocities normally fo u n d i n extracti o n
l i n es , the water i s n o t u n iformly d i stri buted over the cross-sect i o n , but agglo merated towa rd s
the p i pe wa l l . This i s favourable fo r water s a m p l i n g , so that a s i m p l e wall tap s h o u l d p rove
satisfactory. H owever, advantage s h o u l d be taken of g ravitational or ce ntrifu g a l fo rces by
locat i n g the tap on the bottom of the p i pe or on the o utside at the exit of a n e l bow. F i g u re 7
s hows a typ ical i n sta l l ation of i njection a n d s a m p l i ng po i n ts . I n cases where the extracti o n l i n e
is ve ry s h ort , s u c h as h eaters i n sta l l e d i n co n d e n ser necks, problems may b e encou ntered i n
obta i n i n g water s a m p l e s . I n such cases, these rules recom mend that t h e water s a m p l e b e ta ken
from the heater d r a i n .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 63 -

I n cycles with p u m ped a head d ra i n s , the above method y i e l d s accu racy e q u a l to the i njection
method without any a d d i t i o n a l i n stru me ntat i o n . In cycles with d ra i n s casca d i n g to the conde nser,
the u pstre a m drains shall be d iverted d i rectly to the condenser so as to yield co m pa ra b l e res u lts.
S u ch d ivers i o n n ecess itates d es i g n i n g s u c h dra i n p i p i n g to the condenser to accom mod ate tota l
cascade flow at fu l l l oad . The d ivers i o n method s h o u l d be e m p l oyed prior to the heat rate test.

Turbine

Injection Pipe 203 mm

Sampling IEC

F i g u re 7 - T y p i c a l i n sta l l at i o n of i nj e ct i o n a n d s a m p l i n g p o i nts

5.7. 5.4 S am p l i n g f l o w rates

T h e s a m p l i n g flow rate s h a l l be adj u sted so that e ntra i n m ent a n d s u bsequent condensation of

vapo u r is prevente d . The m ax i m u m a l l owable s a m p l i ng rate can be dete r m i n e d , fo r exa m p l e ,
b y a nalysing the s a m p l i n g strea m for d i ssolved oxyg e n . Oxygen ( 2 0 t o 30 p p m ) is natura l l y
pres ent i n t h e stea m from boi l i n g water reactors as a res u l t of rad i olys i s . The sam p l i n g flow rate
s h a l l be d eterm i n ed prior to the heat rate test. The oxyg e n content s h a l l be measured fo r various
s a m p l e flow rates a n d p l otted as shown i n F i g u re 8. The fl ow rate at which s te a m starts to
entra i n i n the s a m p l i n g is evi d e nced by a s h arp rise i n oxyg e n content. T h e va l i d ity of u s i n g
oxygen or o t h e r s u i ta b l e tracer as a means o f tracing the vapour fraction i s based on the
d istri bution of oxyg en between the l i q u i d a n d vapour phases . At pressures less t h a n 35 bar,
oxygen is a l most entirely i n the vapour phase.

I n other types of p l a nts, a s u i t a b l e tracer, such as xenon - 1 3 3 , could be a d d ed .

 - 64 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

m-
6
:;- 2 500 I
c.
c.
i
Q)
0. I I
I 0
E 2 000 '!
C1l
I I I
!/)
I
.!:
c::
� 1 500 1--
!
>.
X
0 I
1 000 I
I
/ !!
I
500
/

0
0 50 1 00 1 50 200
I
I

250 300 350

I
Sample flow rate (ml/min)
IEC

F i g u re 8 - Oxy g e n content of s a m p l e stream

5.7.6 Tracers a n d t h e i r u s e

5.7.6.1 G e n e ra l

For co n d e n s i n g a n d constant-rate i nj ect ion m e t h o d s to g ive a ccu rate resu lts , tracers s h a l l meet
the fo l l ow i n g criteria:

a ) N o h azard to operating pers o n n e l .

b) N o h a rmfu l effects on materials e m p l oyed .
c) S o l u b l e i n wate r , but essentia l l y i n s o l u b l e in steam (conce ntration i n the steam phase of
1 0- 6 can be att a i n e d with s u itable tracer co m p o u n d s ) .
d ) N o n-volati l e .
e) Stable a t t h e conditions existi n g i n t h e turbine cyc l e , a n d n o t absorbed o n i nternal s u rfaces
( p rovided that the water is not eva porated completely).
f) M ixed comp letely a n d u n iform l y with a l l the water ava i l a b l e at a n y i n stant.

Light water reactors of the present gen eratio n are desig ned for pres s u re a n d tem perature levels
which permit a n u mber of tracers to m eet these criteria . At h i g h e r press u re levels this may be
more d i fficult. F u rthermore, the problem of chemical conta m i n at i o n , which i s tied together with
the sens itivity and accu racy of the a n alytical methods ava i l a b l e , has to be consid e red . Methods
such as measurement of conductivity or the g ravi metric methods may be too i n s e n s itive to
p rod uce the req u i red accura cy at the conce n trat i o n levels which can be tolerated in some
n u clear syste m . Care shall be taken to p revent enviro n me ntal conta m i nation when tracers a re
used .

5.7.6.2 Rad i oactive t ra c e rs

Rad i oactive tracers a re part i c u l arly attractive for appl ication i n n u clear power p l a nts , where
l i c e n s i n g requ ired fo r possession a n d h a n d l i ng of rad i oactive m aterials p resents no partic u l a r
p ro b l e m . Tracer concentrations of less than 1 i n 1 0 9 c a n be a ccu rately measured u s i ng g a m m a
cou nting tech n i q u e s . For ste a m cycles w i t h very l o w rad i oactive backgro u n d , the tracer activ ity
concentration req u i red fo r accu rate testing is very s ma l l ; h owever, the t race r s h o u l d be a s h o rt­
l ived isotope to e l i m i n ate l o n g-term conta m i nation pro b l e m s . S i nce it is not p ra ctica ble to
measure the concentration of recovered samples s i m u lta n eously, it w i l l be necessary to a p ply
a correction to the measured conce ntration of each sample to accou nt fo r i sotope decay. O n e
o f t h e tracers which meets these criteria is 1 5-h sod i u m-24. I f the tracer tech n i q u e i s used to
determ i n e t h rottle a n d extraction stea m q u a l ity a n d heater leakage, there is some adva ntage i n
u s i n g t h ree d iffe re n t rad i oactive tracers .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 65 -

5.7.6.3 N o n -rad i oactive tracer

A n u mber of tracers are ava i l a b l e . The s o d i u m tracer tec h n i q u e is based o n accu rate and d i rect
determ i n ation of the mass concentration of sod i u m in water s a m p l e s . Sod i u m may be present
in PWR cycles d u e to the use of sodi u m phosp hates fo r seco n d ary loop water chem istry contro l .
T h e sod i u m tracer tec h n i q u e a l s o p reserves t h e no n-ra d i oactive status o f t h e seco n d a ry loop
i n PWR cycles.

a ) F l a m e p h otometry method
S o d i u m a n alysis may be performed with a fl a m e s pectro p h otometer. C a re s h a l l be ta ken to
p revent enviro n m e n ta l sod i u m from conta m i nati n g a s a m p l e . M u ltiple dete r m i nations of
sod i u m concentrations s h a l l be made for each s a m p l i ng p o i n t . S o d i u m conce n trat i o n may
also be dete r m i n e d from a continuously flowi ng s a m p l e .
b ) S o d i u m ion e l ectrode method
The s o d i u m a n a l yser may be used for conti n u o u s m o n itori ng of a fl owi ng s a m p l e , as well a s
fo r a n a lys i n g sepa rate s a m p l es .

The a p p l ication o f n o n - ra d i oactive tracer tech n i q u es s h a l l b e cons istent with reg u lations
conce rn i n g the meta l l u rg i cal s afety of the reactor syste m a n d all other re l a ted e q u i pment.
Lith i u m s a lts may also be used i n prefere n ce to sod i u m .

5.8 T i m e m e as u re m e n t

The time o f test periods a n d o bservations may be determ i n ed by a common t i m e s o u rce. I t is

reco m m e n d ed to synchronize the log g i n g com puter clock and a n y m a n u a l rea d i n g to the
D istri buted Control System c l ock.

A time measurement of h i g h accu racy is necessary for each measurement e m ploying an

i nteg rati n g m eter. I n d i v i d u a l stop watches or e l ectric t i m e measuring devices shall be e m p l oyed .
Special care s h a l l be g iven to the accu rate synchron izat i o n of the read i n g s of the i ntegrati ng
meter a n d the ti m e measuring devices.

5.9 Speed measurement

S peed can be measu red by the fre q u en cy measurement from power a n a lysers o r by using the
commercial plant i n stru ments. The re l i a b i l ity of the com m erc ial i nstru ment used s h a l l be verified .

6 Eva l u ation of tests

6.1 P re p a rat i o n o f eva l u at i o n

F ro m t h e instrum ent rea d i n g s taken d u ring the test, t h e test res u l ts accord i n g t o 3 . 4 a re
ca lcu l ated .

Prior to eva l uating the measurements , a t i m e i nterval wh ich s h a l l constitute the offi cial test
period s h a l l be sel ected from the overa l l period d u ri n g which read i n gs fo r a test have been
take n . T h is i nterval s h a l l be eq u a l to at least the period laid down in 4 . 8 . 3 . D u r i n g this period
the p rov isions of 4 . 8 . 1 and 4 . 8 . 2 relati n g to the deviations of the operating co n d itions fro m the
g u a rantee cond itions and re lati n g to the fl u ctu ations in the opera t i n g co n d i t i o n s s h a l l be
satisfied .

Re a d i n g s of a l l i n stru ments, i n c l u d i n g i nteg rat i n g i n stru ments , a n d correspo n d i n g t i m e

meas u reme nts s h a l l b e ava i l a b l e for the start a nd the e n d o f the sel ected test period ( see 6 . 2 . 1 ) .

I n the event of d istu rbances encou ntered d u ri n g a test, a l l i nstru ment read i n gs made d u ri n g t h e
d i st u rbed period may by m u t u a l agreement be e l i m i n ated accord i n g t o 5 . 4 . 8 . Evide nce s h a l l b e
fu r n i s h e d t h a t the s a m e steady-state c o n d i t i o n s had existed b efore a n d after t h e d i sturbance.
The total l e n gth of the rema i n i n g test periods shall comply with 4 . 8 . 3 .
 - 66 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

In the event of a te m po rary fa i l u re of a measu ring i n strument d u ri n g the test, the m i s s i n g

rea d i n g s may, by agreement a n d wh ere appropriate be d e d u ced from o t h e r s u i ta b l e i nstru m e nt
rea d i n g s .

If it is necessary , a l o n g d u ration test m a y be d ivided i n to severa l time ph ases w h i c h c a n be

eva l u ated separately. Each eva l u ated i nterval s h a l l be eq u a l to at least the period l a i d down i n
4.8.3.

6.2 C o m p utat i o n o f res u lts

6 .2 . 1 C a l c u l a t i o n o f average va l u es of i n stru m e n t read i n gs

For fu rth e r eva l u ati on , the average valuexj of the rea d i ngs taken d u ri n g the test peri od d efi ned
accord i n g to 6 . 1 is c a l c u l ated for each measuri n g i n stru ment.

For variables which i nfl u e n ce the eva l u ation in a l i near m a n n e r, the average va l u e is the
a r ith metic mean v a l u e . The proced u re for avera g i n g the read i n gs of a press u re d i ffere nce
across a flow- m ea s u r i n g device is to calcu late the square of the arith metic mean va l u e of the
s q u a re roots of the read i n g s .

6.2.2 C o rrect i o n a n d c o n v e rs i o n o f averaged read i n g s

The re a d i n g s are corrected to t a k e care o f a l l i n fl u ences res u l t i n g fro m t h e i nstru mentation a n d

converted to the n ecessary u n its consideri n g :

a ) i n stru ment constants a n d zero co rrect i o n s ;

b) ca l i bration co rrect i o n s ;
c ) refe rence val ues o f i n stru ment rea d i n gs ( e . g . barom etric pres s u re , a m b i e nt temperature ) ;
d ) a n y a d d i t i o n a l i nfl u ences ( e . g . water legs ) .

6.2.3 C h e c k i n g o f m e a s u red data

6.2.3. 1 C o m p at i b i l ity

After com putation of the measured data, s u ch a s p ress ures, temperatu res , flow rates , etc. ,
a thorou g h exa m i nation s h a l l be made for seri o u s errors , i ncons iste n c i e s with the laws of
phys ics , a n d g e n e ra l com pati b i l ity. If m aj o r d iscrepa ncies a re detected , the cause a n d extent
of which are u n kn own , the test run s h a l l be re peated comp letely or to the necessary exte nt.
Appropriate a d d it i o n a l measure ments shall be made for cl arificat i o n . I nstru m e n t rea d i n gs wh ich
a re obviously i n correct s h a l l be e l i m i n ated . S u bject to m u t u a l agreement of the part i es
i nterested i n the test, s u ch read i n gs may be re p l aced by oth e r i n stru ment rea d i n g s or by
ap propri ate ca l c u l ated or estimated values.

6.2.3.2 Eva l u a t i o n o f m u l t i p l e m e as u re m ents

Wh ere res u lts fro m severa l i n dependent i nstru m e nts a re ava i l a b l e for the same vari a b l e , a n
averag e v a l u e o f these s h a l l be calcu l ated i n a s u ita b l e m a n ner, which considers t h e re lative
re l i a b i l ity of the i n d i v i d u a l measured values xj by applying weighting factors Yi ·

The most pro b a b l e fi g u re for the average va l u e of several resu lts xi is the weig hted mean
va l u e x.

(24)

Each weighting factor is calcu lated from the co nfi d e nce l i m it Vxi of the res u l t xi (see Clause 8 )
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 67 -

1
Y; = v�Xj (25)

In order to check the mutual com pat i b i l ity of severa l m ea s u red val ues fo r the same vari a b l e
w i t h cons id eration o f t h e i r calcu l ated o r estimated meas u r i n g u n certa i n ty a n d fo r t h e j u stifi cation
of the avera g i n g as i n d icated a bove, the appl ication of a statistical method can be h e l pfu l ; this
is described i n d etail in A n n ex B.

6.2.3.3 M a s s flow b a l a n ces

When several mass fl ow measurem ents are made in t h e m a i n stea m-wate r circ u i t-d u r i n g a test,
several va l u es can b e calcu l ated for a certa i n mass flow in the m a i n circuit ( e . g . , the i n itial
ste a m flow) by setting u p mass flow ba la nces .

For the esta b l is h m ent of these balance equat i o n s , it is fu rther necessary to m ea s u re ce rta i n
seco n d a ry mass flows a s well a s l evel c h a nges i n locations where water storage c a n occur.

The setti ng up of mass fl ow ba la nces and the computation of the res u l ts is treated in deta i l in
An n ex C.

6.2.3.4 Leakages

Leakages s h a l l , as fa r a s is practicable, be i d e ntified and e l i m i n ated before the test. If any

ide n tified l e a kages can not be e l i m i n ated , their fl ow rates s h a l l be measured o r esti mated . T h ese
est i mates s h a l l be i n c l uded i n the main or seco n d a ry flow rate calcu latio n s .

The total u n accou n ted leakage d u ri n g t h e test expressed i n percent o f fu l l l oad i n it i a l steam
flow s h a l l not exceed the va l u e of 0,4 times the relative measuring u n ce rta i nty of the test res u lt
expressed as a percenta g e . The m ax i m u m perm i s s i b l e leakage va l u e is 0 , 6 % of the fu l l load
ste a m flow. I f this criterion is not met, the test can be accepted o n ly by mutual a g ree m e n t of
the parties to the test.

The u n acco u nted for l e a kages s h a l l be a pportio ned in a ccord a n ce with Table 3 and s h a l l be
i n c l u ded in the m a i n o r seco n d a ry flow rate calculations (An n ex C ) . The fi g u res proposed i n
Table m a y b e c h a n g e d a ccord i n g observat i o n s .

T a b l e 3 - A p p o rt i o n m e n t of u n ac c o u nted l e a kages

Percentage of u n accou nted f o r l e a k a g e t o C on ve n t i o n a l Nuclear

be attr i b u ted t o: p owe r s t a t ion p owe r stati o n

Steam generator mLl 40 % 0%

inlet steam piping mL2 20 % 30 %
(including by-pass station)
HP Steam turbine with associated steam 40 % 70 %
extractions and reheater system mL3

6.2.4 T h e r m o d yn a m i c p ro p e rt i e s of s t e a m a n d water

The steam and water tables u po n which th e guara ntees are based s h a l l be u sed fo r the
ca lcu l ation of the test resu lts . The n a m e a n d ed ition of the tables e m ployed s h a l l be stated in
the report of th e tests .

The steam tables or fo rmulae to be used s h a l l be i n accord a nce with I E C 60045- 1 .

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6.2.5 C a l c u l a t i o n o f test res u l ts

The thermal and/or thermody n a m ic effic iency , the i n itial ste a m fl ow capa city a nd the o u tput
have to be calcu l ated i n accord a nce with the defi n it i o n of the g u a ra n tee val ues (see 3 . 4 ) .

I n acco rd a n ce with 6 . 1 a n d 6 . 2 , a defi n ite value s ha l l b e esta b l is h e d for each variable wh ich
shall be used exclu s i vely i n fu rther eva l u ation .

For the determination of measuri n g u n certa i n ty , see C l a u s e 8 .

7 Correction of test results and com parison with g uarantee

7.1 G u a rantee v a l u e s a n d g u a ra ntee c o n d i t i o n s

The g u a ra ntee v a l u e s with which the thermal a cceptance test resu lts shall be com pared i n d icate
the level of the t u r b i n e performance. Their defi n it i o n s are g iven in 3 . 4 . These val ues a re
dependent upon steam cycle term i n a l conditions, a n d u p o n t h e para m eters of the fee d - wate r
heating syste m , so each of t h ese s h a l l be d efi ned completely a n d clearly i n the co ntract
document to constitute the s pecified guara ntee c o n d i t i o n s . I n m a n y cases it i s reco m m e n ded
that these data be g iven i n the form of a heat-b a l a n ce d iagram co nta i n i n g all necessary
i nfo rmati o n .

The test res u lts are e q u a l l y dependent o n these same conditions a n d para m eters , so a n y
observed depart u re fro m t h e va l u e u pon w h ich the g u arantee is g iven becomes s u bj ect t o a
correction after the test (see 7 . 4 ) .

If extraction o r add ition o f steam a n d/or water is already i n c l u d ed i n t h e g u a ra n tee cyc l e , i t i s

a n a d d it i o n a l specified g u a ra n tee co n d it i o n .

7.2 C o rre ct i o n of i n it i a l s t e a m flow ca pac ity

For correction of the i n itial ste a m flow ca pacity to guarantee co n d i t i o n s , the fo l low i n g equation
is a p p l i e d :

. . P1,g P1,mx v1,m

m1,max,c = m1,max,m x -- (26)
P1,m P1,g v1,g
x

where:

m 1, m ax, m = i n itial steam flow capa city measured d u ri n g test with valves w i d e open

If the ratio of ex h a u st pressure to i n let pressure of the t u rb i n e i s not suffici e ntly s m a l l , the use
of the comp lete equation may be n ecessary:

[ ]
1 - P2,g
P1,g
2

[ P2,m )
(27)
2
1_
P1,m

The expo n e n ts 2 of t h e press u re ratios are a p proximations of the exact value

:
1 k
.
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7.3 C o rrect i o n of o u t p u t

7.3.1 C o rrect i o n o f m a x i m u m o u t p u t

I n the co rrection of t h e m ax i m u m output Pm a x to g u arantee condition all the ope rat i n g c o n d i t i o n s

i nfl u e n c i n g the i n itial stea m flow, the enthalpy d ro p a n d i t s d i stri bution i n the d iffe rent pa rts o f
the turbine a n d the effi ciency va l ues i n the d ifferent parts o f the turbine s ho u l d be t a k e n i nto
acco u nt.

Correcti o n s fo r all these para m eters ( particularl y l ive ste a m condition, re heat tem peratu re and
condenser pres s u re , as outlined i n 7.4) can be made with a n a p pro p riate correction method
accord i n g to 7 . 6 . 1 b ) .

7.3.2 C o rrect i o n of O u t p u t w i t h s pe c i fi e d i n it i a l steam flow

For output g u ara ntees that are g iven with s pecified i n itial steam flow a n d other steam conditions
the concept of h e at rate is often u n n ecessary e . g . ste a m turb i nes fo r combined cycle o r steam
turbi nes fo r combined heat a n d power.

The corrected stea m turb i n e output perform a n ce is the characte ristic that d efi nes the
perfo rm a n ce of the steam t u r b i n e . Beca use t h i s output is referenced to s pecified stea m fl ows
and c o n d i t i o n s , it is i n d i cative of t h e ste a m turb i n e ' s effi c i e ncy .

For power output g u arantees, it is i m portant to d efi ne the test bou n d a ry . A l l e n ergy streams
wh ich cross the test bo u n d a ry m u st be d eterm i n e d at cross i n g p o i nts a nd m u st be corrected .

Correction val ues s h a l l be d eterm i n ed i n accord a n ce with method 7 . 6 . 1 a ) .

F o r p ower output g u ara ntee, i t is very i m portant t o keep t h e flow corrections s m a l l , espec i a l l y
the i n it i a l s t e a m flow correction s h o u l d be m i n i m ised , beca use it has a s i g n ificant i m pact t o t h e
power o utput. I n c a s e o f the g u a ra n tees are g iven i n ce rta i n v a l v e poi nts i t is reco m m e n d e d to
run the test as c l ose as poss i b l e at t h e g u aranteed flows a nd correct the thrott l i n g effect d u e to
va lve positions separate l y .

7.4 C o rrect i o n o f t h e t h e r m a l p e rform a n c e

If a n y operating conditions accord i n g to 7 . 1 d iffer d u ri n g the test fro m the g u a ra n tee co n d i t i o n s ,

the thermal performance has to be corrected before it can be compared w i t h the g u a ra ntee
va l u e . In order to keep the correction s m a l l , the operating conditions d u ri n g the test s h a l l be as
close as practica b l e to t h e specified guarantee cond itions . The maxi m u m perm i s s i b l e deviations
for the most i m po rtant operating para m eters are stilted i n 4 . 8 . 2 .

The co rrection fo r deviations fro m s pecified g u arantee co n d itions can b e d i vided i nto three
categories. The corrections a p p l ied s h a l l be cons istent with the g u a ra ntee d efinition and the
scope of e q u i p ment s u p p l ied .

Categ o ry 1 comp rises co rrections for deviations of the term i n a l operati ng c o n d i t i o n s of the
turbine itself fro m specified guarantee cond itio n s .

Categ o ry 2 com prises varia bles w h i c h pri marily affect the feed- heating syste m .

Categ o ry 3 corrections concern t h e gen erator o perat i n g c o n d i t i o n s . T h ey a re i n d e pe n d e n t of

the rema i n d e r of the p l a n t a n d s i m p l e to d eterm i n e . If, however, the heat e q u iva l e n t of the
generator losses is tran sferred i nto the feed -wate r, they are of g reater conseq u e n ce and most
conve n iently treated i n Category 2 .

F o r further deta i l s o f i n d iv i d u a l co rrections for specific turb i n e cycles see 7 . 7 .

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7.5 D efi n it i o n a n d a p p l i c at i o n o f co rrect i o n va l u es

For co rrection pu rposes, it is n ormally assumed that t h e i n fl u e n ces of the various opera t i n g
param eters o n the test r e s u l t are m utually i n d e p e n d e n t o f e a c h oth e r . T h e refore the correct i o n
values are determ i n e d i n d iv i d u a l ly accord i n g to the deviations o f the i n d iv i d u a l operati ng
parameters a n d are then combined to form a total correct i o n .

Correction val ues are factors defi n ed as fo l l ows :

DesignPerformance
F =
(28)
oj]DesignPerformance

The i n d iv i d u a l correction factors F 1 , F2 , F3 . . . are combined to g ive a tota l co rrecti o n factor Ftot ·

(29)

The corrected v a l u e is t h e n :

=
'lc 'lm X F'l ,tot or Pc =
Pm X FP,tot (30)

where:

TJc = corrected efficiency based on specified g u arantee c o n d i t i o n s

TJ m = measured efficiency
Pc = corrected output based on s pecified g u arantee conditions

Pm = measured output

For a l l para m eters , where t h e correction is load dependent, correct i o n factors have to be
determ i n e d for each g u a rantee load poi n t .

The co rrection o f the test res u l t to s pecified g u arantee c o n d i t i o n s can a lso b e effected by
a co m p l ete reca lcu lation of the turb i n e a n d its thermal cycle u s u a l l y by means of a compute r
program w i t h d u e consideration o f t h e ch aracte ristics o f the t u rb i n e a n d plant compone nts a n d
the ope rati n g cond itions d u ri n g the test. T h i s method y i e l d s a complete co rrect i o n d i rectly,
without the use of i n d iv i d u a l correction factors and also takes i nto acco u nt to a l a rg e exte n t the
i nterdepen d ence of the d i ffe rent varia bles.

I t may a l s o be conve n i en t to m a k e o n ly the corrections of category 2 by recalcu l a t i o n , s i nce

correction curves for th ese variables may not b e rea d i ly ava i l a b l e . The category 1 corrections
a re then made by means of co rrection curves.

Correctio n s can be dependent o n m ore t h a n o n e variable. If th ere are stro n g d e p e n d e n ces fro m
more t h a n two vari a b l es it is stro ngly reco m m e n d e d to use compute r m od e l based co rrect i o n s .

7.6 C o rrect i o n m e t h o d s

7.6.1 G e n e ra l

The determ i n ation o f the correction m e t h o d depends o n the type of g u a ra ntee .

I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 71 -

a) If the g u a ra ntee is g iven with s pecified i n itial steam flow, the co rrect i o n s fo r i n let ste a m
parameters are prepared for i n it i a l ste a m fl ow, te m peratu re a n d swa l lowing capac i ty o r valve
thrott l i n g . F u rther each variable which i nfl uen ces the g u a ra nteed property has to be
consid ered in a correctio n .
b) If t h e g u a rantee is g iven with spec ified valve pos iti o n , the corrections fo r i n let stea m
parameters a re prepared for i n itial steam pressure a n d temperature. The va lve pos ition i s
kept constant fo r preparing the correcti o n s . F u rther e a c h variable w h i c h i nflue n ces t h e
g u a ra n teed property has t o be consi dered i n a correct i o n .

The correction a n d com parison proced u re to be appl ied s h o u l d be a g reed upon by the parties
i nterested i n the test sufficiently early before the test to a l l ow the necessary prepa ratory work
to be c o m p l eted . The m a n u factu rer's correction curves s h o u l d be s u p p l ied with i n a n ag reed
period , u s u a l l y th ree months before the test, u n less otherwise stated in the contract.

The correction method d escri b ed in 7 . 6 . 2 is recom m e n d e d , in part i c u l a r, for turbines with

compl icated cycles (turbines with steam extraction or b l eed i n g for othe r p u rpose s , with
seco n d a ry ste a m , etc . , or with complex feed-water heat i n g cycles) a n d for turbines with many
cycle correct i o n s . I f s u itable means of calculation are applied, this m ethod g ives co rrections
w h i c h a re more exact , complete a n d usefu l t h a n correct i o n s accord i n g to the method described
in 7 . 6 . 3 . Other s u itable co rrect ion m ethods may a l so be a p p l i e d by agreement.

7.6.2 C o rrect i o n by h eat b a l a n c e ca l c u l at i o n

The co rrection may b e made by calculating a heat ba l a n ce to co rrect the test cycle a n d the test
op erat i n g cond itions to the g u a ra n tee cycle a n d g u ara ntee operating c o n d i t i o n s . That is, the
turbine test efficienc ies may be co rrected accord i n g to the specified co n d i t i o n s (for the i nfl u e n ce
of operati ng c o n d i t i o n s , if necessary ) . These corrected test effi c i e n cies may be used to
ca l c u l ate a " co rrected test" cycle wh ich can be compared with the g u a ra ntee cyc l e .

Altern ative l y , the co rrect ion m a y be made b y calcu lating a h e at bala nce t o co rrect the g u a ra ntee
cycle a n d the g u a ra ntee op erat i n g cond itions to the test cycle and test opera t i n g conditions.
The turb i n e g u arantee efficiency may be co rrected accord i n g to the test co n d itions (fo r the
i nfl u e n ce of operati ng conditions, if n ecessary ) . T h is corrected test effici e n cy may be used to
ca l c u l ate a " co rrected g u ara ntee" cycle which can be compared with the test cyc l e .

For turbines u s i n g su perh eated ste a m , the first method is u s u a l ly a p p l i e d , whereas fo r t u rb i nes
using wet steam t h e seco n d method may be easier to perfo rm correctly.

For the co rrect ion by reca l c u l ation of a complete heat b a l a n ce under test c o n d i t i o n s ,
a calcu l at i n g method ( prog ra m ) is n ecessary. T h i s correctly ta kes i nto acco u n t the i nfl u e n ce of
the test c o n d i ti o n s on t h e perform ance of the turb i n e a n d the p l a n t components .

If the program w h i ch h a d been used for t h e calcu lation o f t h e contract g u a ra n tee cycle cannot
be used, the fo l l owi ng method can be a p p l i e d :

F i rst a thermal effi ciency v a l u e at g u ara ntee c o n d i t i o n s 17� is d eter m i ned w i t h the ava i l a b l e
p ro g ra m , which m a y deviate s l i g htly from the g u a ra nteed effi cie ncy 1Jg beca use of m i nor
d i fferences between the progra m s a n d d ata used for t h e d eter m i n at i o n of the g u a ra n tee val ues
a n d fo r the recalcu l at i o n . Then a thermal effi cie ncy 17� u n d er test cond itions is c a l c u l ated with
the same program a n d t h e same perform a n ce c h a racteristics of turb i n e a n d plant components .

The measured thermal efficie n cy co rrected for test co n d i t i o n s 1Jc i s then:

1'/g (31 )
1'/c = 17m -,-
1'/m
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The co rrection by calcu l ation m ay be l i m ited to the variables of Categ o ry 2. T h e co rrections fo r

varia bles of Categ ories 1 a n d 3 are made by use of co rrection curve s . I f the reca l c u l a t i o n of the
cycle for Categ o ry 2 co rrections res u lts i n changes i n the va l u es of a n y parameters i n categories
1 o r 3 , then these c h a n g e d v a l u es shall be used when applying correcti o n s for them fro m
correction curves .

Both p r i n c i pl es d e scribed i n 7 . 6 may be a p p l i e d for correct i o n by heat bala nce ca lculati o n . T h e

method o f g u arantee comparison is t o be chosen accord i n g l y ( s e e 7 . 8 ) .

T o g a i n confi d e n ce i n t h e correction method a l l n ecessary data a n d calculation p ri n cip les s h a l l

b e made ava i l a b l e t o t h e parties t o t h e test sufficiently ea rly before t h e acce pta nce test.

7.6.3 C o rrect i o n by u s e of c o rrect i o n c u rves p re pared b y t h e m a n ufact u re r

For c a s e 7 . 6 . 1 a ) the co rrect ion c u rves g i v e va lues o f th e correct i o n factor F11 fo r the effi ciency
or Fp for output as a functi o n of the d i ffere n t vari a b l e s . For case 7 . 6 . 1 b) c u rves fo r the co rrecti o n
factors F11* for the efficiency a n d for the correctio n factors Fr; for the output - d i ffe re n t fro m those
fo r case 7 . 6 . 1 a ) as a fu n ction of the d i ffe rent variables are n e cessary .

If a correction factor d epends a l s o on i n itial steam flow ( case 7 . 6 . 1 a ) ) , o r output (case 7 . 6 . 1 b ) ) ,

sepa rate correction c u rves for each o f t h e g u a ra ntee loads are n e cessary .

I t s h a l l b e clearly i n d i cated on t h e co rrection curves t h e method descri bed i n 7 . 6 fo r which they

have been prepared and have to be a p p l i e d .

7.6.4 Tests t o d et e rm i n e co rrect i o n va l u es

I t is pos s i b l e that the cal c u l ation of the correct i o n factors referred to i n 7 . 6 . 3 may not ach i eve
a s atisfactory sta n d ard of accuracy. I n t h i s eve nt, a n d especi a l ly in relation to the exhaust
p res s u re , it is reco m m e n d e d that s pecial tests be carried out to determ i n e the correction factors .

A l l tests of the same series i n w h i c h o n e q u a ntity i s varied i n a co ntrolled way ( e . g . , the exhaust
p ress u re by a d m itt i n g a i r to the conde n s er) s h a l l be run o n the same d ay , by the same perso n ne l
a n d with t h e s a m e a p paratus. A s u fficient i nterval o f t i m e s h a l l be a l l owed betwee n tests o f the
same series for sta b l e conditions to be esta b l i s h e d .

7.7 Va r i a b l es to b e c o n s i d e red i n t h e co rrect i o n of s p e c i f i c t u rb i n e cyc l e s

7. 7 . 1 S c o p e o f co rrect i o n s

Correcti o n s o f the test res u lts may be made only for deviations fro m the g u a ra ntee co n d i t i o n s
at the i n lets to a n d/or outlets from the syste m , u s e d as a b a s i s fo r the d efi n ition of the g u arante e ,
o r for deviations i n s i d e t h i s system , wh ich are beyond the res pons i b i l ity o f t h e t u rb i n e s u p p l i e r .
I n a n i n d i v i d u a l c a s e "system" can m e a n :

a) turbine only;
b) turbine a n d feed-water cyc l e w i t h or w i t h o u t p u m p s ;
c) tu r b i n e , feed -water cyc l e , conde nser;
d ) tu r b i n e , feed-water cyc l e , condens er a n d/or d riven mach i n e .

7.7.2 T u r b i n es w i t h reg e n e rative fee d -water h e at i n g

W h e n a p p l y i n g correcti o n s t o t h e resu lts o f thermal effi c ie n cy or heat rate tests o n turbines with
reg e n e rative feed-water heati n g , deviations of the fol l owi n g from the g u a ra ntee conditions have
to be consid ered :
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I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 73

Categ o ry 1 :

a ) i n itial ste a m pres s u re , tem perature a n d flow correspo n d i n g to the co rrecti o n method to
ch os e n in 7 . 6 , 1 0, 1 1
b) reheat stea m tem peratu re ,
c) p ress u re d ro p in the re heater,
d) exh a u st pres s u re , condenser cool i n g water i n l et tem perature and flow rate o r ACC a m b i e n t
a i r te m perature,
e) fi n a l feed-water tem perature , if req u i re d , 1 2
f) speed .
Additional varia bles for turb i n es u s i n g wet ste a m :
g ) i n itial steam q u a l ity,
h) steam q u a l ity at the outlet of the moisture se parator, 1 3
i) term i n a l d iffe rence o f reheater, 1 3
j) p ress u re d ro p i n moisture separator a n d reheater. 1 3

Categ o ry 2 :

a ) i n l et te m pe rature o f conde nsate i n to feed-heat i n g system ( u n d e rco o l i n g o f co n d e n sate i n

condenser, i nfl u e n ce o f hydrogen cooler, o i l cooler a n d ej ector-stea m co n d e nser),
b) water flow for s pray at tem perati o n i n the su perheater a nd the re heater u n l es s this wate r i s
coll ected at the outlet of feed-heat i n g system ,
c ) term i n a l d i ffe rence of feed- heaters , condens ate cool ers a n d desup erh eaters , 1 2
d ) p res s u re d ro p i n extraction l i n e s , 1 2
e) enth a l py rise of feed-water i n the feed-pu m p ,
f) m o d ifi cati o n s of the confi g u ration of the feed-heating system ( e . g . total o r partial by-pass of
h eaters ) ,
g ) m a ke- u p water,
h) level in feed-water reservoirs,
i) steam -ej ector stea m flow,
j) steam s u p p l y a n d ste a m i n let conditions o f boiler feed-pu m p turb i n e ,
k ) any o t h e r h e a t a d d itions or extractions ( s e e a lso 7 .4 ) ,
I) press u re d rop i n reg u lating valve(s) in t h rott l i n g posit io n , 1 4
m ) a n y fu rth e r d eviations fro m g u arantee c o n d i t i o n s .

10 Deviations of initial steam pressure from the specified value, resulting from a deviation of the steam flow capacity
of variable pressure turbines from the specified value within the limits stipulated in the contract, shall be
considered in the correction.
1 1 A correction for differing initial steam flow is necessary only if correction and guarantee comparison are made to
a guarantee point (see 7 . 8 . 3 ) , not to a locus curve (see 7 . 8 . 2 ) .
12 Deviations of final feed-water temperature from the specified value, resulting from a deviation of the top heater
terminal difference or steam ex traction pipe pressure drop from the specified value shall be considered in the
correction.
1 3 Only if this equipment does not form part of the scope of the contract.
1 4 The guarantee values are specified normally for valve points (see 4. 6 . 1 ) and tests are conducted at valve points
also with due consideration for the limits of deviations from guarantee conditions specified in Table 1 . A correction
is not then necessary.
If a throttle point is guaranteed (e.g. full arc admission turbine with throttle regulation at part load) the test shall
be made with the throttling pressure drop specified in the guarantee conditions, or a correction has to be made.
 - 74 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Categ o ry 3 :

a ) generator power facto r,

b) voltag e ,
c) generator cool i n g g a s pressure a n d p u rity.

7.7.3 T u r b i n es w h i c h h a v e n o p rov i s i o n fo r t h e a d d i t i o n o r ext ract i o n o f steam afte r

p a rt i a l ex p a n s i o n

When a p p l y i n g co rrect ions t o the res u lts of thermal efficie n cy o r steam rate tests o n turbi nes
which have n o provi s i o n for t h e addition or extract i o n of ste a m after partial expa n s i o n ,
deviati o n s of the fo l l ow i n g vari a b l es from t h e g u arantee cond itions have to be co n s i d e red :

Categ o ry 1 :

a ) i n itial stea m pressure, te m perature a n d flow correspo n d i n g correct i o n method to chosen i n

7.6, 1 1
b) exh a u st pres s u re , condenser coo l i n g water i n let tem perat u re a n d flow rate o r ACC a m b i e n t
a i r te m perature,
c) speed .

Categ o ry 2 :

a ) p res s u re d ro p i n reg u l at i n g valve(s) i n throttl i n g pos iti o n . 1 4

Categ o ry 3 :

a ) generator power factor,

b) voltag e ,
c ) generator coo l i n g gas press u re a n d pu rity.

7.7.4 T u r b i n es w i t h s t e a m extract i o n fo r p u rposes o t h e r t h a n fee d -water h e at i n g

(extract i o n t u r b i n es)

When a p p l y i n g correcti o n s to the res u lts of thermal effici e n cy or ste a m rate tests , deviations of
the fo l l owi ng variables from the guara ntee conditions h ave to be considered in add ition to those
i n d i cated in 7 . 7 . 3 .

Extraction pres s u re .
Extraction flow. 1 5
Pressure d ro p i n th e extraction reg u l at i n g valve(s) i n t h rottl i n g pos i t i o n . 1 6
Any oth e r deviations fro m g u arantee c o n d i t i o n s .

If a feed-heating system is co n n ected to t h e t u r b i n e , re levant co rrections i n a cco rd a n ce w i th

7 . 7 . 2 s h a l l a l s o be m a d e .

7.7.5 O t h e r types o f t u rb i n e

T h i s category i n c l u d es a l l types o f s i n g l e o r m u lt i p l e extract i o n turbines, a n d turbines with

seco n d a ry i n itial ste a m , etc . , n ot c l assified i n the prev ious s u b-cla uses .

15 Deviations of initial steam pressure from the specified value, resulting from a deviation of the steam flow capacity
of variable pressure turbines from the specified value within the limits stipulated in the contract, shall be
considered in the correction.
16 A correction for differing extraction steam flow is necessary only if correction and guarantee comparison are
made to a guarantee point (see 7.8.3), not to a locus curve (see 7.8.2).
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 75 -

Beca use of the g reat n u mber of pos s i b l e variables for correct i o n , a n exha ustive l ist can not be
g i ve n . Many of the i m porta nt vari a b l es , h owever, are l i sted i n 7 . 8 . 2 to 7 . 8 . 4 . F u rther re levant
vari a b l e s may have to be d eterm i n e d for each case.

7.8 G u a rantee c o m p a r i s o n

7.8.1 T o l e ra n c e a n d we i g h t i n g

The comparison o f co rrected test res u lts w i t h the g u arantee v a l u e s s pecified i n the co ntra ct
s h a l l be made in con form ity with the correction method chosen (see 7 . 6 ) .

T h e measuring u n certa i nty o f t h e co rrected test result s h a l l be consid e red a s a to l e ra n ce when

comp ari ng the corrected test res u l ts with t h e g u a rantee va l u es .

A s a n exa m p l e , for effi ciency t h e g u a rantee is consid ered fu lfi l l ed if:

(32)

u n l ess otherwise stated i n the co ntract (see also 8 . 5 ) .

When n g u a ra ntee poi nts are g i ve n , t h e g u arantee i s co n s i d ered fu lfi lled if:

L ( 'lei + l r'li I x '7mi - '7gi ) ?: 0 (33)

u n l ess otherwise stated i n the contract.

As an exa m p l e , for ste a m rate the g u arantee is co n s i d e red fu lfi l led if:

(34)

If the d i ffere nt g u arantee poi nts a re weig hted i n the co ntract, the weig h t i n g factors s h a l l be
a p p l ied correspon d i n g l y i n the g u ara ntee compari s o n .

7.8.2 G u a rantee c o m p a r i s o n w i t h l o c u s c u rve

If severa l d e s i g n points with id entical defi n it i o n ( n o rma l l y "valve poi nts " ) a re g i ve n , a locus c u rve
of the g u a rantee val ues can be esta b l i s h e d .

If t h e test res u lts h ave b e e n corrected accord i n g t o 7 . 6 . 1 a ) , t h e locus c u rve s h a l l be esta b l i s h ed

as a fu n ction of i n itial stea m flow rh1 and the corrected test res u l t YJc compared with the va l u e
1J g o f t h e g u ara ntee c u rve at the g u aranteed i n it i a l steam flow rh1,g (see F i g u re 9 a ) ) .

If t h e test res u lts h ave b e e n corrected accord i n g to 7 . 6 . 1 b ) , t h e l o c u s c u rve s h a l l be esta b l i s hed

as a function of output P and the corrected test res u l t 1J c co m p a red with the v a l ue Y/g of the
g u a rantee c u rve at the g u a ra nteed output P 9 (see F i g u re 9 b ) ) .
 - 76 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

fl fl

.. .A

fi g
fie

�
�/ I� fie
fi g � �/
I :II

/i
I I
I flm
II

/!
flm I
""' I .A" I
l I
I
II
'

II II II IiI
I II I II
I
II
I
II II II
III II
II I I
I II I I
II
I II II I I
I I I
: I I
I

:
4 3 2 1 m1
4 p
m 1 ,m

IEC IEC

F i g u re 9a) - Locus c u rve of i n i t i a l steam flow . F i g u re 9 b ) - L oc u s c u rve as functi o n of o u t p u t .

.A.Design points on locus curve

0 Measured points

() Corrected points
e Guaranteed point on locus curve

F i g u re 9 - G u ara n t e e c o m p a r i s o n on l o c u s c u rve

7.8.3 G u a rantee c o m p a r i s o n w i t h g u arantee p o i n t

For comparison with a s i n g l e g u a ra ntee va l u e , a test res u l t co rrected accord i n g to 7 . 6 . 1 a ) s h a l l

n o t be corrected further.

If the test res u l t has been corrected a ccord i n g to 7 . 6 . 1 b), only the d i ffe rence between the
corrected output and the g u arantee output s h a l l be c o n s i d e red fo r the further correcti o n .

7.8.4 G u a rantee c o m p a r i s o n for t u r b i n e s w i t h t h rott l e g overn i n g

If g u a ra ntees at partial l oads are g iven for turbi nes with t h rottle govern i n g , t h e a m o u nt o f
t h rott l i n g i n the co ntrol va lves s h a l l a l s o be stated . T h e test res u lt t h e n h a s t o b e co rrected a l so
fo r the d i ffere nce i n th rottl i n g between g u arantee con d it i o n a n d test conditions i n a way which
is i n accord a n ce with the method chosen i n 7.6. T h e n the g u a ra ntee comparison can be made
accord i n g to 7.8.2 or 7 . 8 . 3 .

Alternative l y , t h e corrected test v a l u e can be compared with the v a l u e o f the g u a ra ntee locus
curve at the same percentage value of i n it i a l steam fl ow capacity o r of co rrected maxi m u m
output w i t h valves wide o pe n . The n ecessary v a l u e o f the i n itial stea m flow capacity o r m ax i m u m
output o f the tested turb i n e c a n most conve n iently be determ i n ed b y a test w i t h valves w i d e
open.

7.8.5 G u a rantee c o m p a r i s o n for extract i o n t u r b i n e s

If a n extracti o n d i a g ra m is guara nteed or can be esta b l ished fro m the g u a ra n tee val ues fo r an
extraction turb i n e , the method a ccord i n g to 7 . 6 . 1 a ) can be a p p l i e d . T h e extraction line fo r the
measured extraction ste a m fl ow is d eterm i n e d by i nterpolation a n d used as the g u a ra ntee locus
curve. Correction a n d g u arantee com parison are then made with co n sta nt measured i n i t i a l and
extraction ste a m flow.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 77 -

7.9 Deteriorat i o n o f t u rb i n e p e rfo r m a n c e (ag e i n g )

7.9.1 T i m i n g t o m i n i m i se d e t e r i o rat i o n

The test s h a l l be conducted as s o o n as practi cable after fi rst synchro n isation ( s e e 4 . 3 . 1 ) to

m i n i m ise any performance d eteriorati o n a nd test u n ce rta i nty.

7.9.2 C o rrect i o n w i t h c o m p a ri s o n tests

If no special agreement exists d eteriorati o n s h a l l be d eterm i n ed by means of turbine comparison

testi ng (using the same i n struments) a n d taken i nto acco u n t i n the comparison of the test res u l ts
with g u a ra ntee. The contri b ution of each turb i n e cyl i n d e r effi cie ncy dete ri o ration o n heat rate
s h o u l d be agreed by the parties before the test. As the effici e n cy of the L P-tu r b i n e can not be
measured d i rectly, it is assumed that the effi c i e n cy deteriorat i o n of the L P-tu rbine sect i o n is
h a l f of the deteriorati on of I P-turb i n e s ecti on .

7.9.3 C o rrect i o n w i t h o u t com p a r i s o n tests

If comparison measurements for d eterm i n ation of the co n d it i o n of the ste a m turbine a ccord i n g
t o 4 . 5 h ave n o t b e e n made, the actu a l overa l l deterioration can not b e d eterm i n ed a n d
a performance test can not b e conducted without add i t i o n a l agreeme nts co n cern i n g age i n g .

If there is reas o n a b l e assurance that t h e u n i t i s free o f part i a l d a m a g e a n d d e posits, the

perfo rm a n ce test m i g ht continue if a n average value of t h e deteri orat i o n by age i n g (see 4 . 4 . 2 )
is agreed b y t h e parties t o t h e test a n d ta ken i nto acco unt i n t h e compariso n o f t h e test res u lts
with g u a ra ntee.

The fo l l owi ng correlation i s g iven for g u i d a nce on the a l l owance fo r ave ra g e thermal
perfo rm a n c e , for exa m p l e thermal effi ciency a n d p ower output deteriorati o n by a g e i n g over t i m e :

T a b l e 4 - Avera g e deteriorati o n by a g e i n g

T i m e between fi rst s y n c h ro n i sa t i o n a n d test a)

T u r b i n e rat i n g P
2 to 1 2 m o n t h s 1 2 to 24 m o n t h s

< 1 50 MW 0.1 · f 0.06 . f % per month

> 1 50 MW 0.1 · �·{ 0.06 · �·{ % per month

a)
Periods during which the turbine casings are open will not be considered.

Due to heat recovery in the reh eater section of the steam g e n e rator, t u r b i n e dete riorati o n has
h i g h e r i m pact on power output than o n therm a l efficiency. The heat recovery in the re heat
secti on of a steam g e n erator s h a l l be considered by factor f.

Tab l e 5 - D et e r i o rat i o n of t h e r m a l effi c i e n cy a n d power o u t p u t

f N o n Reheat Cycle Reheat C y c l e

Thermal Efficiency 1 1
Power Output 1 1 .45

To dete r m i n e f the rati o of H P- , I P- and L P-cyl i n d er d eteri orat ion was assumed to be
L'lTJ H p : L'lTJ i p : L'lTJLP
4 : 2: 1 . =
 - 78 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

8 M easuring uncerta inty

8.1 G e n eral

The measurement of each q u a ntity enteri n g i nto the co m putation of the test res u lt is l i a ble to
some degre e of e rror wh ich d epends o n t h e q u a l ity of the measuring i n stru me nts and the
con d itions of the measurement. The test result is s u bj ect to a degree of u n ce rta i n ty d e pe n d i n g
on t h e c o m b i n ed effect o f a l l the errors o f m easurement.

A s h o rt statisti cal d efi n ition of m easuring u ncertai nty a n d a j u stification for the a p p l icati o n of
statistical methods u n der the special circu mstances of thermal accepta nce tests a re g iven i n
An n ex D .

Accord i n g t o A n n ex D , t h e meas u r i n g u n certa i n ty o f a variable is esta b l is h ed a s a co nfi d e n ce

l i m it of the total measuring error for a statistical proba b i l ity of P 95 % . These co nfi d e nce l i m its
=

fo r i n d ivid u a l measurem ents can not be d eterm i n ed from t h e read i n gs of an accepta n ce test.

Confi d e n ce l i m its can be determ i n ed as fo l lows :

a) from the meas u ri n g reco m m e n d ations a n d sta ndards;

b) from the accu racy cl asses ( error l i m it) i n d icated by the i n stru ment m a n ufa cturer ( e . g . watt
mete rs , current transformers ) ;
c) from the c a l i b ration accu racy of a measuri ng i n stru ment ( e . g . s i g n a l tra n s d u cer) a s stated
i n the c a l i b ration ce rtificate , see 5 . 1 . 4 ;
d ) from t h e infl u e n ce o f a n u n avo i d a b l e i n stal lation e rror;
e) fro m genera l m easuring experience;
f) from the infl uence of the co l l ected va l i d d ata set considering the test d u rati o n , i n te rva l , a n d
n u mber of re a d i n g s ( s e e 4 . 8 . 3 ) .

Meas u reme nts w i t h ca l i brated i n stru ments, wh ere the average o f the rea d i ng s i s corrected fo r
i nstru ment deviations as d eterm i n ed by the c a l i brat i o n , may st i l l be i nfl u e n ced by e rrors d u e to
d iffe rent conditions d u ri n g t h e measurement a n d cali brati o n . These e rrors a re a l s o re lated to
the accu racy class of each i n stru ment. Al lowa nce - if necessary - s h o u ld be made fo r these
e rrors by ta k i n g i n to acco u n t a part betwee n 0 a n d 1 00 % of the a ccu racy class fo r the
determ i n ation of the tota l u n ce rtainty accord i n g to the gen eral error propagation laws.

In the case of m u l t i p l e measure m en t (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 ) , the measuring u n certa i nty Vx of the weig hted
average va l u e x of severa l i n d e p e n d e n t measure me n ts xi of the same v a ri a b l e x w i l l be
ap prox imate l y :

(35)

The methods fo r the d eterm i n ation of u n certa i nties for i n d iv i d u a l varia bles a n d resu l ts a re g iven
in 8.2 to 8 . 5 .

Data o n measuring u n ce rta i nties accord i n g t o g e n era l experience a re p rovided i n C l a u se 5 ,

Table 2 .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 79 -

8.2 D eterm i n ati o n of m e as u ri n g u n ce rta i nty o f stea m a n d wate r p r o p e rt i es

8 .2 . 1 P ress u re

I n p res s u re measure m en t the measuring u n certa i nty is d eterm i n e d by the specification of the
i n strume nts a n d t h e u n certa i n ty of the ca l i brat i o n .

Measuring accu racy is a l so i nfluenced by the d e s i g n a n d locat i o n of the p ress u re tappi n g , the
ambient te m pe ratu re a n d vibrati o n s .

8.2.2 Tem p e ra t u re

I n te m pe rature measureme nts with t h ermocouples or res ista n ce thermo meters , the measuring
u n ce rtai nty is esta b l is h e d fro m t h e error limit of the emf. c u rve o r the e rror l i m its of the
meas u ri n g res istance ( both of wh ich can be l i m i ted by ca l i brat i o n ) and fro m the accu racy of the
meas u ri n g i n stru m ents ( potentiometer, d ig ital voltmeter, etc . ) .

T h e measuring u ncerta i nty o f te m peratu re measure m e nts is l i a b l e t o b e co n s i d e ra b l y i n creased

by i n a p p ropri ate instal l ation of sensing elements, i naccurate co l d j u nction temperature, d i ffering
term i n a l temp eratu re , e rrors due to n o n - u n iform tem perature d istribution o r to flow d i sturbances.

8.2.3 E n t h a l p y a n d e n t h a l p y d iffere n c e

The e n th a l py is u s u a l l y d eterm i n ed fro m t h e instru m ent rea d i n gs for pressu re a n d te mperature.

The u n ce rta i n ties of these q u a ntities are therefore i n c l u d ed in the u n ce rta i nty of the e n t h a l py .
F u rther al l owance s h a l l be made for the tol era n ceRh o f the re levant steam ta ble va l ues for the
enth a l py . The u n certa i n ty of a n entha lpy va l u e may be calcu lated u s i n g the fo l l owi ng e q u ations :

a) S u perh eated steam

(36)

b) Wet stea m

[(1 - x)--t5h + x--

,
t5h
] " 2
x VPsat
2
+ (h - h , ) x Vx + Rh'2 + Rh'2
" 2
(37)
t5Psat t5Psat

Psat can be replaced by tsat ·

I n esta b l i s h i n g the u n certa i n ty of enthalpy d iffe re nces, the steam table tolera n ce can not
a lways be applied i n fu l l . Three cases s h a l l be d i sti n g u ished :
i) Isobaric h e a t a d d ition with c h a n g e of p h a s e , for exa m p l e i n a steam g e n e rator between
the enthalpy val ues h i and hj

(38)

where Vhi a n d Vh are calcu lated accord i n g to e q u atio n ( 3 6 ) .

i
 - 80 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

ii) I sobaric h eat a d d ition without c h a n g e o f phase ( e . g . i n re heat i n g ) betwee n the enth a l py
va l u es h i a n d hj

(39)

where Rhi a n d Rhi represent the stea m table to lerance of hi and hi .

T h e u n certai nty val ues Vh·I a n d Vh are esta b l i s hed i n t h i s case with o ut the ste a m ta ble
J
tolerance, i . e . u s i n g Rh = 0 i n equation ( 3 6 ) .

i i i ) I sentro pic exp a n s i o n i n a steam tu rbi n e (enth a l py d rop)

(40)

T h e u n ce rtainty va l u es Vh·I and Vh shall be esta b l ished as i n case b) w i th Rh = 0 fro m

J

e q u atio n (3 6 ) . To d ete rm i n e Vhi a n d Vti = 0. T h e factor Acs) is g iven as a fu nction of the e ntropy
s in F i g u re 1 0 .

�
-§ 0,003
ro
u..
"�
""'
0,002 "
�
0,001 � .......
I'

0
6 6,5 7 7,5 8
Entropy (s) kJ/kgK
IEC

F i g u re 1 0 - C o rrect i o n factor fo r steam ta b l e t o l e ra n ce

8.3 C a l c u l a t i o n of m e as u ri n g u n ce rt a i nty o f o u t p u t

8.3.1 E l e ctri c a l m e as u re m e n t

Accord i n g t o the l aw o f e rror propagat i o n , the u n certai nty o f the measurement of the e l ectri cal
power is i n gen era l ca l c u l ated as t h e geometric s u m m at i o n of the i n d iv i d u a l measurement
u n certa i nties of t h e tran sformers , the watt meters , the series resistors , etc.

When curves or ta b l es of the d etecta b l e syste matic e rrors a re ava i l a bl e (fro m ca l i b ration or
testi ng of a n y part of the measuri n g e q u i pment), these s h a l l be used to co rrect the e l ectri cal
power that has been measured (see 5 . 2 . 6 , 5 . 2 . 7 ) . T h e i n d iv i d u a l u n ce rta i n ty l i m its as i nd i cated
in the certificates of the c a l i brati o n s s h a l l be deci s ive in esta b l i s h i n g the measurement
u n certa i nty of the e l ectrical power (see also 8 . 1 ) .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 81 -

Where n o deta i l s of detecta b l e syste matic errors are ava i l a b l e , the calcu lation of the u n ce rta i n ty
of the total power s h a l l be based on the accuracies class of the i n d iv i d u a l items of the measuring
e q u i p ment.

In s u c h cas e s , it is i m portant to n ote t h e d e p e n d e ncy of the accuracy class of the tra nsformers
on the val ues of c u rrent a n d voltage.

The accu racy class of a wattmeter s h a l l be related to t h e a ct u a l scale va l u e of the read i n g .

Practical experience h a s s h own that t h e transform i n g ratio errors , a s we l l a s t h e phase-a n g l e

e rrors o f e q u a l tran sformers i n para l lel phases, are n o t fu l l y i n d e p e n d e n t . T h i s a l so a p p l ies to
the ca l i bration of tra n sform ers . Therefore , in polyphase measureme nts (two-watt meter o r
th ree-wattmeter method ) the s u m mation of errors is partially arith metica l .

I n gen eral t h e l a w o f error propagation with geometrical su mmation o f the i n d i v i d u a l

measurement u n certa i nties is a l s o a p p l i e d for polyphase measure me nts (two-wattm eter o r
th ree-wattmeter meth o d ) . Practical experi m e nts h a v e s h own t h a t the tra nsfo r m i n g ratio errors ,
as well as the p h ase-a n g l e e rrors of the tra nsformers i n the various ph ases , a re not fu l l y
i n d ependent. T h i s a l s o a p p l ies t o t h e c a l i brati o n o f tra nsformers .

Therefore , the s u m mation o f errors h a s t o b e separated i n to a geo metrical part a n d a n

arith metical part .

I n the c a l c u l a t i o n o f the measurement u n certai nty o f the tota l power as the s u m o f the power i n
the i n d i v i d u a l phases, the fo l l owi ng measurement u n certa i nt i es have t o b e ta ken i nto acco u n t .

a ) Wattmeter a n d watth o u r meter

The s u m mation of the measurement u n certa i n ty d u e to the wattmeters o r watt h o u r meters
i n the various ph ases is geometrica l .
b ) Transfo r m i n g errors of voltage tran sform ers
The s u m mation of the measure m en t u ncertai nties d u e to the tra nsfo r m i n g e rrors of voltage
tra n sfo rmers between the various p h ases is arithmetica l .
c) P h ase-ang l e errors of voltage tra nsforme rs
The s u m m ation of the measurement u n certa i nties d u e to the phase- a n g l e e rrors of voltage
tra n sfo rmers is arith m etica l .
d ) Transfo r m i n g errors of c u rrent tran sform ers
The s u m m ation of the measurement u n certa i nty d u e to t h e tra nsform i n g e rrors of cu rre nt
tra n sfo rmers in the various p h ases is arithmetica l .
e) P h ase-ang l e errors of c u rrent tran sform ers
The s u m mation of the measurement u n certa i nty d u e to t h e ph ase-a n g l e e rrors of cu rre nt
tra n sfo rmers is arith m etica l .
f) Total e rror
The u n ce rtainty i n total power is calcu lated by geometrical s u m mation of the u n ce rta i nties
mentioned u n der a ) , b ) , c ) , d) a n d e).

NOTE 1 The summation mentioned under c) or e) is sometimes made geometrically. This is not correct in the
philosophy of this clause, as the statement in the first paragraph applies to the phase angle errors as well.
NOTE 2 I n the formulae an uncertainty for the temperature influence on watt meters or watthour meters is
introduced. The temperature factor is indicated by the manufacturer of the watt meters/watthour meters.
If the influence of the temperature on the wattmeter reading is exactly known as a function of the temperature and
this has been applied as a correction in the evaluation of the measured power, this influence on the measurement
uncertainty can be eliminated in the formula for measurement uncertainty.
 - 82 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

8.3.2 M e c h a n i c a l m e a s u re m e n t

Accord i n g to the law of error propagat io n , the meas u r i n g u n certa i n ty is d eterm i n ed fro m the
meas u ri n g u ncerta i n ties for speed a n d torq u e . T h e measuring u n ce rta i nty of the torq u e s h a l l
b e established o n t h e basis o f t h e measuring proced u re a n d t h e error l i m its o f c a l i b rati o n .

8.3.3 A d d i t io n a l u n c e rt a i nty a l l ow a n ce b e c a u s e of u n steady l o a d c o n d i t i o n s

If, d u ri n g the test peri o d , th e output fl uctuati o n s above a n d below the mean value exceed ±5 % ,
rejection of the test d u e t o criteri a i n clause 4 . 8 may b e avo i d e d b y a g re e i n g o n a n a d d i t i o n a l
a l l owance to acco u nt fo r the i n c reased u n certa i nty . I t d e p e n d s o n the mag n itude o f t h e
fl uctuati o n s a n d can therefore be determined as fo l l ows:

the absol u te va l u es of t h e deviations of the i n d iv i d u a l output read i n gs fro m the mean value a re
averaged .

_ 2 ( meanabsolutedeviation ) - 1 (0
rdP - �) (4 1 )
6

r"p is to be added arith metically to the total u n certai nty of the output measurement. T h e
a l l owance rflp is a p p l ica b l e only if the mea n absol ute deviation is g reater t h a n 0 , 5 % .

8.4 Determ i n a t i o n o f m e as u ri n g u n ce rt a i nty o f m a s s f l ow

8.4. 1 M e a s u r i n g u n c e rt a i nty of m a s s flow m e as u re m e nts

The measuring u n ce rta i n ty depends on the fl u ctu ations of the rea d i n g . D u e to c h a n ges in l i q u i d
levels i n storag e v o l u m e s d u ri n g tests , t h e read i n g o f flow meas u r i n g i n struments m a y be
s u bj ect to s l ow but considerable fluctuat i o n s . S u ch slow fl u ctuations s h a l l not be taken i nto
acco u nt in estab l i s h i n g the u n certa i nty of a flow measure m e n t .

The u n ce rta i nty o f mass flow measure m ent is then determi ned for the type o f i nstru m e n t used
accord i n g to the re levant sta n d a rd . If the fl ow device has been c a l i brate d , the u n ce rta i nty of the
flow may be esti m ated fro m the c a l i brati on res u lts a n d operation conditions d u r i n g the
perfo rm a n ce test (see 5 . 3 . 4 ) .

8.4.2 M e a s u r i n g u n c e rt a i nty of m u lt i p l e m e as u re m e nts o f p ri m a ry fl ow

If p r i m a ry flow has been determ i n ed by m u ltiple measureme nts or by a p p l i cati o n of mass flow
b a l a n ces (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 3 ) , their m u t u a l compat i b i l ity has to be checked (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 1 ). I n the case
of i n com pati b i l ity , all flow devices wh ich can b e i n s pected (see 5 . 3 . 5 . 1 ) s h a l l be c h ecked fo r
condition a n d co nform ity. A weig hted average va l u e is calcu lated fro m the measured va l ues of
a l l flow d evices which h ave been fo u n d in g ood order, and the measured v a l u e s of a l l flow
devices without poss i b i l ity of i n spection are ch ecked for co m pati b i l i ty with t h i s average va l u e
(see 6 . 2 . 3 . 1 ) .

An i n com pati ble val u e s h o u l d either be e l i m i n ated from fu rther eva l u ation o r i t s u n ce rta i nty
va l u e i n creased u nt i l com pati b i l ity is ach i eved . The decis i o n has to be made with d ue
cons i d e ration to t h e poss i b i l ities of i m perfect cycle conditions a n d /or i m pe rfect i o n s of the flow
device.

The poss i b i l ity of errors at several u n i n s pected fl ow d evices due to the same basic reason
( re d u ced s h arpn ess of edges of orifices , n ozzles or taps due to wear , d a mage due to b l owi ng
out of p i p e l i n e , or c h e m i c a l clean i n g , damage or wear of u l tra-s o n i c probes etc . ) s h o u l d be d u l y
cons i d ered i n the eva l u ation .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 83 -

If measured val ues of i n s pected flow d evices wh ich h ave been fou n d i n good condition a re not
compati b l e a n d their u n certa i n ty val ues h ave been d eterm i n ed correctly, a n eval uation a s
m u l t i p l e measurement accord i n g to 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 is not pos s i b l e . T h e reasons fo r i ncompat i b i l i ty a re
to be i nvesti gated fu rth er.

The v a l u e of t h e primary flow is calcu lated from the re m a i n i ng compati b l e measured val ues
accord i n g to 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 . Its u n certa i n ty value i s d eterm i n ed accord i n g to 8 . 1 .

8.4.3 U n c e rt a i nty a l l ow a n c e f o r cyc l e i m pe rfect i o n s

To a l l ow fo r i m pe rfect cond itions of the water-steam -cycle ( u n known secondary fl ows , i m pe rfect
isolati o n , i ntern a l l e a kages etc . ) , an a d d i t i o n a l u n certa i nty a l lowance s h a l l be considered . T h e
a l l owance is estimated to be 50 % o f the u naccou n ted-for l e a k a g e , w h i c h is u s ed i n the
eva l u ation of the i n itial ste a m fl ow (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 4 ) , is added arith metica l l y to the measuring
u n ce rtai nty of the primary flow or the average u n certai nty of the average primary flow (see
8.4.2).

8.5 C a l c u l a t i o n o f m e as u ri n g u n ce rt a i nty o f res u lts

8.5.1 G e n e ra l

T h e measuring u n certa i n ty o f t h e resu lts is calcu lated b y a p p l icat i o n o f t h e l a w o f e rror

propagation fro m the u n certai nties of the measured val ues a ccord i n g to An nex 0 with d ue
cons i d e ration of eventu a l i n terd e p e n d e n ces of the variables a n d the i r u n ce rta i nties.

8.5.2 M e a s u ri n g u n ce rt a i n ty o f t h e rm a l effi c i e n cy

For a n o n-reh eat condensing turb i n e plant, the thermal effici e n cy 7Jt is d efi ned i n 3 . 4 . 2 . I ts
re lative measuring u n certa i n ty i s :

r.,,1 = ± 2
r. +
2
r 'h. +
2
rp (42)
m1 LJ''1 1,1

For a s i n g l e-re h eat co n d e n s i n g turbine plant, the thermal effici e n cy is d efi ned i n 3 . 4 . 2 .

Norm a l l y , the reh eater mass fl ow rh3 is not measured i n d e p e n d ently but calcu lated with the a i d
o f seco n d a ry mass flows fro m the corrected i n it i a l steam mass flow. I n the present case t h i s
re l at i o n s h i p s h a l l be i n trod u ced i n the e q u a t i o n for the t h e r m a l efficie ncy before the measuri n g
u n ce rtai nty is c a l c u l ated .

I n the exa m p l e g iven i n A n n ex C , the reheater mass fl ow is esta b l ished fro m the eq uati o n :

(43)

w h i c h , inserted i n equ ation ( 2 ) , g ives the thermal effic i e ncy:

p
(44)
 - 84 - I E C 60953-0 : 2 022 © I EC 2022

If, accord i n g to 6 . 2 . 3 . 3 , the re m a i n i ng d e p e n d e nces a re i g n ored to s i m p l ify the eva l u ati o n , the
re lative measuring u n certa i n ty of the thermal effi c i e ncy i s :

(45)

with :

being the tota l heat fl ow and mi be i n g the seco ndary mass flow a cco rd i n g to equation (44)
Q10t.

8.5.3 M e a s u r i n g u n c e rt a i nty o f t h e rm o d y n a m i c effi c i e n cy

The thermody n a m ic effi ciency lJtcth of a turb i n e is d efined i n 3 . 4 . 4 . F o r the most s i m p l e cas e ,
the rel ative measuring u n certa i n ty i s :

TrJ!d = ± 2
Tm1
. +
2
T"'Ahs +
2
Tp (46)

8.5.4 U n c e rt a i nty of co rrect i o n s

For the dete r m i n ation of the measu ri n g u ncerta i n ty of res u lts wh i c h have to be corrected , the
correction curves of the m a n u facturer s h a l l be recog n ized as correct in the to l e ra b l e ra nge of
correcti o n .

If a correction is n ecessary beyond t h e accepta b l e ra n g e s pecified i n 4 . 8 . 2 a n d 7 . 4 , a n

add i t i o n a l a l l owance ( e . g . on e-th i rd o f t h e a d d itional co rrect i o n value wh ich res u l ts from the
excess of the varia b l e beyond the accepta b l e correct i o n ra n g e ) may be a g reed by the parties
to avoid rej ection of t h e test, o r the correction value may be recalcu l ated for the s pecific cyc l e .

The u n certa inty o f the co rrect ion variables ( p ress u re , tem perature, etc . ) c a u s e s a n u n ce rta i n ty
of the correction wh ich i n many cases is s m a l l e n o u g h to be negl ected fo r the d eterm i n ation of
the u n ce rtainty of the res u l t .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 85 -

8.5.5 G u i d i n g v a l u e s fo r t h e m e a s u r i n g u n c e rta i nty o f res u lts

Esta b l i s h i n g the measuring u n certa i n ty of res u lts fo r l a rge a n d co m p l i cated i n sta l lations
genera l ly calls for a conside ra b le amount of calculating work wh i c h , i n most cases , can o n ly be
carried out o n t h e basis of s i m p l ified assumptions.

I t is perm i s s i b l e to o m it detai led calcu l ation of the u n certa i n ty va l u e of the test res u lt, if the
parties to the test so agree a n d if it is clear from the res u lts t h at the contract req u i re m e nts have
been fu lfi l led . This l atter co n d ition is satisfied i f the test resu lt, after a l l owi ng fo r a re l i able
est i m ate of t h e u n certai nty va l u e , still meets t h e g u a ra ntee.

G u i d i n g val ues fo r the u n certa i n ty of test res u lts a re g iven i n Table 6.

These g u i d i ng v a l ues , accord i n g to g e n era l experience, are a n i n d ication of the m a g n itude of

meas u ri n g u n certai nties for correct acceptance tests made i n accord a n ce with 5 . 1 . 1 .

Tab l e 6 - G u i d i n g va l u es fo r t h e u n ce rt a i nty of test res u lts

Reference Relative meas u r i n g u n certa i n ty fo r t h e

Type of t u r b i n e Res u l t
line res u lt3

A Back pressu re turbine IJtct M5>400 kJ/kg

S ize 3 to 50 MWel ± 1 , 5 to 2 , 0

B Back pressu re extraction turbine IJtd M5>400 kJ/kg

S ize 3 to 50 MWel ± 1 , 7 to 2 , 5

c Co nde nsing t u rbine IJtct ± 1 , 0 to 1 , 7

l a rge Back pressu re turbines

D Condensing extraction t u rbine IJtct ± 1 , 3 to 2 , 0

l a rge B a c k pressu re extraction turbines

E1 Co nd e nsing t u rbine with reheating IJt ± 0 , 9 to 1 , 2

s m a l l : typically less than 1 50 MWel

E2 Condensing t u rbine with reheating IJt ± 0,4 to 1 ,2

l a rge: typically g reater than 1 50 MWel uncertainty a p proach i ng 0,4 % can be
reached by using of cali brated flow
measurement d evices

F Co nd e nsing t u rbine with satu rated steam IJt ± 0,6 to 1 , 6

as initial steam uncertainty a p proach i ng 0 , 6 % can be
not i n c l u d i n g geothermal reached by using of cali brated flow
measurement devices

G Condensing t u rbine i n com b i n e d cycle p ± 0 , 5 to 1 ,2

uncertainty a p proach i ng 0 , 5 % can be
reached by using of cali brated flow
measurement devices
a
The l ower end of this v a l u e ca n be reached by i n creasing the accu racy of the d eterm i n ation of the primary
flows. U ncerta i nties may change with type of used test instru mentation.
Accu racy a n d type of i nstru me nts defi ned i n accord ance with Table 2 .

8.6 Exa m p l e u n ce rt a i nty c a l c u l at i o n

Table 7 is a n exa m p l e for a n u n certai nty calculation of a re heat cycle with u n ca l i b rated
feedwater and u n ca l i b rated condensate primary flow measure m e nts.

Al l sensitivities and para m eter u n certa i n ties s h a l l be d eterm i n e d fo r the specific test u n d e r
con s i d e ratio n . T h e para m eter u ncerta i nties u s e d i n the calcu l a t i o n s h o u l d bethe combined
u n ce rta i nties consideri n g any m u lt i p l e i n stru me nts (see 8 .4 . 2 ) . All param eters a re to be
con s i d e red u n co rre lated to each other.
 - 86 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

T a b l e 7 - Exa m p le u n c e rt a i nty c a l c u l a t i o n fo r reh eat cyc l e

w i t h u n c a l i b rated p ri m a ry f l ows m e a s u re m e nts

Total parameter uncertainty

Systematic Random Corrected heat rate
t = tem perature [0C] 0.20% 0 . 1 0%
p = pressure [bar] (except LP exhaust pressure) 0.20% 0 . 1 0%
m = mass flow rate [kgls] 0.75% 0 . 1 5%
P = generator output [kW] 0.30% 0 . 05%
CL = unaccounted Cycle Losses [kgls] 1 0% 1 0%

Systematic Random Sensitivity Systematic Random

Parameter %± %± %1% %± %±
p Lil.€ steam before MSV 0 . 20 0.10 -0.001 4 0.000 0 . 000
p HP turbine exhaust I Cold reheat after HP turbine 0 . 20 0.10 -0. 040 8 -0.008 -0.004
p After reheat I hot reheat 0 . 20 0.10 -0.066 6 -0. 0 1 3 -0.007
p Extraction 4 after IP turbine 0 . 20 0.10 -0.000 3 0.000 0.000
p Extraction 3 after IP turbine 0 . 20 0. 1 0 -0.000 2 0.000 0.000
p LP turbine exhaust 0 . 60 0.30 -0. 040 0 -0.024 -0. 0 1 2
p Condensate after heater 2 0.20 0. 1 0 -0.000 1 0.000 0.000
p After feedwater pum p 0.20 0. 1 0 -0.002 5 -0.001 0.000
p Feed water after heater 5 0 . 20 0.10 -0. 000 4 0.000 0 . 000
t Lil.€ steam before MSV 0 . 20 0.10 -0. 676 4 -0. 1 35 -0.068
t HP turbine exhaust I Cold reheat after HP turbine 0 . 20 0.10 -0.305 0 -0.061 -0 . 031
t After reheat I hot reheat 0 . 20 0.10 -0.536 4 -0. 1 07 -0. 054
t Extraction 4 after IP turbine 0 . 20 0.10 -0 . 0 1 1 7 -0.002 -0.001
t Extraction 3 after IP turbine 0 . 20 0.10 -0.007 8 -0.002 -0.001
t Condensate after heater 2 0 . 20 0.10 -0.078 8 -0. 0 1 6 -0.008
t After deaerator before FWP 0 . 20 0.10 -0 . 1 50 9 -0.030 -0 . 0 1 5
t After FWP before heater 4 0 . 20 0.10 -0 . 1 34 2 -0.027 -0 . 0 1 3
t Feedwater after heater 4 0 . 20 0.10 -0. 048 3 -0. 0 1 0 -0.005
t Drain after heater 4 0 . 20 0.10 -0.002 9 -0.001 0 . 000
t Feedwater after heater 5 0 . 20 0.10 -0.253 0 -0.051 -0.025
t Drain after heater 5 0 . 20 0.10 -0.005 4 -0.001 -0.001
m 1) 0 . 88 0.15 -0. 545 4 -0.477 -0.082
Main feedwater flow to boiler
1
m Condensate before deaerator ) 0 . 88 0.15 -0.454 6 -0. 398 -0.068
m Reheater spray flow (closed) 0 . 75 0.15
p Generator output power 0 . 30 0 . 05 -1 . 000 1 -0.300 -0.050
CL unaccounted Cycle leakage [in %-LS Flow] 0.025 0.025 -0.677 5 -0. 0 1 7 -0 . 0 1 7
Total root-square sum 0.718 0 . 1 54
01.€rall uncertainty (root-square s u m of systematic and random) 0 . 734
1) 0.25% LS-flow.
The unaccounted leakage is found to be:
50% of this number is added arithmetically to the
primary flow uncertai nty according to 8.4.3 and 6.2.3.4 of the RS .
Where superheater and reheater attem perator spray flows are in service, their effect shall be accounted for.
NOTE The infl uence of errors in the correction cur\€s has not been considered in this example.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 87 -

Annex A
(normative)

Feedwater heater leakage and condenser leakage tests

(see 4 . 4 . 5 )

A.1 Feedwater heater leakage tests

H e aters may be c h ecked for l ea k s , with the turbi n e out of service, by u s i n g the conden sate o r
b o i l e r feed p u m ps to mai ntai n press u re o n the water s i d e o f the heate rs . L e a k a g e is i n d i cated
by the accu m u l ation of water in the hot well o r s h e l l of the heater a n d , if normal ope rat i n g water
p ress u re is m a i n ta i n e d , the rate of leakage may be esti m ated . I t s h o u l d be rea l i zed , h oweve r,
that the rate of leakage may vary with the heater temp eratu re . T he measured rate of leakage
s h o u l d be reg arded on ly as a n i n d ication of t h e re lative tig htness of the heater and s h o u l d not
be used as t h e basis fo r correcti on of the primary flow measure m e n t .

I n s o m e i n sta l l at i o n s , i t may b e pos s i b l e to check for h eater leakage w i t h the t u r b i n e i n service

if a tight s h u t-off of bled steam can be obta i n ed a n d if th ere is n o casca d i ng of heater d r a i n s
i nto the h e ater b e i n g ch ecked .

If leakage is su s pected , a usefu l method to check fo r heater l ea kage i n actual service, i s to

i nj ect a s m a l l q u a ntity of a water treatm ent c h e m i c a l i nto t h e conde ns ate l i n e before the feed
he ater. A check of the conductivity of the h eater d ra i n conde nsate from a n y sus pected heater
w i l l show, i n the case of a leak, a sudden rise i n cond uctiv ity as the c h e m i ca l passes t h ro u g h .

A.2 Condenser leakage tests

Prior to a n d d i rectly after the turb i n e tests , a hydra u l i c test s h o u l d be made on the condenser
by fi l l i n g the steam s pace with water u p to at least 20 em above the top row of tubes a n d noting
the leakage of water, if a n y , i nto the water boxes at i n let a n d outlet.

An a lternative method of condenser test before and after the turbine tests i s to p l ace the
condenser a n d turbi n e i n to fu l l vacu u m by c l os i n g off all access of air a n d stea m , and d e l iveri ng
normal water supply to the condenser tubes with t h e coo l i n g water pumps. Weig hed leakage
i nto the hot w e l l is a measure of condens er leakage. The tig htn ess of the conde nser,
i m med iate l y before a n d d u ri n g turb i n e tests , s h o u ld be checked by a n e l ectrical co n d u ctiv i ty
test of a s a m p l e of conde nsate fro m the conde nser's hot well a n d a s a m p l e of the coo l i ng water
after it h as been d i l uted by a k n own a m o u n t of d i sti lled water.

Altern ative l y , the leakage can b e c h ecked by a c h e m i c a l method o r by a fl u o resce n ce meth od .

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Annex 8
(normative)

Evaluation o f multiple measurements, compatibility

(see 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 )

If seve ral i n d i v i d u a l mean val u es for t h e same vari a b l e have been measured o r d etermi ned (see
6 . 2 . 3 . 3 ) and their u n certa i n ties have been eva l u ate d , there is a good method fo r checking
whether each of th ese several mean va l u es are compatible with the we i g hted average va l u e
(see 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 ) a n d its u n certa i n ty ( s e e 8 . 1 ) . I t assumes t h a t the u n ce rta i n t i e s o f the i n d i v i d u a l
mean va l u es h ave b e e n d eterm i n e d correctly a n d t h a t t h e i n d iv i d u a l val ues d iffe r o n ly ra n d o m l y
fro m the t r u e v a l u e .

With

xi i n d iv i d u a l mean va l u e
Vxi u n ce rta i nty of xi

.X weighted average v a l u e of a l l i n d i v i d u a l va l u es (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 )

Vx u n ce rtai nty o f .X (see 8 . 1 )

the compati b i l ity criterion

( xi x-)2
-
-

l:j = 1 - 2 2 (8. 1 )
v_ - v- X
Xj

is calcu l ated for each i n d iv i d u a l va l u e xi .

If Cj < 0,

the i n d iv i d u a l va l u e xi i n q u estion d i ffe rs , poss i b ly because of a systematic e rro r i n a n

u n accepta b l e m a n ner fro m the t r u e va l u e . T h i s i s a warn i n g s i g n a l t o i nvesti gate the v a l u e xi
a n d its u n certainty v a l u e Vxi or u n d etected systematic e rrors .

The l ower the va l u e Ej , the h ig h e r the proba b i l ity of s u c h a n error.

If in the case of a n i n c o m patible v a l u e a physical i n s pection of the measuring i nsta l lation is not
p ractica b l e o r evidence of a systematic error exi sts , th is v a l u e s h o u l d be e l i m i n ated fro m further
comp utatio n .

If fo r a l l i n d iv i d u a l v a l u e s

(8.2)

t h e stati stical com pat i b i l ity o f t h e measured val ues xi a n d t h e i r u n ce rt a i n tyVxi c a n b e ass u m e d .
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Annex C
(normative)

Mass flow balances

(see 6 . 2 . 3 . 3 )

C.1 General

I n cases where several primary mass flow measurem ents a re carried o u t i n the m a i n flow o f the
cyc l e , a particular pri mary mass flow of the cycle ( e . g . the i n itial steam fl ow) can be determ i n ed
with the a i d of mass flows ba l a n ces by severa l largely i n d ependent measureme nts . M a ss flow
b a l a n ces are n ot a ltogether i n d ependent when com mo n mass flows occ u r in s u c h ba l a n ces .
This can be taken i nto acco u n t for the determ i n ation of the average va l u e a n d its u n ce rta i nty .

To set up the equations for mass flow ba la nces , it is fu rther n ecessary to measure ce rta i n
seco n d a ry mass flows a s we l l a s t h e level changes o f tanks a nd other storage vessels i n the
cyc l e .

T h e u n acco unted-for cycle loss is d ete r m i n e d fro m :

t h e changes 1'1. / o f a l l storage volumes, d ivided b y t h e d u ration z o f t h e test,

the measured l osses a n d
t h e make-up water fl ow (if a n y ) .

T h i s loss i s d istributed to t h e d iffere n t parts o f the p l a n t accord i n g t o s pecial o bs ervat i o n s a n d

general convention a n d i s cons id ered accord i n g ly i n t h e mass flow b a l a n ces .

Level changes s h a l l be added as mass flows to the respective mass flow v a l u e s .

Fig u re C . 1 i l l ustrates the cycle d ia g ra m o f a s i n g l e-reheat stea m turbine p l a nt. Four pri m a ry
mass flow measure me nts are made wh i l e fo u r second ary mass flows a n d the changes i n the
conte n ts of two ta nks are measured .

The i n itial steam flow can be c a l c u l ated from the b a l a n ces i n the fol l owi n g fo u r ways ( reh eater
sp ray flow assu m ed to b e zero):

=
a) m1,1 m1 - mL2 (C. 1 )

b) m
1,1 1 =
m
7 ± ..nLJ,oA + mH5 + mH4 + mH3 - mL2 - mL 1 (C.2)

c) m
1,1 1 1 =
m m m
1 0 - L2 - l1 (C.3)

d) m v =
m + mis - mL2 - m L1 (C.4)
1,1 11

il l
w i t h d i stri bution o n rh u to rhL3 accord i n g t o conve n t i o n i n 6 . 2 . 3 . 4 a n d Imu =
a n d d u ration
z
i
time z of the acceptance test ru n .
 - 90 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I EC 2022

m
r--r----�� r----+ q
m qy

F i g u re C . 1 - D i a g ra m of cyc l e for p l a n t w i t h steam t u r b i n e w i t h s i n g l e re h e at i n g

a n d five stages o f reg e n e rative feedwater h e at i n g ext ract i o n

The various val ues m1,n esta b l i s h e d fro m the mass fl ow bala nces with the i r m ea s u r i n g
u n ce rta i nty Vm1,n s h a l l be checked for com pati b i l ity (see 6 . 2 . 3 . 2 ) .

T h e weig hted average va l u e m1 accord i n g to e q u ation (24) i s d eterm i n ed fro m t h e com pati b l e
va l u e s .

If a m a s s flow e q u ation which is t o be u s e d for t h a t calculation has led t o a n i ncompati b l e i n itial

steam flow va l u e i n the mass fl ow bala nce eva l u ation , the measured mass flow conta i ned i n it
should be checked .

C.2 Flows for further eva l u ations (informative)

For each mass flow balance a d ifference Llmn can be calcu lated :

(C.5)

If t h e u ncertainty o f t h e m a s s flow balance va l u e m1,n i s Vm1 ,n a n d t h e u n ce rtai nty o f t h e s i ng l e

m a s s flow mi is Tj a mass flow correction

(C.6)

c a n b e calculated .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 91 -

The corrected s i n g l e m as s fl ow i s th e n :

(C. ?)

± s i g n correspo n d i n g to s i g n of mi i n mass balance.

The mass flow co rrections L1 m8,n for several bala nce e q u ations will deviate but very s l i g htly a n d
can b e averaged arithmetica l l y .

F u rther eva l uations s h a l l be calculated with a i d o f the co rrected s i n g l e flows mj,corr a n d the
weig hted averaged i n it i a l steam flow m1 .

For exa m p l e , the h ot reheat steam flow m3 for the cycle i n F i g u re C . 1 is calcu l ated as fo l l ows :

(C.8)
 - 92 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Annex D
(i nformative)

Short-statistical definition o f measuring uncertainty

and error propagation in acceptance tests

(see 8 . 1 a n d 8 . 5 . 1 )

The measurement of a physical q u a ntity can be carried o u t with l i m ited accu racy o n l y , beca use
of the i n evita b l e measuring error.

error = measured value - true value (0. 1 )

I n practice , the re l ative e rror i s used very often , wh ere

error error
relative error = (0.2)
t rue va 1 ue measured value

If the errors are ra n d o m ly d i stributed , the accu racy of the determ i n ati o n of a constant q u a nt ity
( l e n g t h , weig ht) can be i n crea sed by repeat i n g the measurement a n d calcu l a t i n g the arith metic
mean v a l u e . The deviations of the i n d iv i d u a l measured val ues fro m the mean w i l l fo l l ow the
G a u s s i a n Law (no systematic error present). F ro m the stand ard deviation of the res u l t i n g G a us s
c u rve, the confi d e n ce l i m its Vxi o f the e rror of a n i n d ivid u a l m ea s u re m e n t xi can be ca l c u l ated .

The statement

vx· = ±2J for p � 95 % (0.3)

I

means that t h e measured v a l u e x i is s i tuated with a stat istical p ro b a b i l ity o f 95 % i n t h e ra nge

x ± 2J

Wh ere x is the true va l u e .

Vxi are t h e confidence l i m its o f t h e error fo r t h e va l u e xi.

The e rror of the measured value xi with respect to the u n k nown true va l u e x i s not g reater than
±Vxi with a pro b a b i l ity of 9 5 %.

The confi d en ce l i m its Vx for a stati stical p ro b a b i l ity of 95 % are called meas u ri n g u n certa i n ty i n
t h e fol l ow i n g . T h e re lative meas u r i n g u n certa i nty i s d efi ned by

(0.4)
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 93 -

For a d i rect a p p l ication of the statistical theory of u n certa i n ty of measure m e nts , a g reat n u mber
of meas u reme nts of a constant physical q u a ntity with ra n d o m l y d i strib u ted statistica l l y
i n d e pendent errors is necessary, as i n d i cated above. T h i s condition is n o t fu l fi l l ed fo r a thermal
acceptance test.

In o rd e r to a l low state me n ts of the proba b l e u n certai nty of val ues measu red d u r i n g therm a l
acceptance tests a n d t o perm it the a p p l ication o f the laws o f e rror p ropagation fo r the
determ i n ation of the u n certai nty of the res u lts calcu lated from these va l u es , the fo l l owi ng
gen era l izati o n s of the defi n itions are i n trod uced .

I n thermal acce pta nce tests the q u a ntities to be measured are not constant i n t i m e . A series of
rea d i n g s i s taken at reg u l a r i n terva ls d u r i n g the test period a n d the arith metic mea n va l u e i s
fo rmed . This m e a n val u e conta i n s fou r d i ffe rent types o f i n dependent e rrors :

a ) Random read i n g e rror d u e to i n strument behav i o u r w i t h confidence l i m it VA "

b) I n teg ration error with confi d e nce l i m it v1•

c) Syste matic e rror of the i n d iv i d u a l measuring e q u i p m ent co m po n e n ts with co nfi d e n ce l i m i t
Vs .

d ) Error d u e t o fl uctuations o f t h e cyc l e with confi d e n ce l i m it VR .

The confid ence l i m i t ( m easuri n g u n certa i nty) of the averaged read i n g va l u e i is:

vJ ±�vl
= + Vj2 + vl + v� (0.5)
X

The combi nation of VA and VR leads to the overa l l random error VRA N • a n d the co m b i nation of
v1 a n d v8 leads to the overa l l systematic error Vsy s ·

In n o r m a l accepta nce test practice, the n u m ber of rea d i n g s is s u ffi cientl y l a rge to re n d e r and VA

v1 n e g l i g i b l e . The i n fl ue n ce o f VR s h o u l d be consi dered to reflect i m pact o f the fluctuatio n s o n

t h e measuring u n ce rta i nty a n d therefore v8 is s i g n ificant for the meas u r i n g u n ce rtainty .
The averag e v a l u e i w i t h i t s confi d e nce l i m its o f the error V3 can be i nte rpreted a s a n i nd iv i d ua l
X
meas u rement accord i n g to statistical theory .

T h e confidence l i m its v8 can not be esta b l i s h e d fro m a series o f meas u reme nts o f a time­
fl uctuati n g vari a b l e with o n e a n d the same i nstru mentation by statist ical methods and have to
be determ i n e d by d iffere n t means for the d iffere n t kinds of measured va l u es . They s h a l l a lways
be referred to a statistical proba b i l ity P :::: 95 % .

F o r practical u s e tota l u n certa i n ty m a y be d ivided i nto two types o f e rrors , t h e systematic e rror
due to the i m pact of the meas u r i n g c h a i n a nd ra n d o m e rror d u e to fl u ctu ations of the rea d i n g s .
Thus:

(0.6)
 - 94 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

where
Vtot is the tota l u n ce rta i nty;

Vsys is the systematic error;

Vran is the ra n d o m e rror.

The res u lts ( e . g . mass flow, thermal effic iency, etc. ) a re calculated fro m measured variab les as
we l l as fro m phys ical properties and coeffic ients . G e n era lly, the res u lt y is derived fro m :

T h e n u m ber n
x
o f measured variables xi a n d from (0.7)

n b physical properties b1 and (0.8)

(0.9)

(0. 1 0)

Vb a n d Vc are the confidence l i m its of the e rrors of the physical properties a n d coeffi c i e n ts d u e
t o n o n-detecta b l e syste matic errors for P ::::: 95 % .

If a l l measured va l u e s , physical property values a n d coeffi cients a n d t h e i r co nfi d e n ce l i m its of

the error ( m e a s u r i n g u n ce rta i n ty) are i n dependent of each other a n d d etermined fo r the s a me
p ro b a b i l ity P ( e . g . 95 % ) , t h ey can be added accord i n g to the law of e rror p ropagation ( s q u a re
root rule) a n d the measuring u n ce rta i n ty Vy of the res u lt d eterm i n ed i n t h i s m a n ne r w i l l have
the same p ro b a b i l ity. I t i s :

(0. 1 1 )

where Vxi is the meas u r i n g u n certa i nty of a n i n d iv i d u a l variable xi .

The calculation methods a p p l ied i n this a n nex, d e rived from the pro b a b i l ity theory , a re based
on the ass u m ption that all the values used in the calculation a re statistica l l y a bs o l u tely
i n d epende nt of each oth e r.

I n most cases , h owever, phys ica l pro perties a n d coeffi cien ts d e pend on the measured varia b l e s .
I n such cases the n at u ra l relati o n s h i p betwee n measured variables a n d phys ical pro pe rties a n d
coefficients:

(0. 1 2)

(0. 1 3)

s h a l l be i n trod u ced i n to the equation for y prior to appl icat i o n of the e rror p ropagation law.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 95 -

I n m a ny cases, the measuring u ncertai nties of measured va l u es are not i n d e p e n d e n t of these

val ues themselve s , or the u n certa inties of val ues measured in para l l e l o r with the s a m e
i n stru m e ntati o n a re m u t u a l l y i n terdepe n d e nt . The error propagat i o n law as s h o w n a bove i s then
not a p p l i c a b l e o r h as to be applied d ifferently.

I n d ications for the treatm ent of the m ore common cases of i n terd e p e n d e n ce a re g iven in the
fo l l ow i n g .

I n v i e w o f t h e m a n y i nfluencing factors invo lved , t h e measu r i n g u n ce rta i nty o f a l l p res s u re

d i ffe rence devices for m ass fl ows , as we l l as a l l thermometers or thermoco u p l e s , s h a l l be
considered to be i n dependent. Measurem ents with i n stru me nts wh ich have been ca l i b rated on
the same test bed ( e . g . , o rifices and n ozzles ca l i brated together with the test section a s we l l a s
thermo meters and thermoco u p l e s ) s h a l l be conside red to be dependent o n each o t h e r i n v i ew
of the c a l i bration error.

Pres s u re d i ffe re n ce d evices of the s a m e d i m ensions work i n g u nd e r p ra ctica l l y the same

conditions (e.g. measurement of i n it i a l steam flow i n several para l lel flows) shall all be
con s i d e red to be entirely d e pe n d e n t on each other.

For the d e p e n d e nce of the m easuring u n certa i n ty of instrument transformers, see 8 . 3 . 1 . For the
eva l u ation of the test, it is reco m m e n d e d that deviations from the assu mption of i n d e p e n d e n ce
of the variables s h o u l d n ot be consi d ered if a cons i d era b l e s i m p l ification of the eva l u ation can
be ach ieved without any apprec i a b l e effect on the res u lts, parti c u l a rl y o n the measuring
u n ce rta i nty.

The i n terd e p e n d e nce due to i n stru m e nts b e i n g c a l i brated o n co m m o n test beds is g e n era l l y
neg l i g i b l e if the error l i m its o f cali bration are s m a l l compared w i t h the o t h e r measuring
u n ce rta i nty of the measurement. T h i s also a p p l i es to the use of o n e p recis i o n pote ntiometer fo r
a l l tem perature measurements.

To a l l ow correctly for all the i n te rd epende nces in calcu l a t i n g the measuring u n ce rta i n ty of the
res u l ts gen era l l y i nvolves a highly s o p h i st icated calculation process a n d i s i m practicable in
most cases. I t is reco m m e n d e d to acce pt deviati ons fro m the pri n c i p l e of i n d e p e n d e nce of
measured val ues a n d their u n ce rta i nties , if a co n s i d era b l e s i m p l ification of the com putati o n can
thus be achieved without ap p reciable mod ification of the res u lts a n d their u n ce rta i nties .

For further backg round i nformation p l ease refer to I S O / I E C G U I D E 9 8 , Uncertainty of

measurement.
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Annex E
(i nformative)

Temperature variation method

E.1 Description of the problem

In order to d eterm i n e turb i n e heat rate , it is necess ary to a ccu rately measure the p r i m a ry a n d
seco n d a ry fl ows so that th e heat flow t o t h e cycle c a n b e defi n ed . These flows a re normally
meas u red by d i rect m e a n s .

This determi nation w i l l be m o r e d iffi cult for stea m t u rb i n es t h a t h a v e co m b i ned H P/ I P turb i n e s

mou nted i n o n e casing beca use the i ntern a l l e a k a g e flows between the H P a n d the I P turbine
can not be measured d i rectly. T h ese flows have a s i g n ificant i nfl u e n ce on the hot re heat flow
and the H P a n d IP s h aft power. The i n c o m p l ete deter m i n at i o n of these flows adversely affects
the accu racy of the h eat rate a n d LP effici e n cy calcu lation and the refore s h a l l be taken i nto
accou nt.

E.2 Possibility to determ ine the lea kage flow

As the leakage flow between t h e H P a n d the I P turb i n e cannot be d i rectly measured , other
methods, based on a thermody n a m i c a p proach , need to be c o n s i d ered . T h e "Booth-Kautz m a n n
altern ative test" , a l s o called "temperature variati o n method" is a poss i b l e s o l u t i o n .

Let u s assume a co m b i n ed H P/ I P turb i n e i n one cas i n g . A l a byri nth s e a l is p rov i d e d between

the H P turbine i n l et and the I P turbine i n let. Due to the la byrinth flow, a m i x i n g p rocess takes
p l ace in the I P i n l et bow l . T h i s is the start i n g point of th e I P expa n s i o n which d e p e n d s o n the
flow rate and the enthalpy of the l a byri n t h flow. Ass u m i n g a constant bowl efficiency of the I P
bla d i ng , t h e I P cyl i n d e r efficiency i s a fu nction of the l ive a nd re heat ste a m te m peratures. To
i l l u strate t h i s , a l ower l iv e steam turb i n e tem perature w i l l generate a cooler l a byrinth flow a n d
cause t h e I P exh a u st tem perature t o decrease. T h is d ecrease w i l l res u l t i n a h i g he r meas u red
IP cyl i n d e r efficiency a l t h o u g h the IP bowl efficie ncy re m a i n s constant.

As its n a m e reve a l s (tem perature variation met h od ) the concept is based o n vary i n g the l ive
and reh eat ste a m te m peratu res and o bserv i n g the c h a nges in the IP turbine exhaust
te m pe ratu re (cross-over) . I f a l a byrinth flow does not exist, the IP exhaust tem perature w i l l
fo l l ow t h e h o t reheat tem peratu re without b e i n g affected b y the l ive steam tem perature. If,
h owever, a s i g n ificant l a byri nth fl ow exists , the IP exhaust temperature w i l l fo l l ow the variations
i n the l ive ste a m tem peratu re although t h e reheat tem peratu re is kept consta nt. The
d e p e n d e ncy of the IP exhaust temperature o n the l ive steam te m perature i n d icates the
m a g n it u d e of the l a byrinth flow.

The bowl effi ciency of the I P turb i n e is calculated accord i n g to F i g u re E . 1 and equations ( E . 1 )
to ( E . 4 ) .
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 97 -

s
IEC

Location A Location B Location C Location D

M ass flow mA mA + me = ms me mA + me

Enthalpy hA hB he ho

where
Location A : reheat steam condition
Location B : I P turbine bowl steam condition after mixing
Location C: l a byrinth steam condition

Location D: IP turbine exhaust steam cond ition

P a ra m eter x: l a byrinth flow rate i n % of IP cyl i nd e r i n let flow after mixing

Location A S : isentropic expansion end point from locati on A

Location B S : isentropic expansion end point from locati on B

F i g u re E . 1 - I P t u rb i n e b o w l ex p a n s i o n l i n e d e p e n d i n g o n d iffe rent l a by r i n t h flow rates

An energ y balance g ives :

(E. 1 )

. X .
me = -- ms (E.2)
1 00

The I P turbi n e isentropic efficienc ies may be writte n as fo l l ows :

(E.3)

(E.4)

If the labyrinth flow rate is zero , equation ( E . 3 ) a p p l i e s , otherwise equation ( E . 4 ) .

 - 98 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

T h e tests a n d the calcu l ations may be carried out in various steps .

a) Step 1
Sta b i l ize the turbine u n d e r n o m i n a l conditions a n d measure press u re a n d temperature.
b) Step 2
P l ot the I P bowl efficiency as a fu nction of a n u m ber of labyrinth flow rates u s i n g the
e q u ations ( E . 3 ) a n d ( E . 4 ) . The h i g her the la byri nth flow rate , the l ower the IP bowl efficie ncy.
The slope is a measure of the enthalpy d i ffe rence of the reheat steam and the labyrinth
steam flow.
c) Step 3
Repeat step 1 a n d step 2 at two , three or fo u r l ower l ive or reheat ste a m temperatures ( !1t
ap prox imately 1 5 K ) . T h e p l otted curves w i l l i ntersect at the actual labyrinth flow rate a n d
the actu a l I P t u r b i n e bowl efficiency.

E.3 A p p l i ed exa m p l e

Consider a practical exa m p l e o f a c o m b i n ed H P/ I P 1 / I P2 stea m path with s i n g l e reheat mou nted

in one cas i n g (see F i g u re E . 2 ) . The H P stea m path is placed in the m i d d l e , with the I P 1 and I P2
steam path on either s i d e . The turb i n e has 2 i n tern a l labyrinth s e a l s .

Exhaust Extraction Live steam Cold reheat Hot reheat

IEC

Sealing 1 : Between the H P steam path exhaust a n d the I P 1 steam path i n l et ( n ot considered i n the exa mple)

Sealing 2: Between the wheel chamber (after the i m pulse wheel ) a n d the I P2 steam path i n let ( a p p l ied i n the
example)

F i g u re E . 2 - S c he m a t i c d i a g ra m of a com b i n e d H P/I P 1 /I P 2 t u r b i n e

The temp eratu re a n d pressure were measured at the fo l l owi ng l ocat i o n s ( t h e entha l py d rop of
the H P i m p ulse wheel was estim ated ) :

l ive ste a m ;
I P2 steam path i n let (corres ponds h ere to the h ot reheat tem perature ) ;
I P2 steam path exhaust.
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 99 -

The meas u red parameters a n d the co rres pon d i n g I P2 t u rb i n e bowl isentro p i c effi c i e n cies a re
g iven i n Table E . 1 .
 Table E . 1 - M ea s u red t h e r m od y n a m i c param eters a n d c a l c u l ated I P 2 t u rb i n e bowl i s e n t ro p i c effi c i e n c i e s

Variat i o n o f l i ve steam tem perat u re Variat i o n of reheat tempera t u re

U n it Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 Test 4 Test 5 Test 6 Test 7 Test 8

Nominal

L i v e steam , tem perat u re oc 537,770 5 1 5 , 560 504 , 440 493,333 482,220 537, 780 537,780 537 , 780

pressure bar 1 3 1 , 324 1 32 , 427 1 33 , 0 3 1 1 33 , 680 1 34 , 369 1 3 1 , 1 23 1 3 1 ,023 1 30 , 822

enthalpy kJ/kg 343 5 , 9 9 3375,86 3345,05 331 3,68 3281 ,58 3436 , 2 3 3436,34 3436,56

F i rst stage enthalpy d rop kJ/kg 60,70 5 8 , 020 56, 650 55,280 53,880 60,940 6 1 , 050 61 ,290

Labyrinth steam , enthalpy kJ/kg 3375,29 3 3 1 7 , 84 3288,40 3258,40 3227 , 7 1 3375,29 3375,29 3375,27

I P 2 i n let ste a m , tem perat u re oc 428,830 427, 970 427, 530 427,090 426 , 640 409, 1 30 399 , 3 1 0 379 , 7 1 0

pressure bar 1 8 , 1 24 1 8 ,424 1 8 ,583 1 8 , 7 49 1 8 ,922 1 7 ,859 1 7 ,725 1 7 ,457

enthalpy kJ/kg 331 4,28 3 3 1 1 ,99 331 0,81 3309,62 3308,40 327 1 , 92 3250 , 8 1 3208,68

flow kg/s 1 94 , 783 1 98 , 2 1 9 2 0 0 , 034 2 0 1 ,930 203,898 1 94 , 704 1 94 , 663 1 94 , 587

I P 2 exhaust steam tem perat u re oc 323,590 322 , 540 322 , 0 1 0 3 2 1 ,480 320,940 306 , 360 297,790 2 8 0 , 790
0
pressure bar 8 , 062 8 , 1 92 8,261 8 , 334 8,409 7 , 93 5 7 , 872 7 , 747 0
I
enthalpy kJ/kg 3 1 06 , 8 1 31 04,31 3 1 0 3 , 04 3 1 0 1 ,76 3 1 00 ,46 3070 , 84 3052 , 9 2 301 7,27

I P 2 bowl efficiency x=O % 88,248 88 ,442 8 8 , 536 88,641 88,733 88,079 88,014 87,841

x=2 % 88,681 88,483 8 8 ,376 88,276 88, 1 58 8 8 , 834 8 8 , 936 89' 1 1 3 m

(")
x=4 % 89,097 8 8 , 524 8 8 ,223 87,925 87,603 8 9 , 558 8 9 , 820 90,331
0>
0
x=6 % 89,497 8 8 , 562 8 8 , 075 87,586 87,069 90,253 9 0 , 667 91 ,496 <D
CJ'1
w
x=B % 89,881 8 8 , 599 8 7 , 933 87,260 86,553 90,91 9 9 1 ,481 92 ,6 1 3
0
I

x= 1 0 % 90,250 8 8 , 635 8 7 , 795 86,945 86,055 91 , 5 6 1 9 2 , 262 9 3 , 68 5 �

0
�
�
@
m
(")
�
0
�
�
I E C 60953-0 :2022 © I E C 2022 - 101 -

As s hown i n Ta b l e E . 1 , the I I P 2 i n l et tem peratu res have been c h a n ged by vary i n g the I P2 i n let
steam ( h ot reheat) tem perature. T h e res u lt of the calculation is plotted i n F i g u re E . 3 .

�
>-
g 94
Q)
·c:; /
:E
Q) /
""§: 93
0 /
.0
Q)
c
:e 92
� Actual labyrinth flow rate: 0,977 2% 1 / /
�
Actual IP2 efficiency: 88,45%
2 / - Test 1 , Nominal
N

!:!: 91 / � ------ -a-

/
Test 2
__...v
.. �
-+- Test 3
90 �____!,..-
____. ---' / _____.
//�
--<>--
_______. Test 4

89 � .------ ----&-- Test 5

� �� --t:r- Test 6
�
88 � � -e- Test ?

�:=-------. -o- Test 8

87 � �>-.......__
------
86
------

85
0 2 4 6 8 10
Labyrinth flow rate (% of I P2 inlet bowl flow)
IEC

F i g u re E . 3 - Res u l t of t e m p e ratu re vari at i o n tests . I P 2 t u rb i n e bowl effi c i e ncy as a

f u n c t i o n of t h e l a b y r i n t h fl ow rate (sea l i n g 2) for v a ry i n g l ive a n d reh eat t e m p e ratu res

I n this exa m p l e a l l p l otted c u rves i n tersect in a well-defi n ed reg i o n fro m which the actual flow
rate can be d e rive d :

l abyri nth flow rate (sea l i n g 2 ) : 0 , 9 772 %

i s e ntropic bowl effi ciency ( I P2 ) : 88,45 %

I t is o bv i o u s t h at the d ifference betwee n the bowl i n l et flow e nt h a l py a n d the l a byrinth flow

enthalpy is crucial for a s u ccessfu l a p p l ication of t h i s method .

If the e nt h a l py d iffe rence is close to zero , there is pract ically no i nfl u e n ce (see test 2 i n
Table E . 1 ) . I f t h e c u rves have a positive s l o p e , t h e l a byrinth flow heats the i n l et bowl flow; i f the
c u rves have a n egative s l op e , the l a byri n th flow has a coo l i n g effect.

The exa m p l e g ives a n i m p ress ion of a method that is easy and s i m p l e to a p p l y . I t m u st be

em p h as ised , h owever, that accu rate tem perature measure m e n ts a n d sta ble operati o n a l
con d itions are n ecessary to ach ieve re l i a bl e res u lts . If these con d it i o n s can not b e fulfi l l ed , t h e
plotted c u rves do n o t have a wel l-defi ned i n tersecti o n . The d eterm i nation o f the labyrinth flow
is then i n accu rate .
 - 1 02 - I E C 60953- 0 : 2022 © I E C 2022

Bibl iography
I E C 600 34-2 ( a l l parts ) , Rotating electrical machines