Journal of African Earth Sciences, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp.

2 4 5 - 2 5 9 , 2001
© 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd
All rights reserved Printed in Grea~ Britain
0 8 9 9 - 5 3 6 2 / 0 1 $- see front matter

Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area,

southern Egypt: evidence of crustal anatexis during
Pan-African low pressure regional metamorphism

A.M. MOGHAZI 1,*, M.A. HASSANEN 1,3, M.H. HASHAD 2 and F.H. MOHAMED 1
1Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
2Geology Department, Faculty of Science, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
3present address: Faculty of Earth Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

ABSTRACT--The Wadi EI-Hudi area, in the south Eastern Desert of Egypt, comprises a high-
grade metamorphic complex of migmatite and biotite gneiss that host a garnet-bearing leucogrenite
body. This complex has been intruded later by post-orogenic pink granites. Gneisses and migmatites
show obvious irregular layering, which lies concordently with the main foliation. The garnet-
bearing leucogranite is a texturally heterogeneous small body (about 3 km 2) that possesses a
similar mineralogical composition to that of gneisses and migmatites. This mineralogical similarity,
beside the presence of ubiquitous metasedimentary xenoliths of the same mineralogical composition
as the migmatite, indicates a cogenetic relationship. Geochemically, the garnet-bearing leucogranite
is strongly peraluminous (A/CNK > 1.1) with normative corundum ranging between 1.3% and
4.0%. Major and trace element contents show considerable variations related to textural and
mineralogical heterogeneity. Most of the samples have low CaO (0.23-1.15%), Sr (26-183
ppm), Y (11-35 ppm) and Zr (10-48 ppm) and high Na20 (2.78-4.02%), Rb (67-118 ppm)
and Rb/Zr (2-12). These data, together with the field and mineralogical observations, imply that
the garnet-bearing leucogranites were formed by dehydration partial fusion of chemically immature
pelitic materials. The high contents of Zr (154-766 ppm), Cr (60-70 ppm), Y (116-177 ppm)
and LREE (La + Ce + Nd = 290-335 ppm) are explained, in some samples, by their being retained
from refractory mineral phases where the solid residue did not completely escape. The garnet-
bearing leucogranite was emplaced as a consequence of high-temperature metamorphism during
a major collisional event in eastern Egypt, when a Pan-African terrane assembly was attached to
the East Saharan Craton. The high-temperature metamorphism was induced by anomalously high
heat influx to shallow crustal levels subsequent to collision and crustal thickening. © 2002
Elsevier Science Limited. All rights reserved.

(Received 3/10/00: accepted 30/6/01)

INTRODUCTION
Granitic rocks are essential constituents of the were emplaced. Accordingly, many petrogenetic
continental crust. The production of granitic magmas models are invoked to explain the mechanism of
from different sources by one or more petrogenetic formation and evolution of granitic rocks, where the
processes contributes some constraints on the origin mantle and the lower crust are considered to be the
of these rocks. The controversy over the origin of main sources (Pitcher, 1993). However, many petro-
these rocks relates to how their melts are generated logical and geochemical studies from a variety of
and evolved, and in what tectonic environment they geological environments (i.e. Wickham, 1987a, 1987b;

*Corresponding author
moghazi_l 6@yahoo.corn

Journal of African Earth Sciences 2 4 5

 A . M . M O G H A Z I et at.

Barbey eta/., 1990; Holtz and Barbey, 1991; Barbero
and Villaseca, 1992; Inger and Harris, 1993; Mohamed
and Hassanen, 1997) suggest that crustal anatexis
and recycling play important roles in granite
petrogenesis. The Nubian Shield of northeast Africa
is characterised by abundant granitic plutons of
different ages and variable mineralogical and chemical
compositions (e.g. EI-Gaby, 1975; Greenberg, 1981 ;
Sylvester, 1989; Noweir et aL, 1990; Hassanen,
1997; Moghazi et al., 1998). Two main granite types
equivalent to the I- and A-type granites in the sense
of Chappell and White (1974) and Collins et a/. (1982)
are recognised. These granites were formed either
by partial melting of mafic lower crust or by frac-
tionation from mantle-derived magma with or without
assimilation of crustal rocks.
High temperature-low pressure pelitic to semi-
pelitic gneisses and migmatites are the dominant
metamorphic lithologies within some high-grade
metamorphic domains in the Pan-African belt of the
Eastern Desert of Egypt (Fig. 1). Some studies on
these rocks (Sturchio et a/., 1983; El-Rarely et al.,
1984; Kr6ner eta/., 1994; Fritz et al., 1996; Finger
and Helmy, 1998) reported partial melting in the
pelitic rocks which have been used to date the peak
of metamorphism. However, little attention has
been paid to the granites which were produced by
crustal anatexis (cf. S-type granites: White et al.,
1986). Finding real S-type rocks within the Eastern
Desert of Egypt is of great importance for geo-
dynamic interpretations due to the fact that the
presence of old continental crust ( > 1000 Ma) be-
neath the Pan-African terrane (950-550 Ma) in the
Eastern Desert and Sinai had not been documented
until now (Stern and Manton, 1987; Kr6ner et al.,
1988; Sultan et al., 1992).
The Wadi EI-Hudi area, about 30 km southeast of
Aswan, Egypt (Fig. 1), comprises a metamorphic
complex made up of a garnet-bearing leucogranite
body, surrounded by biotite gneisses, migmatites and
amphibolites. This complex was intruded by post-
orogenic leucogranites belonging to the younger
granite group of Egyptian Basement rocks. The im-
portance of this area lies in its high metamorphic

•27 o 31 °

2 0 0 km Sinai

Basement complex of Egypt

Gneisses and migmatites
m Inferred cratonic margin
Wadi El Hudi area z-z.

,Quseir
~O
\
i~:i:i:i:

Bir Safsaf G. AI Asr

G. Uweinat

• ° . . . . • . • . °. °. • ° ~,.t,
I I ~ q Q t I • m d

Figure 1. A map showing the location of the Wacli EI-Hudi area and the distribution of gneisses and
migmatites in the basement complex of Egypt (modified from Hassan and Hashad, 1990), Inferred
cratonic margin is from Sultan e t a l . (1992), The areas indicated by numbers are 1: Feiran-Solaf
Belt; 2: Um Had; 3: Gabal Meatiq; 4: Migif-Hafafit area; 5: Wadi Khuda; 6: Wadi Hodein; 7: Bir
Haymur; 8: Abu Swayel.

246 Journal of African Earth Sciences

 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, s o u t h e r n Egypt

grade, which offers a unique opportunity for as-
sessing the genetic relationship between high-grade
metamorphic rocks and the production of a low-
pressure anatectic granitic melt. This work intends
to discuss the petrology and geochemistry of the
metamorphic complex in the Wadi EI-Hudi area, in
order to put some constraints on the origin and
evolution of the spatially associated garnet-bearing
leucogranite in this environment.
GEOLOGICAL SETTING
Wadi EI-Hudi ;s a classic area in geology because it
was one of the first localities in Egypt where gneisses
and migmatites were described (Attia, 1955). The
structural pattern of the area is mainly governed by
faulting and folding (Fig. 2). The regional fault pattern
trends, predominantly in the northwest, north-
northwest and northeast directions. These faults
juxtapose Phanerozoic sediments of the Nubian
sandstones against Precambrian basement rocks.
Folding, on the other hand, is represented by a major
asymmetrical syncline trending nearly in an east-west
direction.
The basement rocks exposed in this area, hereafter
termed the Hudi metamorphic complex (HMC),
represent a part of the Pan-African mobile belt in the
Nubian Shield. The metasedimentary rocks in this

Garnet-bearing
~] Recent sediments ~ Granites • Migmatite
Nubian Sandstone ~ Amphibolite ~--] Faults
Younger Granites ~Biotite gneiss ~] Syncline
Figure 2. Geological map of the Wadi EI-Hudi area (modified from Ragab and EI-Gharabawi
1989).

Journal of African EarthSciences247

 A.M. MOGHAZl et al.
complex include migmatites and biotite gneisses,
which host a garnet-bearing leucogranite body and
are later intruded by late to post-orogenic younger
granitoids. Gneisses and migmatites form the
lowermost rock unit in the HMC and occur as low-
lying ridges and deeply weathered lowlands. The
migmatites exhibit strong irregular layering (stromatic
and augen migmatites). However, migmatites with
ptygmatitic, nebulitic and vein structures are
recorded, especially at the core of the migmatite body.
Locally, the stromatic structure of the rock is dis-
rupted, leading to diatexitic rocks resembling granite.
The leucosomes are generally coarse- to medium-
grained, comprise up to 50% of the total rock and
vary in thickness from 1 cm in the low-grade mig-
matites to more than 60 cm in the high-grade varieties.
The leucosomes are generally parallel to the foliation
of the melanosomes, but local discordant structures
are common. The melanosome layers are homo-
geneous and display a well-foliated structure. They
are entirely composed of medium-grained biotite
flakes together with minor quartz and feldspars. The
palaeosomes are texturally and mineralogically hetero-
geneous and vary from fine-to medium-grained biotite-
rich to quartz- and feldspar-rich layers. The migmatites
grade northward into biotite-gneiss (Fig. 2) with diffuse
and irregular gradual contacts. The gneisses form
moderate lowlands and are of homogeneous com-
position, being composed mainly of biotite gneiss.
Amphibolites occur along the northern contact,
between the metamorphic complex and the younger
granites.
The igneous lithologies exposed in the EI-Hudi area
are dominantly granitoids and comprise two main rock
types. These are younger granites (monzogranite,
syenogranite) and garnet-bearing leucogranite (Fig. 2).
The younger granites are post-tectonic and were
emplaced after the main deformation event. They are
coarse- to medium-grained, subsolvus and unde-
formed, except for the local development of some
foliation at their outer margins. They have sharp
contacts against the gneisses and migmatites. In
places, irregular xenoliths of migmatite are observed
in the younger granitoids. The garnet-bearing
leucogranite is a small elongated body, about 3 km in
maximum dimension. It is massive, medium-to coarse-
grained and cuts the foliation trend of the gneisses.
This granite type has been formed at the peak of
metamorphism, which was coevel with migmatisation.
This is indicated by the elongated shape of the granite
body that suggests that intrusion was controlled by
regional compressional stress. It is texturally hetero-
geneous and contains xenoliths of various sizes, which
are ubiquitous throughout the granite body. These are
mainly biotite-rich xenoliths, varying in size from
248 Journal of African Earth Sciences
< 1 cm to > 30 cm and are compositionally identical
to the melanosome layers in the migmatites.
PETROGRAPHY
Migmatites
The pal~eosomes are heterogeneous and display a
well-developed foliation. They consist of variable
amounts of biotite, quartz, plagioclase feldspar, minor
microcline, garnet and accessory opaques, and zircon.
The melanosomes, on the other hand, separate the
palEeosomes from the leucosomes and are biotite-
rich (up to 70%) with quartz (15%), feldspars (10%),
garnet (3%) and accessory apatite, zircon, and
opaques (2%). The melanosome-leucosome contact
is generally marked by an abrupt change in grain size
and mineralogy, with rare biotite in the leucosome.
The latter contains large subhedral and subrounded
quartz and feldspar crystals, which are almost free
of inclusions, in marked contrast to quartz and feld-
spar present as poikiloblastic crystals in the melano-
somes. Occasionally, a large number of leucogranite
pods occur in restricted zones within the migmatites.
Sizes of these pods range from 50 cm to more than
3 m. The smaller pods lie concordantly within the
main schistosity of the country rock and are often
boudinaged. The mineralogy of these rocks is quartz,
plagioclase (An7_12), K-feldspar, muscovite, garnet
with accessory apatite. Grain size is variable, from
coarse- to medium-grained. Intergrowth textures
(perthites, myrmekites) are also observed in the
granitic pods and the leucosomes.
Biotite gneisses
The biotite gneisses are fine- to medium-grained and
show a well-developed foliation that sometimes
grades to megascopic banding. Isotropic layers are
commonly observed, which together with the schis-
tose and/or gneissose textures gives a banded
structure. They consist of biotite, plagioclase, quartz,
microcline and garnet. Iron oxides and zircons are
common accessories. The most characteristic feature
of the gneisses is the occurrence of garnet as large
euhedral to rounded porphyroblastic crystals. The
garnet crystals are commonly inclusion-free and, in
rare cases, they are replaced by biotite (reaction rim),
a feature ascribed to later subsolidus reactions.
Replacement of garnet by quartz and/or muscovite
may also occur.
Amphibolites
The amphibolites are mainly fine- to medium-grained
hornblende schist. They consist of hornblende and
partly sericitised plagioclase feldspar, with minor
quartz, biotite and accessory opaques. Hornblende is
 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, southern Egypt
quite fresh and occasionally contains poikiloblastic
inclusions of rounded plagioclase. The plagioclase and
hornblende crystals show a general tendency to lie
parallel to each other, imparting to the rock its foliated
nature.
Garnet-bearing leucogranite
The garnet-bearing leucogranite is a coarse- to
medium-grained rock with a hypidiomorphic granular
texture. Occasionally, it shows a porphyritic texture
where garnet and K-feldspar are the common
phenocrysts. The major mineral constituents are 40%
plagioclase (ANT_1~), 35% quartz, 10% alkali feldspar,
10% muscovite, 4% garnet and minor biotite.
Accessory minerals include zircon, apatite and
opaques. Orthoclase and microcline are the common
alkali feldspars. Vein-type perthites are common.
Garnet occurs as well-developed crystals, usually
inclusion-free, and is abundant in this granite variety.
Muscovite is variably present as large, relatively
undeformed platy crystals full of inclusions of quartz,
plagioclase and K-feldspar, which may suggest that
m u s c o v i t e has formed as a high-temperature
retrogressive replacement of feldspars. The garnet-
bearing leucogranites differ in mineralogy from the
migmatites and gneisses by the relative abundance
of alkali feldspar, garnet and plagioclase, and the
scarcity of biotite. However, they are very similar to
the leucogranite pods in the migmatites.
Post-orogenic younger granite
The syenogranite corresponds to coarse- to medium-
grained hypidiomorphic rocks occupying the northern
part of the map area (Fig. 2). The main constituent
minerals are quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase
feldspar (An~0 12) and biotite. Sphene, zircon and
opaques are common accessory minerals, whereas
alteration products include epidote and sericite.
Myrmekites, zoned plagioclase crystals and micro-
perthites, are common features in this granite type.
The monzogranite is petrographically similar to the
syenogranite but with different modal contents where
plagioclase is the dominant constituent.
GEOCHEMISTRY
Major and trace element XRF analyses for 23 samples
were made for the Wadi EI-Hudi metamorphic complex
(gneiss, leucosome, amphibolite, garnet-bearing leuco-
granite), in order that the chemical compositions for
the different lithologies could be compared to possible
protoliths. The XRF analyses (Table 1 ) were all done
at the laboratories of the Technical University of
Berlin, Germany, using fused and pressed pellets for
major and trace element determination, respectively.
Analytical precision, as determined on replicate
analyses, is generally better than +_5% for the major
oxides and between + 5 % and _+ 15% for trace
elements.
Amphibolites and gneisses
It is widely accepted that amphibolites may be derived
either from recrystallisation of basic igneous rocks
(ortho-amphibolites) or calcareous and dolomitic shales
(para-amphibolites). The studied amphibolites show
chemical compositions similar to basic igneous rocks
(Table 1). This is mainly manifested by their low
content of SiO 2 (average = 49.07%) and high average
contents of AI203 (16.58%), Fe203' (11.84%), MgO
(5.61%), CaO (10.72%) and TiO 2 (1.17%). This
chemical composition, therefore, indicates that the
protolith of these rocks is a basic igneous rock.
However, many authors (i.e. Leake, 1964; van de
Kamp, 1968; Orville, 1969) believed that any rock,
whatever its origin, composed of hornblende and
plagioclase will approximate basaltic composition.
Therefore, the method of Leake (1964) is used here
to distinguish between ortho- and para-amphibolites.
As shown in Fig. 3a the investigated amphibolites
cover the field of igneous rocks. This is also confirmed
by the MgO versus Ni binary scatter-diagram (Fig.
3b), where the positive correlation (r= 0.6) between
MgO and Ni reflects a magmatic differentiation trend.
The analysed gneiss samples are heterogeneous,
containing variable proportions of leucosomes and
paleosomes and thus have wide compositional
variations in most of the major and trace elements
(Table 1 ). A leucosome from the migmatites (sample
85L; Table 1 ) is silica-rich and depleted in the incom-
patible elements such as Zr, Nb and Y. Unlike the
amphibolites, the gneiss samples plot within the field
of greywacke (Fig. 3a), delineated by Satyanarayana
et aL (1974). Also, the geochemical data of the studied
gneisses closely match average values of the Pan-
African gneisses from the Kerala Khondalite Belt,
southern India (Fig. 4a), for which a derivation from
greywackes has been inferred (Braun et al., 1996).
A comparison of the major and trace element data of
the average gneisses and migmatite leucosome (Table
1, Fig. 4a) reveals depletion of the latter in TiO 2, AI203,
Fe203, MgO, CaO, Sr, Y, Nb, Zr and LREE, and
enrichment in SiO 2, K~O and Rb.
Garnet-bearing leucogranite
The chemical data of the garnet-bearing leucogranites
show considerable variations, which are expected due
to their textural and mineralogical heterogeneity. They
have wide variations in AI203 (12.7-15.8%), Fe203t
(0.52-2.70%), MnO (0.04-0.23%), V ( 4 - 3 0 ppm),
Cr ( 3 - 7 0 ppm), Zr ( 2 0 - 7 6 6 ppm), Y ( 1 1 - 1 7 7 ppm)
Journal of African Earth Sciences 249
 A.M. MOGHAZl et al.

Table 1. Chemical data of EI-Hudi garnet-bearing leucogranite, biotite gneiss and amphibolite

Garnet-bearing leucogranite Leucosome

Sample 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 84 86 87 89 91 85L
~SiO2 75.23 76.77 75.35 74.74 75.89 74.55 70.71 78.65 71.51 74.50 75.58 74.81 80.07
TiO2 0.02 O.01 0.O1 0.O1 0.01 0.02 0.06 0.03 0.04 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.02
AI203 13.75 13.15 14.86 14.64 14.60 15.36 15.83 12.66 14.94 13.97 14.22 14.63 11.04
Fe203* 0.52 0.52 0.55 0.79 0.70 0.89 2.69 0.79 2.04 0.66 0.64 0.90 0.67
MnO 0.06 0.04 0.05 0.07 0.08 0.07 0.23 0.11 O.16 0~05 0.07 0.05 0.09
MgO 0.07 0.05 0.08 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.16 0.14 0.16 0.05 0.08 0.10 0.06
CaO 0.82 0.73 0.83 0.94 0.92 1.04 1.03 0.94 1.25 0.70 0.92 1.15 0.23
Na20 3.87 3.63 3.81 3.70 3.54 3.80 4.02 2.78 3.65 3.71 3.01 3.29 1.54
K20 3.81 4.31 3.89 4.04 4.17 3.96 4.62 3.23 4.48 4.10 4.80 4.57 5.08
P205 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.04 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.02 0.02
LOI 0.60 0.45 O.41 0.58 0.22 O.21 0.21 0.25 0.38 0.35 0.58 0.63 0.21
Sum 98.80 99.71 99.87 99.58 100.2 99.99 99.60 99.60 98.64 98.15 99.96 100.2 99.03
A/CNK 1.15 1.10 1.24 1.20 1.21 1.23 1.24 1.40 1.20 1.18 1.20 1.17 1.30
Cr 20 4 5 21 12 21 60 23 70 14 14 13 3
Ni 17 2 6 12 18 8 28 20 19 10 14 9 <2
V 42 7 5 7 8 8 13 32 13 8 16 11 4
Pb 24 26 21 33 27 19 14 10 16 21 25 22 26
Zn 11 24 42 26 29 32 27 9 23 28 24 19 22
Rb 118 75 86 80 94 78 36 23 34 80 75 67 80
Ba 1477 143 113 102 146 116 460 1067 503 106 1393 1183 476
Sr 183 33 33 41 53 46 255 238 190 26 126 134 35
Nb 2 2 2 3 2 5 10 2 10 3 4 2 3
Zr 10 30 29 35 31 45 766 154 659 40 48 2O 25
Y 28 28 20 33 35 37 177 33 116 18 14 11 10
'Th 11 20 19 19 22 32 37 22 25 13 23 17 18
U 3 4 5 6 3 9 8 3 5 3 5 3 3
La 13 13 15 13 19 10 44 15 47 16 15 14 8
Ce 35 20 38 30 35 22 217 32 182 39 41 39 10
Nd 15 17 17 15 12 8 75 17 62 18 14 12 7
Fe203*: total Fe as Fe203; LOI: loss on ignition

and La + Ce + Nd ( 4 0 - 3 3 6 ppm) (Table 1 ). The high
Ba c o n t e n t in s o m e s a m p l e s is d u e to b a r i t e
mineralisation encountered in these granites (Ragab
and EI-Gharabawi, 1989). The high Mn c o n t e n t of
some samples is attributed to high modal content of
Mn-rich garnet (M.A. Hassanen, u n p u b l , d a t a ) . On
the multi-element spider diagram (Fig. 4b), the garnet-
bearing leucogranites s h o w crustal signatures w i t h
high values of Rb, K, Th, U and Ba relative to the
primitive mantle. T h e y s h o w similar patterns to the
gneisses w i t h marked negative anomalies in Nb, Sr
and Ti. H o w e v e r , there are s o m e g e o c h e m i c a l
differences between the garnet-bearing leucogranite
and the biotite gneiss, especially in the abundance of
the elements Nb, Sr, Zr, Ti and Ba. With the exception
of t w o samples, these elements are enriched in the
b i o t i t e gneiss c o m p a r e d t o t h e g a r n e t - b e a r i n g
leucogranite.
The variation diagrams presented in Fig. 5 illustrate
the c o m p o s i t i o n a l features of the main lithological
groups. On most of the major e l e m e n t plots, the
garnet-bearing leucogranite samples overlap the field
of gneisses. However, there are some discrepancies,
such as lower TiO 2, higher AI203 and the enrichment
of some samples of the garnet-bearing leucogranite
in incompatible trace elements such as Zr, Y, Cr and
Ni (Fig. 5, Table 1 ). The gneisses define roughly linear
trends on all plots and the garnet-bearing leucogranites

250 Journal of African Earth Sciences

 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, southern Egypt

Table 1. Continued

Biotite gneiss Amphibolite

Sample 88 98 101 102 105 average 90 92 96 99 94 average
SiO2 74.30 72.67 72.33 64.72 67.18 70.24 47.03 49,35 47.45 52.99 48.54 49.07
TiO 2 0.11 0.28 0.16 0.35 0.32 0.24 0.63 0.55 1.92 0.94 1.80 1.17
AI203 14.43 13.85 14.84 16.54 15.26 14.98 16.84 15.33 14.58 15.77 20.37 16.58
Fe203* 0.83 2.29 1.67 4.68 3.73 2.64 11.55 12.72 13.89 10.53 10.51 11.84
MnO 0.11 0.06 0.05 0.25 0.18 0.13 0.11 0.16 0.15 0.15 0.10 0.13
MgO 0.10 0.69 0.71 2.48 1.91 1.18 7.89 5.67 5.34 5.14 4.01 5.61
CaO 2.04 1.75 1.08 3.17 2.10 2.03 12.08 10.71 10.87 11.03 8.89 10.72
Na20 4.96 3.81 3.25 3.11 4.02 3.83 0.80 2.59 2.49 0.91 3.62 2.08
K20 0.72 2.23 3.89 2.22 3.36 2.48 0.26 0.31 0.48 0.38 0.33 0.35
P205 0.05 0.05 0.02 0.06 0.06 0.05 0.07 0.07 0.19 0.19 0.51 0.21
LOI 1.65 1.89 2,18 2.55 1.83 2.02 2.11 2.81 1.83 1.38 1.13 1.85
Sum 99.30 99.57 100,2 100.1 99.95 99.83 99.37 100.3 99.19 99.41 99.81 99.61
A/CNK
Cr 3 25 15 35 40 24 63 115 54 110 31 75
Ni 2 14 12 17 18 13 45 47 19 29 13 31
V 4 32 9 53 52 30 377 191 510 341 136 311
Pb 15 6 28 18 20 17 4 10 7 5 5 6
Zn 8 40 25 55 62 38 78 93 102 82 111 93
Rb 20 13 43 23 33 26 20 12 9 10 15 13
Ba 500 300 1214 518 415 589 955 195 123 218 253 349
Sr 252 96 121 187 225 176 376 259 246 270 542 339
Nb 9 10 8 7 8 8 9 10 12 12 13 11
Zr 103 120 58 118 217 123 21 98 100 59 108 77
Y 21 26 15 22 20 21 16 28 33 27 17 24
Th 15 16 21 15 16 17 8 8 6 8 7 7
U 3 3 4 3 5 4 2 2 2 2 2 2
La 16 25 16 23 25 21 13 20 14 15 20 16
Ce 31 51 38 60 55 47 30 40 30 36 56 38
Nd 11 20 18 16 16 16 15 18 17 17 22 18

Fe203*: total Fe as Fe203; LOI: loss on ignition

lie on a mixing line between the leucosomes (silica- DISCUSSION

rich) and the gneisses (biotite-rich). The garnet-bearing
leucogranites are strongly peralumineous (A/
CNK= 1.1-1.4) with normative corundum values
ranging between 1.3 and 4.0%, the mean value being
2.5%. The peralumineous character is also shown
on the A-B diagram of Debon and le Fort (1983), where
the garnet-bearing muscovite granite samples define
a more or less positive linear array (Fig. 6a), a feature
which is uncommon in granites other than some S-
type granites (Clarke and Lyons, 1986). Also, the
garnet-bearing muscovite granites of the Wadi EI-Hudi
area plot within the field of S-type granites (Fig. 6b),
as defined by Chappell and White (1974).
Main evolutionary mechanism
The close chemical and mineralogical similarities
of anatectic peraluminous leucogranites and their
host metasedimentary rocks led many workers
(Thompson, 1982; Clemens and Vielzeuf, 1987; le
Fort et al., 1987; Shearer et al., 1987; Wickham,
1987a, 1987b; Barbey et al., 1990) to postulate
either dehydration or hydrous partial fusion of the
metasedimentary rocks as a plausible source for
these granitoids. Based on field, petrographic and
geochemical features, the garnet-bearing leuco-
granite in the EI-Hudi area belongs to a regional
migmatite-granite terrane. Some lines of evidence

Journal of African Earth Sciences 251

 A.M. MOGHAZl et al.

100mg 1000 ," \ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

|~7].| h~Averageof the studied gneiss
l"--~ /L.. ~ r'l Leucosome in the studied gneiss
• i n~[ ~ • AveragePan-Africangneiss from
l v v I7 ~ ~ southern India

i,
o.11
Ba U Nb Ce Nd Zr Eu Gd Y Yb
(a) 0.0I .....................
Rb Th K La Sr Hf Sm Ti Dy Er Lu
• , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , , ,

100~
1 b) ," ~ Garnet-bearingleucogranite
" "
al-alk
/

80
Ni
1~1
60 r = 0.6
(b)
40
0"/H Ba U bib Ce Nd Zr
0 . 0 ] ' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20 Rb Th K La Sr Ti Y

Figure 4. Normalised primordial mantle spider diagrams for."

4 5 6 7 8 (a) the average of the Wadi EI-Hudi gneiss and leucosome
MgO
Figure 3. (a) 100 mg-c-(al-alk) Niggfi values ternary plot
(Leake, 1964) for the studied amphibofites and gneisses.
The field of greywacke is from Satyanarayana et al. (1974).
(b) MgO (wt%) versus Ni (ppm) for the Wadi EI-Hudi
amphibofites.
support an anatectic origin of this granite type.
These are:
i) the thermodynamic equilibrium between its
mineral assemblages and those of the country rock
(gneisses and migmatites);
ii) the presence of leucogranite pods of the same
mineralogical and chemical compositions, such as
those of the garnet-bearing leucogranite in the
migmatites;
iii) the close relationship between the age of
emplacement and the migmatisation event;
iv) the presence of ubiquitous biotite-rich irregular
xenoliths of refractory metasedimentary rocks; and
v) the heterogenous chemical composition and the
extreme peraluminous character of the garnet-bearing
leucogranite.
Fractional crystallisation seems to be an unlikely
process, owing to the absence of CaO variation, since
granitic melt could not evolve without plagioclase
compared to the average of Pan-African gneiss from southern
India (Braun et al., 1996); (b) the Wadi EI-Hudi garnet-bearing
leucogranite compared to the surrounding gneiss. Mantle
values are from Wood (1979).
fractionation. However, the garnet-bearing leuco-
granites still show some variations in some trace
element contents (e.g. Zr, Cr, Ni, Y, Rb, REE). Harris
et al. (1986) suggested that crustal melts are
commonly rich in Rb, F and B and depleted in elements
such as HREE, Zr and Hf, and are thus characterised
by high Rb/Zr, Rb/HREE and Rb/Hf ratios. Most of the
garnet-bearing leucogranite samples are characterised
by high Rb/Zr ratio (1.6-11.8: Fig. 5), suggesting their
derivation via anatexis of crustal material. The
contents of Zr and Y in some samples (samples 82,
84, 86: Table 1 ) are always higher than predicted for
their solubility in granitic melts at the range of anatexis
(Harris et al., 1986; Watson, 1987). The high con-
centrations of Zr and Y are better explained by the
presence of zircon, apatite and biotite, which are the
most refractory phases in the crustal anatexis stage.
Moreover, the REE contents of these granites show
an inverse variation with increasing SiO 2 (e.g. SiO 2
versus Ce: Fig. 5). This finding suggests that the REE-
rich accessory phases are mainly of restitic origin or
are part of the solid melt residuum (cf. Barbey et al.,
1990; Barbero and Villaseca, 1992). In the light of

252 Journal of A frican Earth Sciences

 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, southern Egypt

"Al203 iwt %) Ti02 (~vt%)

20 0.5
, Biotite gneiss
18 [] Garnet-bearing leucogranitc 0.4

16 0.3

14 0,2
[]
[]
12 0.1
~L
rlr-1
! I i I
CaO (wt %)
4

[] 1
[]
@L
iV (ppna) ' ' 700 []
80
500
60

40 I 300

20
• 100
L
.Ce (ppm) :Rb/Zr
[] @L
200 - lO

150 [ Rb/Zr=l
~ D

100
• D
0.1
• • DO

[] ~ L 0.01 , * .
0 65
' 70
' 7'5 80 85 65 70 75 ,'o 85
SiO~ (wt %) SiO~ (wt %)

Figure 5. Harker variation diagrams of some major and trace element contents for the garnet-bearing leucogranites and
gneisses. L." migmatite leucosome sample; M." gneiss and migmatite field.

Journal of African Earth Sciences 253

 A.M. M O G H A Z I et al.

Meanwhile, the formation of granitic magma at

(a) reasonable temperatures by fluid-absent partial
melting requires a granitic source containing abundant
3"
t"q
80
I (Mus > Biot)'
quartz, feldspars and biotite (Clemens and Wall, 1981 ;
Thompson, 1982, Clemens, 1984; Grant, 1985).
60 Thus, the likely source for the investigated granite is
chemically immature quartzofeldspathic metagrey-
40 wacke.
II (Biot > Mus)
Theoritical phase relationship in high-grade quartzo-
20 feldspathic rocks undergoing anatexis suggests an
open-system melting (external supply of water) to
generate large quantities of water-saturated granitic
0 i i i i i i

20 40 60 80 100 magma (Thompson, 1982; Grant, 1985). The inves-

B=Fe+Mg+Ti
1.4
[]
1.2
Strongly Peralurainous E ~
Mildly Peraluminous
1 (795-820°C and 4 kbar, 810-860°C and 10 kbar)
Metalurninous
0.8
0.6 i ~ i i i i i i r ~ i i J i i
65 69 73 77 81
SiO2
Figure 6. a) A - B b i n a r y d i a g r a m (Debon a n d le Fort, 1 9 8 3 )
f o r the g a r n e t - b e a r i n g l e u c o g r a n i t e . The v e r t i c a l line delineate
l e u c o g r a n i t e s at B values o f < 3 8 . 8 . M u s c : m u s c o v i t e ; Blot:
biotite, b) SiO 2 versus A / C N K m o l a r ratios f o r W a d i EI-Hudi
g a r n e t - b e a r i n g l e u c o g r a n i t e . Fields are f r o m C h a p p e l l a n d
White (1974).
these observations, the authors argue a restite-
unmixing model where the garnet-bearing leucogranite
represents a partial melt from which a solid residue
has not been completely separated. The incomplete
separation of the solid residue might explain the
heterogeneous chemical composition and the absence
of linear trends of major and trace elements on the
variation diagrams (Fig. 5).
Possible source rock and partial melting mechanism
Typical S-type granites usually possess low Na20
contents relative to I-types (Harris et al., 1986). This
variability in Na values is a reflection of the chemical
maturity state of the source rock since Na20 is
commonly lost during the weathering of feldspars
and their transformation to clay minerals (Nesbitt
et al., 1980; Stallard, 1988). The high Na20 content
of the garnet-bearing leucogranite may thus reflect
the chemically immature character of its source.
tigated granite mass is small compared to the area
occupied by gneisses and migmatites, and thus its
formation by dehydration under closed system con-
(b) dition is possible. Recent experimental work of
Vielzeuf and Montel (1994) on fluid-absent melting of
metagreywackes (40 wt% quartz, 32 wt% plagio-
S-type clase (An22), 25 wt% biotite) has shown that at low
I-type activities of water and within a narrow P-T range
garnet-bearing melts are formed according to the
following incongruent dehydration melting reaction:
biotite + plagioclase + quartz + vapor*-*garnet( + K-
feldspar) + liquid
i i i
Assuming that the starting metagreywacke source
85
for the investigated gneisses is similar to that used
in the experiment, the result of the above reaction
can be adopted for the formation of the studied garnet
leucogranite.
The evolution of the studied migmatite-gneiss-garnet
leucogranite terrane can be explained according to
models proposed by StL~we and Powell (1989), Powell
and Downes (1990) and Braun eta/. (1996) for the
generation of garnet-bearing leucosomes in metapelitic
rocks. These models explain the development of the
leucosomes, through dehydration partial melting, by
the nucleation of garnet at discrete places. The
generated melt form an intergranular film, which
enhances the element transfer between the expanding
leucosomes and the gneisses. This process takes
place under dynamic conditions where the generated
partial melt began to segregate into different leuco-
somes (Fig. 7a). An apparent threshold of up to 30%
partial melting of metapelites should occur before
significant segregation of melt can proceed (Arzi,
1978; Wickham, 1987a, 1987b). Assuming that the
metagreywacke (the probable source rock of the
investigated garnet-bearing leucogranite) contains
about 25% biotite with 4% H20, the amount of melt,
which can be produced, is about 35% in volume at
800°C and 5 kbar (le Breton and Thompson, 1988).
This value is above the critical melt fraction and would
allow the segregation and accumulation of granitic

254 Journal of African Earth Sciences

 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, southern Egypt

(a) (b)

(c)

Restitie materials

Garnet-bearing
leucogranite
Migmatite

Biotite gneiss

Figure 7. Schematic petrogenetic model for the generation of Wadi EI-Hudi garnet-
bearing leucogranite. (a) Development o f migmatite. (b) Segregation and accumulation
of granitic melt mixed with restitic materials. (c) Emplacement of the granitic melt
into the gneisses.

magma at greater depths. As mentioned before, the
investigated garnet-bearing leucogranite can be
considered as crystal mush representing a mixture
of restitic material (e.g. zircon, apatite, biotite, other
refractory phases) and the residual melt (Fig. 7b). The
restitic materials can be redistributed by mechanical
disaggregation due to convective overturn of the melt
system (Wickham, 1987b; Barbero and Villaseca,
1992). This anhydrous high-viscosity crystal mush
had a restricted movement capacity, giving rise to
the parautochthonous character of the granite mass
(Fig.7c).
Geodynamic implications
The oldest rocks recognised in Egypt are charnokitic
granites at Gabal Uweinat (2617 Ma: Klerkx and
Deutsch, 1977), which lies to the west of the River
Nile in the Western Desert of Egypt (Fig. 1 ). Also,
gneiss, migmatitic gneiss and granite at G. Kamel,
Bir Safsaf, and Gabal AI-Asr in the south Western
Desert have Pan-African ages ( 7 0 0 - 5 8 0 Ma) with
high intia187Sr/86Sr ratio (up to 0.71) and low sNa
values (up to -1 9), indicating the presence of old
pre-Pan-African continental crust there (Harms et aL,
1990). The existence of old pre-Pan-African crust
among the Egyptian Basement rocks in the Eastern
Desert is still a matter of controversy. Medium- to
high-grade gneisses are exposed in many areas in
the Eastern Desert and Sinai, the more famous are
Gebel Meatiq, the Migif Hafafit area and Wadi Feiran
(Fig. 1 ). EI-Gaby et aL (1988) considered these rocks
to be old remobilised pre-Pan-African infrastructure

Journal of A frican Earth Sciences 255

 A . M . M O G H A Z I et al.
below overthrust back-arc ophiolites, island-arc
volcanics and volcaniclastics. Based on isotopic
data, the evolution of the crust in the Eastern
Desert has been interpreted as having evolved en-
tirely within the upper Proterozoic age as a result
of Late Proterozoic welding of arc-accreted ter-
ranes along suture zones (Stern, 1981 ; Sturchio et
al., 1983; Stern and Hedge, 1985; Kr6ner et al.,
1987; Stern and Manton, 1987). Accordingly, there
are two isotopically different terranes of rocks in
Egypt represented by a domain with oceanic affinity
in the Eastern Desert and Sinai and a domain with
continental affinity in the Western Desert. Dixon
and Golombek (1988), Sultan et al. (1992) and
Kr6ner et al. (1992) supposed that a boundary
parallel to the Nile Valley (Fig. 1) separated the two
domains.
It is not yet clear whether the Pan-African terranes
in the Eastern Desert were accreted with each other
and with the cratonic mass in the Western Desert
during one single event or via stepwise events during
several orogenic episodes. Geological studies carried
out at different parts of the Arabian-Nubian Shield
documented two metamorphic events between 700-
720 Ma and 620-650 Ma (Harms et aL, 1994; KrSner
et al., 1994; Sultan et al., 1994; Finger and Helmy,
1998). The 700-720 Ma metamorphic event has been
considered to represent the age of ophiolite obduction
and island-arc terrane accretion (EI-Ramly et al.,
1984; Kr6ner et al., 1992; Stern, 1994). The 6 2 0 -
650 Ma metamorphic event has been interpreted as
a probable collisional stage during which the accreted
Pan-African terranes attached to the East Saharan
Craton. Evidence suggesting that high-grade meta-
morphism in the Wadi EI-Hudi area took place as a
result of crustal thickening during the 6 2 0 - 6 5 0 Ma
major collisional stage (Finger and Helmy, 1998)
include:
i) the post 620 Ma geologic features in the Eastern
Desert (i.e. Molasse Basin formation, intrusion of
large masses of post-orogenic younger granites and
uplift of metamorphic core complexes) are best
explained in terms of extensional collapse of previously
thickened crust (Greiling et al., 1994; Fritz et al.,
1996);
ii) a phase of deformation and metamorphism
occurred around 650 Ma just west of the River Nile,
facing the study area (Sultan et al., 1994).
The lack of high-pressure mineral assemblage in
the investigated metamorphic rocks does not con-
tradict with the hypothesis of a collision-related
metamorphism (Finger and Helmy, 1998). It is quite
normal that rocks in collision zones are mainly
affected by intense medium-pressure regional meta-
morphism (BQttner and Kruhl, 1997).
2 5 6 Journal of A frican Earth Sciences
Models calculating heat input from radioactive
decay caused by crustal thickening (Thompson and
Connolly, 1995) show that several tens of millions
of years are required to attain high temperatures
at shallow crustal levels. This time span is not com-
monly available in tectonically active areas (Kalt et
al., 1 999). Also, models considering the thermal
effect of rapid tectonic exhumation (England and
Thompson, 1986) predict high temperatures and
partial melting in the lower crust and not at shallow
crustal levels. Therefore, additional heat input may
be achieved by intrusion and/or underDlating of
magmas at shallow crustal levels (Thompson and
Connolly, 1995; Kalt e t a l . , 1999). The 6 7 0 - 6 1 5
Ma granodiorite intrusions (Stern and Hedge, 1985)
indicate intrusion of magmas and thus additional
heat input at the time of metamorphism in the Eastern
Desert of Egypt.
CONCLUSIONS
The following conclusions are reached as a result of
this study:
i) The Wadi EI-Hudi area comprises a high-grade
metamorphic complex of gneisses, migmatites and
garnet-bearing leucogranite that was later intruded
by post-orogenic younger granites. The garnet-
bearing leucogranite is a texturally heterogeneous
body with ubiquitous metasedimentary xenoliths of
various sizes. Its synchronous emplacement during
the regional metamorphic event is evidenced by the
absence of contact aureole in the adjacent meta-
morphic rocks and by the thermodynamic equili-
brium between its mineral assemblage and those
of the gneisses and migmatites.
ii) Geochemically, the garnet-bearing leucogranite
is strongly peraluminous with normative corundum
values ranging between 1.3% and 4.0%. Most of
the studied samples are characterised by high Rb/Zr
ratios. These data, together with field observations,
imply that these rocks were formed by dehydration
and partial fusion of juvenile and chemically immature
pelitic materials.
iii) High-grade metamorphism in the Wadi EI-Hudi
area was related to a major collisional event during
which Pan-African terranes in the Eastern Desert were
accreted to the cratonic mass in the Western Desert.
The high-temperature metamorphism and partial
melting were induced by an anomalously high heat
influx to shallow crustal levels subsequent to collision
and crustal thickening.
iv) The investigated garnet-bearing leucogranites
possess some chemical characteristics of the S-type
granite, such as high A/CNK ratios and their origin by
partial melting of metapelites. However, these rocks
 Garnet-bearing leucogranite in the EI-Hudi area, southern Egypt
do not meet all the characteristics described for S-
type granites, and they preferably are formed by
shallow level crustal anatexis.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors express their thanks to Dr G. Matheis
(TU Berlin, Germany) for kindly giving them the
opportunity to use the XRF spectroscopy in chemical
analyses. Thanks are also due to Prof. A.M. EI-
Bouseily, Alexandria University for his numerous
helpful comments on the manuscript. Prof. T. Andersen
is greatly acknowledged for his valuable and
constructive reviews that improved the manuscript.
Editorial handling - Po Bo wden
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