Precambrian Research, 44 (1989) 67-79 67

Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., Amsterdam - - Printed in The Netherlands

Wadi E1-Hudi Migmatites, East of Aswan, Egypt: a

Geological Study and some Geotectonic Implications for
the Eastern Desert of Egypt

A.I. RAGAB and R i . EL-GHARABAWI

Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo (Egypt)
(Received January 4, 1988; accepted January 5, 1989 )

Abstract

Ragab, A.I. and E1-Gharabawi, R.I., 1989. Wadi E1-Hudi migmatites, east of Aswan, Egypt: a geological study and
some geotectonic implications for the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Precambrian Res., 44: 67-79.

Wadi E1-Hudi migmatites are represented by successive homogenization stages from stromatic and augen migma-
tites (metatexites), and anatexites to veined anatexites (diatexites). The migmatites are surrounded by biotite gneisses
and form a sheath around an intrusive adamellite core. The chemistry of the biotites reveals that they are the product
of medium-pressure-high-temperature metamorphism that reached the biotite-melting isograde. Garnetiferous leu-
cogranite sheets and pegmatite mobilizates are associated with the migmatites. The geological map of Egypt shows
the occurrence of the studied granite-migmatite-gneiss complex along ophiolite belts and large outcrops of similar
migmatite-gneiss complexes. Recent workers have suggested that this belt represents a suture zone formed by the
closure of a marginal basin.
Field, petrographical and petrochemical studies indicate two processes of crustal melting acting at varying depth
levels: one process, in the closed-system migmatite sheath, involving selective anatexis, anatectic differentiation and
mobilization of leucogranite sheets and pegmatites associating the migmatites; the other process involvingwidespread
anatexis at greater depths, which produced intrusive biotite-hornblende adamellites and probably left a granulitic
residuum. It is proposed that the E1-Hudi granite-migmatite-gneisscomplex represents an 'outer-arc magmatic belt'
formed during the initial stages of arc-arc collision. A plate-tectonic model is suggested to illustrate the heat sources
for crustal melting in the geotectonic environment of the 'outer-arc magmatic belt', as well as its mode of formation.
Two implications for the Eastern Desert of Egypt are suggested: (1) the migmatite-gneiss domes in the Eastern
Desert of Egypt which occur along three ophiolitic belts may represent syn-collisioncrustal anatexis at plate margins
during the initial stages of arc-arc collision, and (2) the mineralized, garnetiferous muscovite granites are similar in
petrography and petrochemistry to the leucogranite sheets in the migmatite front. Their barite and galena minerali-
zation is probably related to the breakdown and melting of biotite and the formation of a mobilized hydrous melt. On
a regional scale in the Eastern Desert of Egypt, it is observed that the barite deposits occur along the gneiss belts,
whereas the fluorite deposits, which are related to intra-arc post-collision leucogranites, occur mainly in the Central
Eastern Desert between suture zones.

Introduction granitoids representing various development

Wadi E1-Hudi area, about 30 km southeast of
Aswan (1 in Fig. 1), has been chosen as part of
a petrological and mineralogical study of the
Pan-African (Upper Proterozoic) Egyptian
stages in different geologic settings.
The gneisses east of Aswan are intruded by
many granitic veins (Attia, 1955). The geo-
chemistry of E1-Hudi intrusive granites and
their metamorphic country rocks was studied

0301-9268/89/$03.50 © 1989 Elsevier Science Publishers B.V.

68

32 3~ 36 Africa and Arabia have developed. The first

' t~ ) maintains that this Pan-African basement is
,', ~\ essentially Archean crust that was thermally
~
tr am°tic rocks, 28
and tectonically reworked during Late Proto-
, ,~ , gmgn° eisses.
tit e s & erozoic Pan-African events (1200-500 Ma ago).
, ' ~ The alternative hypothesis states that this part
" , '~"'~~ o Borate deposits, of the continental crust evolved entirely within
\ N cJ F l u o r i t e deposits.
\, ~ the Upper Proterozoic."
,\
~., \ Bo,,°darymentOfrocks.bose- This controversy on the geotectonic setting
Q~ft - JM H ,woy
of the Egyptian basement still exists today. A
...._.~,~ \ \ 26 model based on the concept of disruption of an
xar Io 2
, . , ~3 C\ ~\\ Archean craton and the formation of marginal
~'~ dfu ,~_~-~:o 2~\ A,orn o basins between the disrupted pre-Pan-African
~~ \ ~4~\\ ~o fragments, e.g. Hafafit and Abu Swayel gneisses,
I( ~, ~ ¢ H ~ , ~ ~ in the Eastern Desert of Egypt was suggested
~/lAswo~ , . . ° ",~ 7 by Garson and Shalaby (1976). Hashad and
~o#: .. , - .. $ ~ ( ~ Hassan (1979,p. 73) and Church (1978) raised
[ ( - ° ~ . "'-~t ~[ 0 50 km some doubts against the idea that all the ultra-
/~-,, , ~',,~,,~ ? j \ mafic rocks of the Eastern Desert of Egypt de-
~",'~ ~ - 7 ~ *.!\ lineate suture zones. The association of many
',~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ J ~ ;.~',_~~ - ~ , . ultramafic rocks in the Eastern Desert of Egypt
'~ ~ , , ~ ~,'~-~,---~,~ with gneisses that are exposed in the cores of
, ~ , , ~ z2 major anticlinal or dome structures (Fig. 1) was
Fig. 1. The distribution of ultramafic rocks and gneisses taken by Hashad and Hassan (1979) as a chal-
(Geological Map of Egypt, 1981); and barite and fluorite lenge to the concept of suture zones along the
deposits (Mineral Map of Egypt, 1979) in the Eastern De-
sert of Egypt. N, C and S, Northern, Central and Southern ultramafic belts.
segmentsof the Eastern Desert;M, Meatiq dome;H, M i g i f - E1-Gaby et al. (1984, 1988, Fig. 3, p. 50) con-
Hafafit domes;A.S., Abu Swayelgneisses; 1, E1-Hudiarea; sidered the gneisses and migmatites in the
2, E1-Atawigranites; 3, Gilad Said granites; E:3 A.H., A1- Eastern Desert of Egypt to be remobilized pre-
laqui-Heianiophiolitebelt and suture and , major obduc- Pan-African continental crust forming an in-
tion and nappe movement direction (Krhner et al., 1987,
fig. 8);:Y.S.,Yanbu suture (Pallister etal., 1988); G.T., frastructure below overthrusted back-arc
Gerf Terrane; , direction of subduction in the North ophiolites, island arc volcanics and volcaniclas-
Eastern Desert segment as deduced from increase of K~O tics. Neary et al. (1976), Gass (1979, 1982),
c o n t e n t of average andesites within a narrow SlOe range Shackleton (1979, 1986), Dixon (1981), Stur-
(56.4-57.9%) on a regional scale (Ragab, 1987a).
chio et al. (1983), Stern and Hedge (1985), Ra-
gab (1987a,b) and Krhner et al. (1987) adopted
on a regional scale by Soliman (1983). He found the second hypothesis. A low initial SVSr/S~Sr
that the plutonic and metamorphic rocks of the ratio (0.7030 + 0.0001) for the igneous proto-
E1-Hudi area plot close together in Q-Or-Ab lith of the Meatiq granite gneiss, Central East-
and A b - A n - O r normative diagrams and aug- ern Desert, was revealed by Sturchio et al.
geared that the intrusive granites are of mag- (1983), which does not favor derivation from
matic origin formed through partial melting of an ancient sialic source. Ragab ( 1987b ) consid-
crustal material, ered the Meatiq mantled gneiss dome to repre-
Gass (1982, p. 592) stated that: "In the last sent an 'outer-arc magmatic belt' formed dur-
five years, two schools of thought concerning ing the initial stages of arc-arc collision.
the origin of the Pan-African in north-eastern Stern and Hedge (1985) stated that all ig-
 69

neous rocks in the Eastern Desert have low ini- The aim of the present study is to character-
tial STSr/S6Sr ratios (0.702-0.704), which pre- ize the examined migmatites and associated
cludes reworking of older continental crust, granites geologically, petrographically, petro-
KrSner et al. (1988) discussed the geochronol- chemically, and, in part, mineralogically, and
ogical dates on zircons from the 'psammitic thus to throw some light on their geotectonic
gneiss' adjacent to the Hafafit gneissic terrain environment.
given by Abdel-Monem and Hurly (1979). The
zircon morphology includes euhedral and Geology o f W a d i E 1 - H u d i a r e a
rounded types, suggestive of a mixture of mag-
matic and detrital zircons, and indicates that Generally, the migmatites (Fig. 2) can be
this rock was a metasediment. KrSner et al. considered part of a deeply eroded granite-mig-
(1988) suggested a detrital or xenocrystic com- matite-gneiss dome, the components of which
ponent at ~ 1582 _+91 Ma and a possible gran- exhibit differential mechanical mobility. The
ite emplacement age of ~ 780 Ma. The 1580 Ma intrusive adamellites in the core of the complex
zircon fraction is compatible with recent Nd form the 'infrastructure', the biotite gneisses
model ages from the Western Desert of Egypt and the hornblende schist form the non-mig-
(Schandelmeier et al., 1988), which reveal the matitic 'superstructure', and the migmatites
existence of the pre-Pan-African crust west of with the associated garnetiferous leucogranite
the River Nile. They added that there is as yet
no conclusive evidence for the presence of pre- 33"10
Pan-African crust in the Eastern Desert of 24" ~ x ~ ~ A' ~2"t~N
Egypt. Evidence supporting the second hypoth- 5" ~.< x ~ x
esis is that the Dokhan-type volcanics belong : . ~...~
to the low-K subseries of the calc-alkaline st- ., . .:. .
ries; which matches the volcanics of the central -" :/ ~<'.. '" : " .~,-"
Cascades (Mt. Rainier t y p e ) a n d suggests an ~_ .~ ~
ensimatic, mature island-arc geotectonic set- ._, : r~- ~.-. i l ~ ~ o ~
ting (Ragab, 1987a). Shackleton (1986, p. 336) ~ ::- ~
stated that the well-authenticated ophiolites in ~a~'Cg~x~e~
. . ~ ~ '~
northeastern Africa define the sutures that sep- ~,~' ~ ~
arate successively accreted island arcs. KrSner .~ ~ - - ~
etal. (1987, fig. 8 ) m a r k e d t h e ophiolite belt in ~ e
the south of the Eastern Desert of Egypt as a ~ ~ ~
suture zone (Allaqi-Heiani ophiolite belt and ~ ~x~
suture, Fig. 1). ~ ~ % ,
Pallister et al. (1988, p.4) summarized the 0 ,2kin
accepted sequence of rock units in the Arabian Fig. 2. Geological map of WadiE1-Hudiarea.
Shield as the products of immature intra- Legend:
oceanic island arcs, mature intra-oceanic is- [] Wadideposits [] Adamellitesmixed
with migmatites
land arcs, and the products of syn- and post- [] Nubiasandstones [] Leucogranite sheets
accretion crustal melting. Ragab (1987b, fig. 6) [] Pink granites [] Migmatites
suggested a plate-tectonic model for the Pan- (metatexites and
African crustal evolution of the North Eastern diatexites)
[] Mineralized, [] Biotite gneisses ( •
Desert segment of Egypt and proposed a sce-
garnetiferous- injected with
nario similar to that summarized by Pallister et muscovitegranites pegmatites)
al. (1988). [] Intrusiveadamellites ~ Hornblendeschist
70

sheets and granite pegmatites form a transi-
tional zone or a 'migmatite front',
The 'migmatite front' was intensely folded
and shows steep or almost vertical foliation,
These structures probably formed as a result of
the squeezing out of the partially melted mig-
matite body along the walls of the intrusive mo-
bile infrastructure. The associated pegmatites
sometimes show graphic intergrowths indicat-
ing a simultaneous crystallization of quartz and
perthites from a 'granite minimum' melt. The
pegmatites form sheets or lenses of ~ 20-30 m
in thickness, and commonly are parallel to the
foliation of the migmatites. The leucogranite
sheets are usually < 40 m in thickness and show
gradational contacts with the migmatites. These
gradational contacts are marked by inhomoge-
neous diatexites comprising veined anatexites
with some pink granitic pegmatoid mobilizates
10-15 cm in thickness cross-cutting the folia-
tion, as well as homogeneous diatexites com-
posed of a schlieric medium-grained granitoid.
The migmatites are concordant with the re-
gional trend of the gneisses. The border be-
tween the migmatites and the intrusive ada-
mellites near the southwestern parts of the
mapped area is characterized by numerous mig-
matite xenoliths. Small dark xenoliths are
common in the E1-Hudi intrusive adamellitic
core.
Megascopically, the migmatites are repre-
sented by metatexites (stromatic and augen
migmatites), and diatexites (anatexites or ne-
bulitic migmatites, and veined anatexites) (Fig.

Fig. 3. Photographs of hand-specimens showing stages of increasing anatexis and homogenization in E1-Hudi migmatites:
(a) stromatic migmatite showing a leucosome subparallel to foliation bounded by selvage-like melanosomes, (b) augen
migmatite, (c) anatexite (nebulitic migmatite) and (d) veined anatexite (typical diatexite) showing the dominance of
aplitic leucosomes over the mesosome laminae. Scale bar represents I cm.

3 ). The nebulitic migmatites may exhibit flow-
age folds, as shown from foliated biotites, near
the contact with the intrusive core, which in-
dicates that they were ductile during deforma-
tion. The leucosomes are commonly fine
grained. The aplitic leucosomes were consid-
ered by Yardley (1978) to be crystallized from
water-saturated melts. Sometimes, the leuco-
somes along the foliation grade into and are cut
by a thicker leucosome oblique to the foliation
composed of leucogranitic mobilizate with a few
scattered small biotite flakes. The leucosomes
form ~ 30-50% of the total rock in the meta-
texites, and ~ 60-70% of the total rock in the
diatexites. Melanosome streaks may occur at
the boundaries of some leucosomes parallel or
subparallel to foliation (Fig. 3a). The selvage-
like melanosomes were considered by Mehnert
(1968, p. 248) to be characteristic of 'venitic'
migmatites (closed-system migmatites), and
were interpreted by Olsen (1985, pp. 158-159,
Figs. 4-9 ) in a model of migmatization by met-
amorphic differentiation induced by partial
melting.
In thin section, the migmatites are generally
adamellitic in composition. The mesosomes are
composed essentially of biotite, oligoclase and
quartz, with minor amounts of microcline. The
leucosomes are composed essentially of alkali
feldspars ( ~ 6 0 % ) and quartz ( ~ 3 0 % ) , with
minor plagioclase and rare biotite. Myrmekite
texture is observed in some migmatites at the
contact of fresh oligoclase and microcline. The
myrmekitic texture is interpreted in terms of
reaction between the cooling melt and the min-
erals crystallizing from it, and is regarded as
being characteristic of a melt origin for the an-
atectic migmatites (Ashworth and McLellan,
1985, p. 189). It is observed that the biotite-
quartz-oligoclase gneisses (parent rocks) are
devoid of microcline and contain 40-50% brown
biotite. The stromatic migmatites and anatex-
ites contain microcline and lesser amounts of
brownish green biotite than the biotite gneisses,
The diatexites contain more microcline and less
biotite than the metatexites. This observation
71
indicates that the formation of the microcline
is clearly at the expense of the 'dehydration-
melting reaction' of biotite as noted by Thomp-
son (1982).
The leucogranite sheets are composed of
~ 35% interstitial quartz aggregates; ~ 50% al-
kali feldspars forming coarse crystals with well-
developed cross-hatching, cryptoperthitic or
non-perthitic; ~ 15% fresh or slightly altered
oligoclase; and < 5% green or brownish-green
biotite. Common garnet and rare euhedral zir-
con form the accessory minerals. The plot on a
Q-Ab-Or diagram of these leucogranites lies in
the field of 'granite minimum' of Tuttle and
Bowen (1958) (E1-Gharabawi, 1981).
The intrusive core is an adamellite composed
of ~ 15% brownish green biotite, < 5% green
hornblende, ~ 20-25% oligoclase, ~ 30% non-
perthitic and cryptoperthitic microcline, and
~ 30% quartz. Typical myrmekites and zoned
plagioclase are observed. Sphene, euhedral zir-
con and magnetite form the accessory minerals.
Chemical analyses
Table I presents the whole-rock chemical
analyses investigated in the area examined, and
Fig. 4 shows the sample location. The proce-
dure followed in the chemical analysis is mainly
that of Groves (1937), and the rapid method
for silicate analysis followed that of Shapiro and
Brannock (1962) and Kollthoff and Sandell
(1964). The composition of parent rocks of the
analysed metamorphic rocks and migmatites on
the ACF diagram of Winkler (1976, p.46) is
shown in Fig. 5. The hornblende schist appears
to be derived from basaltic parent rock; whereas
the biotite gneisses, and the stromatic and ne-
bulitic migmatites, plot close to or in the field
of greywackes. Therefore, the migmatites and
the associated granites are S-type, produced by
anatexis of metagreywackes.
The variation of some oxides against SiO2 o f
the examined rocks, as well as averages of the
Aswan intrusive S-type coarse granites (Me-
neisy et al., 1979), EI-Hudi garnetiferous mus-
72

TABLE I

Whole-rockrchemical
o)b(epyt c analyses
k S(c)Rof Wadi
o(d)cE1-Hudi
k (e)( exam
nedia (f)) (g) ~ ~ ~ ~

SiO2 45.00 68.42 68.50 68.30 72.30 74.28 67.90 ~ / ( /

AI20~ 15.80 13.42 13.90 13.27 13.80 14.10 13.52 P61 3
Fe203 3.02 1.59 1.91 2.50 0.89 1.10 1.79 I k
FeO 9.16 2.01 1.61 1.27 0.64 0.64 2.24 ,~ ,'X-T~A7
MgO 6.37 0.91 0.72 0.24 0.27 0.27 0.41
CaO 12.233.373.312.731.420.842.87 ...,,~ ~ ] ' ~ /
Na~O 2.52 4.46 4.94 4.24 4.12 3.74 4.48 I~0 ~
0.61 2.52 3.31 4.49 4.92 4.23 3.20 °
Ti02 2.22 1.18 1.15 1.07 0.75 0.09 1.26 O
MnO 0.44 0.11 0.05 0.06 0.16 0.16 oDc::k,
P20s 1"011"060"860"820"400'110"90 175 ~ ~ ~ t }
H20 2.50 1.10 0.72 1.35 0.62 0.42 1.12

Total 100.88 100.36 100.87 100.32 100.19 99.98 99.85

(a) Hornblendeschist (sampleno. 71); (b) biotitegneisses (av- O ~ ~ O~ ~
erage of two analyses, samples nos. 20 and 30); (c) stromatic O 1 2k rn
migmatite (sample no. 34); (d) anatexites (average of three
analyses, samples no. 36, 61 and 63 ); (e) leucogranite sheets Fig. 4. Sample location map. [Z, Hornblende schist; A, bio-
(average of two analyses, samples no. 44 and 64); (f) E1-Hudi tite gneisses; A, stromatic migmatites; • , anatexites (ne-
garnetiferous muscovitegranite (Roufaielet al., 1976); and (g) bulitic migmatites); O, leucogranites; and I , adamellite.
intrusive biotite-hornblende adamellite (sample no. 42 ).

covite granites (Roufaiel et al., 1976), and E1-

Atawi one-feldspar epizonal granites (Ragab,
1971 ) are shown in Fig. 6. The following could
be observed. A
(1) The gneisses, migmatites, and the intru-
sive adamellites of E1-Hudi are clustered close
to each other with SiO2 contents close to 68%
and < 69%. The close similarity of the migma-
tites (especially the stromatic migmatites) to
the biotite gneisses in bulk chemical composi-
tion indicates an isochemical, closed-system
origin for the examined migmatites. The As-
wan coarse granites are slightly differentiated
compared with E1-Hudi intrusive granites,
whereas the E1-Atawi one-feldspar granites and
the garnetiferous leucogranites of E1-Hudi con- C F
tain > 72% SiO2. Fig. 5. Parent rock composition of a hornblende schist ([:],
(2) The nebulitic migmatites (anatexites) biotite gneisses (A), stromatic migmatite (A), and ana-
are somewhat enriched in Fe203 and K20 rela- texites ( • ) on ACF diagram of Winkler ( 1976, p. 46). IA:
tive to the gneisses (parent rocks ), and also AI-Rich clays and shales. II: Field of greywackes. IB: Clays
and shales either free of carbonate or containing up to 35%
contain rather less FeO, MgO and CaO. carbonate (between arrows: marls containing 35-65% c a r -
( 3 ) T h e garnetiferous leucogranites show bonate).l:Ultrabasicrocks. 2: Basaltic and andesitic rocks.
 73

s. 0 r a o a r o u n d the i n f r a s t r u c t u r e at lower P - T condi-

4.0 ~ " o tions, with the partial melt (or selective ana-
3.0 L m A ÷ K0 texis) forming the mobilized garnetiferous leu-
2 cogranites t h a t are higher in SiO2 a n d K 2 0 a n d
s. 0 [ • ° AL Na0 lower in FeO a n d Fe203.
4.0 • 2
3.0 ~ The chemistry of biotites

2 .o n cao T h r e e biotite samples from biotite gneisses,

1 .0 O + e one from a stromatic migmatite, one from a ne-
1.0 f ix ÷ bulitic migmatite, one from a leucogranite sheet,
0.6 A u M0 0 a n d one from the intrusive adamellite core were
0.z • • e separated using heavy liquid a n d magnetic
2.5 [] techniques for chemical analysis (Table II).
I .5 m eat,,
A Fe 0 T h e same procedure employed for the whole-
0 .s ° + e rock chemical analysis was used for the biotites.
T h e relations between (Fe203 + TiO2), MgO
2.0 I • •~m, Fe 2 0 3 a n d ( F e O + M n O ) for the biotite samples are
1 0
• O . + e plotted (Fig. 7). A field of plutonic biotites was
. . . . d e m a r c a t e d by H e i n r i c h (1946), a n d Gokhale
68 7o 72 74 (1968) suggested separation of biotites of ig-
SiO %
2 neous from those of m e t a m o r p h i c - m e t a s o -
Fig. 6. Variation diagram of K20, Na20, CaO, MgO, FeO matic rocks, as indicated on Fig. 7. T h e biotites
and Fe203 against Si02 of whole-rock composition of the from the biotite gneisses a n d those from the
rocks examined and other analyses for comparison. A, E1-
Hudi biotite gneisses; A, E1-Hudi stromatic migmatites; TABLE II
O, E1-Hudi anatexites; I , E1-Hudi intrusive adamellites;
O, EI-Hudi leucogranite sheets; Q, E1-Hudi mineralized Chemical analyses of biotites separated from Wadi E1-Hudi
garnetiferous-muscovitegranite (Roufaiel et al., 1976); i-l, rocks
average Aswan intrusive S-type coarse granites (Meneisy
et al., 1979); and +, EI-Atawi one-feldspar perthitic gran- Sample no.
ites (Ragab, 1971).
20 30 72 38 36 44 42
significantly higher c o n t e n t s of S i 0 2 a n d K 2 0 , SiO~ 33.00 33.66 36.30 33.16 34.00 34.00 35.30
a n d lower c o n t e n t s of Fe203, FeO, MgO a n d A603 18.05 13.15 13.65 17.70 18.20 15.80 16.05
N a 2 0 compared with the migmatites. There- Fe203 4.64 6.50 6.93 4.72 5.80 11.80 5.74
fore, the leucogranite sheets represent 'granite- FeO 15.75 16.33 15.16 15.80 15.87 15.26 17.30
MgO 9.15 8.72 8.14 7.81 6.14 6.02 7.90
m i n i m u m mobilizates'. CaO 1.75 1.05 2.70 2.20 2.02 1.80 2.10
T h e plot of the intrusive adamellites of the Na20 1.62 2.16 0.90 1.62 0.27 0.49 0.67
i n f r a s t r u c t u r e close to the plot of the gneisses K20 9.04 8.80 9.28 9.25 8.80 7.95 8.35
Ti02 2.93 2.53 3.20 3.24 3.34 2.96 2.69
suggests t h a t it h a d formed by widespread an- MnO 0.44 0.60 0.34 0.24 0.16 0.44 0.47
atexis at lower crustal levels, probably at the P205 0.86 0.82 0.81 0.97 0.78 0.69 0.93
base of the accretionary prism a n d at high tem- H~O 3.43 5.02 3.34 3.17 5.02 3.01 3.10
peratures, which dissolved m u c h Fe in the melt
Total 100.66 100.28 100.75 99.96 100.50 100.32 100.60
a n d formed a b u n d a n t biotite, some horn-
blende, a n d euhedral zircons. Extensive melt- Biotite samples: 20, 30 and 72, from biotite gneisses; 38, from
stromatic migmatite; 36, from nebulitic migmatite (anatex-
ing of m e t a s e d i m e n t s was probably also in- ite); 44, from a leucogranite sheet (mobilizate); and 42, from
volved. T h e m i g m a t i t e aureole formed locally the intrusive adamellitecore.
74

Fe203*Ti02 of the garnetiferous muscovite granite and

which have a high Ba-content (1652 ppm). The
garnetiferous muscovite granites lie close to the
zone of migmatites and the associated mobili-
zates. In petrography and chemical composi-
tion they are similar to the leucogranite sheets.
Therefore, the observed barite and galena mi-
neralization is probably related to the break-
down and melting of biotite and the formation
of the mobilized hydrous melt.

Hgo Fe o ~Mn0 Morphological study of zircons

Fig. 7. Plot of MgO, (Fe203 + Ti02) and (FeO + MnO) in Figure 8 shows drawings of separated zircons
biotites of some rock types from Wadi E1-Hudi area. from some of the rocks examined. The zircons
7 / Zone drawn by Heinrich (1946). \ \ Line drawn by separated from the gneiss and the migmatites
Gokhale (1968) separating biotites of magmatic rocks (a)
from those of metamorphic-metasomatic rocks (b). A, a r e mostly rounded with some metamict grains
Biotite gneisses; A, stromatic migmatite; 0 , nebulitic and rare euhedral zircons in the nebulitic mig-
migmatite (anatexite); O, leucogranite; a n d . , adamellite, matites. However, the zircons separated from
the intrusive adamellite core are euhedral, pris-
stromatic migmatite fall close to or on G o k - matic with well-developed bipyramids. There-
hale's line separating biotites of igneous from fore, the zircons of the gneisses and the mig-
those of metamorphic-metasomatic deriva- matites are most probably of detrital origin,
tion. Biotites from the nebulitic migmatite (an- indicating that the gneisses are derivatives of
atexite), leucogranite sheet, and the intrusive
adamellite fall separately within the field of
magmatic rocks. Theseplots suggest anin- 0 ~ ~ 0
crease of temperature and prograde regional
metamorphism in a direction from the biotite a
gneisses to the migmatites around the intrusive
adamellites, reaching the melting temperature ~ 0 ~ ~
of biotites. From the experimental studies of V
Hyndman (1981), it could be observed that the b
melting temperature of biotite at ~ 5 kbar is
~ 800 °C" The tw°-feldspar nature °f the intru" ~ ~ @ O
sive core as well as the leucogranite mobilizates ~'..~
indicates pressures >I5 kbar as inferred from ¢
the ternary system Ab-Or-H20 (Bowen and
Tuttle, 1950; Yoder et al., 1957).
In the eastern part of the area mapped, gar- ~ ~ ~ 0
netiferous muscovite granites veined with bar-
ite form a small elongated mass parallel to the
regional foliation of the metamorphic country
rocks (Roufaiel et al., 1976). These authors Fig. 8. Forms of zircons from some rock types of Wadi El-
suggested that the barite veins originated from Hudi area ( X 250). (a) Biotite gneiss, (b) metatexite, (c)
residual solutions related to the crystallization anatexiteand (d) intrusiveadamellite.
 75

metasediments. Consequently, the migmatites o.D.

and the associated granitic mobilizates are of S- S.W.
~= N.E.
type. In the mean time, it may be concludedthat ~ ~
the temperature range of selective anatexis M~ x x .~'~ ~ x xx x x x x x
producing the migmatites and the associated ~ -~--~
mobilizates (leucogranite sheets, containing
only rare euhedral zircons) is not sufficiently
high to dissolve the rounded zircons in the
restites.
Geotectonic e n v i r o n m e n t M.Ch.
The petrochemical studies reveal that both P ~ x ~ x
the E1-Hudi intrusive adamellites and the mo- ~ × ~-~QJ.( ~ k ~ × x ~
bilized leucogranite sheets associated with the [ ~ ! ~ [ ~ l [ [
migmatites are of S-type, produced by anatexis
of metagreywackes. However, a distinction (b-~~ I i'" " ~ 1 ~
should be made between localized selective an-
atexis in the migmatite sheath at intermediate
depth level (Conrad discontinuity), which re- Fig. 9. Ahypotheticalplate-tectonicmodelshowing the or-
sults in closed-system anatectic differentiation igin and the mechanism of intrusion of E1-Hudi dome corn-
products (migmatites and leucogranite mobil- plex. (a) Formation of a small migmatite-gneiss dome as a
result of anatexis of partially subducted crust; (b) forma-
izates depleted in Fe, Mg and Ca), and wide- tionofmobileintrusivemagmaticeoresurroundedbyade-
spread anatexis at greater depths (near the root, formed migmatite sheath. P.S., Presentsurfaceof erosion;
Fig. 9 ), which produces the intrusive biotite- M, Mohorovi~iddiscontinuity; R, root;c.m.d.,crust-man-
hornblende adamellites in the core of the tie d~collement; M.Ch., mountain chains. Direction of sub-
duction is deduced from obduction and nappe movement
complex, direction (O.D.) (Kr6ner et al., 1987, Fig. 8), as well as
KrSner et al. ( 1987, pp. 238, 248) interpreted tentativeeasterly or northeasterly directionofthe Pan-Af-
most high-grade layered rocks and migmatites rican Benioff zones in the Arabian Shield (Gass, 1979, p.
of the Red Sea Hills as products of Pan-African 13).
Legend:
metamorphism. Provisional Rb-Sr isotopic re- [~ Gneisses [~ Metasediments
sults (Stern and KrSner, unpublished data) in accretionary
from the Gerfterrane (in the Allaqi-Heiani su- prism
ture zone, Fig. 1) support this conclusion and [] Migmatites( ]~ [X] Arc-granitoids
deformed)
also preclude the possibility that much older [~ Intrusiveadamelliticcore m Oceanic crust
continental crust was involved in the genera- [] Granulites VII Mantle
tion of the magmatic assemblages. The Aswan
coarse granites, west of E1-Hudi area, are of low (1) the overthrust hot metamorphosed ac-
initial STSr/S6Sr ratio (0.7033 + 0.0014; Ragab cretionary prism (Searle and Fryer, 1986);
et al., 1978), suggesting that the boundary of (2) shear heating along the surface between
the pre-Pan-African crust in Egypt is west of underthrust plate and obducted accretionary
the River Nile. prism;
The katazonal S-type granite-migmatite- (3) probable shear heating along the Moho
gneiss domes may form as a result of under- because of crust-mantle d~collement (Mat-
thrusting of a plate margin under the accretion- tauer, 1986) caused by continuing subduction
ary prism of an active plate during collision (Fig. after the initial collision and the buoyant ac-
9). In such a process the underthrust crustal tion of the underthrust crust;
plate margin is heated up from various sources: (4) thickening of the crust at the plate mar-
76
gin, as a result of crustal partial subduction,
which implies the development of a root (the
depression of the Moho) and great relief fea-
tures (Boillot, 1981, p.98). Heat supplied by
conduction because of active asthenosphere
convection during the continuing subduction
may be transferred to the base of the crust at
the depressed Moho.
England and Thompson (1984, 1986) inves-
tigated the thermal effects of sliding one thrust
sheet over another. The result of their geother-
mal estimates is a saw-tooth transient geoth-
erm. After collision, thermal relaxation would
lead to increasing temperatures at the base of
the crust by hundreds of degrees centigrade and
the disappearance of the saw-tooth geotherm,
eventually resulting in crustal melting,
The result of the tectonic processes in this
geotectonic environment may lead to increase
in temperature of the underthrust crust up to
the breakdown of its mica, as well as the liber-
ation of volatile fluxes from (serpentinized?)
An
2o
/ ~ . ~ ~k~
• wackes of granodioritic composition by a felsic
• , .,
t- - ~ Figure 10 shows that the EI-Hudi intrusive
Ab 30 so o~
Fig. 10. Normative An-Ab-Or diagram for some granitoids
in the Eastern Desert of Egypt. 1, 2, 3 and 4, fields of gran-
ite, granodiorite, tonalite and trondhjemite respectively
(after Barker, 1979).--Field of Wadi Beizah 'diorite-ton-
alite-granodiorite I-type association', Central Eastern De-
sert of Egypt (Ragab et al., in preparation), and field of
Shufayyah complex 'granodiorite association', Arabian
Shield (Jackson, 1986) representing mature intra-oceanic
island arc setting. - - - - F i e l d of young intra-arc granites
dominated by 'granite minimum' composition, e.g. EI-Atawi
granites (Kabeshetal., 1976)andGiladSaidgranites (Ra-
gab et al., 1979). Central Eastern Desert, representing post-
collision crustal anatexis of arc-granitoids (Ragab, 1987,
Ragab et al., in preparation). • • Plots of E1-Hudi intrusive
granitoids (data from Soliman, 1983), representing crustal
anatexis of the 'outer-arc magmatic belt',
lithosphere at the Moho. The surplus water-va-
pour and volatiles under high pressure will de-
press the solidus of rocks which would not oth-
erwise be hot enough to melt (Molnar et al.,
1983). Thus, widespread anatexis may be ex-
pected at the root. The resulting granitic magma
will raise the temperature at its contact with
the flysch metasediments surrounding it, and
thus form a closed-system migmatite sheath
around the intrusion. Uplift and adiabatic de-
compression may cause growth of the granite-
migmatite-gneiss dome by increasing anatexis
below and assimilation of the newly formed
migmatite sheath, generating a new migmatite
sheath. The buoyant action of the mobile in-
frastructure probably caused "ballooning tec-
tonics", as illustrated by Krbner ( 1984, p. 198,
Fig. 6), to explain the dome structure in the
Pan-African Damara belt of Namibia.
The described mechanism for the formation
of E1-Hudi granite-migmatite-gneiss dome ex-
plains the following:
(1) the structure of the gneiss domes com-
prising a granitic core, surrounded by a de-
formed ductile migmatite sheath, and a gneiss
zone (e.g., Haller, 1971, fig. 51);
(2) the common presence of xenoliths in the
intrusive core; and
(3) a composition dominated by adamellite
for the intrusive core, which may be interpreted
as a result of the assimilation of metagrey-
magma.
granitoids are intermediate in composition be-
tween the pre-collision arc-granitoids of a wide
compositional spectrum dominated by diorites,
and the younger intra-arc granites of 'granite
minimum' composition formed by post-colli-
sion crustal anatexis of arc granitoids.
The E1-Hudi granite-migmatite-gneiss dome
may represent an 'outer-arc magmatic belt', as
defined by Beckinsale and Mitchell ( 1981, p.
137), which occurs on the ocean side of some
magmatic arcs, in which the country rock con-
sists mainly of imbricate slices of ocean crust
and flysch-type trench-fill sediments that are
mechanically scraped off and emplaced t e c t o n -

ically above a Benioff zone. The mantled gneiss
dome of the Canadian Cordillera (Shuswap
Complex) was explained by Mattauer (1986, fig.
15, p. 47 ) as being the result of collision follow-
ing westward-dipping oceanic subduction. Also
of interest is the occurrence of a migmatite dome
in Naxos, Cyclades, Greece (Andriessen et al.,
1979), superimposed on glaucophane schist
country rocks associated with overthrust ultra-
basic bodies clearly indicative of a plate margin,
I m p l i c a t i o n s for t h e E a s t e r n D e s e r t of
Egypt
( 1 ) It may be inferred that the gneisses, mig-
matites and associated granitic rocks which
form granite-migmatite-gneiss complexes and
occur along three ultramafic belts in a north-
west-southeast direction (Fig. 1) mark plate
margins,
Garson and Shalaby (1976), Gass (1979), El-
Ramly et al. (1984), KrSner (1985) and KrSner
et al. (1987) believed that the Egyptian ophiol-
ites were tectonically emplaced during mar-
ginal basin closure. KrSner (1985) and KrSner
et al. (1987, pp. 242-243 ) provided geochemical
data indicating that the Nubian ophiolites do
not represent normal MORB-type oceanic
crust. These ophiolites show significant enrich-
ment in elements of low ionization potential
(e.g., K, Rb and Ba), as well as in SiO2 content,
and are depleted in Cr relative to modern
MORB. KrSner et al. (1987) suggested that the
Nubian ophiolites are 'supra-subduction zone
(SSZ) ophiolites', as defined by Pearce et al.
(1984) for rock assemblages that have geo-
chemical characteristics of island arcs but the
structure of oceanic crust. The SSZ ophiolites
are related to sea-floor spreading directly above
subducted oceanic lithosphere, either in an in-
tra-arc or back-arc basin setting. On the basis
of isotope dating, Pallister et al. (1988, p. 1, fig.
1 ) deduced that the ophiolites of Jabal al Wask
overlap with ages of adjacent arc rocks. Conse-
quently, they considered the ophiolites of the
Yanbu Suture which extends to southern Egypt
77
(Fig. 1) to represent fragments of back-arc
oceanic lithosphere formed during arc magma-
tism. If this model is applicable to some (or all? )
of the ophiolite belts in the Eastern Desert of
Egypt, it may be inferred that the marginal bas-
ins have evolved with the passage of time to
form plate margins probably as a result of the
load of thick sediments, and thus produced new
subduction zones with their related mature
intraoceanic island arcs. Finally these arcs
collided.
(2) The locations of barite and fluorite mi-
neralization in the Eastern Desert of Egypt are
presented in Fig. 1. It was observed that most
of the localities of the barite deposits occur along
the gneiss belts, whereas those of the fluorite
deposits, which are related to intra-arc post-
collision pink granites (Ragab, 1987b), occur
mainly in the Central Eastern Desert between
two suture zones. The barite deposits of E1-Hudi
area are related to leucogranites of the 'outer-
arc magmatic belt'. Therefore, more barite de-
posits may be expected to occur in the migma-
tite-gneiss belt of the southern Eastern Desert,
which has not yet been well explored.
Acknowledgements
We thank Prof. Dr. M.E. Hilmy and Mr. M.F.
E1-Ramly for helpful discussions. Thanks are
also due to Dr. Neamat Zohni and the staff
members of the Central Laboratories of the
Egyptian Geological Survey for their kind help
during chemical analyses.
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