CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION
Jimma University is one of higher educational institution in Ethiopia. The university established
in 1999 by amalgamation of Jimma College of Agriculture (founded in 1952) and Jimma Institute
of Health (established in 1983) which are located in Jimma city 346km southwest of Addis
Abeba. Jimma University is Ethiopia's first innovative community oriented educational
institution of higher learning.

Community based education (CBE) is a means of achieving educational relevance to

community needs and consisting of learning activities that uses community extensively as a
learning environment. CBE started in Kingston, Jamaica. Jimma univeristy adopted CBE since
1983 in Ethiopia for the first time. CBE is the philosophy of JU that used to train students and
professions through the following strategies. One of its unique educational philosophies is that
it provides community-based education (CBE) for students through the community-based
training program (CBTP), team-training program (TTP) and student research program (SRP).

CBTP - provides awareness about the community and identifying problems of the community
for students. Moreover, it helps them to wind up their knowledge with experience of practicing
it in the community. Students assigned to this program throughout their university life at the
end of each year.

TTP - is a program, which provided for final year students, and it aimed at introducing students
on how to identify the community problems, prioritizing problems, and then draw an action
plan to do some implementation with the spirit of teamwork.

SRP - is a program, which has a profound advantage in giving an experience for students how to
do research. The students are obliged to submit thesis in various topics that related to the
course they take as partial fulfillment for Bachelor of Science .
1.1 Background

Mendera kochi kebele is located in the urban area of Oromia region, Jimma town. The kebele
has six different zones. It positioned east of Sato kebele, west of Ginjoguduru kebele, North of
awetumendera, and south of Ginjo kebele. It is located 2km from Jimma university main
campus. Its climate characterized by weynadega. There is no river across the Kebele. There is 27
mosques and 18 churches, 3 of which are orthodox churches and 15 of which protestant
churches and other houses of worship are there. The main means communication is TV and
radio but there is no public telephone. In the community, the main dietary is Injera. The
languages mainly spoken in the community are Oromiffa and Amharic. Monogamous marriage
mostly practiced in the area. The total population of the kebele is 17,101 (8091 males and 9010
females) as studied in 2015EC. The main means of livelihoods are Trading, employees of
government and private organizations. In the community, there are one health post and two
private clinics. There are four government and six private schools found in the community.
Figure 1.1 Map sketche of Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023
1.2 Statement of problem

Inadequate environmental sanitation has recognized as a public health hazard worldwide.

Worldwide lack of sanitation is a serious health risk, affecting billions of people around the
world, particularly the poor and disadvantaged of people around the world. Lack of sanitation
facilities compels people to practice open defection and this increases the risk transmission of
disease. The disease burden associated with poor water, sanitation, and hygiene is estimated to
account for 4% of all deaths and 5.7% of the total disease burden in disability adjusted life year
in worldwide, principally through diarrheal diseases, Schistosomiasis , trachoma, ascariasis,
trichuriasis, and hookworm infection . The regions with the poorest water supply coverage are
sub-Saharan Africa (31%), Southern Asia (36%) and Oceania (53%).

Although access to water supply and sanitation in sub-Saharan Africa has been steadily
improving over the past two decades, the region still lags behind all other developed regions.
Access to improved water supply has increased from 49% in 1990 to 60% in 2008. Access to
improved sanitation has only risen from 28% to 31%. Between 2015 and 2020, the proportion
of global population using safely managed drinking water services increased from 70.2% to
74.3%, with the largest numbers of people gaining access in central and Southern Asia. Despite
this progress, another 2 billion people still lacked safely managed drinking water in 2020,
including 771 million who were without even basic drinking water. Half of those lacking basic
drinking water services (387 million) live Sub-Saharan Africa.

There also large disparities between rural and urban, water supply and sanitation coverage in
urban area is almost double the coverage in rural areas, both for water (87% in urban areas,
47% in rural areas) as for sanitation (44% Vs. 24%). Yet, the rural areas improve at fast pace,
where as in urban areas the extension of water supply and sanitation infrastructure can barely
keep up with the fast urban demographic growth. The share of the urban households
connected to piped water has been steadily decreasing from 56% in 1990 to 39% in 2005.
Access to water supply and sanitation in Ethiopia is amongst the lowest sub-Saharan Africa and
entire world. The great majority problem of rural community in Ethiopia was water supply,
which relies on ground water through shallow wells, deep wells and springs. People who have
no access to improved supply usually obtain water from rivers, unprotected springs and hand-
dug wells. Rainwater harvesting is also common. According to the report of demographic and
health survey of 2005 access to water supply is 38% for improved water supply (98% for urban
areas and 26% for rural areas) and where also 12% for improved sanitation (29% in urban areas,
8% in rural areas.

Waste management is a critical issue worldwide. Open, unregulated dumps are still the
predominant methods of waste disposal in most developing countries. Globally, 2.6 billion
people or 39% of the world population do not use improved sanitation. Still 11 billion people
defecate in the open field. Ten countries including Ethiopia are home to 81% of them. Open
defecation is largely a rural phenomenon; most widely practiced is southern Asia and sub-
Saharan Africa. In sub-Saharan Africa, 69% of the population does not have access to improved
sanitation facilities; waste management is a growing public concern in Ethiopia. In many cities
of the country, waste management is poor and solid wastes dumped along roadside and into
open areas, endangering health and attracting vermin. Urban households are more than three
times as likely as rural households to have access to improved toilet facilities. However, studies
conducted by research inspired policy and practice learning in Ethiopia and the Nile region in
the SNNPR indicate a substantial increase in the number of household latrines since the
deployments of health extension workers. Provision of adequate sanitation facility is not only a
socio demographic and developmental issue, but also an issue of self-respect, human dignity
and public health.
Homes often cramped, with dirt floors, leaking roofs and no windows or dual egress; leaving
their resident vulnerable to adverse weather condition, insects and rodents. Poor ventilation
for inside cooking fires is a common cause of respiratory problems.

Worldwide, malnutrition is an underlying cause in the deaths of more than 3.5 million children
under the age of five each year. Some 13 million infants are born each year with low birth
weight.
.
This study will conducted to improve the housing condition, pure and adequate water supply,
waste disposal including excreta and refuse, food sanitation, insects and vector control
nutritional assessment and parasitological survey in Mendera Qochi.

1.3 Significance of the study

 The result of the study will help to address the major sanitary problems, water supply,
health related to housing condition, unsafe excreta disposal , food sanitation, vector and
insect control, nutritional assessment ,child nutrition and parasite distribution in Mendera
kochi .
 It gives the baseline information about the general environmental sanitation such excreta
disposal, cleanliness of the house, community water supply, and food sanitation and
insect and vector control.
 The study will be important for all concerned bodies to know the magnitude of problem
and to implement health plan and giving possible intervention to the identified problem.
 The finding of this study will help the students to have self-confidence in identifying
community problems and to intervention, those by preparing an action plan.
 It prepares the students committed professionals by developing capacity in problem
solving and makes aware of existing social or community problems and suggest possible
solutions.
 Prepares students for research activities, promotes team sprit among them, and helps
as a secondary data for the future researches.
 CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Housing condition

Approximately 73.74% of houses were constructed with mud floor, 22%were concrete and
8(4%) were wood materials. In most instances, the number of window per house was
consistently increasing with room. Even though the every room had installed window, the level
of illumination found different from one to another, 63.64% were good in illumination, 23.74%
very good, and 12.5%fair.

Data from this study showed that greater than half of households 62% were good and only
21.7% were very good in general hygienic conditions. The remaining proportion of the houses in
this survey was fair 15.1% but two houses 1% were considered relatively bad in sanitary
standards. About 25% of sampled houses were immediately in need of maintenance and more
than three-fourth were in good condition. The type of kitchen in every houses also analyzed as
88% separate, 5.6% main house, and 3.6% attached type of kitchen facility, but 2.6% houses
had no kitchen facility.
2.2 Water supply
In Ethiopia, 69% of households have access to an improved source of drinking water, including
87% of urban households and 61% of rural households. Urban and rural households rely on
different sources of drinking water. The three most common sources of drinking water in urban
households are water piped into the household’s dwelling, tap (40%); water piped into a public
tap (30%); and water piped to a neighbor (9%). By contrast, rural households obtain their
drinking water mainly from public taps/standpipes (31%) and protected springs (13%).

2.3 Waste disposal

Approximately 97.5% of study participants report showed that they had sanitary facility
whether it is private, neighbor-owned, or communal services. Of these, 94.8% were private-
owned latrine but only 2.5% of households had totally no latrine. In households with lack of
sanitary facility, only 83.3% reported they had land for construction and 81.82% reported they
could afford construction. In most case, the location of the latrines was uphill 48% relative to
water sources and 20% were in immediate need of reconstruction and maintenance. Among
the latrines located at uphill of water sources, 51.9% were in less 10 meters and 18.9% were
within 10-20 meters but the remaining were in more than 20 meters. Most of the latrines at
downhill were also closer to water sources or less than 10 meters 35.87%.
2.4 Child nutrition
Appropriate infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices include early initiation of
breastfeeding (within the first hour of life), exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months of life,
continued breastfeeding for 2 years or more, and introduction of safe, appropriate, and
adequate complementary foods at age 6 months. Overall, 59% of children under age 6 months
are exclusively breastfed. The percentage of exclusive breastfeeding declines with age, from
73% among children age 0-1months to 40% among those ages 4-5 month. Contrary to the
recommendation that children under 6 months be exclusively breastfed, many infants also
receive other liquids such as water (14%), non-milk liquids (1%), and other milks (8%) before
reaching age 6 months. Moreover, 13% of infants begin complementary foods before age 6
months, with nearly one-fourth of children age 4-5 months consuming complementary foods.
Sixty-eight percent of children under age 24 months are receiving age-appropriate
breastfeeding. Sixty-nine percent of children are introduced to solid, semisolid, or soft foods at
6-8 months, an improvement from 2016 (60%).

Overall, the food items most commonly given to breastfed children are grains (48%), fruits and
vegetables rich in vitamin A (20%), and foods made from legumes and nuts (19%). Breastfed
children age 6-23 months considered to feed with a minimum meal frequency if they receive
solid, semisolid, or soft foods at least three times a day. Non-breastfed children age 6-23
months are considered to be fed with a minimum meal frequency if they receive solid,
semisolid, or soft foods or milk feeds at least four times a day and if at least one of the feeds is
a solid, semisolid, or soft food. Children in urban areas (59%); are more likely than those in rural
areas (54%) to feed according to the minimum meal frequency standards

 The proportion of children fed with a minimum meal frequency ranges from a high of
82% in Addis Ababa to a low of 34% in Somali.
 The percentage of children fed with a minimum meal frequency increases with
increasing mother’s education, from 46% among children whose mothers have no
education to 70% among those whose mothers have more than a secondary education
 CHAPTER THREE
OBJECTIVES
3.1 General Objectives
To assess environmental health condition, nutritional condition and parasitological
survey of Mendera Qochi kebele, Jimma zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia from
march 23-25, 2023.

3.2 Specific Objectives

 To assess housing condition of mendera Qochi community

 To assess water supply system in study community

 To assess excreta and refuse disposal system in the study community

 To assess insects and rodents infestation in the study community

 To assess nutritional status of study community

 To assess child nutritional status of study community

 To assess ways of exposure to river water in Menderakochikebele community

 To assess the hand washing habit of the community

 To identify the common parasites in the community

 CHAPTER FOUR
STUDY METHODOLOGY AND MATERIALS
4.1 Study area and period
The study area was in kebele named Mendera Kochi, which found in Oromia region in Jimma
zone. It is about 2km from Jimma University main campus on the way to main campus.
Mendera Kochi has Woinadega climatic condition. The kebele is urban. In the kebele there are
27 mosques, 3 Orthodox churches, 15 Protestant churches. The kebele has 6 different zones. It
is positioned east of Sato kebele, west of Ginjoguduru kebele, North of awetu mendera , and
south of Ginjo kebele. It has a total population of 17101 with male of 8091 and female 9010.
Most of the people living in the Kebele are government employees and merchants. Most
importantly, there are Educational institutions ranging from Kindergarten to Higher educational
institution (Jimma University). The main mean of communication in Mendera Qochi Kebele is
TV and the most spoken language in the area is Afan Oromo. The study was conducted from
March 23-25, 2023.
Figure 4.1 Map sketche of Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

4.2 Study design

 A community based cross sectional study design was conducted by applying
standardized questionnaires.
 The populations were covered by systematic random sampling method with face-to-
face interviews.
 The study population is randomly selected 300 households

4.3 Source Population

 The estimated total population of Mendera Kochi kebele is around 17101 in which 8091
males and 9010 females.
  There are 4885 households.

4.3.1 Study population

 Because we were divided into seven study teams containing two members each group
surveyed 43 households and within each specific group one member were given 22
households and the other 21 households to review.
 The size of the study population was 300 households.

4.4 Eligibility criteria

4.4.1 Inclusion criteria
 Persons at age ≥ 18
 Willing individual to be interviewed

4.4.2. Exclusion criteria

 Houses closed during 3 days of study

 Unwilling individual to be interviewed.

 Critically ill patients

4.5 Sample size calculation and sampling technique

4.5.1 Sample size

The sample size was calculated using a single population proportion formula as follows:
no=(Zα/2)2P(1-P) = (1.96)20.5(1-0.5)

d2 (0.05)2
=3.8146 * 0.5 * 0.5 = 384
0.0025
Where: -Zα/2= Confidence level at 95% CI (1.96)
 P = population proportion taken as (50%)

d = margin of error of (5%)

no= maximum possible sample size or initial sample size

The adjustment formula is used when the total population of household is below 10000 to obtain
the minimum sample size.

NF= n/(1+n/N)

Where NF = the minimum sample size

n= sample size

N=total number of households

NF=384/ (1+384/4485) = 354 final sample size.

By considering 5 % (18) for non-response rate, the final sample size was adjusted to 372

. Limitation; The CBE faculty given only 300 questionnaires; so,

our final sample size is 300 households and our result will
presented by 300 sample size.
4.5.2 Sampling technique
A systemic random sampling technique was used to obtain necessary data for the study. Sampling
interval was calculated as follows:

K=N/nf K=4885/300 = 16

Where, k= sampling interval

N= no of house hold

nf= sample size

We have selected the first household nearest to the kebele office.

4.5.3 Data collection method

Data was collected using interviewer administered, structured questionnaire and observation
checklist. During data collection, first students of the group were assigned into seven sub
groups depending on zones of kebele and then further grouped in pair based on the local
language speaker students.

4.6 Materials and instruments

 Tally sheet
 Scientific calculator
 Questionnaires
 Pencil
 Computer
 Marker
 Ruler
 Pen
 Microscope
 Slide

4.7 Study variables

4.7.1 Housing condition

• Floor type
• Types of kitchen available
• Domestic animal living with human
• Ventilation
• Illumination
• Cleanses
4.7.2 Water supply
 Source of water supply
 Amount of water consumed by family
 Method of water purification

4.7.3 Waste disposal

• Latrine facility
• Source of waste
• Excreta disposal method
• Distance of latrine from house
• Distance of latrine from water source
• Status of the latrine
• Utility status of the latrine

4.7.4 Food sanitation

• Procedures during food preparation
• Food preserving methods

4.7.5 Vector and rodent control

• Presence of stagnant water
• Insect control methods
• Rodent infestation
• Method of preventing rodents

4.7.6 Nutritional assessment

• States of maternal education
• Types of staple food
• States of diary food
• Amount of fatty and protein rich food
• States of death related lack of food
 • Breast feeding of child
• Supplementary food for child

4.7.7 Parasitology survey

• Exposure to river
• Hand washing
• Stool appearance and examination

4.8 Data analysis

 After the data has been collected, it went under various stages of analysis. The
questionnaires were analyzed using tallying, scientific calculators and statistical
computation and they were grouped and organized accordingly. After the various stages
of data processing conclusion was drawn from the summarized data and presented in
tables, graphs, and pie chart form.
4.9 Data quality assurance
Before going in to the field orientation was given to us by the supervisors of CBE
office. The purpose of the orientation was to give insight on CBTP PHASE 2. They
informed us how to collect the data in-order to avoid any inaccurate information from
the respondents. Different supervisors were assigned to our group in order to guide us
when interpreting the data, and in different parts of the study.

 Questionnaire was checked before data collection.

 Standard operating procedures were followed strictly.
 Results were recorded using appropriate format.
 Common understanding among members was prevailed.

4.10 Ethical consideration

 Jimma university has a strong connection with different Kebeles and society; even the
motto of the university is “we are a community!”
 On first day of data collection, our leader and reporter handed a letter of permission
from JU faculty of CBE to the mendera kochi kebele administrations. After this process
completed we granted permission by oral consent and written letter from the kebele
administrations.
  Students went to different zones in the kebele collecting the necessary information in a
polite manner. The students were respectful to the different cultures and to the
community. We informed the respondents that they are not obligated to participate or
respond to our questions and the can leave the interviewing process if they feel
uncomfortable. We assured them that this information we collected from them will not
disseminated to the public or the third party

4.11 Limitations
 Some peoples have no willingness to tell about their ethnicity because of some problem
our country face based on ethnicity
 Childs unwillingness to give sample

4.12 Encountered problems and solutions

Encountered problems
 Language barrier
 Unwillingness of some respondents to tell about their income and ethnicity
 Most of the respondents lacked interest due to recitative interview carried out by
different department of JU, so it takes long time to initiate them to get information.
 We found some houses closed.
Solution to the above problems
 We assigned those students who can speak Afan Oromo with students with those
who cannot.
 we politely explain why we need such data from them
 Closed houses were revisited
4.13 Operational definitions of terms

Illumination (lighting/light); Lights used to decorating a building or other structure.

Evaluation of illuminations

 Adequate – A house in which someone is able to identify and read hand writing by
pencil on the paper at the center of the house; there is enough light to allow ease in
cleaning and provide safe, well-lit work place.
 Inadequate- If the written thing is difficult to read at a normal distance of sight; poorly
distributed light.
Cleanliness: – Keeping things from dust or dirt by washing or rubbing it.

Evaluations of cleanliness

 Good - The house that has no cracks has washable floor and walls, free from dust and
dirt and daily cleanable.
 Fair – If one of the above criteria is absent.
 Bad – If More Than, one criterion of the above absents.

Ventilation: allow air to move freely in and out of a room or building.

Evaluation of ventilation

 Good – When the windows are so placed that air current pass diagonally across the
room
 Fair - if the house is moderately air comforted, the house has parallel windows, and
windows near to the roof but enough to allow air to pass through it, then it is said to be
fairly ventilated
 Bad - When there is one or no window.
Household waste is disposable material generated by household.
Commercial waste is solid waste generated by stores, office, restaurants and
nonmanufacturing activities at industrial facilities.
Industrial waste is waste produced by industrial activity, which includes any material
that rendered useless during manufacturing process such as factories mills and mining
operations.
Pit latrine is a type of toilet that collects human faces in a hole in the ground.
Flush latrine is a toilet dispose of human waste by using the force of water to flush it
through a drainpipe to another location for treatment.
VIP (Ventilated improved pit) ; adding of vent pipe to a simple pit latrine to reduce the
nuisance of flies.
Tape water; water supplied through the tape
Well water deep hole into the ground to access water in the ground.
Fumigation is method of paste control by completely filling an area with gaseous
pesticides.
 CHAPTER FIVE
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
5.1 Waste disposal

5.1.1 Source of waste

In our study, we found that the most source of waste in the Mendera kochi kebele is domestic
waste which is 89.7%.

source of waste

10.30%

Residenial
commercial

89.70%

Figure 5.1 source of waste of Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023
5.1.2 Scheduled program and final disposal method of waste
The present study reveals that many of the households had no accesses of scheduled program
to collect waste by the government (kebele administration). As indicated by the graph below
50% of the household burn their refuse waste and 43.3% dispose in the open field.

Refusal disposal

6.70%

Burning
50.00% Open dumping
Dumping in the river
43.30%

Figure 5.2:Refusal disposal of Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

5.1.3 Latrine availability

The present study reveals that almost all of households had access to latrine facility. The
available latrine type 64.7% is pit latrine and Flush latrine 35.2%. Around 99.3% of the sample
households have status of ownership that owned by family. About 33.33% of the household is
6-12 meters distance of latrine from house while 30% proportion is of greater than 12 meters.
variables Response or category Frequency Percentile %

Yes 298 99.3

Presence of latrine No 2 0.7

Total 300 100

pit 193 64.7

Type of latrine VIP 0 0

Flush 105 35.3

<6m 3 1.6

Distance of pit latrine 6-12m 100 51.8

from the main house
>12m 90 46.6

Owned by the family 298 100

Status of ownership shared 0 0

Total 298 100

Closed 193 64.7

Waste disposal system Drained to pipes then 0 0

of latrine to water
 Clearing the septic 105 35.3
tank

Table 5.1: latrine availability and type in Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

All of 0.7% of households who are without latrine have no adequate space for construction and
50% are affordable for construction.

5.2 Water supply

5.2.1 Source of water

As shown in the chart below; 99.7% of the sample households obtained their water from
pipelines (tap). Only 0.3% households have collected their water from well which is not downhill
from the toilet. With regard to the per day water consumption, the majority have >50L. There is
no family, who use stream water.

source of water
0.30%

Tap
well
river

99.70%

Figure 5.3 source of water in Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023
 90%

80%

70%

60%

50%
<25
25-50l
40%
>50L
30%

20%

10%

0%
Daily water consumption

Figure 5.4: Daily water consumption in Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

5.2.2 Water purification

In Mendera Kochi kebele survey only 3.3% use water purification method. From this 90% use
chlorination and 10% use boiling.

Variables Response or category Frequency Percentiles %

Method used Yes 10 3.3

No 290 96.7

Type of method Boiling 1 10

Standard filtration 9 90

Traditional filtration 0 0

Total 10 100

Table 5.2: type of water purification in Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023
5.3 Housing conditions
5.3.1 Housing status
From the sample of 300 households, we have 960 rooms, which are 3.2 rooms per household in
average. 80.8% and 78% have good ventilation and cleanses respectively. 98.9% have adequate
light. About 68.7% do not need maintenance but only 5% need argent maintenance .

120%

100%

80%

60% Good
Fair
Bad
40%

20%

0%
Ventlation illumination Cleanses

Figure 5.5: Ventilation, illumination and cleanses of house in Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma,
southwest Ethiopia, 2023
5.3.2 Floor
About 64.7% floor type is cement and 95.7% do not have any cracks.

250

200

150
Cement
Soil
100 Wood

50

0
Type of floor

Figure 5.6: Type of floor in Mandara Qocii Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

5.3.3 Livestock and kitchen

In current study of Mendera kochi kebel from sample households 16.7% have livestock’s that
live in separate quarters from the main house. Ninety-nine percent have kitchen; from this
86.5% have detached from the main house.
 Kitchen status
1%
No kitchen
14% Attached
Detached

87%

Figure 5.7: Kitchen status of Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

5.4 Food sanitation

5.4.1 Procedures during food preparation and preservation
All households wash their hand and clean kitchen utensils frequently during food preparation.
As surveyed; 67.7% use refrigerator and 30% other method (freshly eating as cooked and not
using method) for food preservation.
 350

300

250
Hand washing
Washing vegetables
200 Proper cooking
Material cleaning frequantly
150 Prevanting contamination
Refrigerator
Drying
100 other

50

0
food preparation procedures and preservation

Figure 5.8: Food preparation procedures and preservation in Mandara QociiKebele, Jimma, southwest
Ethiopia, 2023

5.5 Vector, insect and rodent control

All of sampled households revealed that the kebele is full of stagnant water especially in
ditches. Ninety-three percent use insect control method, most commonly bed net that is 71.4%.
About 60% encounter problem infestation in their houses especially rats.

Variable Response Method Frequency Percentile %

Method used for Yes 280 93.3

insect control
Bed nets 200 71.4

Insecticide 70 25

Draining stagnant 5 1.8

water
 Electrical fun 5 1.8

Fumigation 0 0

No 20 6.7

Total 300 100

Rodent Yes 180 60

infestation
Poison 5 2.8

Mouse traps 12 6.7

Cats 150 83

Other 13 7.3

No 120 40

Total 300 100

Table 5.3: Vector, insect and rodent control Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023
5.6 Nutritional assessment

5.6.1 Maternal education

96.7% of Mendera kochi can able to write and read (literate). Among them 1.7% have masters
level and 34.5% have degree level educational status.

40.00%
0.36
0.345
35.00%

30.00% 0.276

25.00%

20.00% Masters
Degree
15.00% Diploma
Gread 8-12
10.00%

5.00% 3.30%
1.70%
0.00%
Read and Write can't read and write

Figure 5.9: Maternal education status in Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia, 2023

5.6.2 Type of staple food

In ours study area we tried to assess staple food. The majority of the households use injera as
their staple food (98.3%) and they get dairy food. About 95%, 3.3% and 1.7% eat three, more
than three and two times per day respectively. More than 96.7% use dairy food, fatty and
protein rich food.

5.7 Child nutrition

5.7.1 Breast feeding and supplementary food

From 4% of mothers who breastfeed their child, 66.7% started supplementary food. Among
them (who use supplementary food) 75% started at age of 7-12 months, 62.5% feed their child
three times per day and all of them expose their child to sunlight.

Frequency of feeding child

0.375

once
twice
Three times
More than three times

0.625

Figure 5.10: Frequency of child supplementary feeding in Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest
Ethiopia, 2023
5.7.2 Combinations of supplementary food

1
87.50% Cereals only
0.9

0.8 Cereals and legumens

combined
0.7
0.625
Milk alone
0.6

0.5 Milk cereals and legumes

combined
0.4
family dish only
0.3 0.25
Used
0.2
0.125 12.50%
0.1 Not used

0
combination of food Fruits and vegetables

Figure 5.11: Combination of supplementary food in Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest
Ethiopia, 2023
5.8 Parasitological survey

5.8.1 River exposure and hand washing habit

There is no way of exposure to river water for mendera kochi kebele and 98.3% of them aware
of the related effect of river water on human health. More than 96% wear shoe regularly.
Almost all of them have good hand washing habit before meal and 69.7% wash their hands
after toilet regularly. On observation, 84.3% are fingernails cut short. 74.5% of uncut nails have
no dirty or soil in their nail beds.

250

200

150 Malaria
Diarrhea
Bacteria
100 Typhoid
Parasite

50

0
The effect of river water on health as indicated by Mendera kochi community

Figure 5.12: The effect of river water on health in Mandara Qochi Kebele, Jimma, southwest Ethiopia,
2023
5.8.2 Stool examination

We have taken 13 stool samples from under seven children. We tried to ask participants
whether they are dewormed or not; most of the households take anti-parasite drug every 3
months. We have taken sample from who missed to take the drug.

5.8.2.1 Material used

 Slide
 cover slide
 Applicator stick
 Normal saline( 0.85% isotonic concentration)
 Microscope
 Pipet
 Glove
 Waste disposal basket.

5.8.2.2 Procedure

1. One drop of normal saline is added on the slide

2. Stool is picked up by applicator stick and put on the slide

3. Covered by cover slide and put under microscope

4. Detected by 10 times for ova and larva, 40 times trophozoite and cyst magnification.

5.8.2.3 Stool appearance

Stool appearance Frequency

Formed 8

Soft 5

Mucoid 0
Bloody 0

Table 5.4 Stool appearance

5.8.2.4 Examination results

Agent Result Frequency

Amoeba Negative

Giardia Negative

Trichuris Negative

Schistosoma Negative

Ascaries Positive 1

Other(bacteria) Positive 1

Table 5.5: Examination result

5.2 Discussion

CHAPTER SIX
PROBLEM IDENTIFIED
6.1 Problems
 Discarded household wastes in to ditches
 Open dumping waste final disposal
 Pit latrine close to the main house
 Not having VIP and less use of advanced latrine waste disposal system
 Presence of harmful insects, vectors and rodent
 Less use of water purification methods
 Kitchen attached to the main house
 Less use of food preservation methods
 Stagnant water in the locality
 Insect and rodent control methods
 Supplementary feed of child before 6 months.
 Hand washing habit after toilet
6.2 Prioritized problems
However, there are so many problems in Mendera kochi kebele, the problems are prioritized in
the following criteria based on the fifth rule;

 Severity of the problems

 Magnitude of the problems
 Government concern
 Community concern and
 Feasibility

The following problems are prioritized according to evaluation;

1. Stagnant water in the locality
2. Open dumping waste of final disposal
3. Hand washing habit after toilet
4. Kitchen attached to the main house
5. Rodent infestation and control methods

Key
From range of 1-5
5- Severe
4-High
3- Moderate
2- Mild
1- Low
 6.3 Action plan
The table below show that the actions planned road map for intervention according to the
problems identified prioritization.

Problem Objective strategy Target activity Responsible Resource

population body

1.Stagnant water To drain the Awarenes Mendera Educating;de Health Human

in the locality stagnant s creation Kochi monstrating;i community power,
water to and kebele nvolving the members; JU budget
reduce from education community community students leaflet,
100% -80% posters

2.Open dumping To prepare Discussio Mendera Health Mendera Human

waste of final n with Kochi education kochi kebele power,
final waste
disposal kebele kebele and community , budget
disposal area administr community discussion HE workers,
to reduce ation and kebele
 from 43.3 % the administrator
to 30%
communi training , Ju students
ty community
3.Hand washing To increase Creating Mendera Demonstratin health Human
habit after toilet hand washing awarenes kochi kebele g, educating institution power,
habit after s, water community worker, JU budget
toilet to 90% supply students leaflet,
posters

4.Kitchn attached To give Health Community Human

to the main insight to educati ,Governmet power,
house Mendera Educating budget
the on ,secondary
kochi leaflet,
community school
kebele posters
about effect students
communit
of indoor y
smoke

5.Rodent To reduce Health Mendera Educating , Kebele Human

infestation and presence of educati kochi provision of health , power,
control methods
rodent from on kebele prevention shops
60% to 40% communit and control
y methods
Table 6.1 Action plan problem identified in Mendera Kochi kebele Jimma Zone
Oromia Region March 23-25, 2023
CHAPTER SEVEN
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
7.1 Conclusion
The most common source of waste in the mendera kochi kebel is domestic
Open dumping is common disposal method
Almost all of households have latrine facility that owned by the family
Tape is main source of water supply in the community
Only few households use water purification method
Fair housing condition
Almost all households clean their house daily
They implement necessary food preparation procedures
The community is full of stagnant water
The community use injera, dairy, protein rich foods commonly
All mothers expose the child to sunlight
There is no death related to lack of food.
There is no ways of exposure to river water
7.2 Recommendation
 The Mendera kochi community are the primary actors in the reduction and
eradication of stagnant water in the community

 Woreda health offices, health extension workers and JU students should work on
cooperatively to sustain the child nutrition and sunlight exposure of child

 Health extension workers should give awareness to the community on the

management of waste and hand washing.

 The kebele administrates and government should work together to provide final
disposal area
First, we would like to thank the Almighty God for his enduring grace, guidance, and
protection that He has bestowed upon us.
We would like to thank Jimma university CBTP coordinators for giving give us a unique
opportunity to identify problem of people of mendera kochi kebele.

We would like to express our great respect, true love filing to our supervisors, Mrs.
Hana, Mr. Melkamu, and Mr. Belete for your advanced necessary guidance for our
study from beginning to end.