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BuiThaiDuong Fundamental-In-IT Assignment1 1st
BuiThaiDuong Fundamental-In-IT Assignment1 1st
4/4/2023
Re-submission Date Date Received 2nd submission
Student declaration
I certify that the assignment submission is entirely my own work and I fully understand the consequences of plagiarism. I understand that
making a false declaration is a form of malpractice.
Ⅰ.Introductions ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Ⅱ.Content ........................................................................................................................................................ 4
1. Describe the function of the various components of a typical digital computer with the help of a suitable block
diagram. .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
A- Motherboard .................................................................................................................................................... 5
B- CPU .................................................................................................................................................................. 7
C- GPU .................................................................................................................................................................. 8
D- RAM ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
E- Internal memory ............................................................................................................................................ 11
2. Cache memory. ................................................................................................................................................... 12
A- What is cache memory? ................................................................................................................................. 12
B- Why is cache needed? ................................................................................................................................... 14
3. The role of computer operating system .............................................................................................................. 15
A- What is the operating system. ........................................................................................................................ 15
B- Why use an operating system?....................................................................................................................... 17
C- Functions of an operating system .................................................................................................................. 18
Ⅲ. Conclusion.............................................................................................................................................. 20
Ⅳ. Reference List......................................................................................................................................... 21
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Ⅰ.Introductions
The development of computers has a long and fascinating history that dates back
to the early 19th century. At that time, mathematicians and inventors began to
explore the possibility of using machines to automate mathematical calculations,
which were essential for scientific research and other complex tasks.
One of the earliest computing devices was the mechanical calculator, which was
developed in the 1600s and 1700s. These machines used gears and levers to
perform basic arithmetic functions and were used primarily by mathematicians
and scientists.
However, it wasn't until the 1800s that the idea of a general-purpose computing
machine began to take shape. Mathematician Charles Babbage designed a
mechanical computer called the Analytical Engine, which was capable of
performing more complex calculations than any previous device. Although the
machine was never completed, it laid the foundation for modern computer design.
In the early 1900s, the first electronic computers were developed. These machines
used vacuum tubes to perform calculations and were enormous in size. One of the
earliest electronic computers was the Colossus, which was built during World
War II to help break Nazi codes.
However, it wasn't until the invention of the transistor in the 1950s and 1960s that
computers became smaller and more affordable. The transistor, a small electronic
device that could perform the same function as a vacuum tube, allowed for the
creation of smaller and more efficient computers.
In the 1970s, the first personal computers were introduced, which paved the way
for the widespread use of computers in homes and offices. The Apple II,
introduced in 1977, was one of the first personal computers to become popular,
and it helped to launch the personal computer revolution.
The 1980s saw the rise of the microprocessor, a small chip that could perform the
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same functions as a larger computer. This invention led to the creation of smaller
and more powerful computers, including the first laptop computers. The first
laptop, the Osborne 1, was introduced in 1981, and it paved the way for the
modern laptop computers we use today.
The 1990s and 2000s saw the rise of the internet, which revolutionized the way
people use computers. The internet allowed for instant communication and access
to information from around the world. It also led to the development of e-
commerce and other online services.
Today, computers are an integral part of modern society, used in everything from
entertainment and communication to scientific research and business. The
evolution of computer technology has been a long and complex journey, but it has
led to remarkable advancements that have changed the world we live in.
One of the most important software innovations in the history of computers was
the development of the operating system, which is the software that manages the
computer's hardware and software resources. The first operating systems were
developed in the 1950s and 1960s, and they were used primarily by large
businesses and government agencies.
The rise of personal computers in the 1970s and 1980s led to the development of
new operating systems that were designed for home and office use. One of the
most popular operating systems for personal computers was Microsoft Windows,
which was first introduced in 1985 and has remained popular ever since.
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Ⅱ.Content
Motherboard - the main circuit board that connects all the other components of
the computer and enables communication between them.
Central Processing Unit (CPU) - the "brain" of the computer that processes data
and instructions.
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Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) - the specialized processor that handles
complex graphical computations and renders images and video.
Random Access Memory (RAM) - the temporary storage area that the CPU uses
to hold data and programs that are currently in use.
A-Motherboard
One of the key features of the motherboard is the chipset, which is responsible
for controlling the flow of data between the various components. The chipset
manages the input/output operations, data transfer rates, and coordinates the
hardware components to work together effectively. In other words, it ensures
that all the components can communicate with each other and operate
seamlessly.
The motherboard also contains the Basic Input/Output System (BIOS), which is
a small amount of firmware that initializes the hardware during startup. The
BIOS helps the computer to recognize and configure hardware devices such as
hard drives, USB drives, and other peripherals. It also provides basic settings for
the system, such as boot order and system time.
The motherboard also has various connectors for input and output devices, such
as USB ports, audio jacks, and Ethernet ports. These connectors allow users to
connect their peripherals to the computer and use them to interact with the
system. Without these connectors, users would not be able to use their input
devices, such as keyboards and mice, or their output devices, such as monitors
and speakers.
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B- CPU
The CPU has several key components, including the Arithmetic Logic Unit
(ALU) and the Control Unit (CU). The ALU is responsible for performing
arithmetic and logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, multiplication,
and comparison. The CU manages the flow of data within the computer,
fetching instructions from memory, interpreting them, and directing the ALU to
perform the necessary operations.
The CPU communicates with other components of the computer system, such as
the RAM and storage devices, through the system bus. The system bus is a high-
speed data pathway that connects the CPU to other hardware components,
allowing them to exchange data and instructions. The CPU also communicates
with other peripherals, such as input and output devices, through specialized
connectors, such as USB or HDMI ports.
C-GPU
A GPU is typically a separate component from the CPU and is mounted onto the
computer's motherboard. It contains thousands of processing cores that are
optimized for parallel processing, which allows it to handle large amounts of
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data simultaneously. The performance of a GPU is measured in terms of its
clock speed, core count, and memory bandwidth.
The GPU works in tandem with the CPU to process graphical data. The CPU
sends instructions to the GPU, which then processes the data and renders it into
images that can be displayed on the computer's screen. The GPU is capable of
handling complex 3D rendering, image manipulation, and video
encoding/decoding, which frees up the CPU to handle other tasks.
One of the key components of a GPU is its memory. GPUs have their own
dedicated memory, known as Video Random Access Memory (VRAM), which
is used to store graphical data. VRAM is typically faster than the computer's
main memory (RAM), which allows the GPU to quickly access and process
graphical data.
Modern GPUs are highly programmable and can be used for a variety of tasks
beyond just graphics rendering. For example, they can be used for machine
learning, scientific simulations, and other high-performance computing tasks.
Some GPUs can even be combined in a process known as "GPU scaling" to
create a massively parallel processing environment for even faster processing
speeds.
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Figure 4: NVIDIA GeForce GTX 1080 graphics card
D-RAM
The amount of RAM in a computer system can have a significant impact on its
performance. A computer with more RAM can store more data and programs in
its memory, which allows the CPU to access the data and programs it needs
more quickly. This can result in faster application load times, smoother
multitasking, and improved overall system performance.
RAM is typically installed in the form of memory modules, which are inserted
into slots on the computer's motherboard. The amount of RAM that a computer
system can support is determined by the number of memory slots on the
motherboard and the maximum amount of memory that each slot can support.
RAM is also rated based on its speed and latency, which determines how
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quickly the CPU can access the data stored in the memory. Higher-speed RAM
can improve system performance, especially in applications that require large
amounts of data to be processed quickly.
In addition to its role in supporting the CPU, RAM is also used by other
components of the computer system, such as the graphics card and sound card,
to store data that is being processed. This allows these components to access the
data they need quickly and efficiently.
E- Internal memory
Internal memory, also known as internal storage, refers to the storage space
within a computer or mobile device that is used to store data and programs
permanently. Unlike RAM, which is a type of volatile memory that is lost when
the computer is turned off, internal memory retains its contents even when the
device is turned off.
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Internal memory is typically provided by Solid State Drives (SSDs) or Hard
Disk Drives (HDDs), both of which use magnetic or semiconductor storage
technology to store data. SSDs are becoming increasingly popular due to their
faster read and write speeds, while HDDs are still commonly used for storing
large amounts of data at a lower cost.
Internal memory is used to store the operating system, applications, and user
data on a device. When a user installs an application or saves a file, it is stored
in the internal memory. The operating system also uses internal memory to store
system files and other data that is required for the device to function.
The amount of internal memory in a device can vary depending on the device's
intended use. Mobile phones typically have between 16GB and 512GB of
internal memory, while laptops and desktops can have terabytes of internal
storage. The amount of internal memory required by a user depends on their
usage habits and the type of data they need to store.
2. Cache memory.
There are typically two types of cache memory: L1 cache and L2 cache. L1
cache is built into the CPU chip and is the smallest and fastest type of cache
memory. It is used to store data and instructions that are used frequently by the
CPU. L2 cache is located on a separate chip close to the CPU and is larger but
slower than L1 cache. It is used to store data and instructions that are accessed
less frequently.
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Figure 6: Cache memory
One reason why cache memory is needed is that it provides a buffer between the
CPU and main memory. Main memory is much slower than the CPU, and it can
take a significant amount of time to retrieve data and instructions from it. By
having a small amount of high-speed memory located close to the CPU, the
computer can store frequently used data and instructions in the cache, which can
be accessed much more quickly than main memory.
Another reason why cache memory is needed is that it helps to reduce the
amount of data that needs to be transferred between the CPU and main memory.
When the CPU needs to access data or instructions, it checks the cache first to
see if the data or instructions are already stored there. If they are, the CPU can
access them quickly and efficiently, without having to retrieve them from main
memory. This reduces the amount of time and resources required to transfer data
between the CPU and main memory.
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Finally, cache memory is needed because it can help to improve overall system
performance. By providing faster access to frequently used data and
instructions, the CPU can execute instructions more quickly, which can lead to
improved application performance and reduced overall processing time. This is
especially important in applications that require frequent access to data, such as
multimedia applications, video editing software, and games.
The operating system also provides a layer of security that helps to protect the
computer from viruses, malware, and other threats. It can monitor network
activity, control access to resources, and enforce security policies to prevent
unauthorized access to the system.
In addition to these core functions, modern operating systems also offer a wide
range of additional features and services. For example, many operating systems
provide built-in support for networking, allowing users to connect to the internet
or a local network without needing to install additional software. They may also
include tools for managing system resources, such as task managers or
performance monitors, that allow users to monitor and optimize system
performance. Some operating systems also include support for virtualization,
which allows multiple operating systems to run simultaneously on the same
hardware.
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Figure 7: A diagram of the operating system’s role in managing computer resources
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Ⅲ: Conclusion
Computers have had a profound impact on society and have transformed the way
we live, work, and communicate. They have become an essential tool in almost
every aspect of modern life, from business and education to healthcare and
entertainment. The development of the microprocessor in the 1970s led to the
creation of personal computers, which made computing power available to the
masses. Today, computers are smaller, faster, and more powerful than ever before,
and they continue to evolve at a rapid pace.
One of the most significant benefits of computers is their ability to process and
store vast amounts of information. This has led to advances in fields such as
science, engineering, and medicine, where complex calculations and simulations
are required. Computers have also revolutionized communication, making it
possible to connect with people all over the world instantly. They have created new
industries, such as software development and e-commerce, and have transformed
traditional industries, such as publishing and music.
However, the widespread use of computers has also raised concerns about privacy
and security. Cyberattacks, data breaches, and online harassment are all issues that
must be addressed as we continue to rely more heavily on technology.
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Ⅳ: Reference List
1.What is a computer? :
- https://hocjavascript.net/tong-quan/may-tinh-la-gi-dinh-nghia-may-tinh/
- https://wikimaytinh.com/may-vi-tinh-la-gi-cau-tao-cua-may-vi-tinh.html
- https://thidaihoc.vn/thanh-phan-quan-trong-nhat-cua-may-tinh-la-gi/
- https://ghiencongnghe.info/cache-la-gi.html
- https://dienthoaivui.com.vn/bo-nho-dem-la-gi-tim-hieu-ve-bo-nho-cache/
4.Operating system:
- https://www.thegioididong.com/hoi-dap/he-dieu-hanh-la-gi-804907
- https://fptshop.com.vn/tin-tuc/tin-moi/tong-hop-cac-he-dieu-hanh-thong-dung-tren-laptop-56318
5.History of computer:
- https://quantrimang.com/cong-nghe/luoc-su-phat-trien-cua-may-tinh-65154
- https://cellphones.com.vn/sforum/so-luoc-lich-su-may-tinh-theo-tung-thap-nien
- https://hoc247.net/hoi-dap/tin-hoc-6/vai-tro-cua-may-tinh-trong-xa-hoi-faq323777.html
- https://quantrimang.com/cong-nghe/cpu-la-gi-142876
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8.What is the GPU:
- https://hoanghapc.vn/gpu-la-gi
- https://www.nguyenkim.com/gpu-card-do-hoa-tich-hop-la-gi.html
- https://maychuviet.vn/gpu-la-gi-chuc-nang-cua-gpu-doi-voi-may-tinh-va-ung-dung-thuc-te/
- https://www.dienmayxanh.com/kinh-nghiem-hay/ram-la-gi-co-y-nghia-gi-trong-cac-thiet-bi-dien-tu-
596492
- https://hc.com.vn/ords/ni--ram-la-gi
- https://fptshop.com.vn/tin-tuc/danh-gia/ram-la-gi-bo-nho-ram-dung-de-lam-gi-57115
10.What is a Motherboard:
- https://minhancomputer.com/bo-mach-chu-la-gi-huong-dan-chon-main-phu-hop-cho-pc.html
- https://www.bkaii.com.vn/tin-tuc/807-bo-mach-chu-la-gi-khai-niem-chuc-nang-thanh-phan-va-nguyen-ly-
hoat-dong
- https://www.thegioididong.com/hoi-dap/main-la-gi-tim-hieu-cau-tao-cua-main-may-tinh-cuc-chi-tiet-
1342702
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