Copyright © 2018 by American Scientific Publishers Materials Focus

All rights reserved. Vol. 7, pp. 1–8, 2018

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A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of

SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf
Extract and Their Antibacterial Properties
G. Apsana1, 2 and P. P. George1, ∗
1
Department of Chemistry, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science, Madanapalle 517325, Andhra Pradesh, India
2
Department of Chemistry, Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Anantapur 515002, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
In the present study synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles have been carried out using Ocimum sanctum (O. sanc-
tum) leaf extract as reducing agent via a microwave irradiation technique and studied their antibacterial proper-
ties. The SnO2 nanoparticles were used for antibacterial activity treatment by Agar disc diffusion method against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, Klebsiella pneumonia,
and Morganella morganii. Remarkable antibacterial activity has been observed by the SnO2 nanoparticles
derived from O. sanctum extract due to the less nanoparticle size of SnO2 and essential phenolic compounds

ARTICLE
of O. sanctum leaves. The present investigation shows the mechanism for the reduction of SnO2 nanoparticles
by the eugenol which is present in the extract of Ocimum leaves. Further, the powdered sample is character-
ized by Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier
transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) spectral analysis. In addition, the particle
size of the SnO2 nanoparticles is calculated to be 20 ± 2.5 nm from PXRD, broad absorption peak in the range
of 200–450 nm from UV-Vis spectroscopy, and band gap of 3.75 eV from Tauc’s plot. It is concluded that, the
main focus of the study is cost-effective and eco-friendly green synthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles from the
Ocimum leaf extract and study their properties.
KEYWORDS: Microwave-Assisted Synthesis, Bandgap Energy, Photoluminescence, Anti-Bacterial Activity.

1. INTRODUCTION preparation of novel morphology and nano-size materials

Now a days, the synthesis of nano-size metal oxides have
been attracted much attention in material chemistry, due to
wide variety of novel chemical and physical properties.1–6
Nowadays, nanomaterials have become a key constituent
class of compounds than their bulk compounds for explor-
ing the new future applications in various fields. Ini-
tially, the main attention was focused on the synthesis
of transition metal oxide nanoparticles such as SnO2 due
to their structural flexibility and potential applications.
Among the various transition metal oxides, SnO2 have
promising applications in gas sensors7–8 and dye-based
solar cells,9 catalyst, solar cells, and photoluminescence,10
and antibacterial,11 photocatalytic applications.12 Recently,
many research groups have been paid considerable efforts
for the development of new and simple routes for the
synthesis of the various metal nanoparticles using plant
materials13–14 and are an important step on the way to the
∗
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Email: georgepanikulangara@yahoo.in
Received: 3 August 2018
Accepted: 15 September 2018
in order to improve their antibacterial properties.15–18
So far numerous methods have been reported
for the production of nanomaterials.19–21 The vari-
ous preparation techniques for the synthesis of SnO2
NPs have been reported which include hydrother-
mal technique,22 biosynthesis,11 and thermal oxidation,10
microwave irradiation by using PEG-400 as surfactant,12
sol–gel method,23 chemical co-precipitation,24 and spray
pyrolysis.25 Recently, Chu has prepared SnO2 by thermal
oxidation.26 Some of the demerits are high-temperature
conditions, organic solvents, highly sensitive precursors,
toxic reducing agents, special atmospheric conditions and
several steps to perform an experiment. Most of these
chemical reducing agents and solvents possess a biolog-
ical risk and hazardous to the environment. In order to
overcome these drawbacks, nowadays a set of advanced
green chemical approaches is being explored by many
researchers to enhance the eco-friendliness, compatibil-
ity, effectiveness and to reduce the toxicity. However, the
above mentioned methods have their own limitations, but
the current work is aimed to integrate the green chemi-
cal synthesis route for the preparation of SnO2 NPs in an

Mater. Focus 2018, Vol. 7, No. xx 2169-429X/2018/7/001/008 doi:10.1166/mat.2018.1587 1

 A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract Apsana and George

Scheme 1. Image of Ocimum sanctum leaf.

efficient approach at ambient temperature. For instance,

the O. Sanctum extract processes most important phenolic
constituents such as Eugenol, alkaloids, and terpenoids.27
These phenolic compounds have medicinal, antibacterial,
and an antioxidant effect.27 Recently, George and his
coworker also reported the various quantities of O. Sanc-
tum leaf extract for the synthesis of AgCl nanoparticles,
Scheme 2. Schematic representation of experiment procedure for tin
changes appeared in morphology and particle size which is
oxide NPs.
due to varying the amount of specific phenolic composition
ARTICLE

such as eugenol present in extract.28 The O. sanctum leaves

used in the present report were presented in Scheme 1 and
recently in our previous work we are reported the UV-
Vis spectrum of O. Sanctum leaf extract and the spectra
confirmed the presence of eugenol that acts as a reducing
agent for the synthesis of nanoparticles.29
In the current article O. Sanctum mediated microwave
green chemical method exploits the advantage of low-cost
precursors, rapid reaction, and simple preparation tech-
nique. Further, this research study explored the mecha-
nism for the formation of SnO2 NPs by using O. Sanctum
extract which contained eugenol as main phenolic com-
pound in it and also antibacterial activities performed
against a set of six various microorganisms. To the best
of our knowledge, for the first time we are reporting the
antibacterial property of SnO2 NPs with reference to a
number of standard antibiotics and against six microbial
cultures of gram-positive and gram-negative pathogens.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1. Chemicals Reagents
Tin chloride (SnCl2 · 2H2 O) is used as the starting mate-
rial purchased from Bros Scientifics, Tirupathi, India and
it is used as received without any further purification. The
leaves of Ocimum Sanctum were collected from the gar-
den of Madanapalle Institute of Technology and Science,
Madanapalle, Andhra Pradesh.
cut into fine pieces. The finely cut pieces were boiled in
an Erlenmeyer flask with 100 mL of distilled water for
7–10 min and cooled to room temperature. The O. Sanc-
tum leaf extract (pH-8.0) was collected by filtration and
directly used for the experiment to reduce tin chloride
solution.
2.3. Biosynthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles
In a typical experiment, 5 g of tin chloride is dissolved
in 20 ml of distilled water in a 250 ml beaker. Then
10 ml of O. Sanctum leaf extract was added drop-wise
into the tin chloride solution under continuous stirring for
10 min at the room temperature. After addition of extract
to the tin chloride the pH of the solution became 7.0 and
this pH value is maintained throughout the reaction under
microwave. Then, the mixture of a solution was transferred
into household microwave then irradiated for exactly 4 min
50 sec at the temperature of 110  C/Sec until the solu-
tion undergoes dehydration and decomposition reactions.
The resultant residue was collected by centrifugation at
4,500 RPM, by washing with distilled water, followed
by ethanol to remove impurities. The dried product was

2.2. Preparation of O. Sanctum Leaf Extract

Leafs of O. Sanctum plants were used to make the aque-
ous extract. About 10 grams of the leaves were thoroughly
washed 2–3 times in ordinary water and 2–3 times using Scheme 3. Schematic representation of the synthesis procedure of tin
distilled water in order to remove the dust particles and oxide NPs using O. Sanctum leaf extract.

2 Mater. Focus, 7, 1–8, 2018

Apsana and George A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract
Scheme 4. Reduction of tin ions using O. sanctum leaf extract.
annealed at 500  C for 2 h. The experimental procedure
has been followed from the previous reports of the George
et al. work.30–31
The experimental procedure for the synthesis of SnO2
NPs is shown in Scheme 2.
The biological eugenol compound present in the
O. Sanctum leaf extract reduced metal ions present in the
tin chloride solution into the tin oxide which was depicted
diagrammatically in Scheme 3.
The formation of tin oxide by the reduction of tin ions
using O. Sanctum extract is presented in Scheme 4. Pri-
marily the reduction process has been initiated by stirring
the tin chloride solution along with the extract. In the
first step one molecule of eugenol (extract), undergoes
fission reaction of O–H bond to release hydrogen rad-
ical which further converted into one proton and elec-
tron. The first electron reduces the Sn+2 into Sn+1 ions.
In the second step fission reaction of the aldehydic func-
tional group leads in the formation of the second electron,
which reduces the Sn+1 ions into Sn0 . For the reduc-
tion of tin metal ions, only one molecule of eugenol is
required. After complete reduction process, further, the
microwave oven heating transforms the formed tin metal
into tin oxide nanoparticles due to surface Plasmon reso-
nance phenomena.32
Sn+2 → Sn0 Reduction
nSn0 + nO2 → nSnO2 n = 1 2 3   
3. CHARACTERIZATION
The crystalline structure of the annealed product was char-
acterized by Bruker D8 diffractometer with Cu K radi-
ation operated at a 2 range from 10 to 90 by using
Powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The morphology of
the sample was analyzed with Ziesses-SEM instrument.
Jasco FT/IR-4200 instrument used to analyze FTIR mea-
surements in the range of 400 to 4,000 cm−1 . The UV-
Vis absorbance, reflectance and photocatalytic absorption
studies of the annealed product were recorded by Jasco
UV 670 in the range of 200–800 nm at room tempera-
ture. The photoluminescence data recorded in the range
of 220 nm to 600 nm using Jascospectro fluorometer FP-
6300 with the scanning speed of 100 nm/min. The micro-
bial strains used in assay method are S. aureus, E. coli,
Mater. Focus, 7, 1–8, 2018
P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, and M. mor-
ganii and were obtained from Department of Microbi-
ology, Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences,
Tirupathi, Andhra Pradesh, India.
3.1. Antibacterial Activity
The Phyto-synthesized SnO2 NPs were tested for antibac-
terial activity by disc diffusion method. A Mueller-Hinton
agar medium was prepared by dissolving 28 g of Mueller-
Hinton agar in 1 L of distilled water by sterilizing in an
autoclave at the temperature of 121  C for 15 min. The cul-
ture of gram-positive such as S. aureus and gram-negative
such as E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia,
and M. morganii were inoculated into broth medium (pep-
tone water) from culture collection. Then the broth is left
for 1 h until the turbidity is equaled to that 0.5 MC Ferland
standard. While, all the inoculated cultures were grown
on Mueller-Hinton agar medium. The disk diffusion was
performed by placing discs of SnO2 NPs in six different
types of microorganisms using standard antibiotics on the
surface of the agar plates and incubated for overnight at
ARTICLE
37 ± 2  C and the zones of inhibition were measured.
The antibiotic discs such as ampicillin, vancomycin,
erythromycin, tetracycline, penicillin, cotrimoxazole,
ciprofloxacin, and linezolid were placed in the agar plates
of S. aureus. The standard antibiotics such as cotrimox-
azole, cefoperazone/sulbactum, Amikacin, Amoxicillin,
nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin
were used in E. coli, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, and
M. morganii culture agar plates. In addition, gentam-
icin, polymyxin, imipenem, ciprofloxacin, netilmicin, cef-
tazidime, and cotrimaxazole were used in the agar plates
of P. aeruginosa culture.
4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
(1)
4.1. Powder X-ray Diffraction (PXRD)
(2) The crystalline nature and purity of the microwave irra-
diated O. Sanctum leaf extracted SnO2 NPs are measured
using PXRD analysis and it is shown in Figure 1. The
PXRD pattern illustrates a representative of crystalline
nature of SnO2 NPs. All the main peaks, cell param-
eters, and peak intensities can be indexed undisputedly
to SnO2 [JCPDS no 41-1445]. The diffraction peaks at
2 values are 26.58, 33.84, 37.92, 51.72, 54.7, 58,
62.04, 64.81, and 65.6 are assigned to (110), (101),
(200), (211), (220), (002), (310), (112) and (301) planes
of SnO2 NPs, respectively. These planes can be correlated
to the crystalline tetragonal rutile structure with a space
group of P42/mnm.
The average crystallite size of SnO2 NPs are calcu-
lated using the Debye–Scherrer equation, as demonstrated
follows
094
D=
1/2 Cos
3
 A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract
Fig. 1. PXRD pattern of SnO2 NPs.
Where, D = average crystallite size,  = Wavelength of the
X-ray diffraction,  = diffraction angle, and = full-width
at half maximum (FWHM). The crystallite size of SnO2
NPs calculated to be 20 ± 2.5 nm using Scherrer equation.
4.2. Scanning Electron Microscopy
The SEM images of the annealed SnO2 NPs powder con-
ARTICLE
tained an agglomerated particles as shown in Figure 2. The
typical particles resemble non-uniform spherical shapes.
The average size of SnO2 nanoparticles was estimated to
be about 70 ± 2 nm in diameter. The average diameter
of the agglomerated spherical shaped SnO2 NPs is in the
range of 100–150 nm. Although Parthibavarman et al. had
demonstrated the synthesis of SnO2 NPs by the reaction of
SnCl2 · 2H2 O with polyethylene glycol as surfactant under
microwave irradiation conditions and the particles have a
uniform length of about 460–530 nm and a diameter in the
range of 55–75 nm from SEM and 38 nm from XRD.12
Our approach yields much smaller SnO2 NPs than the
reported work of Parthibavarman.
4.3. Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy
EDX measurements carried on SnO2 NPs indicates the
presence of only Sn/O elements and no other impurities
are detected as shown in Figure 3. The Sn/O atomic ratio
in the SnO2 NPs obtained from EDX analysis was 1:2 in
agreement with metal oxide formula. The EDX analysis
confirms that the metal oxide nanoparticles consist only of
tin and oxygen elements. The measurement from the EDX
spectrum confirming the presence of 77.16 wt% of Sn,
and 22.84 wt% of O atoms. The weight percentage of Sn
Fig. 2. SEM image of SnO2 NPs at (a) high and (b) low magnifications.
4 Mater. Focus, 7, 1–8, 2018
Apsana and George
Fig. 3. EDX spectrum of SnO2 NPs.
and O atoms in SnO2 NPs is very close to the theoretical
values of weight % (Sn 78.76 wt.-%, and O 21.23 wt.-%).
4.4. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy
Figure 4 shows the FT-IR spectrum of SnO2 NPs at room
temperature. The strong peak at 455.20 cm−1 , 601.79 cm−1
is related to the stretching vibration of Sn–O.33 The peak
at 1367.53 cm−1 and 1739.79 cm−1 can be originated
from the symmetric stretching vibrations of O–H and C–O
groups. The presence of C–O, O–H, C–C, C–N peaks
indicates that all metal oxide samples are prepared by
using the O. Sanctum leaf extract as reducing agent and
also acting as capping agent on the surface of tin oxide
nanoparticles.
4.5. Optical Properties
The UV-Visible absorbance and reflectance (Fig 5. inset)
spectra of the SnO2 NPs shown in Figure 5. In general,
SnO2 nanomaterials have high energy shifted absorption
edge in the range of 320 nm to 450 nm as determined by
Chu et al.10 From Figure 5, the UV-Vis spectra of SnO2
NPs synthesized in the present study using O. Sanctum
leaf extract shows strong absorption peak at 262 nm with
band gap edge in the range of 420–460 nm. The highest
band gap edge of SnO2 NPs indicates that the particles
synthesized in the current method produce nanoparticles,
according to the Chu et al.
From the diffuse reflectance (R) of the respective metal
oxide nanoparticles the band gap energy is calculated with
Fig. 4. FTIR spectrum of SnO2 NPs.
Apsana and George A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract
Fig. 5. UV-visible spectrum of SnO2 NPs.
the Kubelka-Munk function F R in the equation F R =
1 − R2 /2R. The plot of (F R ∗ h
2 versus h
is drawn SnO2 towards gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria
and the linear regions are extrapolated to the zero ordinate
to obtain Eg dir for a direct allowed transition.
Figure 6 shows Tauc’s plot of SnO2 NPs. The SnO2 NPs
show a direct bandgap energy of 3.75 eV and the value is
higher than the bulk SnO2 (3.62 eV) material due to quan-
tum size effects. The band gap energy of SnO2 NPs syn-
thesized in the present work has good approximation with
the band gap of SnO2 nanowires and nanobelts reported
by Chu et al.10
The synthesized SnO2 NPs are examined by photolumi-
nescence spectra at room temperature to study their nature
of emission and the spectra is presented in Figure 7. The
SnO2 NPs shows broad photoluminescence spectral band
centered at 465 nm due to the occurrence of the band gap
in a shallower energy level.10
4.6. Evaluation of Antibacterial Activity of
Phyto-Synthesized Tin Oxide Nanoparticles
The antibacterial activity of SnO2 NPs samples obtained
after annealing at 500  C for 2 h was tested against gram-
positive bacteria (S. aureus) and gram-negative bacteria
(E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris, K. pneumonia, and
M. morganii).
Fig. 6. Plot of (h
2 versus (h
 spectra of SnO2 NPs. lipopolysaccharide, phospholipids, and proteins that are a
Mater. Focus, 7, 1–8, 2018
Fig. 7. Photoluminescence spectrum of SnO2 NPs.
The photographic images of antibacterial activity of
were shown in Figure 8 (enclosed in square box). The zone
of inhibition exhibited by the SnO2 NPs are compared
with the previously reported results of SnO2 antibacterial
performance.11 Figure 8 indicated that, the SnO2 NPs are
shown the same zone of inhibition with the size of 9 mm
ARTICLE
against S. aureus and E. coli. Whereas, the highest zone
of inhibition is observed against gram-negative pathogens
such as P. aeruginosa (15 mm), K. pneumonia (14 mm),
M. morganii (10 mm) and minimum activity against P. vul-
garis pathogens (8 mm). The antibacterial activity of SnO2
sample in all the pathogens is compared by considering
standard antibiotics as a positive control and accordingly
percentage of the zone of inhibition of SnO2 sample is cal-
culated. The SnO2 sample in the S. aureus cultured plates
were compared with the standard ciprofloxacin antibiotic
and the sample shown 60% of the zone of inhibition.
The SnO2 sample in E. coli, P. aeruginosa, P. vulgaris,
K. pneumonia, and M. morganii culture plates exhibited
75%, 100%, 80%, 100%, and 63% of the zone of inhibi-
tion by comparing with standard gentamycin as a positive
control.
The antibacterial results revealed that both the gram pos-
itive and negative bacteria are more susceptible to SnO2
NPs. It is also found that the antibacterial activity of SnO2
NPs showing much higher activity against gram-negative
pathogens than the gram-positive pathogen. The differ-
ences in deactivation efficiency of bacteria are attributed
due to their cell wall structure. The gram positive and
gram negative bacteria contains a similar internal structure,
while the outer cell wall membrane is constructed with
various layers.
The gram-positive bacterial cell wall is constructed with
a thick peptidoglycan layer containing teichoic and lipote-
ichoic acids and the transport system is highly restricted
by this membrane. But, the cell wall of gram-negative bac-
teria is made of a thin layer of peptidoglycan, which is
attached to the outer membrane with the composition of
5
 A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract
ARTICLE
Fig. 8. Antibacterial activity (zone of inhibition) of SnO2 (a) S. aureus (b) E. coli, (c) P. aeruginosa, (d) P. vulgaris (e) K. pneumonia (f) M. morganii.
distinctive property of gram-negative bacteria and can be
damaged more easily.
The differences in the thickness, morphology, and resis-
tance of bacterial cell wall lead to the inactivation of the
bacterial growth. The number of potential reactive oxygen
species are produced on the SnO2 particle surface results in
the higher antibacterial activities of gram-negative bacteria
due to the thin peptidoglycan layer than the gram-positive.
Pal et al. reported the same type of response against gram
negative and gram positive bacteria.34
In 2014, Kamaraj et al. reported the antibacterial inhibi-
tion of SnO2 and in this study it is reported that the higher
antibacterial property was shown by gram-negative bac-
teria than compared to gram-positive bacteria.11 Whereas,
the antibacterial property of SnO2 NPs synthesized in the
present study are showing higher antibacterial effect than
the earlier report of Kamaraj et al. The reason for higher
antibacterial activity is due to the SnO2 NPs (20 nm) syn-
thesized in the present green approach have less particle
size than the SnO2 NPs (49 nm) synthesized by Kamaraj
et al. method. This leads to the more number of SnO2 NPs
can easily transport on the surface of bacterial species,
which results in the enhancement of the antibacterial activ-
ity of SnO2 NPs.
The standard antibiotic discs such as linezolid, tetra-
cycline, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, vancomycin, ery-
thromycin, and ampicillin were placed in S. aureus
cultured Mueller-Hinton agar plate and these plates are
shown a zone of inhibition. Whereas, penicillin antibi-
otic does not exhibit a zone of inhibition against
S. aureus. Simultaneously, the E.coli cultured agar plates
6 Mater. Focus, 7, 1–8, 2018
Apsana and George
exhibited the zone of inhibition against cotrimoxazole,
Amikacin, ciprofloxacin, and gentamicin. But the cefop-
erazone/sulbactum, Amoxicillin, nalidixic acid, and cefo-
taxime antibiotic discs were not showing a zone of
inhibition against E. coli. Likewise, the antibiotic discs
like ciprofloxacin and ceftazidime placed on P. aerugi-
nosa agar plates were not shown the zone of inhibition,
remaining gentamicin, polymyxin, imipenem, netilmicin,
and cotrimoxazole antibiotics were shown zone of inhi-
bition. The P. vulgaris culture plates were shown a
higher antibacterial effect against cefoperazone/sulbactum,
Amikacin, Amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, and
gentamicin. But, the antibacterial effect was not exhibited
against cotrimoxazole and nalidixic acid antibiotic discs
in P. vulgaris culture plates. In addition, K. pneumonia
also shows an antibacterial effect against ciprofloxacin,
Amikacin, cotrimoxazole, cefoperazone/sulbactum and
no zone of inhibition was shown against Amoxicillin,
nalidixic acid, cefotaxime, and gentamicin. In the same
way, M. morganii culture agar plates shown the zone of
inhibition against ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, cefopera-
zone/sulbactum, Amikacin, Amoxicillin, and gentamicin
standard antibiotics, but the only nalidixic acid antibiotic
disc was not shown a zone of inhibition against M. mor-
ganii culture plates.
Finally, it is concluded that the among various stan-
dard antibiotics are showing a high antibacterial effect in
few microbial culture plates and few antibiotics are not
at all showing any kind of antibacterial effect. However,
the biosynthesized SnO2 discs are shown the significant
antibacterial zone of inhibition against all the six various
pathogens.
Apsana and George A Green Approach to Phyto-Mediated Synthesis of SnO2 Nanoparticles Using Ocimum Sanctum Leaf Extract
5. CONCLUSION
The current work provided a low-cost, convenient, eco-
friendly and effective technique for biosynthesis of SnO2
NPs than the other chemical methods. The particle size
of SnO2 NPs is calculated to be 20 ± 2.5 nm from PXRD
and 55–75 nm from SEM analysis. The band gap energy
of 3.75 eV indicates that biosynthesized SnO2 NPs in the
present study has a higher band gap than the bulk mate-
rial which confirms the formation of nano-sized particles
in the current work. The photoluminescence of tin oxide
indicates the emission band occurs in the visible region
centered at 465 nm. Whereas SnO2 NPs shows 15 mm
zone of inhibition against P. aeruginosa, 14 mm against
K. pneumonia, 10 mm against M. morganii (10 mm)
and minimum 8 mm zone of inhibition against P. vul-
garis pathogens respectively. Therefore, the biosynthesized
SnO2 NPs showed significant antibacterial activity against
gram-negative bacteria than that of the gram-positive bac-
teria. In addition, the mechanism for the formation of tin
oxide nanoparticles has been discussed.
Acknowledgment: The authors thankful to the finan-
cial support of this work under UGC major research
project (MRP-MAJOR CHEM-2013-25694) and MANF
fellowship (MANF-2015-17-AND-58287). The authors
also gratefully acknowledge their sincere thanks to the
management, Madanapalle Institute of Technology and
Sciences, Madanapalle, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India
for supporting to complete this research work. Authors
also extending their thanks to VIT, Vellore, for PXRD,
FTIR, and UV-Vis measurements and SV University,
Tirupathi, for SEM measurements and PL spectroscopy.
Authors are also thanking Department of Microbiology,
Sri Venkateswara Institute of Medical Sciences, Tirupathi,
Andhra Pradesh, India for providing antibacterial studies.
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