Making

Molar
Solutions
…from liquids
(More accurately, from stock solutions)
 Units of Concentration

 A solution is a homogeneous
mixture of one substance (the
solute) dissolved in another
substance (the solvent).
 Concentration is a ratio of the
amount of solute to the amount
of solvent.
 Concentration…a measure of solute-to-solvent ratio

concentrated vs. dilute

“lots of solute” “not much solute”
“watery”

Add water to dilute a solution; boil water off to concentrate it.

 remove
sample

moles of
solute

initial solution

Making a mix same number of

moles of solute

Dilute in a larger volume

Solution
diluted solution
 Units of Concentration

 Percent volume
% volume = volume solute (ml) x 100
volume solution (ml)
 Percent mass
% mass = mass solute (g) x 100
mass solution (g)

Solution = solvent + solute

 Units of Concentration

Example 1:
What is the percent by volume concentration of a
solution in which 75.0 ml of ethanol is diluted to a
volume of 250.0 ml?

75.0 ml x 100 = 30.0%

250.0 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 2:
What volume of acetic acid is present in a bottle containing
350.0 ml of a solution which measures 5.00%
concentration?

x = 0.05
350.0 ml

x = 17.5 ml
 Units of Concentration

Example 3:
Find the percent by mass in which 41.0 g of NaCl is
dissolved in 331 grams of water.

41 g x 100 = 11.0%
372 g
 Units of Concentration

 Molarity (M) is the most common unit of

concentration
 Molarity is an expression of moles/Liter of
the solute.
 Units of Concentration

 A mole is the SI unit of number of particles and

can be used as an expression of the molecular
weight of a substance.

The formula weight of an

element is expressed as
grams/mole
 Units of Concentration

 The molar mass of a compound can be

calculated by adding the molar mass of the
individual elements.

22.99 + 35.45 = 58.44 g/mol

Concentration
“The amount of solute in a solution”

A. mass % = mass of solute % by mass – medicated creams

% by volume – rubbing alcohol
mass of sol’n

B. parts per million (ppm)  also, ppb and ppt

– commonly used for minerals or
contaminants in water supplies

C. molarity (M) = moles of solute

L of sol’n
mol
mol
M = – used most often in this class
L
M L
D. molality (m) = moles of solute
kg of solvent
 ppm 1 inch in 16 miles
ppb 1 inch in 16,000 miles
ppt 1 sec = 32,000 years
Glassware
 Glassware – Precision and
Cost
beaker vs. volumetric flask
When filled to 1000 mL line, how much liquid is present?
beaker volumetric flask
5% of 1000 mL50= mL 1000 mL + 0.30 mL

Range:
950 mL – 1050 mL Range:
999.70 mL– 1000.30 mL
imprecise; cheap precise; expensive
 water mercury
in in
grad. grad.
cyl. cyl.
~
~ ~
~ ~
~ ~
~
Measure to part of meniscus w/zero slope.

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

How to mix solid chemicals
Lets mix chemicals for the upcoming soap lab.
We will need 1000 mL of 3 M NaOH per class.

How much sodium hydroxide will I need, for five classes, for this lab?

mol ? mol ? = 3 mol NaOH/class

M = 3M =
L 1L x 5 classes
How much will this weigh? 15 mol NaOH

1 Na @ 23g/mol + 1O @ 16g/mol + 1 H @ 1 g/mol

MMNaOH = 40g/mol

X g NaOH = 15.0 mol NaOH

40.0 g NaOH
600 g NaOH
1 mol NaOH =
FOR EACH CLASS:
To mix this, add 120 g NaOH into 1L volumetric flask with
~750 mL cold H2O.
Mix, allow to return to room temperature – bring volume to 1 L.
 How to mix a Standard
Solution

Wash bottle

Volume marker
(calibration mark)

Weighed
amount
of solute

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 480

 How to mix a Standard Solution

http://www.chem.ucla.edu/~gchemlab/soln_conc_web.htm
 Process of Making a Standard
Solution from Liquids

Zumdahl, Zumdahl, DeCoste, World of Chemistry 2002, page 483

 How to mix a dilute solution from
a concentrated stock solution

Copyright © 2007 Pearson Benjamin Cummings. All rights reserved.

 Dilution of Solutions
To Prepare 1
Formula Specific Reagent
Solution Guide Weight Gravity
Molarity
Percent
Liter of one molar
Solution
Acetic Acid Glacial (CH3COOH) 60.05 1.05 17.45 99.8% 57.3 mL
Ammonium Hydroxide (NH4OH) 35.05 0.90 14.53 56.6% 69.0 mL
Formic Acid (HCOOH) 46.03 1.20 23.6 90.5% 42.5 mL
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) 36.46 1.19 12.1 37.2% 82.5 mL
Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) 20.0 1.18 28.9 49.0% 34.5 mL
Nitric Acid (HNO3) 63.01 1.42 15.9 70.0% 63.0 mL
Perchloric Acid 60% (HClO4) 100.47 1.54 9.1 60.0% 110 mL
Perchloric Acid 70% (HClO4) 100.47 1.67 11.7 70.5% 85.5 mL
Phosphoric Acid (H3PO4) 97.1 1.70 14.8 85.5% 67.5 mL
Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) 60.05 1.05 17.45 99.8% 57.3 mL
Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) 40.0 1.54 19.4 45.0% 85.5 mL
Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) 98.08 1.84 18.0 50.5% 51.5 mL

MConc.VConc. = MDiluteVDilute
 Dilutions of SolutionsAcids
 (and sometimes bases) are
purchased in concentrated form (“concentrate”) and are
easily diluted to any desired concentration.

**Safety Tip: When diluting, add acid or base to water.**

Dilution Equation: C = concentrate

D = dilute
Concentrated H3PO4 is 14.8 M. What volume of concentrate
s required to make 25.00 L of 0.500 M H3PO4?

VC = 0.845 L = 845 mL
 Making Solutions

 You just calculated the molar mass of sodium

chloride to be 58.44 g/mol.
 To determine how to make a stock solution of
sodium chloride, use the formula:

g = M x L x molar mass
 Making Solutions
 How many grams of NaCl would you need to prepare
200.0 mL of a 5 M solution?
g = M x L x molar mass
g = (5mol/L) (0.2L) (58.44g/mol)
g = 58.44 g
 Diluting Solutions

 Often once you have made a stock

solution, you need to dilute it to a working
concentration.
 To determine how to dilute the stock
solution, use the formula:
C1 – concentration of stock
C1V1 = C2V2 C2 - concentration of diluted solution
V1 – volume needed of stock
V2 – final volume of dilution
 Diluting Solutions

Example 5:
How many milliliters of a 5 M stock solution of NaCl are
needed to prepare 100 ml of a 0.4 M solution?

C1 V1 = C2 V2
(5) V1 = (0.4)(100)
V1= 8 ml
 Diluting Solutions

 Serial Dilutions are dilutions made in series (for

example, if you needed to make solutions that
were 2M, 1M, 0.5M, and 0.25 M)
 The formula for serial dilutions is:

Dilution Factor = (V1 + V2) V1 – volume of solution being diluted

V1 V2 – volume of solvent
 Units of Concentration

Example 6:
Propose a method to prepare 100 ml of a 0.5 M glucose
solution from a 5 M glucose solution.
10 = (v1 + 100)
v1

10v1 = v1 + 100
-v1 -v1

9v1 = 100
9 9

v1 = 11.1 ml of 5 M glucose + 100 ml H2O

Stoichiometry for Reactions
in Solutions

Step 1 - Identify the species Step 2 - Write the

present in the combined
solution, and determine what
balanced net ionic
reaction occurs. equation for the reaction.

Step 3 – Calculate the Step 4 – Determine which

moles of reactants reactant is limiting.

Step 5 – Calculate the Step 6 – Convert to

moles of product or grams or other units, as
products, as required required.
 1 Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI (aq)  1 PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)
? L 4.0 M 89 g

What volume of 4.0 M KI solution is required to yield

89 g PbI2?
Strategy:(1) Find mol KI needed to yield 89 g PbI2.
(2) Based on (1), find volume of 4.0 M KI solution.

1 mol PbI2 2 mol KI

X mol KI = 89 g PbI2 = 0.39 mol KI
461 g PbI2 1 mol PbI2

M = mol L = mol = 0.39 mol KI =

0.098 L of 4.0 M KI
L M 4.0 M KI
 How many mL of a 0.500 M CuSO4 solution will
react w/excess Al to produce 11.0 g Cu?

Al3+ SO42–

__CuSO4(aq) + __Al (s)  __Cu(s) + __Al2(SO4)3(aq)

CuSO 2
3 4(aq) + Al (s) Cu(s)
3 + Al2(SO
1 4)3(aq)
x mol 11 g

3 mol CuSO4
X mol CuSO4 = 11 g Cu1 mol Cu = 0.173 mol CuSO4
63.5 g Cu 3 mol Cu

0.173 mol CuSO4

M = mol L = mol 0.500 M CuSO4
= 0.346 L
L M

0.346 L 1000 mL = 346 mL

1L
 Stoichiometry Problems
 How many grams of Cu are required to react
with 1.5 L of 0.10M AgNO3?
Cu + 2AgNO3  2Ag + Cu(NO3)2
?g 1.5L
0.10M

1.5 .10 mol 1 mol 63.55

L AgNO3 Cu g Cu
= 4.8 g
1L 2 mol 1 mol
Cu
AgNO3 Cu
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Limiting Reactants

 79.1 g of zinc react with 0.90 L of 2.5M HCl.

Identify the limiting and excess reactants.
How many liters of hydrogen are formed at
STP?

Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
79.1 g 0.90 L ?L
2.5M
Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem
Limiting Reactants
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
79.1 g 0.90 L ?L
2.5M

79.1 1 mol 1 mol 22.4 L

g Zn Zn H2 H2
= 27.1 L
65.39 1 mol 1 mol H2
g Zn Zn H2

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Limiting Reactants
Zn + 2HCl  ZnCl2 + H2
79.1 g 0.90 L ?L
2.5M

0.90 2.5 mol 1 mol 22.4

L HCl H2 L H2
= 25 L
1L 2 mol 1 mol H2
HCl H2
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Limiting Reactants

Zn: 27.1 L H2 HCl: 25 L H2

Limiting reactant: HCl

Excess reactant: Zn
Product Formed: 25 L H2

left over zinc

Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem