Questions Arises During Internship at FFC

 A battery limit is a defined boundary between two areas of

responsibility

 A deaerator is a device that is widely used for the removal of air
and other dissolved gases from the feed water to steam

generating boilers.

HENRY’S LAW

Henry’s law is a gas law which states that at the amount of gas that is dissolved in a
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid when the
temperature is kept constant. The constant of proportionality for this relationship is
called Henry’s law constant (usually denoted by ‘k H‘). The mathematical formula of
Henry’s law is given by:

P ∝ C (or) P = kH.C

Where,
 ‘P’ denotes the partial pressure of the gas in the atmosphere above the liquid.
 ‘C’ denotes the concentration of the dissolved gas.
 ‘kH’ is the Henry’s law constant of the gas.

BOILERS
There are two basic types of boilers: firetube and watertube. The
fundamental difference between these boiler types is which side
of the boiler tubes contain the combustion gases or the boiler
water/steam.

In a natural circulation boiler the circulation is

achieved by the difference in density when the water
in the boiler is heated. In natural circulation steam
boilers the circulation of water is by convection
currents, which are set up during the heating of water.
 "Range" is the difference between the cooling tower water inlet
and outlet temperature. (See Figure 7.3). ii) "Approach" is the
difference between the cooling tower outlet cold water
temperature and ambient wet bulb temperature.
Distillation and demineralization are both forms of purifying water but they have different methods of
achieving this purification. The two methods do produce different results and it is worth looking into both so
that you are equipped with the knowledge of the differences between them.

Distilled Water
Distilled water simply refers to water that has undergone a process where the water is heated to the above-
boiling point and the steam from that water is captured and cooled to produce liquid distilled water. This type
of purification process is the most common method and the end result is a very pure product. This method
removes bacteria, organic and inorganic particles, viruses, minerals, etc. from the water and once the water has
gone through this process, must be stored in a sterilized container so to maintain its purity. The distillation
process also removes salts, metals, and minerals.

There can be volatile organic compounds and gases that make their way through the distillation process due to
these compounds having a lower boiling point than water. Usually, manufacturers will add extra filtering
processes to absorb any remaining compounds and gases.

Demineralized Water
Demineralized water is a more economical means of water purification and simply refers to any water that has
undergone a process to remove minerals and salts from the water. This type of water is used in applications
where water with low salt content or low conductivity is required. Demineralized water is made by passing the
water through specially manufactured resins. The resin is designed to exchange ions in the water so that the
final result leaves you with the chemical composition of pure water.

While demineralized water is virtually free from minerals and related substances, there can be very tiny
amounts of dissolved minerals that will always remain. However, the advancements in technology for
demineralization ensure the end result is very high-quality water.

What’s the Difference Between Distilled &

Demineralised Water?
Distilled and demineralized water are produced through different methods of purification and as such, produce
a different end result. Demineralized water has had minerals removed so that you are left with H2O. The
problem with demineralization is that it will not remove bacteria or viruses as distilling would. Distillation is a
very effective method and will remove 99.9% of contaminants.
Simply put, where distillation is effective at removing suspended particles, organic materials, bacteria, viruses,
and physical impurities, demineralization is not. Distillation is a much more effective method of purifying
water.

Many manufacturers these days will actually put the water through both purification methods to ensure you get
as pure water as possible. The reason for this is that the demineralization process removes trace elements that
manage to make their way through the distillation process.

SEDIMENTATION
Sedimentation is the deposition of sediments. It takes place when particles in suspension settle
out of the fluid in which they are entrained and come to rest against a barrier.

ION EXCHANGER:
Ion exchangers are solid materials or liquid solutions which are able
to take up (or absorb) positively or negatively charged ions from
aqueous electrolyte solutions and at the same time release other
ions of equivalent amount into the aqueous solution.

RESIN:
In polymer chemistry and materials science, resin is a solid or
highly viscous substance of plant or synthetic origin that is typically
convertible into polymers. Plants secrete resins for their protective
benefits in response to injury. The resin protects the plant from
insects and pathogens.

Turbidity: Turbidity is the measure of relative clarity of a liquid.

It is an optical characteristic of water and is a measurement of the
amount of light that is scattered by material in the water when a
light is shined through the water sample.
Silica
silica, also called silicon dioxide, compound of the two most abundant
elements in Earth's crust, silicon and oxygen, SiO2. The mass of
Earth's crust is 59 percent silica, the main constituent of more than 95
percent of the known rocks.

NEQS:
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL

QUALITY STANDARDS (NEQS)

TURBINE:
There are 3 main types of impulse turbine in use: the Pelton, the
Turgo, and the Crossflow turbine. The two main types of reaction
turbine are the propeller turbine (with Kaplan variant) and the Francis
turbine. The reverse Archimedes Screw and the overshot waterwheel
are both gravity turbines.

Purging:
Purging is an inerting method commonly used in safety-critical
process chambers such as reactors to eliminate oxygen and moisture
when operations are started up or shut down

fire and explosion prevention engineering, purging refers to the

introduction of an inert (i.e. non-combustible) purge gas into a
closed system (e.g. a container or a process vessel) to prevent
the formation of an ignitable atmosphere.

Adsorption vs Absorption
The main difference is that while absorption involves the mass transfer
of particles into another material (one substance absorbing another),
adsorption takes place with the adhesion of particles onto the surface
of a substance.
 E

Evaporation Ponds
Evaporation ponds are artificial ponds with very large surface areas that are designed to
efficiently evaporate water by sunlight and expose water to the ambient temperatures

Manipulated Variables
A manipulated variable, also known as an independent variable, is a
part of an experiment that you can change to see how other variables
respond. 
Emergency Shutdown System (ESD)
An automatic protection system which will act to shut down the plant if
it enters a potentially dangerous state. In some countries this is called
a Safety Instrumented System (SIS).
 Lube oil components
Lubricating oils are composed of 80–90% petroleum hydrocarbon
distillate with 10–20a% additives to impart specific properties to the
oil.
Control valve problems
9 common control valve problems
 Cavitation. ...
 Flashing. ...
 Erosion. ...
 Valve leakage. ...
 Choked flow. ...
 Stiction
 Hysteresis
 Deadband.
Separating liquid constituents is an important procedure in industrial
processes. From petrochemical processing to wastewater treatment to
pharmaceutical manufacturing, having a safe and effective method for
removing compounds is important to ensure a clean and
environmentally safe byproduct.
Many different liquid-liquid separation methods exist — each offers
pros and cons, as well as applications they’re best suited for. In this
guide to liquid separation methods, we compare the differences
between distillation, stripping and extraction columns and explain how
each of them work.
Distillation
Distillation is the most common way to remove contaminants from
wastewater produced from industrial processes. As a liquid-liquid
separation method, the goal with distillation is to separate a liquid
mixture, also called the feed, into its constituents, isolating the desired
product from various contaminants.
Within any liquid substance, such as wastewater byproduct from
chemical and industrial manufacturing processes, there are many
different chemical parts. Each chemical constituent has its own boiling
point or volatility level, which differs depending on the nature of the
substance.

How Does the Distillation Method Work?

The distillation method of separating liquid constituents works by a
process of heat application. Because each liquid constituent has its
own boiling point and volatility level, heat application gradually raises
 these substances to their boiling point, converting them into vapor,
which removes them from the original liquid mixture. Because the
liquid mixture is gradually brought to a boil, the constituents with the
lowest boiling point are the first and easiest ones to remove.
For example, water boils at 212 degrees Fahrenheit, while ethanol
boils at 173 degrees Fahrenheit. By heating a water-ethanol mixture to
195 degrees Fahrenheit, you can convert ethanol from a liquid state
into a vapor, effectively removing it from the mixture and leaving
behind only water.
The distillation process occurs in a column — a piece of equipment
designed to contain the feed, apply heat to it, condense the volatiles
and collect the separated constituents. In its simplest form, distillation
equipment has three basic components:
1. Column: The column is the container that holds the feed, which gets
introduced into the middle of the container. The container is connected
to an outlet source that allows the vaporized constituents, also called
the distillate, to pass. The column also contains several other
components, such as trays or packings, which help further separate
the feed’s constituents to improve purity.
2. Condenser: The condensing unit resides above the column. It cools
the vapor and returns it to a liquid stream, which collects into a
separate container called a reflux drum. The liquid stream produced
from the vaporized and condensed constituents, called the reflux, gets
recycled back into the column.
3. Reboiler: A heat source, called a reboiler, heats up the mixture inside
the column to its appropriate temperature.
Depending on the chemical properties of the feed itself and the
desired product, the distillation column may differ in terms of its size
and diameter, as well as the level of pressure inside the column and
the temperature the mixture is heated and cooled to. All these
variables determine how to construct a distillation column that’s
appropriate for the type of feed being processed. As such, distillation
columns can become exceptionally more complicated than the simple
column described above.
Advantages of Distillation
Distillation works well on liquid mixtures that have a high relative
volatility, meaning there is a significant difference in volatility levels
between the product and its contaminants. Additionally, distillation can
be used on any feed that has one or more components, making it
useful in industrial settings where many contaminants affect the
product.
To achieve the purest distillate possible, multiple feed containers can
be set up in a row, increasing the concentration levels of the volatile in
the mixture at each stage. Building a distillation column that allows for
multiple stages of the heat-condense cycle improves the purity of the
final product.
Disadvantages of Distillation
The distillation method of liquid separation is more difficult to achieve
with mixtures that have a low relative volatility. When the chemical
constituents have a similar volatility level compared to the product
itself, it’s harder to isolate them through heat application because they
have such similar boiling points. In this case, specialized techniques
are needed to achieve greater precision. Substances with the highest
boiling points can never be completely removed from the mixture, and
remain as residue in the feed. As such, distillation can never achieve
100% separation.
In addition to imperfect separation, one of the major downsides to the
distillation method is that it consumes enormous amounts of energy
during the heating and condensing processes. As a result, the
distillation method is less desirable in industrial settings processing
high volumes of feed. Additionally, safety experts warn that distillation
can be a hazard due to the quantities of pressurized boiling liquid
present in the distillation column. Thermal expansion can occur, which
can lead to fire or explosion.
Stripping
What is the difference between stripping and distillation? The primary
difference is in the method used to separate the feed’s constituents.
While distillation uses heat to boil the volatiles into vapor and then
condense and remove them, stripping uses the principles of
absorption.
Absorption is the chemical process whereby molecules in a bulk
phase — either a liquid or solid — are taken into a gaseous
substance. When applied in the context of stripping, engineers use
steam as the gas that absorbs liquid molecules. In a steam stripping
column, the liquid molecules being separated from the feed get
absorbed by the water vapor, effectively isolating them from the
desired product.
Another term for steam stripping is scrubbing, which references how
the constituent molecules get “scrubbed” out of the feed. Steam
stripping is also sometimes referred to as steam distillation, though
distillation is a different chemical process. Like distillation, steam
stripping is also used to remove volatiles like ethanol, methane,
benzene or hexane from the feed, particularly in situations where
these compounds threaten environmental health and safety, such as
water or air pollution.
How Does the Stripping Method Work?
All contaminant removal columns operate by the same principles — a
column design that gradually separates constituents from the feed to
be collected and removed. Though the distillation and stripping
column methods are similar, they differ in a few key ways.
Unlike the distillation method, which has the feed introduced in the
middle of the column, the stripping method has the feed introduced at
the top of the stripping column. The steam, which is just gaseous
boiling water, gets introduced from the bottom of the stripping column.
This is referred to as a countercurrent design because the steam and
the feed are being introduced from opposite ends of the column.
As the feed flows from the top of the column downward, it washes
over porous packing material or trays designed to increase the
amount of contact surface where the steam and the feed meet. As the
steam gets introduced into the feed, the volatiles with the lowest
boiling point will first be absorbed into the steam upon contact with it.
Volatiles with higher boiling points won’t undergo this process, but if
they have lower water solubility, they’ll still get absorbed into the
steam and be removed with it.
The steam containing the absorbed compounds exits the top of the
column, where it’s typically collected, condensed and purified.
However, sometimes it’s released directly into the atmosphere if it is
safe to do so.
Advantages of Stripping
Steam stripping is a vital process in petrochemical processing
because it drastically decreases the number of pollutants expelled.
Industrial processing facilities need to take serious precautions to
prevent the off-gassing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) into the
air or water sources. Steam stripping is a highly effective method for
achieving these environmental sustainability goals.
In addition to its benefits for the planet, steam stripping is also a highly
effective method for removing VOCs compared to other methods — it
achieves a 99% VOC removal rate or higher, depending on the
design. While the distillation method is limited to the boiling points of
each compound, steam stripping doesn’t have the same restrictions.
Though steam stripping can’t absorb all organic compounds from the
feed initially, a follow-up scrubbing process can increase the overall
stripping rate.
Steam stripping is also a cost-effective long-term option. Because it
doesn’t require massive amounts of energy to boil and cool the feed,
the overall operational costs of stripping columns remain lower than
distillation columns. This makes steam stripping a good investment for
industrial plants processing large volumes of feed on an ongoing
basis.
Disadvantages of Stripping
The primary disadvantage of steam stripping is the high initial
investment cost. To maximize the efficiency of steam stripping,
engineers need to design stripping columns to be very tall to
accommodate many layers of packing or trays that increase the
contact surface area between the feed and the steam.
The added costs of the required material and labor raise the overall
cost of the stripping column construction, which can sometimes be a
deterrent for enterprises looking to minimize upfront costs. However,
the reduced operational costs over time due to lower energy
consumption can offset the higher initial investment in a stripping
column.

Extraction
Extraction is a third form of separating liquids into its constituents.
Extraction differs from both distillation and steaming in that it doesn’t
use boiling water or steam to facilitate the separation of compounds
 from liquids. Instead, it relies on an existing chemical property of each
substance — the solubility levels.
Every substance has a different water solubility level depending on its
organic composition. Some substances, like minerals, are highly
soluble in water, meaning they easily dissolve. Some chemical
solvents used in industrial manufacturing have extremely low
solubility, meaning they don’t dissolve in water.
Like all separation methods, the goal with extraction is to remove the
VOCs or other constituents from the feed. By adding a solvent to the
mixture, the feed can be separated into its constituents based on how
well or how poorly they mix with the solvent. Substances that are
highly miscible with the solvent effectively get extracted by the solvent,
leaving behind the substance that isn’t miscible with the solvent.
Extraction columns are most commonly used to desalinate water,
purify wastewater or separate petrochemical products.
How Does the Extraction Method Work?
Like the other forms of separation, the extraction method uses a
column, also known as non-agitated extraction. However, there are
other forms of extraction, including mixer-settler and centrifugal
extraction, which are considered agitated extraction methods.
There are a few different column extraction designs, but they all
operate on the same principle. In an extraction column, the column
contains the feed, the solvent is added and the constituents separate
as the soluble molecules enter the solvent. Because the remaining
feed is the heavier liquid, it flows down to the bottom of the column.
The solvent is the lighter liquid, and it floats toward the top of the
column, along with the solubles it has collected.
The column allows for the separation of the soluble-containing solvent
layer from the feed layer, where the top solvent layer can be extracted
from the desired remaining liquid. Extraction columns have no internal
moving parts and instead contain internal mechanisms for dividing the
feed into stages of dispersion.
There are three extraction column designs:
 Spray column: The simplest form of extraction, a spray column
simply extracts the heavy liquid from the light solvent liquid by
introducing them into the column in a counterflow manner.
 Sieve column: Containing multiple layers of perforated trays, sieve
columns gradually allow for the feed to contact the solvent, improving
the miscibility of the solubles and the solvent.
 Packed column: Packing material in the center of the column
promotes droplet formation or mixing between the feed and the
solvent.
Advantages of Extraction
In many ways, extraction is a much simpler process of liquid
separation than distillation or stripping. By adding a solvent, you allow
the substances’ own chemical properties to do the work of separation.
There’s no need for reboilers or condensers, and with no internal
moving parts, extraction columns come with easier maintenance and
less risk of breakdowns.
Simple extractors, like spray columns, are also relatively inexpensive
to construct and operate since there isn’t much to the design or
operation. There are also no enormous energy costs involved in their
operation.
Sieve and packed columns can be highly efficient. The sieve tray
column design, in particular, lends itself well to scaling up in size,
meaning it can handle higher volumes.
Disadvantages of Extraction
The disadvantages of extraction columns depend on the design. Since
there’s no internal mechanism to promote mixing, spray columns are
considered an inefficient way to separate liquids, meaning they won’t
serve high-capacity operations very well. Likewise, the packed column
design is only efficient when there are limited stages involved, so it
doesn’t scale well.
Despite the lower operating and construction costs, extraction
columns require a sizable amount of solvent to operate in larger
volumes. Solvents can be expensive in such large quantities, so this
extra step adds to the cost.
Choose MACH Engineering for Customized Scrubbing
Solutions
Choosing the right liquid-liquid separation method is important for
maximizing efficiency and productivity. The best liquid separation
method should be cost-effective and have a high separation
Stripping column working:
A Stripping Column is a chemical equipment used for physical
separation, where one or more components are removed from a liquid
stream by a vapor stream. In industrial applications, the liquid and
vapor streams can have co-current or countercurrent flows. Stripping
works on the basis of mass transfer.
TRAYS:
There are five major types of tray column; bubble cap tray, sieve deck
tray, dual flow tray, valve tray and baffle tray.

BLOWDOWN VESSEL:
All steam boilers must be regularly blown down to reduce the concentration of
suspended and dissolved solids in the water. The wastewater is under pressure and at
extreme temperature, so the blowdown vessel provides a safe means of storing and
cooling the water before discarding it to drain.

What Is A Heat Exchanger?

A heat exchanger is a device which transfers (or exchanges) heat from one fluid to another.
There are many different names for heat exchangers because of their varied applications. When
considering what you want from a heat exchanger you should think about which medium you
want to heat or cool and what you are using it for.
Read More: What Is A Heat Exchanger? Find The Right One For You

What Are The Different Types Of Heat Exchanger?

Finned Tube Heat Exchanger Or Air Cooled Heat Exchanger

Suitable for: air/gas to fluid

A finned tube heat exchanger, air cooled heat exchanger (ACHE), cooler or dryer works by
flowing a liquid into a series of tubes, whilst pumping gas or air around or over the pipework to
cool the fluid down.

Sometimes finned tube heat exchangers, ACHEs, coolers or dryers are enclosed in duct work,
and sometimes they are fully exposed with air flowing over them. The efficiency of these units
comes from the extended surface – the fins – that protrude into the air/gas flow and improve the
heat transfer ability of the structure.

Where Would You Use A Finned Tube Heat Exchanger?

Finned tube heat exchangers are often used for heat recovery in processes that exhaust hot
gasses. The heat in the gas is transferred into a liquid, usually water or a thermal oil. The heated
liquid can be then used in an application where you would normally use even more energy to
heat it up.

ACHEs are ideal for chemical applications, petrochemical cooling, steam cooling, in textiles
processing, grain drying, concrete curing, paper manufacture and food processing. As air is the
most used process fluid in the world, the application range for ACHEs is extremely varied.

Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger

Suitable for: fluid to fluid / fluid to gas

Shell and tube heat exchangers work by passing a hot or cold fluid or gas through a series of
tubes (known as a tube bundle) enclosed in a large metal shell. The counter flowing hot or cold
fluid or gas is pumped into the shell – where the heat transfer occurs.

Where Would You Use A Shell And Tube Heat Exchanger?

Typically these designs are used for high pressure applications, but conversely also where a
vacuum condition may require a structure that can cope with high stresses.
The containment aspect of a shell and tube is such that it may be more suitable for hot gasses
than a finned tube bank, particularly where the gases maybe noxious or dangerous to health, or
mandated to be kept away from release into the atmosphere. Common applications of the shell
and tube heat exchanger are within oil, gas and chemical industries.

Plate Heat Exchanger Or Gasket Plate Heat Exchanger

Suitable for: fluid to fluid / fluid to vapour

Plate heat exchangers or gasket plate heat exchangers work by passing fluids through a series of
plates that are compacted together side-by-side.

Where Would You Use A Plate Heat Exchanger?

Plate heat exchangers are most often found in liquid to liquid applications, such as hot process
water that contains chemicals/contaminants heating up cold mains water to provide clean hot
water.

District heating systems can benefit from plate heat exchangers or gasket plate heat exchangers,
allowing individual houses to use the correct amount of hot water from a centralised source.
Plate heat exchangers can also be used to cool oils using water, where the two liquids can’t mix.

A falling film evaporator is an industrial device to concentrate solutions, especially with heat

sensitive components. The evaporator is a special type of heat exchanger.
General[edit]
In general evaporation takes place inside vertical tubes, but there are also applications where the
process fluid evaporates on the outside of horizontal or vertical tubes. In all cases, the process fluid
to be evaporated flows downwards by gravity as a continuous film. The fluid will create a film along
the tube walls, progressing downwards (falling) - hence the name.
The fluid distributor has to be designed carefully in order to maintain an even liquid distribution for all
tubes along which the solution falls. A typical distributor is shown in Fig. 2; these distributors are
usually called ferrules due to their concentric shape. In the majority of applications the heating
medium is placed on the outside of the tubes. High heat transfer coefficients are required in order to
achieve equally balanced heat transfer resistances. Therefore, condensing steam is commonly used
as a heating medium.

Fig. 2 - Falling film evaporator ferrule

For internally evaporating fluids, separation between the liquid phase (the solution) and the gaseous
phase takes place inside the tubes. In order to maintain conservation of mass as this process
proceeds, the downward vapor velocity increases, increasing the shear force acting on the liquid film
and therefore also the velocity of the solution. The result can be a high film velocity of a
progressively thinner film resulting in increasingly turbulent flow. The combination of these effects
allows very high heat transfer coefficients.
The heat transfer coefficient on the evaporating side of the tube is mostly determined by the
hydrodynamic flow conditions of the film. For low mass flows or high viscosities the film flow can be
laminar, in which case heat transfer is controlled purely by conduction through the film. Therefore in
this condition the heat transfer coefficient decreases with increased mass flow. With increased mass
flow the film becomes wavy laminar and then turbulent. Under turbulent conditions the heat transfer
coefficient increases with increased flow.
Evaporation takes place at very low mean temperature differences between heating medium and
process stream, typically between 3 - 6K, therefore these devices are ideal for heat recovery in multi
stage processes.[1][2] A further advantage of the falling film evaporator is the very short residence time
of the liquid and the absence of superheating of the same. Not considering the vapour separator, the
residence time inside the tubes is measured in seconds, making it ideal for heat-sensitive products
such as milk, fruit juice, pharmaceuticals, and many others.
Falling film evaporators are also characterised by very low pressure drops; therefore, they are often
used in deep vacuum applications.

Fouling[edit]
Due to the intimate contact of the liquid with the heating surface, these evaporators are sensitive to
fouling from precipitating solids. Low liquid velocity at the inlet is usually not sufficient to perform an
effective self-cleaning of the tubes. Falling film evaporators are therefore used in clean, non-
precipitating liquids. A typical application, in chemical industry, is for concentration of caustic soda.

Falling film evaporators versus flooded evaporators [edit]

Falling film evaporators have a number of advantages over their flooded evaporator counterparts.
They require a lower charge, as the entire shell (in the case of horizontal evaporators) or all the
tubes (in the case of a vertical evaporator) need not be filled with liquid as a thin film is now used to
cover the surfaces. In industries such as heating and air-conditioning this can save significant money
due to the high costs of a refrigerant charge.[3]
Falling film evaporators also show improved heat transfer characteristics over their flooded
counterparts,[3] particularly in cases with low heat flux.
A number of disadvantages exist, primarily being the comparable lack of understanding of falling film
evaporators compared to flooded evaporators, particularly for horizontal falling film evaporators.
Furthermore the fluid distribution for horizontal falling film evaporators is a challenge, as the
performance is severely limited if an uneven distribution of film over the tubes is created. [3]

Horizontal versus vertical falling film evaporators [edit]

Horizontal falling film evaporators have a number of potential advantages over their vertical
counterparts in the petrochemical industry, such as the ability to use tubes with external
enhancements; while internally-enhanced tubes are available for vertical falling film evaporators,
external enhancements are typically superior for boiling applications. The chief disadvantage of
horizontal falling film evaporators is that if a corrosive or fouling liquid is to be evaporated, it will have
to placed on the shell side.[3] This is against best practice, as it is easier to clean fouling found on the
inside of tubes rather than the outside. [4]

Condensation:

In filmwise condensation a laminar film of vapour is created upon a

surface. This film can then flow downwards, increasing in thickness as
additional vapour is picked up along the way . In dropwise con-
densation vapour droplets form at an acute angle to a surface .
Fluidization

Latent heat: Latent heat is defined as the heat or energy that is

absorbed or released during a phase change of a substance.
 Sensible heat

Sensible heat is literally the heat that can be felt. It is the energy
moving from one system to another that changes the temperature
rather than changing its phase. For example, it warms water rather
than melting ice.
Clarifier:

Clarifiers work on the principle of gravity settling. The heavier

suspended solids settle in the clarifier due to the quiescent conditions
provided in the Clarification zone. The settled solids are swept to the
centre well provided for collection of sludge with help of moving
scraper blades.
Types of Clarifier
It ranges from primary, secondary, circular, rectangular, lamella, and
solids contact clarifiers.
An agitator is a device or mechanism to put something
into motion by shaking or stirring. There are several types of agitation machines,
including washing machine agitators (which rotate back and forth) and magnetic
agitators (which contain a magnetic bar rotating in a magnetic field). [citation needed] Agitators
can come in many sizes and varieties, depending on the application.
In general, agitators usually consist of an impeller and a shaft. An impeller is a rotor
located within a tube or conduit attached to the shaft. It helps enhance the pressure in
order for the flow of a fluid be done.[1] Modern industrial agitators incorporate process
control to maintain better control over the mixing process.
 Surge occurs when there is no forward flow of gas through
the compressor and a reversal of flow occurs

 A coupling is a device used to connect two shafts together at

their ends for the purpose of transmitting power. The primary
purpose of couplings is to join two pieces of rotating equipment
while permitting some degree of misalignment or end movement
or both.