ADVQM2

Æ4 /&)"
$ 2.0 ,
2.01 Schrödinger ,
Lv℄:$nQ tw ℄^CUN$ wM}℄ /\
Yw5*^ s w ,%
h̄2 X
N
1X
Ĥ = − ∇2i + V (ri − rj ) (1)
2m i=1 2 i6=j
T0AUN /'mn&w?D Es jpmUNw

L<S.g bE<`
∂
ih̄ ψs (r1 , · · · , rN , t) = Ĥψs (r1 , · · · , rN , t) (2)
∂t
w_rr,% Ĥ CUN$Uoy3[y
i
ψs (t) = exp − Ĥ(t − t0 ) ψs (t0 ). (3)
h̄
t0 /#UN T/ O ^ Schrödinger O
,
2.02 Heisenberg
O$9N wS .g

i
ψH (t) = exp Ĥt ψs (t), (4)
h̄
N>

i i i
ψH (t) = exp Ĥt exp − Ĥt + Ĥt0 ψs (t0 )
h̄ h̄ h̄

i
= exp Ĥt0 ψs (t0 ) = ψH (t0 ). (5)
h̄
8eS.g ψ (t) TmUN LVJQ \Y w Hl b
H
!

∂ i i i ∂ψs (t)
ih̄ ψH (t) = ih̄ exp Ĥt Ĥψs (t) + exp Ĥt ih̄
∂t h̄ h̄ h̄ ∂t

i i
= − exp Ĥt Ĥψs (t) + exp Ĥt Ĥψs (t)
h̄ h̄
= 0. (6)
1
T/O^ Heisenberg O
/> w r^ M1T Heisenberg O b w lC Schrödinger O b
wl e$,=
hϕH (t)|ÔH |ψH (t)i = hϕs (t)|Ôs |ψs (t)i (7)
AI1/ S .g ϕ (t) 0 ψ (t) _

; ϕ 0 ψ w7$>
s s
H H
i i
hϕH (t)|ÔH |ψH (t)i = hϕs (t)|e− h̄ Ĥt ÔH e h̄ Ĥt |ψs (t)i. (8)
8eO$,=
i i
Ôs = e− h̄ Ĥt ÔH e h̄ Ĥt , (9)
>^
i i
ÔH = e h̄ Ĥt Ôs e− h̄ Ĥt , (10)
N` (7) _ />h Ô (t) ^0AUNomUN w J '<

[b
H
∂ i i i ih i
ÔH = e h̄ Ĥt (Ĥ Ôs − Ôs Ĥ)e− h̄ Ĥt = Ĥ, ÔH (t) . (11)
∂t h̄ h̄
h6L Heisenberg Ob Ĥ ^/q l $> Ĥ = Ĥ = Ĥ
9N Heisenberg Ow/dLA ÆL$_!,vl w J `
H s
TYv$L d ss U y39N dj

℄ v h6 w ^ L Heisenberg O b aL x UtR l w 4$
y3)CK3Hl M
Ĉk (t)Ĉk†′ (t) + Ĉk†′ (t)Ĉk (t)
i i i i i i
= e h̄ Ĥt Ĉk e− h̄ Ĥ(t−t) Ĉk†′ e− h̄ Ĥt + e h̄ Ĥt Ĉk†′ e− h̄ Ĥ(t−t) Ĉk e− h̄ Ĥt
i i i i
= e h̄ Ĥt (Ĉk Ĉk†′ + Ĉk†′ Ĉk )e− h̄ Ĥt = δkk′ e h̄ Ĥt e− h̄ Ĥt
= δkk′ . (12)
2
pLTxUw : Q' w4$ QT_ D L#:
$!,HlUN T x U w l4$ e$9Nn7v
;O
2.03 +92,
LT/Ob $?

i
ψI (t) = exp Ĥ0 t ψs (t). (13)
h̄
iyUT Ĥ ?u Ĥ b">7v;wVÆ>ô
nlV Æ
MA
0
2 N
X X
h̄ 1
Ĥ = − ∇2i + V (ri − rj ), (14)
2m i=1 2 i6=j
$? H = − ∇ h̄2 PN 2
L2: H y3'=_ M Lo<

n w nb o
n
0 2m i=1 i
p
1 2π
ϕn1 n2 n3 = √ exp(ik1 x + ik2 y + ik3 z), ki = ni , ni = 0, ±1, ±2, . . . (15)
V L
8e Ĥ yCv
0
X h̄2 k 2 †
Ĥ0 = Ĉ Ĉk . (16)
2m k
T+7w ψ (t) KÛNw /.g VJQ $>

k
∂ ∂ i Ĥ0 t i i
ih̄ ψI (t) = ih̄ e h̄ ψs (t) = e h̄ Ĥ0 t (−Ĥ0 )ψs (t) + e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ĥψs (t)
∂t ∂t
i i
= e h̄ Ĥ0 t (−Ĥ0 )ψs (t) + e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ĥ0 + Ĥ ′ ψs (t)
i i i i
= e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ĥ ′ ψs (t) = e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ĥ ′ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t e h̄ Ĥ0 t ψs (t)
≡ ĤI′ (t)ψI (t). (17)
E
∂
ih̄ ψI (t) = ĤI′ ψI (t). (18)
∂t
3
'E$u// > lL7v; O b wOk [ g 7
hϕI (t)|ÔI (t)|ψI (t)i = hϕs (t)|Ôs |ψs (t)i (19)
b $y3vt i i
ÔI (t) = e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ôs e− h̄ Ĥ0 t . (20)
8e$>

∂ i i i i i i
ÔI (t) = Ĥ0 e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ôs e− h̄ Ĥ0 t + e h̄ Ĥ0 t Ôs e− h̄ Ĥ0 t − Ĥ0
∂t h̄ h̄
ih i
= Ĥ0 , ÔI (t) . (21)
h̄
$:^3 Ĉ kI (t) eU $>

 
∂ i X h̄2 k12 † 
i h̄2 k 2
ĈkI (t) = Ĉ (t)Ĉk1 I (t), ĈkI (t) = (−1) ĈkI (t). (22)
∂t h̄ k1 2m k1 I h̄ 2m
8e
i h̄2 k 2
ĈkI (t) = ĈkI (t0 ) exp − ǫk (t − t0 ) , ǫk = . (23)
h̄ 2m
w$>
† † i
ĈkI (t) = ĈkI (t0 ) exp ǫk (t − t0 ) . (24)
h̄
<e$y v 4$
ĈkI (t)Ĉk† ′ I (t′ ) + Ĉk† ′ I (t′ )ĈkI (t)

i i
= ĈkI (t0 )Ĉk† ′ I (t0 ) + Ĉk† ′ I (t0 )ĈkI (t0 ) exp − ǫk (t − t0 ) + ǫk′ (t′ − t0 )
h̄ h̄

i
= δkk′ exp ǫk (t′ − t) . (25)
h̄
(!.%
$ 2.1
LPRrb $vM w ,%

Ĥ = Ĥ0 + V̂ . (26)
4
T Ĥ _n> S [ wD Wp (TC/ >w }F^ T w w) o$ O
\L">7v;wd Ao<jpw NR
np3DPR
np V̂ nO
0
2i
n[N w 7v;℄
LdPRrU W ;7v; O ^ E X KwLT/ O b S
.g0lÛN w .g Schrödinger `Ny3
∂
ih̄ ψI (t) = V̂I (t)ψI (t). (27)
∂t
T
i i
V̂I (t) = e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ (x)e− h̄ Ĥ0 t . (28)

ψI (t) = Û(t, t0 )ψI (t0 ) (29)
nN Schrödinger `5$>
∂ ∂
ih̄ ψI (t) = ih̄ Û (t, t0 )ψI (t0 ) = V̂I (t)Û (t, t0 )ψI (t0 ), (30)
∂t ∂t
E
∂
ih̄ Û (t, t0 ) = V̂I (t)Û (t, t0 ). (31)
_T/ `$ G "[KQ a tR Û(t , t ) = Iˆ

∂t
0 0
2.1.1' Û (t, t ) 106 0
(1) m Û (t, t ) w 7 $>

0
ψI (t) = Û (t, t1 )ψI (t1 ) = Û (t, t1 )Û(t1 , t0 )ψI (t0 ) = Û (t, t0 )ψI (t0 ). (32)
8e$,=
Û(t, t0 ) = Û (t, t1 )Û(t1 , t0 ). (33)
_
(2) /'<Gb4 $:>
hψI (t)|ψI (t)i = hÛ (t, t0 )ψI (t0 )|Û(t, t0 )ψI (t0 )i
= hψI (t0 )|Û † (t, t0 )Û (t, t0 )ψI (t0 )i = hψI (t0 )|ψI (t0 )i = 1. (34)
5
8e$,=
ˆ
Û † (t, t0 )Û (t, t0 ) = I. (35)
2.1.2 Û (t, t0 ) .%

[yU Û (t, t ) y3g Schrödinger `b_b $>
0
iZt ′
Û (t, t0 ) = Iˆ − dt V̂I (t′ )Û(t′ , t0 ). (36)
h̄ t0
p<A Û(t, t ) wUbÆL`wI8eT/[_">I1VJ;y

L_rVJPRrU $py3T V̂ (t ) J^/}F Q[u
0
′
}FPt
I
(1) a?dj_ Û = Iˆ N$ vt (0)
Z Z
i t i t
Û (1) (t, t0 ) ≈ Iˆ − dt′ V̂I (t′ )Û (0) (t′ , t0 ) = Iˆ − dt′ V̂I (t′ ). (37)
h̄ t0 h̄ t0
(2) KTdj_ U nNQ` (36) 5$vt

(1)
Z
i t ′
Û (2) (t, t0 ) ≈ Iˆ − dt V̂I (t′ )Û (1) (t′ , t0 )
h̄ t0
Z 2 Z t Z t′
ˆ i t ′ ′ i ′ ′
= I− dt V̂I (t ) + dt V̂I (t ) dt′′ V̂I (t′′ ). (38)
h̄ t0 h̄ t0 t0
(3) Te~n ; f 5$ vt

ˆ iZt ′ ′ i 2Z t ′ ′
Z t′
Û (t, t0 ) = I − dt V̂I (t ) + dt V̂I (t ) dt′′ V̂I (t′′ )
h̄ t0 h̄ t0 t0
3 Z t Z t′ Z t′′
i
− dt′ V̂I (t′ ) dt′′ V̂I (t′′ ) dt′′′ V̂I (t′′′ ) + · · ·
h̄ t0 t0 t0
Z t 2 Z t Z t′
i i
= Iˆ − dt′ V̂I (t′ ) + dt′ dt′′ V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ )
h̄ t0 h̄ t0 t0
3 Z t Z t′ Z t′′
i
− dt′ dt′′ dt′′′ V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ )V̂I (t′′′ ) + · · · (39)
h̄ t0 t0 t0
LVJvb TQ' w Pt[ _ /` hw [ $9Nn

JUl P̂ o7M

P̂ V̂I (t1 ) · · · · · · V̂I (tn ) = V̂I (ti )V̂I (tj ) · · · · · · V̂I (tr ). (40)
6
T t > t > · · · · · · > t El: UN5 g t t ?1
i j r
E$u/q (\6xQWwd 550 .)

Z t Z t
′
P̂ dt dt′′ V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ )
0 t t0
(Z Z Z Z )
t t′ t t
′ ′′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′ ′ ′′
= P̂ dt dt V̂I (t )V̂I (t ) + dt dt V̂I (t )V̂I (t )
t0 t0 t0 t′
Z t Z t′ Z t Z t
= dt′ dt′′ V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ ) + dt′ dt′′ V̂I (t′′ )V̂I (t′ )
t0 t0 t0 t′
Z t Z t′ Z t Z t′′
′ ′′ ′ ′′ ′′
= dt dt V̂I (t )V̂I (t ) + dt dt′ V̂I (t′′ )V̂I (t′ )
t0 t0 t0 t0
Z t Z t′
= 2 dt′ dt′′ V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ ). (41)
t0 t0
VJQ$y3Y)
Z t Z t Z t
P̂ dt1 dt2 · · · dtn V̂I (t1 )V̂I (t2 ) · · · · · · V̂I (tn )
t0 t0 t0
Z t Z t1 Z tn−1
= n! dt1 dt2 · · · dtn V̂I (t1 ) · · · · · · V̂I (tn ). (42)
t0 t0 t0
8e$y3T Û(t, t ) vMw [ 0
Z Z Z
i t i 2 1 t t
Û (t, t0 ) = Iˆ − P̂ dt1 V̂I (t1 ) + P̂ dt1 dt2 V̂I (t1 )V̂I (t2 ) + · · ·
h̄ t0 h̄ 2! t0 t0
∞ Z t Z t Z t
X 1 i n
= − P̂ dt1 dt2 · · · dtn V̂I (t1 ) · · · V̂I (tn )
n=0 n! h̄ t0 t0 t0
Z t
i
≡ P̂ exp − dt′ V̂I (t′ ) . (43)
h̄ t0
$Q'zvw[VJQ^}F w /4 MOk[ >TOk

[35$[ y b
ψI (t) = Û (t, t0 )ψI (t0 ). (44)
/ U O8r $y3 t → −∞ T+ ψ (−∞) j_CU

N$wa Z S .g Q 9>
0 I
ψI (t) = Û (t, −∞)ψI (−∞). (45)
7
r^M1%? ψ (−∞) eE$u/PRr
$Z ur t → −∞ U
n7H e U $> V ∼ 0 T
I
UNR
nyJô< w8 e/2oD w
^? ψ (−∞) Ĥ
w/DWpE? ψ (−∞) = φ = e oT-UN t
I 0
√1 i~kα ·~
r
+!A/>w}Fr$^KDy3T+u-l; ^w
I α V
D AUns KQ}F5 $

Y r t → −∞ U V → 0
8e-j
? ψ (−∞) Ĥ wDWpzT/ , $H y 9
N/8n e Q
I 0
−s|t|
V̂s (t) = V̂ (r1 − r2 )e−s|t| , s > 0. (46)
!,8}w^ e% V̂ (t) -UNp oK^ Schrödinger Obwl L

7v;O b on>[
s
i i i i
V̂I (t) = e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂s e− h̄ Ĥ0 t = e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t e−s|t| . (47)
T+u35 $u tr t → −∞ U V̂ (t) → 0 V̂ (t = 0) = V ;

p9hH$^L} ℄/ $0 T7v; y 9Ns T/
s s
^sGdj?T/dj[5 $ÆLy3?
ψI (t = −∞) = φα (48)
T φ oUn S .g
8nsGdj ^^ r V̂ (t) L U s L#/U{ d A33j
α
pfC/ { U j^s T =<A} ℄$0 w G" g s w ?p

s
I6t/A p $Z um YT l$

δE · δt ∼ h̄, (49)
r δt 2E}℄+~U δE =Lv2m8 es >/ w G

gEwpI6t{/pAPT/G$j,= δt ey/
vmEL8key/v g7 V̂ = V e u-j^,= s ey s
−s|t|
8
/y s ^sGdj X g LVJHlb $p^LHl w s5/ U
s → 0 8eLusGdj5 $ÆL>
ψI (t, s) ≡ Û (t, −∞)ψI (−∞). (50)
ψ (−∞) y?v Ĥ wDWp

$ÆLv [ q
I 0
2.1: PRr
LT/rb $f,$ w ^PR5
nHPRb5 w Sd
Er t → +∞ UwS.g ψ (+∞) wg67v ψ (+∞) -
: Ĥ w/DW.g :(i w l
I I
Ŝ ≡ Û (+∞, −∞). (51)
2.2: />}Fr
eU$,T7v;sGy9 s QL t = 0 UEoktsm℄
8e$ wS .g
ψI (0, s) = Û(0, −∞)ψI (−∞). (52)
ψ (−∞) :?v Ĥ wDWS.g

#$5
I 0
$ 2.2
E$v>`w:Er r > R U> V̂ (r) = 0 L t → −∞ U
NR
nC <
no2H 7v;y3 T ;v s jp; |ψ(−∞)i
K3(fw+L
n2i[5FeTHHt 7v;-T ;v
s jp; |ψ(t = +∞)i (fTp[N;l Û (+∞, −∞)
E
|ψ(+∞)i = Û(+∞, −∞)|ψ(−∞)i. (53)
$7
Ŝ = Û (∞, −∞) = t→+∞
lim Û (t, t0 ) (54)
t0 →−∞
9
PRl n>>$T/PR+ `w : CA -LT/lb
8Q'$[y7PRlVVJQTSDt /g&Q`
wrLv℄:OTuq dr t → −∞ D t → +∞ UÛ (t, t )
^ T ` wv t t → ±∞ U
nt2H $y3LT V̂ (t) → 0
0 0
8eL[Q $-y39NsGdj Q T V̂ v V̂ → V̂ e 3H −s|t|
&Hl+` b w , LHl w s5/ U$ s → 0 +
mow 7 PRl D-^/=Xl E$>

ˆ
Ŝ † Ŝ = I. (55)
TPRl _ /lV w [ $? Ĥ w /r| BD Wp m

sGLT |ψ (+∞)i 0 |ψ (−∞)i Zy0RTr|BDWpuPt 8 e
0
I I
$> X X
|ψ(−∞)i = aα |ϕα i, |ψ(+∞)i = bβ |ϕβ i. (56)
α β
$ [ |ψ(+∞)i = Ŝ|ψ(−∞)i xMA

X X XX
bβ |ϕβ i = aα Ŝ|ϕα i = aα |ϕβ ihϕβ |Ŝ|ϕα i. (57)
β α β α
hϕ |Ŝ|ϕ i = S PRlVD NQ[y C

β α βα
X X
bβ |ϕβ i = Sβα aα |ϕβ i. (58)
β αβ
8e$ vt X
bβ = Sβα aα . (59)
|b | b*pd A ϕ wG
α
LVJwV*vb H$ ℄℄? ap |ψ(−∞)i Ĥ w/DWp ϕ

β β
E a = δ eU$>
0 α0
α α,α0
bβ = Sβα0 . (60)
10
n3 |S βα0 |
2
nOgap ϕ u6t*p ϕ wG:RGb4E α0 β
$:> X X X X
|bβ |2 = |Sβα0 |2 = ∗
Sβα S
0 βα0
= Sα† 0 β Sβα0 = 1. (61)
β β β β
T^ Ŝ lV=X w ns Ok [
v℄n^wu6G ^^*p T wA a pU w : e$ 7u
6l
ˆ
T̂ = Ŝ − I. (62)
r β 6= α U S βα = Tβα n3u6G-y3 O\ _
Wβα = |Sβα |2 = |Tβα |2 , β 6= α. (63)
5(!3
$ 2.3 Ŝ
[Q$y3 = PRl Ŝ O\

Z
i ∞
Ŝ = Û (+∞, −∞) = t lim Û (t, t0 ) = P̂ exp − dt V̂I (t)
0 →−∞
t→+∞
h̄ −∞
∞
X ∞
X n Z Z Z
(n) 1 i ∞ ∞ ∞
= S = − P̂ dt1 dt2 · · · dtn V̂I (t1 ) · · · V̂I (tn ). (64)
n=0 n=0 n! h̄ −∞ −∞ −∞
8ePRlVDy3v
∞
X (n)
Sβα = Sβα . (65)
n=0
'$eF= b PRlV
AFdj $> S = Iˆ 8e (0)
(0)
Sβα = δβα . (66)
A/Fdj $>
Z
(1) i ∞
Sβα = − dt′ hϕβ |V̂I (t′ )|ϕα i
h̄ −∞
Z
i ∞ i ′ i ′ ′
= − dt′ hϕβ |e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t e−s|t | |ϕα i
h̄ −∞
11
Z
i ∞ ′ it′ (Eβ −Eα )−s|t′ |
= − dt e h̄ hϕβ |V̂ |ϕα i
h̄ −∞
Z ∞ ′ Z 0
i it ′ it′ ′
= − hϕβ |V̂ |ϕα i e h̄ (Eβ −Eα )−st dt′ + e h̄ (Eβ −Eα )+st dt′
h̄ 0 −∞

 ∞ 0
it′
(Eβ −Eα )−st′ it′
(Eβ −Eα )+st′
i e h̄

e h̄

= − Vβα  i + 
h̄ h̄
(Eβ − Eα ) − s i
h̄
(Eβ
− Eα ) + s
0 −∞
!
i 1 1
= − Vβα − i + i
h̄ h̄
(Eβ − Eα ) − s h̄
(Eβ − Eα ) + s
i 2s
= − Vβα (E −E )2
. (67)
h̄ s + β 2α
2
h̄
gg&
|` b$Zu (Y)QDQ5w/)
1 s
lim = δ(x). (68)
s→0 π s + x2
2
8eL?B s → 0 5$> +

(1) i Eβ − Eα
Sβα = − Vβα 2πδ . (69)
h̄ h̄
<A
1
δ(ax) = δ(x), (70)
a
$s5vt
(1) i
Sβα = − Vβα 2πh̄δ(Eβ − Eα ) = −2πiVβα δ(Eβ − Eα ). (71)
h̄
w$yHl S (2)
βα
2 Z Z t′
(2) i ∞
′
Sβα = dt dt′′ hϕβ |V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ )|ϕα i
h̄ −∞ −∞
2 Z t′ Z
i ∞
′ ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′ ′′
= dt dt′′ hϕβ |eiĤ0 t /h̄ V̂ e−iĤ0 t /h̄ e−s|t | eiĤ0 t /h̄ V e−iĤ0 t /h̄ e−s|t |ϕα i
h̄ −∞ −∞
2 Z ∞ Z t′ X
i ′ ′ ′ ′′ ′′ ′′
= dt′ dt′′ eiEβ t /h̄−iEγ t /h̄−s|t |+iEγ t /h̄−iEα t /h̄−s|t |
h̄ −∞ −∞ γ
× hϕβ |V̂ |ϕγ ihϕγ |V̂ |ϕα i. (72)
TA t wÆ$ G "Æ' :B3v

′′
12
(1) r t ≤ 0 U t ≤ t ≤ 0 eU$>
′ ′′ ′
t′
Z it′′ ′′ it′ ′
t′
′′ it′′
(Eγ −Eα )+st′′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα)+st e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )+st
dt e h̄ = i = i . (73)
−∞ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s
−∞
(2) r t ≥ 0 U$N>
′
Z t′ i ′′ −s|t′′ |
dt′′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )t
−∞
Z 0 Z t′
i i
′′ (Eγ −Eα )t′′ +st′′ ′′ −st′′
= dt e h̄ + dt′′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )t
−∞ 0
1 1 i
(Eγ −Eα )t′ −st′
= i + i e h̄ − 1 . (74)
h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) − s
Lzb $:; x [
1 1
− = −2πδ(x), (75)
ix − ǫ ix + ǫ
5vt
Z t′ i ′′ −s|t′′ |
dt′′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )t
−∞
1 1 i
(Eγ −Eα )t′ −st′
= i + i e h̄ − 1
h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s

Eγ − Eα i ′ ′
− 2πδ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )t −st − 1 . (76)
h̄
h6tLs5/bδ .gwjL,= E − E =0 8eLB s → 0 +
w:s5/4$vt
γ α
Z it′ ′
t′
′′ i
(Eγ −Eα )t′′ −s|t′′ | e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )−st
dt e h̄ = i . (77)
−∞ h̄
(E γ − Eα ) + s
To$nN S wOk[5> (2)

βα
2 X Z it′ ′
(2) i 0
′ it′
(Eβ −Eγ )+st′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )+st
Sβα = dt e h̄
i Vβγ Vγα
h̄ γ −∞ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s
2 X Z it′ ′
i ∞
′ it′
(Eβ −Eγ )−st′ e h̄ (Eγ −Eα )−st
+ dt e h̄
i Vβγ Vγα
h̄ γ 0 h̄
(E γ − Eα ) + s
13
2 X Z it′ ′
i 0 e h̄ (Eβ −Eα )+2st
′
= dt i Vβγ Vγα
h̄ γ −∞ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s
2 X Z it′ ′
i ∞ e h̄ (Eβ −Eα )−2st
′
+ dt i Vβγ Vγα
h̄ γ 0 h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s
2 X ( )
i Vβγ Vγα 1 1
= i i − i
h̄ γ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄
(Eβ − Eα ) + 2s h̄
(Eβ − Eα ) − 2s
2 X ! !
i Vβγ Vγα 2(2s)
= i 1
h̄ γ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄2
(Eβ − Eα )2 + (2s)2
2 X
i Vβγ Vγα Eβ − Eα
= i 2πδ
h̄ γ h̄
(Eγ − Eα ) + s h̄
(−1) X Vβγ Vγα
= 2 · (ih̄) 2πδ(Eβ − Eα )h̄
h̄ γ (Eα − Eγ ) + ih̄s
X 1
= −2πi hϕβ |V̂ |ϕγ i hϕγ |V̂ |ϕα iδ(Eβ − Eα ). (78)
γ Eα − Eγ + iǫ
;o Æ_[ X
Iˆ = |ϕγ ih|ϕγ |, (79)
γ
$y3TQ[v
* +
1
ϕβ V̂ V̂ ϕα .
(2)
Sβα = −2πiδ(Eβ − Eα ) (80)
Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ
A[ $5y3j y Y)
* +
1 1
(n)
Sβα = −2πiδ(Eβ − Eα ) ϕβ V̂ V̂ V̂ · · · · · · V̂ ϕα . (81)
Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ
8e$s5>
Sβα = δβα − 2πiδ(Eβ − Eα )hϕβ |t̂|ϕα i. (82)
T
1 1 1
t̂ = V̂ + V̂ V̂ + V̂ V̂ V̂ + · · · (83)
Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ Eα − Ĥ0 + iǫ
tR E β = Eα ^Lx (on shell) tR

14
#$
$ 2.4
LPR+` b ga p ϕ t*p ϕ wu6G 7v α β
Wβα = |Tβα |2 = (2π)2 |tβα |2 δ 2 (Eβ − Eα ). (84)
T/u6^gU{ t = −∞ t t = +∞ N.|_w$!,__ δ (E −E ) 2
w67
β α
:R7$>
δ 2 (Eβ − Eα ) = δ(Eβ − Eα )δ(Eβ − Eα )
Z ∞
1 i
= δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim dt exp (Eα − Eβ )t − s|t|
s→0 2πh̄ −∞ h̄
Z τ
1 i
= δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim lim dt exp (Eα − Eβ )t − s|t|
s→0 2πh̄ τ →∞ −τ h̄
Z τ
1
= δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim lim dt e−s|t|
2πh̄ s→0 τ →∞ −τ
1
= δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim (2τ ). (85)
2πh̄ τ →∞
TonN[ (84) 5$>
1
Wβα = |Tβα |2 = (2π)2 |tβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim 2τ. (86)
2πh̄ τ →∞
<e$y3 7 o UN. w u6G
Wβα (2π)2 2π
wβα = lim = |tβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ) = |tβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ). (87)
τ →∞ (2τ ) 2πh̄ h̄
T^PR w /? D [ q P ^ r ? t̂ ≈ V̂ U $ vtR dj
[
2π
wβα = |Vβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ). (88)
HlPR\' $!,= bga p tPR*p wo UN. w

h̄
ϕα
pPRG o C 7vT w AqtR E = E wn>y/ w *p=
0$>
βα α β
X 2π X
wf i ≡ wβα = |tβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα )
β h̄ β
2π X 2π
∼
= |tf i |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ) = |tf i |2 R(Ef ). (89)
h̄ β h̄
15
T $LT L[ (89) b ga p ϕ = ϕ t n>*p w u6lV
D t ^wwQ 9 x A t R(E ) Nq/b4tR w n>*
i α
pwg
βα fi f
LPRrb H$ w ^3/ h̄k NRw

nC PR t 3
k d w sV dω bA w G eH$T$ w PR\' 7
i
v X′ X′ wβα
dσf i (ki , kf ) = dσβα (ki , kf ) = . (90)
β β ji
T O \aAqtR E = E k d A3 k d w s
P′
V dω wks.w *p=0 j = |j | NNR

n w % ;o<
β β α β f
nS.gw (/8[
i i
1
ϕki = √ eiki ·r , (91)
V
$vtT/NR%
!∗
1 ∗ h̄ h̄
2pi vi
ji = |ji | = ϕi ∇ϕi − ∇ϕi ϕi = = . (92)
2µ i i 2µV V
LVJHlb ℄ T k w?v\Vw N w z d
ÆL$,Hl[ (90) bwÆnT ,u bo: x A
i
X′ 2π
wβi = wf i |Ω=k̂f dω = |tf i |2 R′ (Ef ). (93)
β h̄
T *pg R (E ) <aA/ x A a p/ E pb RkL

′
3 k dw sV dω wks.w *p=0 bE$>

f i
X
R′ (Ef ) = δ(Ei − Eβ ). (94)
kβ ∈Ω
T$ [ E = h̄ k /2µ 0 E
i
2 2
i β = h̄2 kβ2 /2µ nN5$vt
!
′
X h̄2 ki2 h̄2 kβ2 X 1 X 1
R (Ef ) = δ − = 2 δ (k i − k β ) = δ (ki − kβ ) . (95)
kβ ∈Ω 2µ 2µ kβ ∈Ω h̄ ki /µ kβ ∈Ω h̄vi
16
/U O8Q[ $!,Y;' w 4 x [
1 X 1 Z
lim f (k) = dk f (k). (96)
V →∞ V
k (2π)3
owY)M
a$> X X ∆k
f (k) = f (k) . (97)
∆k
T ∆k = ∆k ∆k ∆k TonNQ[D5I w L = V
k k
3
2π 3
=
$vt
x y z L
1 X 1 X
f (k) = f (k)∆k. (98)
V k (2π)3 k
ÆL L → ∞(xMA ∆k → 0) Iyvt n, w [

;T/[ $y3T R (E ) /Uv ′
f
Z
1 X 1 1 1
R′ (Ef ) = V δ (ki − kβ ) = V 3
δ (ki − kβ ) dkβ
V kβ ∈Ω h̄vi (2π) Ω h̄vi
Z
1 ∞ 1 1 1 2
= V δ (ki − kβ ) kβ2 dkβ dω = V k dω
3
(2π) 0 h̄vi (2π)3 h̄vi i
1 p2i
= V dω. (99)
(2π)3 h̄3 vi
s5To n N w | wOk[ (93) $vt

fi Ω
2π 1 p2i
wf i |Ω = |tf i |2 V dω. (100)
h̄ (2π)3 h̄3 vi
8e$s5 vt PR\' wOk [

−1
2π 2 1 p2i vi µ2
dσ(ki , kf ) = |tf i | V 3 3 dω = 2 4 |tf i |2 V 2 dω. (101)
h̄ (2π) h̄ vi V 4π h̄
LQ'wOk [b 8n V wbÆj6Y v G&B _ T y/ V 2
JQT/ry32L4y K3_r eE$Km

v [ / t
:R7oy3 Cv
fi
Z Z
1 1 1
tf i = drϕ∗kf (r) t̂ ϕki (r) = √ exp (−ikf · r) t̂ √ exp (iki · r) dr ≡ tef i . (102)
V V V
17
8enN[ (101) 5$s5 vt
dσ µ2 e 2
(ki , kf ) = 2 4 |tf i | . (103)
dω 4π h̄
oTK -s V
7-
7#$
$ 2.5
Lb\PRrb$y3;s w< ^ /U O8Hl

e$9N wS .g
ϕEn (r) = c · eik·r . (104)
Tow(/8tR 7v
Z
ϕ∗E ′n′ (r)ϕEn(r)dr = δ(E − E ′ )δ(n − n′ ). (105)
<e$y3 b g c a$>
Z Z
′
ϕ∗E ′ n′ (r)ϕEn (r)dr = |c| 2
ei(k−k )·r dr
Z
(2π)3 ′
= |c|2 ei(k−k )·r dr = |c|2(2π)3 δ(k − k′ ), (106)
(2π)3
E
1
|c|2 δ(k − k′ ) = δ(E − E ′ )δ(n − n′ ). (107)
(2π)3
/': R 7 $>
Z Z
δ(E − E ′ )δ(n − n′ )dEdn = 1 = δ(k − k′ ) dk
Z Z
dk
= δ(k − k′ )k 2 dkdn = δ(k − k′ )k 2 dEdn
dE
Z
kµ
= δ(k − k′ ) dEdn. (108)
h̄2
8e$ vt !
h̄2
δ(k − ~k′ ) = δ(E − E ′ )δ(n − n′ ). (109)
kµ
18
nN |c| wOk[5$s5>
2
kµ
|c|2 = . (110)
(2π)3h̄2
ÆLq PR\'y3v
dσ µ2 1 (2π)4
= 2 4 4 |hEf nf |t̂|Ei ni i|2 = |hEf nf |t̂|Ei ni i|2 . (111)
dω 4π h̄ |c| k2
$ 2.6
;s w^ O8HlH$℄ %?/rb4|BCw w
DWp!MPRlVT+u w/dÔ5b/V ÆngA,%
Ĥ ^/ng w 9 NPRlVAT V Æng^V8 wM Lb
\ b
n w ) u V ^//ng O$3 ˆl 0 ˆl wD Wp 2
|l, mi v?X w 9 $y3 vt M[ w Ŝ lV

z
(l)
hr ′, l′ , m′ |Ŝ|r, l, mi = hr ′ , l|Ŝ|r, liδl′ l δm′ m = Sr′ r δl′ l δm′ m . (112)
[b r O \ (l, m) [{ w 5ong M/ T/^ w Y)M

a$h6tO/n& F̂ ^b4NoCs w ,%
Ĥ ^4wE$> h i
F̂ , Ĥ = 0. (113)
/'$>
Ĥ = Ĥ0 + V̂ e−s|t| . (114)
8eO$ t → ±∞ NQ[ b
h i
F̂ , Ĥ0 = 0. (115)
8e h i
F̂ , V̂ = 0 -_ "$ vt
h i h i i
i
F̂ , V̂I (t) = F̂ , e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t
h i
i i i
h i i i
h i
i
= F̂ , e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t + e h̄ Ĥ0 t F̂ , V̂ e− h̄ Ĥ0 t + e h̄ Ĥ0 t V̂ F̂ , e− h̄ Ĥ0 t
= 0. (116)
19
<e[ / Us ` F̂ ^C Ŝ l4w ^* T^<A5Sy3 C v
∞
X
Ŝ = Ŝ (n)
n=0
∞
X n Z Z t′ Z t(n−1)
i ∞
= − dt′ dt′′ · · · · · · dt(n) V̂I (t′ )V̂I (t′′ ) · · · · · · V̂I (t(n) ). (117)
n=0 h̄ −∞ −∞ −∞
<A F̂ C5bw#/l V̂ (t ) Z4"oC Ŝ 4 (n)
ÆLI?l F̂ wDWp |F i 0 |F i N$>

I
m n
h i
0 = hFm | F̂ , Ŝ |Fn i
h i
= hFm | F̂ , Ŝ |Fn i = hFm |F̂ Ŝ|Fn i − hFm |Ŝ F̂ |Fn i
= (Fm − Fn ) hFm |Ŝ|Fn i. (118)
8eO F m 6= Fn $G>
hFm |Ŝ|Fn i = 0. (119)
-j^h
hFm |Ŝ|Fn i = hFn |Ŝ|Fn iδmn = S(Fn )δmn . (120)
ÆL$< tq PR (r = r = α) w:L eO b $> ′
XX
hEα n′ |Ŝ|Eα ni = hn′ |l′ , m′ ihl′ , m′ |Ŝαα (Ei )|l, mihl, m|ni
l,m l′ ,m′
XX ′ ∗ (l)
= Yl′ m′ (n )Ylm (n)Sαα (Ei )δl′ l δm′ m
l,m l′ ,m′
X
= Ylm (n′ )Ylm
∗ (l)
(n)Sαα (Ei ). (121)
l,m
($A Legendre [C<.g w ZW y3 X vOb)g “n& (q

I)”522 .Q w i) ;<.g w =0
N
X 2l + 1
Ylm (n′ )Ylm
∗
(n) = d
Pl (cos(n, n′ )), (122)
m 4π
( Q “n& (q I)”527 .Qw (A4.43) [) yTQ[

X 2l + 1 (l)
hEα n′ |Ŝ|Eα ni = d
S (Ei )Pl (cos θ), θ = (n, n′ ). (123)
l
4π αα
20
nN}Æ\'wOk [5>
* +2
dσ(n, n′ ) (2π)4 2 (2π)4 Ŝ − Iˆ

= hE n
f f | t̂|E n
i i i = E n
f f E n
2πi i i

dω k2 k2
2
4π 2 X 2l + 1 (l)

= Sαα (Ei )Pl (cos θ) − δ(nf − ni ) . (124)
k2 4π
l
<A
X
δ(nf − ni ) = hnf |ni i = hnf |lmihlm|ni i
lm
X ∗
X 2l + 1
= Ylm (nf )Ylm (ni ) = Pl (cos θ), (125)
lm l 4π
Q[yC
2
dσe 1 X
(l)

(nf , ni ) = 2 (2l + 1) 1 − Sαα (Ei ) Pl (cos θ) . (126)
dω 4k l
8e
Z Z 2
sin θ dθ dϕ X
2π π
(l)

σe =

(2l + 1) 1 − S αα (Ei ) P l (cos θ)

0 0 4k 2 l
XX 1 Z 2π Z π
= 2
sin θdθdϕ (2l + 1)(2l′ + 1)
l l′ 4k 0 0
∗ ′

(l) (l )
× 1 − Sαα (Ei ) 1 − Sαα (Ei ) Pl (cos θ)Pl′ (cos θ)
XX 1 ∗ 4π
′ (l) (l′ )
= 2
(2l + 1)(2l + 1) 1 − S αα (Ei ) 1 − S αα (Ei ) δll′
l l′ 4k 2l + 1
π X (l)
= 2 (2l + 1)|1 − Sαα (Ei )|2 . (127)
ki l
ÆL$y3 7: ( q ) \' σ r
π X X (l)
σr = 2
(2l + 1) |Sβα |2 . (128)
ki l Eβ 6=Eα (=Ei )
;$ [ (5Y)$TL D Q* w b b)

X (l)
|Sβα |2 + |Sαα
(l) 2
| = 1, (129)
Eβ 6=Eα
21
$yT σ r
π X (l) 2
X (l)
σr = (2l + 1)(1 − |S αα (Ei )| ) ≡ σr . (130)
ki2 l l
T
π
σr(l) = (l)
(2l + 1)(1 − |Sαα (Ei )|2 ). (131)
ki2
O |S (l)
αα (Ei )|
2
=1 Nσ (l)
r =0 Le: $>
(l)
Sαα (Ei ) ≡ exp (2iδl (Ei )) . (132)
:w l ÆSq PR\'N

4π
σe(l) = (2l + 1) sin2 δl (Ei ). (133)
ki2
T^$372geZ w /[
/>: |S (E )| < 1 eU σ 6= 0 E q PR b Æ p <A
(l) (l)
|1 − S (E )| - T q PR-= b Æ -j^h b Æ q PRU

αα i r
(l)
G=bÆq PRp [N T
αα i
14x[ δ(x) = lim wY) 1 s

s→0+ π s2 +x2
O8Y)$?/L3'Q ?3'_ w.g f (z) Q?3V

d\hw A3'Q ? 3' ? h R w?F~u8 e$>
Z Z
R 1 s R 1 1 1
f (x) dx = f (x) − dx
−R π s2 + x2 −R 2πi x − is x + is
I Z
1 1 1 1 1 1
= f (z) − dz − f (z) − dz. (134)
2πi z − is z + is 2πi CR z − is z + is
Q[?Iwz/ C.gLQ ?3' w B{dwg o xA f (is)

zNL?B R → ∞ U>A 8 e$vt
Z Z
1 R s ∞ 1 s
lim f (x) dx = f (x) dx = f (is). (135)
R→∞ −R π s + x2
2 −∞ π s + x2
2
ÆL$ s → 0 8e$ vt +
Z
∞ 1 s
lim+ f (x) dx = lim+ f (is) = f (0). (136)
s→0 −∞ π s2 + x2 s→0
22
TjY)$n, vtw 4 x [
[ (129) wY)
gPRlV Ŝ w=XtR Ŝ Ŝ = Iˆ b Q?ap |E , n i v.$>
†
α α
hEα , nα |Ŝ † Ŝ|Eα , nα i = hEα , nα |Eα , nα i. (137)
Lx[wt IZ N o Æ_
XX
Iˆ = |Eβ , nβ ihEβ , nβ | (138)
Eβ nβ
5$vt
XX
hEα , nα |Ŝ † |Eβ , nβ ihEβ , nβ |Ŝ|Eα , nα i
Eβ nβ
X X
= hEα , nα |Ŝ † |Eβ , nβ ihEβ , nβ |Ŝ|Eα , nα i
Eβ 6=Eα nβ
X
+ hEα , nα |Ŝ † |Eα , nβ ihEα , nβ |Ŝ|Eα , nα i
nβ
= hEα , nα |Eα , nα i. (139)
KLQ[ IZ N : RV D Wp wo Æ_
X
Iˆ = |l, mihl, m|, (140)
l,m
$>
X X X X X X
hEα , nα |Eα , l1 , m1 ihEα , l1 , m1 |Ŝ † |Eβ , l2 , m2 i
Eβ 6=Eα nβ l1 ,m1 l2 ,m2 l3 ,m3 l4 ,m4
× hEβ , l2 , m2 |Eβ , nβ ihEβ , nβ |Eβ , l3 , m3 ihEβ , l3 , m3 |Ŝ|Eα , l4 , m4 ihEα , l4 , m4 |Eα , nα i

X X X X X
+ hEα , nα |Eα , l1 , m1 ihEα , l1 , m1 |Ŝ † |Eα , l2 , m2 i
nβ l1 ,m1 l2 ,m2 l3 ,m3 l4 ,m4
× hEα , l2 , m2 |Eα , nβ ihEα , nβ |Eα , l3 , m3 ihEα , l3 , m3 |Ŝ|Eα , l4 , m4 ihEα , l4 , m4 |Eα , nα i

X
= hEα , nα |Eα , l, mihEα , l, m|Eα , nα i. (141)
l,m
;$ [
(l)
hEγ ′ , l′ , m′ |Ŝ|Eγ , l, mi = Sγ ′ γ δl′ l δm′ m (142)
23
3D hE, n|E, l, mi = Y lm (θ, ϕ) $y3TQ[O8
X X X X X X (l )
Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S βα1 δl1 l2 δm1 m2 Yl2∗m2 (θβ , ϕβ )
Eβ 6=Eα nβ l1 ,m1 l2 ,m2 l3 ,m3 l4 ,m4
(l )
× Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ )Sβα3 δl3 l4 δm3 m4 Yl∗4 m4 (θα , ϕα )
X X X X X (l1 )
+ Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S αα δl1 l2 δm1 m2 Yl∗2 m2 (θβ , ϕβ )
nβ l1 ,m1 l2 ,m2 l3 ,m3 l4 ,m4
(l3 )
× Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ )Sαα δl3 l4 δm3 m4 Yl∗4 m4 (θα , ϕα )
X X X X (l ) (l )
= Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S βα1 Yl∗1 m1 (θβ , ϕβ )Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ )Sβα3 Yl3∗m3 (θα , ϕα )
Eβ 6=Eα nβ l1 ,m1 l3 ,m3
X X X (l1 )
+ Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S αα Yl∗1 m1 (θβ , ϕβ )Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ )Sαα
(l3 ) ∗
Yl3 m3 (θα , ϕα )
nβ l1 ,m1 l3 ,m3
X
∗
= Ylm (θα , ϕα )Ylm (θα , ϕα ). (143)
l,m
<A:R 7 $>
X
Yl∗1 m1 (θβ , ϕβ )Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ )
nβ
Z 2π Z π
= dϕβ sin θβ dθβ Yl∗1 m1 (θβ , ϕβ )Yl3 m3 (θβ , ϕβ ) = δl1 l3 δm1 m3 , (144)
0 0
"$s5 vt
X X X (l ) (l )
Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S βα1 δl1 l3 δm1 m3 Sβα3 Yl∗3 m3 (θα , ϕα )
Eβ 6=Eα l1 ,m1 l3 ,m3
X X (l1 ) (l3 ) ∗
+ Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )S αα δl1 l3 δm1 m3 Sαα Yl3 m3 (θα , ϕα )
l1 ,m1 l3 ,m3
 
X X (l ) (l )
=  S βα1 Sβα1  Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )Yl∗1 m1 (θα , ϕα )
l1 ,m1 Eβ 6=Eα
X (l1 )
(l1 )
+ S αα Sαα Yl1 m1 (θα , ϕα )Yl∗1 m1 (θα , ϕα )
l1 ,m1
X
∗
= Ylm (θα , ϕα )Ylm (θα , ϕα ). (145)
l,m
EXI g5 $>
X (l)
|Sβα |2 + |Sαα
(l) 2
| = 1. (146)
Eβ 6=Eα
24
Tj^$,Y)w$ [ g Y)+` b$-u t^ S :^ S (l) (l)
:_ “|” lVD

βα αα
*
Æ 2.1: (i) g[ S βα = δβα − 2πiδ(Eβ − Eα )tβα b Y)$ [

2 2 2 2π
|Sβα | = |hϕβ |ϕα i| + hϕβ |ϕα iImtβα + |tβα |2 δ(Eβ − Eα ) lim 2τ. (147)
h̄ h̄ τ →∞
(ii) A^N β =05Y)n&&

X 2µ e
σ= σβα = − Imtαα . (148)
β h̄2 k
Æ 2.2: v℄.g


 −V0 , r < R;
V (r) = (149)

 0, r ≥ R.
;ÆS
Hl
n w PR\'
Æ 2.3: a µ w
nL<x℄\ V (r) = γδ(r − a) bCPRL/P
Rw: y; Born djHl5PR\' Y) r kaθ ≫ 1 Uvtw
^*
!2
2 4µ2 γ 2 a4 sin2 (2ka sin(θ/2)) 1 µγa
σ(θ) = |f (θ)| = 4 2 2 2 ≃ 2 . (150)
h̄ 4k a sin (θ/2) 2 h̄ k sin(θ/2)
Æ 2.4: Y)r1 δ 0 ≃ π
2
UPR\'y3dj y v
Γ2
4π 4
0
σ0 (E) = 2 Γ20
(151)
k (E − E0 )2 +
4
w[oC^ Breit-Wigner UPR[
25

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LPRrb $vM w ,%

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 / U O8r $y3 t → −∞ T+ ψ (−∞) j_CU

ψI (t) = Û (t, −∞)ψI (−∞). (45)

D AUns KQ}F5 $

V̂s (t) = V̂ (r1 − r2 )e−s|t| , s > 0. (46)

!,8}w^ e% V̂ (t) -UNp oK^ Schrödinger Obwl L

T+u35 $u tr t → −∞ U V̂ (t) → 0  V̂ (t = 0) = V ;

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I6t/A p $Z um YT l$

r δt 2E}℄+~U δE =Lv2m8 es >/ w G

 ψ (−∞) y?v Ĥ wDWp

Ŝ ≡ Û (+∞, −∞). (51)

 ψ (−∞) :?v Ĥ wDWS.g

8eL[Q $-y39NsGdj Q T V̂ v V̂ → V̂ e 3H −s|t|

&Hl+` b w , LHl w s5/ U$ s → 0 +

mow 7 PRl D-^/=Xl E$>

TPRl _ /lV w [ $? Ĥ w /r| BD Wp m

$ [ |ψ(+∞)i = Ŝ|ψ(−∞)i xMA

 hϕ |Ŝ|ϕ i = S PRlVD NQ[y C 

LVJwV*vb H$ ℄℄? ap |ψ(−∞)i  Ĥ w/DWp ϕ

[Q$y3 = PRl Ŝ O\

× hϕβ |V̂ |ϕγ ihϕγ |V̂ |ϕα i. (72)

TA t wÆ$ G "Æ ' :B3v

h6tLs5/bδ .gwjL,= E − E =0 8eLB s → 0 +

To$nN S wOk[5> (2)

tR E β = Eα ^Lx (on shell) tR

LPR+` b ga p ϕ t*p ϕ wu6G  7v α β

Wβα = |Tβα |2 = (2π)2 |tβα |2 δ 2 (Eβ − Eα ). (84)

HlPR\' $!,= bga p tPR*p wo UN. w

LPRrb H$ w ^3/   h̄k NRw

V dω wks.w *p=0 j = |j | NNR

T *pg R (E ) <aA/ x A a p/ E pb R kL

3 k dw sV dω wks.w *p=0 bE$>

ÆL L → ∞(xMA ∆k → 0) Iyvt n, w [

s5To n N w | wOk[ (93) $vt

8e$s5 vt PR\' wOk [

LQ'wOk [b 8n V wbÆj6Y v G &B _  T y/ V 2

JQT/ry32L4y K3_r eE$Km

Lb \PRrb$y3;s w< ^ /U O8Hl

|l, mi v?X w 9 $y3 vt M [ w Ŝ lV

[b r O \  (l, m) [{ w 5ong M/ T/^ w Y)M

<A F̂ C5bw#/l V̂ (t ) Z4"oC Ŝ 4 (n)

Æ4 /&)"

T0AUN /'mn&w?D Es jpmUNw

N` (7) _ />h Ô (t) ^0AUNomUN w J '<

TYv$L d ss U y39N dj

L2: H y3'=_ M Lo<

T+7w ψ (t) K^UNw /.g VJQ $>

$:^3 Ĉ kI (t) eU $>

LPRrb $vM w ,%

_T/ `$ G "[KQ a tR Û(t , t ) = Iˆ

2.1.1' Û (t, t ) 106 0

(1) m Û (t, t ) w 7 $>

2.1.2 Û (t, t0 ) .%

p<A Û(t, t ) wUbÆL`wI8eT/[_">I1VJ;y

(1) a?dj_ Û = Iˆ N$ vt (0)

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LVJvb TQ' w Pt[ _ /` hw [ $9Nn

E$u/q (\6xQWwd 550 .)

8e$y3T Û(t, t ) vMw [ 0

$Q'zvw[VJQ^}F w /4 MOk[ >TOk

/ U O8r $y3 t → −∞ T+ ψ (−∞) j_CU

D AUns KQ}F5 $

!,8}w^ e% V̂ (t) -UNp oK^ Schrödinger Obwl L

T+u35 $u tr t → −∞ U V̂ (t) → 0 V̂ (t = 0) = V ;

pfC/ { U j^s T =<A} ℄$0 w G" g s w ?p

I6t/A p $Z um YT l$

r δt 2E}℄+~U δE =Lv2m8 es >/ w G

ψ (−∞) y?v Ĥ wDWp

ψ (−∞) :?v Ĥ wDWS.g

8eL[Q $-y39NsGdj Q T V̂ v V̂ → V̂ e 3H −s|t|

&Hl+` b w , LHl w s5/ U$ s → 0 +

mow 7 PRl D-^/=Xl E$>

TPRl _ /lV w [ $? Ĥ w /r| BD Wp m

$ [ |ψ(+∞)i = Ŝ|ψ(−∞)i xMA

hϕ |Ŝ|ϕ i = S PRlVD NQ[y C

LVJwV*vb H$ ℄℄? ap |ψ(−∞)i Ĥ w/DWp ϕ

[Q$y3 = PRl Ŝ O\

TA t wÆ$ G "Æ' :B3v

h6tLs5/bδ .gwjL,= E − E =0 8eLB s → 0 +

tR E β = Eα ^Lx (on shell) tR

LPR+` b ga p ϕ t*p ϕ wu6G 7v α β

HlPR\' $!,= bga p tPR*p wo UN. w

LPRrb H$ w ^3/ h̄k NRw

V dω wks.w *p=0 j = |j | NNR

T *pg R (E ) <aA/ x A a p/ E pb RkL

3 k dw sV dω wks.w *p=0 bE$>

ÆL L → ∞(xMA ∆k → 0) Iyvt n, w [

8e$s5 vt PR\' wOk [

LQ'wOk [b 8n V wbÆj6Y v G&B _ T y/ V 2

JQT/ry32L4y K3_r eE$Km

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|l, mi v?X w 9 $y3 vt M[ w Ŝ lV

[b r O \ (l, m) [{ w 5ong M/ T/^ w Y)M

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ÆL$< tq PR (r = r = α) w:L eO b $> ′

($A Legendre [C<.g w ZW y3 X vOb)g “n& (q

( Q “n& (q I)”527 .Qw (A4.43) [) yTQ[

;$ [ (5Y)$TL D Q* w b b)

:w l ÆSq PR\'N

|1 − S (E )| - T q PR-= b Æ -j^h b Æ q PRU

14x[ δ(x) = lim wY) 1 s

O8Y)$?/L3'Q ?3'_ w.g f (z) Q?3V

Q[?Iwz/ C.gLQ ?3' w B{dwg o xA f (is)

:_ “|” lVD

(ii) A^N β =05Y)n&&

w[oC^ Breit-Wigner UPR[