MATH414 FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS HOMEWORK 8

Hw 8: 8/194 8,10/201 6,9/207

Problem (8/194) Show that any Hilbert space H is isomorphic with its second
dual space H 00 = (H 0 )0 . (This property is called reflexivity of H.)

Step1. If H is an Hilbert space then its dual H 0 is also a Hilbert space.

(The operator norm on H 0 can be obtained by an inner product.)
By Riesz Representation Theorem we know that for all f ∈ H 0 there exists
unique z ∈ H such that f (x) = hx, zi ∀x ∈ H and ||f || = ||z||. So we can write

H 0 = {fz : z ∈ H} where fz (x) = hx, zi ∀x ∈ H.

It is easy to show αfz = fᾱz and fz + fv = fz+v . Lets define h·, ·i1 by

hfz , fv i1 := hv, zi.

Then h·, ·i1 is an inner product on H 0 .

IP1 h fz + fv , fw i1 = hw, z + vi = hw, zi + hw, vi = hfz , fw i1 + hfv , fw i1

| {z }
fz+v

IP2 hαfz , fv i1 = hfᾱz , fv i1 = hv, ᾱzi = αhv, zi = αhfz , fv i1

IP3 hfz , fv i1 = hv, zi = hz, vi = hfv , fz i1

IP4 hfz , fz i1 = hz, zi ≥ 0 and hfz , fz i1 = 0 ⇔ hz, zi = 0 ⇔ z = 0 ⇔ fz = 0.

Finally hfz , fz i1/2

1
= hz, zi1/2 = ||z|| = ||fz ||. Since H 0 is complete we’re done.

Step2. We showed H 0 is a Hilbert space so H 00 is also a Hilbert space since it

is dual of a Hilbert space. By the similar arguments above we can write

H 00 = {Ff : f ∈ H 0 } = {Ffz : z ∈ H} where Ff (g) = hg, f i1 ∀g ∈ H 0 .

And the inner product on H 00 is hFf , Fg i11 = hg, f i1 .

Lets define C : H −→ H 00 by C(z) = Ffz . Clearly C is onto. C is linear:

C(αz + v) = Ffαz+v = Fᾱfz +fv = Fᾱfz + Ffv = αFfz + Ffv = αC(z) + C(v).

C is 1-to-1: C(z) = 0 ⇒ Ffz = 0 ⇒ fz = 0 ⇒ z = 0.

C preserves inner product:

h C(z), C(v) i11 = hFfz , Ffv i11 = hfv , fz i1 = hz, vi.

So we find a bijective linear map from H to H 00 which preserves inner product.

1
Problem (8/201)

Let S = I + T ∗ T : H −→ H where T is linear and bounded. Show that

S −1 : S(H) −→ H exists.

Solution
It is enough to show S is injective. Clearly S is linear. So if Sx = 0 then
hSx, xi = 0 = hx + (T ∗ T )x, xi
= hx, xi + hT ∗ (T x), xi
= ||x||2 + hT x, T xi
= ||x||2 + ||T x||2 =⇒ x = 0.
Problem (10/201)

(Right shift operator) Let (en ) be total orthonormal sequence in a sepa-

rable Hilbert space H and define the right shift operator T : H −→ H such that
T en = en+1 for n = 1, 2, · · · . Explain the name. Find the range, null space,
norm and Hilbert adjoint operator of T .

Solution Since x = ξ1 e1 + ξ2 e2 + ξ3 e3 + · · · −→ 0e1 + ξ1 e2 + ξ2 e3 + ξ3 e4 · · ·

T is called 0 right shift0 operator.

R(T ) = span(e2 , e3 , · · · ).

Clearly T x ∈ span(e2 , e3 , · · · ) for all x ∈ H. On the other hand if y ∈

span(e2 , e3 , · · · ) then y can be written as y = η1 e2 + η2 e3 + · · · . But then
T x = y where x = η1 e1 + η2 e2 + · · · .

N (T ) = {0}.

Let T x = 0 where x = ξ1 e1 +ξ2 e2 +ξ3 e3 +· · · then T x = ξ1 e2 +ξ2 e3 +ξ3 e4 · · · = 0.

So ξ1 = 0, ξ2 = 0, · · · equivalently x = 0 (Parseval relation).

||T || = 1.
P
If x = ξj ej then T x = 0e1 + ξ1 e2 + ξ2 e3 + ξ3 e4 · · · . But (en ) is tot-ort.,
so
∞
X ∞
X
||x||2 = |ξk |2 = |ξk−1 |2 = ||T x||2 =⇒ ||T || = 1.
k=1 k=2
∗ 0 0
P P
T is left shift operator. If x = ξj ej and y = ηj ej , then
hT x, yi = ξ1 η2 + ξ2 η3 + · · · = hx, T ∗ yi =⇒ T ∗ y = η2 e1 + η3 e2 + η4 e3 · · · .
Or it can be defined as T ∗ e1 = 0 and T ∗ en = en−1 for n ≥ 2.

2
Problem (6/207)

If T : H −→ H is a bounded self-adjoint linear operator and T 6= 0, then

T n 6= 0. Prove this (a) for n = 2, 4, 8, 16, ... , (b) for n ∈ N .

Solution

It is easy to show that if T is self-adjoint then T n is self-adjoint for all n.

Theorem 3.9-4 (f) says that

T ∗ T = 0 ⇐⇒ T = 0.

We’re given T is self-adjoint and non-zero, so

T 6= 0 =⇒ T ∗ T = T 2 6= 0.

But T 2 is also self-adjoint so

T 2 6= 0 =⇒ (T 2 )∗ T 2 = T 2 T 2 = T 4 6= 0.

And since T 4 is self-adjoint

T 4 6= 0 =⇒ (T 4 )∗ T 4 = T 4 T 4 = T 8 6= 0.

Inductively we can show that T n cannot be 0 for n = 2, 4, 8, 16, ... .

Now assume T m = 0 for some m. Then clearly T m+1 , T m+2 , ... are all 0.
But this is a contradiction since T n is not 0 whenever n is a power of 2.

[Part (a) can be solved by showing ||T n || = ||T ||n for n = 2, 4, 8, 16, ... (see
Theorem 3.9-4(e)).]

Problem (9/207)

Show that an isometric linear operator T : H −→ H which not unitary maps

the Hilbert space H onto a proper closed subspace of H.

Solution

We know that R(T ) is a subspace of H (see Theorem 2.6-9). And also notice
that R(T ) cannot be H because a surjective isometry is unitary (see Theorem
∞
3.10-6(f)). So lets show that R(T ) is closed. Let {yn }n=1 be a sequence in
R(T ) converging to y. So there exits unique [why] xn ∈ H s.t. T xn = yn . But
∞ ∞
{yn }n=1 is Cauchy so {xn }n=1 must be Cauchy since

||xn − xm || = ||T (xn − xm )|| = ||T xn − T xm || = ||yn − ym ||.

∞
Let x be the limit of {xn }n=1 . Then T x = y because T is continuous (||T || = 1).
Hence y ∈ R(T ) which shows R(T ) is closed.