HNUE JOURNAL OF SCIENCE DOI: 10.18173/2354-1059.

2019-0070
Natural Science, 2019, Volume 64, Issue 10, pp. 17-35
This paper is available online at http://stdb.hnue.edu.vn

THE GENERALIZED CONVOLUTION FOR h-LAPLACE TRANSFORM

ON TIME SCALE

Nguyen Xuan Thao1 and Hoang Tung2

1
School of Applied Mathematics and Informatics, Hanoi University of Science and Technology
2
World Real Estate Company

Abstract. In this paper we study generalized convolution for h-Laplace transform

on time scale T+
h and obtain some of its properties as well as applications in solving
some linear equations of convolution type.
Keywords: Fourier cosine transform, time scales, convolution, Laplace transform,
h-Laplace transform.

1. Introduction
The Laplace transform theory has been studied from the 17th century. The Fourier
transform has been studied from the 19th century together with the Fourier cosine, Fourier
sine transforms and convolution of two functions for Fourier transform. The Laplace
transform, the Fourier transform, Fourier cosine and Fourier sine transforms play
important roles in mathematics and have many applications in science and engineering.
There are many interesting results related to Laplace transform (see [1-4]), Fourier,
Fourier cosine and Fourier sine transforms [4-8].
A time scale is an arbitrary nonempty closed subset of real numbers. Time scale
analysis unifies and extends continuous and discrete analyses; see [9].
The subject of transforms on time scale for the continuous case has been studied
long ago and there are many results for continuous dynamic systems. However the subject
of transforms on time scale for the discrete case has only been studied recently and there
are not many works about transforms on discrete time scales.
Let h be a positive real number. An important time scale is the following:

Received October 11, 2019. Revised October 24, 2019. Accepted October 29, 2019.
Contact Hoang Tung, e-mail address: hoangtung2412@gmail.com

17
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

Definition 1.1. [9] Time scale Th is determined by


0 if h = ∞

Th = hZ if h > 0

R if h = 0


We denote
N = {1, 2, 3, 4, . . .} is the set of all natural numbers, N0 = N ∪ {0}
T+
h = {hk : k ∈ N0 }

Note that T+h is also a time scale obtained from time scale Th where we only take
non-negative points.
The first one who works on the subject of integral transformation on time scales
is Stefan Hilger in 1988 in his PhD dissertation. His work aimed to do away with the
discrepancies between continuous and discrete dynamic systems.
The Laplace transform on time scales was introduced by Hilger in [10] in a form
that tries to unify the (continuous) Laplace transform and the (discrete) Z-transform.
The Laplace transform on time scales was further investigated by Martin Bohner, Allan
Peterson and Gusein Sh. Guseinov in [9, 11, 12].
In this paper we study generalized convolution for h-Laplace transform on time
scale T+h and obtain some of its properties as well as applications in solving some linear
equations of convolution type. This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we review
some properties of h-Laplace and Fourier cosine transforms on time scale T+ h . In Section 3
we introduce and study generalized convolution for h-Laplace transform. In Section 4 we
give some applications of this generalized convolution in solving some linear equations
of convolution type.

2. h-Laplace and Fourier transforms on time scale T+

h
In this paper we use the following spaces:
Definition 2.1. Let α > 0 be a fixed positive number. We define
∞
X
L1 (T+ +
h ) = {x : Th → R |x(0)| + 2 |x(nh)| < ∞}
n=1

∞
X
|x(nh)| is called the norm of x in L1 (T+


kxk1 = h |x(0)| + 2 h ).
n=1

n ∞
X o
L1 (T+
h,e
αnh
) +
:= x : Th → R 2h αnh
e |x(nh)| < ∞ .
n=1

18
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

n
B(T+
h,e
−αnh
) := x : T+
h → R ∃C > 0 such that |x(nh)| ≤ Ce
−αnh
, ∀n ∈ N0 }.

For the case h = 1 the space L1 (T+ 1

h ) and the norm 2 kxk1 were used in [13].

Proposition 2.1. For all α > 0 we have

B(T+
h,e
−2αnh
) ⊂ L1 (T+
h,e
αnh
) ⊂ L1 (T+
h ).
∞
(i) If x ∈ L1 (T+ αnh
eαnh |x(nh)| < ∞. Since eαnh > 1 we get
P
Proof. h,e ) then
n=1
∞
|x(nh)| < ∞ and then f ∈ L1 (T+ + αnh
P
|x(0)| + 2 h ). Therefore L1 (Th , e ) ⊂
n=1
L1 (T+
h ).

(ii) If x ∈ B(T+
h,e
−2αnh
) then there exists C > 0 such that
|x(nh)| ≤ Ce−2αnh , ∀n ∈ N0 .
From this inequality we get
∞
X ∞
X
eαnh
|x(nh)| ≤ C e−αnh < ∞
n=1 n=1

so x ∈ L1 (T+
h,e
αnh
). Therefore B(T+
h,e
−2αnh
) ⊂ L1 (T+
h,e
αnh
).

For z ∈ C we denote ℜz the real part of z and ℑz the imaginary part of z.

In [12] Martin Bohner and Gusein Sh. Guseinov gave the concept of h-Laplace transform
on time scale T+
h

Definition 2.2. [12] If x : T+

h → C is a function, then its h-Laplace transform is defined
by
∞
h X x(kh)
L{x}(z) = (2.1)
1 + hz k=0 (1 + hz)k

for those values of z 6= − h1 for which the series converges.

Definition 2.3. [12] For given functions x, y : T+
h → C their Laplace convolution x ∗ y
L
is defined by
k−1
X
(x ∗ y )(kh) = h x(kh − mh − h)y(mh) for k ∈ N∗ ,
L
m=0
(x ∗ y )(0h) = 0. (2.2)
L

19
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

x(kh)
Remark 2.1. Let x ∈ L1 (T+
h ). For z ∈ C, ℜz ≥ 0 we have ≤ |x(kh)|. Since
(1 + hz)k
P∞ P∞ x(kh)
x ∈ L1 (T+h ) the series k=0 |x(kh)| converges. By comparison test k=0
(1 + hz)k
converges. Hence for z ∈ C, ℜz ≥ 0 the series L{x}(z) converges.
Setting h∗ = − h1 , we can rewrite the formula (2.1) in the form (see [12])
∞
1 X x(kh)
L{x}(z) = (2.3)
z − h∗ k=0 hk (z − h∗ )k

Remark 2.2. [12] The domain of existence for the h-Laplace transform (2.1) of function
x is investigated as below:
Set
p
R = lim sup k |x(kh)|.
k→∞

R
(i) If 0 < R < ∞ the series (2.3) converges in the region |z − h∗ | > h
and diverges
for |z − h∗ | < Rh .
(ii) If R = 0 then the series (2.3) converges everywhere with the exception of z = h∗ .
(iii) If R = ∞ then the series (2.3) diverges everywhere.
Proposition 2.2. [12] If L{x}(z) exists for |z−h∗ | > A and L{y}(z) exists for |z−h∗ | >
B then the Laplace convolution defined in (2.2) satisfies
L{x ∗ y }(z) = L{x}(z)L{y}(z) for |z − h∗ | > max{A, B}.
L

Lemma 2.1. If x ∈ L1 (T+

h ) then its h-Laplace transform L{x}(z) is analytic in the region
ℜz > 0.

Proof. Let us denote

n
X x(kh)
Ln {x}(z) = h .
k=0
(1 + hz)k+1

We can see that each function Ln {x}(z) is analytic in the region ℜz > 0. For ℜz > 0
then |1 + hz| ≥ ℜ(1 + hz) ≥ 1 so we have the following estimate:
∞ ∞
X |x(kh)| X
|L{x}(z) − Ln {x}(z)| ≤ h ≤h |x(kh)|. (2.4)
|1 + hz|k+1
k=n+1 k=n+1

Since x ∈ L1 (T+ h ) from (2.4) the sequence Ln {x}(z) converges uniformly to L{x}(z)
with respect to z in the region ℜz > 0 therefore L{x}(z) is analytic in the region ℜz >
0.

20
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

The Fourier cosine transform on time scale T+

h is defined as the following:

Definition 2.4. [14] For a real valued function x ∈ L1 (T+

h ) its Fourier cosine transform
is defined by
∞
X
Fc {x}(u) = hx(0) + 2h x(nh) cos(unh), u ∈ R. (2.5)
n=1

For the case h = 1, (2.5) becomes two times the discrete time Fourier cosine
transform studied in [13].

Definition 2.5.
π
Ac = {Fc {x}(u), u ∈ [0, ] x ∈ L1 (T+
h )} (2.6)
h

We call Ac the image space of L1 (T+

h ) through the Fourier cosine transform Fc .

For Fc {x} ∈ Ac the inverse Fourier cosine transform is given by

π
1
Z
h
x(nh) = Fc {x}(u) cos(unh)du, n ∈ N0 . (2.7)
π 0

Definition 2.6. [14] The Fourier cosine convolution on time scale of two functions x, y ∈
L1 (T+
h ) is defined as

∞
nX h i o
(x ∗ y)(t) = h x(nh) y(|t − nh|) + y(t + nh) + x(0)y(t) , t ∈ T+
h. (2.8)
Fc
n=1

Proposition 2.3. [14] Let x, y ∈ L1 (T+ +

h ) then x ∗ y ∈ L1 (Th ),
Fc

kx ∗ yk1 ≤ kxk1 kyk1

Fc

and we have the factorization equality

π
Fc {x ∗ y}(u) = Fc {x}(u)Fc {y}(u), u ∈ [0, ]. (2.9)
Fc h

Lemma 2.2. [8](Wiener-Levy type Theorem for Fourier cosine series) Let x ∈ L1 (T+h)
and Φ(z) be an analytic function whose domain contains the range of Fc {x}(u) and
satisfies Φ(0) = 0. Then Φ(Fc {x}(u)) is a Fourier cosine transform of a function in
L1 (T+h ).

21
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

3. Generalized convolution for Fourier cosine and h-Laplace

transform on time scale
Notation 1. For m, n ∈ N0 we define
π
cos(nu)
Z
I(n, m) = du. (3.1)
0 (1 + u)m+1
Definition 3.1. The generalized convolution of two functions x, y ∈ L1 (T+h ) with respect
to the Fourier cosine and h-Laplace transform on time scale T+h is defined as
∞ ∞ ∞
h X h XX
(x ∗ y)(kh) = x(0) y(mh)θ(k, 0, m) + x(nh)y(mh)θ(k, n, m), k ∈ N0
2π m=0
π n=1 m=0
(3.2)

in here

θ(k, n, m) = I(n + k, m) + I(|n − k|, m). (3.3)

Notation 2. For each function x we denote x1 a function on T+

h defined by

1
x1 (0) = x(0), x1 (nh) = x(nh), for n ∈ N. (3.4)
2
The formula (3.2) can be written in the form
∞ ∞
h XX
(x ∗ y)(kh) = x1 (nh)y(mh)θ(k, n, m), k ∈ N0 . (3.5)
π n=0 m=0

Lemma 3.1. The following properties for I(n, m) can be obtained straightforward.

(i) I(0, 0) = ln(1 + π)

1h 1 i
(ii) I(0, m) = 1− , m∈N
m (1 + π)m
(iii) |I(n, m)| ≤ I(0, m) ≤ ln(1 + π), m, n ∈ N0 .
1h (−1)n+1 i n2
(iv) I(n, m) = 1+ − I(n, m − 2), m ≥ 2, n ∈ N0 .
m (1 + π)m m(m − 1)
We use Lemma 3.1 (iii) and (3.3) to obtain |θ(k, n, m)| ≤ 2 ln(1 + π) and
consequently for x, y ∈ L1 (T+
h ) the expression (3.2) is well defined.

Lemma 3.2. For n ∈ N, m ∈ N0 the following equality holds.

Z ∞ m+1 −t h
1 t e n −πt
i
I(n, m) = 1 − (−1) e dt. (3.6)
m! 0 n2 + t2

22
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

Proof. By changing of variable

Z ∞ Z ∞
m −t(1+u) 1 m −z 1
t e dt = z e dz = Γ(m + 1)
0 (1 + u)m+1 0 (1 + u)m+1
m!
= (3.7)
(1 + u)m+1

Substituting (3.7) into (3.1) to get

Z π Z ∞ Z ∞ Z π
1 m −t(1+u) 1 m −t
I(n, m) = cos(nu)du t e dt = t e dt cos(nu)e−tu du
m! 0 0 m! 0 0
Z ∞
1 t h i
= tm e−t 2 1 − (−1)n e−πt dt
m! 0 n + t2
Z ∞ m+1 −t h
1 t e n −πt
i
= 1 − (−1) e dt.
m! 0 n2 + t2

Notation 3. In [15], page 386 we know the following functions:

Z ∞ Z ∞
cos t sin t
ci(u) = dt, si(u) = − dt, u > 0. (3.8)
u t u t

Lemma 3.3. For n ∈ N we have

   
(i) I(n, 0) = cos(n) ci(n) − ci(n + nπ) + sin(n) si(n + nπ) − si(n) ,

(ii) For m ∈ N

(−1)m n2m n o
I(n, 2m) = cos(n)[ci(n) − ci(n + nπ)] + sin(n)[si(n + nπ) − si(n)] +
(2m)!
m−1
1 X h (−1)n i
(−1)m−1−k n2m−2−2k (2k + 1)! 1 − , (3.9)
(2m)! k=0 (1 + π)2k+2

(iii) For m ∈ N0

(−1)m+1 n2m+2 n
I(n, 2m + 1) = sin(n)[ci(n + nπ) − ci(n)]+
n(2m + 1)!
m
o 1 X
m−k 2m−2k
h (−1)n i
cos(n)[si(n + nπ) − si(n)] + (−1) n (2k)! 1 − .
(2m + 1)! (1 + π)2k+1
k=0
(3.10)

23
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

Proof. (i) From formula (3.1)

π Z 1+π
cos(nu) cos(nv − n)
Z
I(n, 0) = du = dv
0 1+u 1 v
Z 1+π Z 1+π
cos(nv) sin(nv)
= cos(n) dv + sin(n) dv
1 v 1 v
Z n+nπ Z n+nπ
cos(s) sin(s)
= cos(n) ds + sin(n) ds
n s n s
   
= cos(n) ci(n) − ci(n + nπ) + sin(n) si(n + nπ) − si(n) .

(ii) Using (3.6) and the equality

m−1
t2m+1 − t(−n2 )m X
= t2k+1 (−n2 )m−1−k
n2 + t2 k=0

we get
Z ∞ 2m+1 −t h
1 t e n −πt
i
I(n, 2m) = 1 − (−1) e dt.
(2m)! 0 n2 + t2
(−1)m n2m ∞ te−t h
Z i
n −πt
= 1 − (−1) e dt+
(2m)! 0 n2 + t2
m−1 Z ∞
1 X m−1−k 2m−2−2k 2k+1 −t
h
n −πt
i
(−1) n t e 1 − (−1) e dt.
(2m)! k=0 0
(3.11)

We compute the integrals inside (3.11)

Z ∞
t2k+1 e−t dt = Γ(2k + 2) = (2k + 1)! (3.12)
0

Z ∞ Z ∞
2k+1 −t −πt
t e e dt = t2k+1 e−(1+π)t dt
0 0
∞
1 Γ(2k + 2) (2k + 1)!
Z
= s2k+1 e−s ds = = . (3.13)
(1 + π)2k+2 0 (1 + π)2k+2 (1 + π)2k+2

Using the formula for Laplace transform in [15], page 135 for α = n, p = 1, A =
1, B = 0 we have
Z ∞
te−t
dt = cos(n)ci(n) − sin(n)si(n). (3.14)
0 n2 + t2

24
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

Using the formula for Laplace transform in [15], page 135 for α = n, p = 1 +
π, A = 1, B = 0 we have
Z ∞ −t −πt
te e
dt = cos(n + nπ)ci(n + nπ) − sin(n + nπ)si(n + nπ)
0 n2 + t2
= (−1)n cos(n)ci(n + nπ) − sin(n)si(n + nπ) .
 
(3.15)
Plugging (3.12), (3.13), (3.14) and (3.15) into (3.11) we get (3.9).
(iii) Using (3.6) and the equality
m
t2m+2 − (−n2 )m+1 X 2k
= t (−n2 )m−k
n2 + t2
k=0
we get
Z ∞ 2m+2 −t h
1 t e n −πt
i
I(n, 2m + 1) = 1 − (−1) e dt
(2m + 1)! 0 n2 + t2
(−1)m+1 n2m+2 ∞ e−t h
Z i
n −πt
= 1 − (−1) e dt+
(2m + 1)! 0 n2 + t2
m Z ∞
1 X
m−k 2m−2k
h i
(−1) n t2k e−t 1 − (−1)n e−πt dt.
(2m + 1)! k=0 0
(3.16)

We compute the integrals inside (3.16)

Z ∞
t2k e−t dt = Γ(2k + 1) = (2k)! (3.17)
0
Z ∞ Z ∞
2k −t −πt
t e e dt = t2k e−(1+π)t dt
0 0
∞
1 Γ(2k + 1) (2k)!
Z
= s2k e−s ds = = . (3.18)
(1 + π)2k+1 0 (1 + π) 2k+1 (1 + π)2k+1
Using the formula for Laplace transform in [15], page 135 for α = n, p = 1, A =
0, B = n1 we have
Z ∞
e−t 1 1
2 2
dt = − sin(n)ci(n) − cos(n)si(n). (3.19)
0 n +t n n
Using the formula for Laplace transform in [15], page 135 for α = n, p = 1 +
π, A = 0, B = n1 we have
Z ∞ −t −πt
e e 1 1
2 2
dt = − sin(n + nπ)ci(n + nπ) − cos(n + nπ)si(n + nπ)
0 n +t n n
n+1 
(−1) 1 
= sin(n)ci(n + nπ) + cos(n)si(n + nπ) . (3.20)
n n

25
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

Plugging (3.17), (3.18), (3.19) and (3.20) into (3.16) we get (3.10).

Lemma 3.4. (i) For m, n ∈ N0 we have

I(n, m) > 0, (3.21)

(ii) For m ∈ N0 we have

∞
X
I(n, m) < π. (3.22)
n=1

Proof. (i) For n = 0 from the result in Lemma 3.1 (i) and (ii) we have I(0, m) >
0 ∀m ∈ N0 .
For n > 0 from (3.6)
Z ∞ m+1 −t h
1 t e n −πt
i
I(n, m) = 1 − (−1) e dt.
m! 0 n2 + t2
For t > 0 we have 0 < 1 − (−1)n e−πt . Hence I(n, m) > 0
(ii) For t > 0 we have 1 − (−1)n e−πt < 2. Then
Z ∞ m+1 −t
2 t e
I(n, m) < dt. (3.23)
m! 0 n + t2
2

Moreover
∞ ∞ n ∞
1 1h
Z Z
X X dx dx x i∞ π
≤ = = arctan = .
n=1
n2 + t2 n=1 n−1 x + t2
2
0
2
x +t 2 t t x=0 2t
(3.24)
Combining (3.23) with (3.24) the following inequality holds
∞ Z ∞
X π π
I(n, m) < tm e−t dt = Γ(m + 1) = π.
n=1
m! 0 m!

Theorem 3.1. Let x, y be any two functions in L1 (T+ h ) then their generalized convolution
defined in (3.2) satisfies x ∗ y ∈ L1 (T+
h ) and we have the estimate
h ln(1 + π) i
kx ∗ yk1 ≤ 2 + kxk1 kyk1 . (3.25)
π
Moreover the following factorization equality holds
π
Fc {x ∗ y}(u) = Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u), ∀u ∈ [0, ]. (3.26)
h

26
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

Proof. Firstly we will prove that x ∗ y ∈ L1 (T+

h ).
We define function x1 as in (3.4). From (3.2) and (3.21)
∞ ∞ ∞
X h XX h
|(x ∗ y)(0)| + 2 |(x ∗ y)(kh)| ≤ |x1 (nh)||y(mh)| θ(0, n, m)+
π n=0 m=0
k=1
X∞ i
2 θ(k, n, m) . (3.27)
k=1

The expression inside bracket can be estimated using (3.22)

X∞ X∞
 
θ(0, n, m) + 2 θ(k, n, m) = 2In,m + 2 I(n + k, m) + I(|n − k|, m)
k=1 k=1
∞
X
   
= 2 I(0, m) + 2 I(s, m) < 2 ln(1 + π) + 2π .
s=1
(3.28)
Substituting (3.28) into (3.27) we obtain
∞ ∞ X ∞
X 2h  X
|(x ∗ y)(0)| + 2 |(x ∗ y)(kh)| ≤ 2π + ln(1 + π) |x1 (nh)||y(mh)|
k=1
π n=0 m=0
 ln(1 + π)  kxk1 kgk1
≤ 2h 2 + . (3.29)
π 2h h
Multiplying (3.29) by h we have
h ln(1 + π) i
kx ∗ yk1 ≤ 2 + kxk1 kyk1.
π
For k ∈ N0 it follows from (3.5)
∞ ∞
h XX
(x ∗ y)(kh) = x1 (nh)y(mh)θ(k, n, m)
π n=0 m=0
∞ ∞
h XX h i
= x1 (nh)y(mh) I(n + k, m) + I(|n − k|, m)
π n=0 m=0
∞ ∞ Z π
h XX cos(n + k)u + cos(n − k)u
= x1 (nh)y(mh) du
π n=0 m=0 0 (1 + u)m+1
∞ ∞ Z π
h2 X X h cos(n + k)uh + cos(n − k)uh
= x1 (nh)y(mh) du
π n=0 m=0 0 (1 + hu)m+1
∞ ∞ Z π
2h2 X X h cos(nuh) cos(kuh)
= x1 (nh)y(mh) du
π n=0 m=0 0 (1 + hu)m+1
Z π ∞ ∞
1 h 2 X X cos(unh)
= 2h x1 (nh)y(mh) cos(kuh)du. (3.30)
π 0 n=0 m=0
(1 + hu)m+1

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 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

We compute the product of Fourier cosine and h-Laplace transform of two functions x, y
using formulas (2.1) and (2.5)
∞ ∞
X X y(mh)
Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) = 2h2 x1 (nh) cos(unh)
n=0 m=0
(1 + hu)m+1
∞ X ∞
2
X cos(unh)
= 2h x1 (nh)y(mh). (3.31)
n=0 m=0
(1 + hu)m+1

Substituting (3.31) into (3.30) we get

π
1
Z
h
(x ∗ y)(kh) = Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) cos(kuh)du, ∀k ∈ N0 . (3.32)
π 0

Moreover from inverse Fourier cosine transform (2.7) we have

Z π
1 h
(x ∗ y)(kh) = Fc {x ∗ y}(u) cos(kuh)du, ∀k ∈ N0 . (3.33)
π 0
By (3.32) and (3.33) we then get the factorization equality (3.26).

Theorem 3.2. (Titchmarsh’s type Theorem) : Let x ∈ L1 (T+

h,e
αnh
) and y ∈ L1 (T+
h ). If
x ∗ y ≡ 0 then x ≡ 0 or y ≡ 0.

Proof. Since x ∗ y ≡ 0 we have

π
Fc {x ∗ y}(u) = 0, for all u ∈ [0, ]. (3.34)
h
Using (3.26) and (3.34)
π
Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) ≡ 0, for all u ∈ [0, ]. (3.35)
h

Applying Lemma 2.1 then L{y}(u) is an analytic function in the region ℜu > 0.
We have
∞
X
Fc {x}(u) = hx(0) + 2h x(nh) cos(unh). (3.36)
n=1

For k ∈ N by calculation

dk  π
= x(nh)(nh)k cos(unh + k ) ≤ |x(nh)|(nh)k

k
x(nh) cos(unh)
du 2
k −αnh
(αnh) e
≤ eαnh |x(nh)| . (3.37)
αk

28
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

We see that
(αnh)k
0 ≤ (αnh)k e−αnh = e−αnh k! ≤ k!. (3.38)
k!
From (3.36), (3.37) and (3.38) and Definition 2.1

∞
dk Fc {x}(u) k!  X αnh  k! π
k
≤ k 2h e |x(nh)| ≤ C k , for all u ∈ [0, ].
du α n=1
α h

The Taylor expansion of Fc {x}(u) is

∞

X 1 dn Fc {x}(u) π
Fc {x}(u) = Fc {x}(u0 ) + (u − u0 )n , u0 ∈ (0, ). (3.39)
n=1
n! dun u=u0 h

We estimate the general component of the series as the following:

1 dn Fc {x}(u) 1 n! |u − u0 |
n
n
(u − u0 )n ≤ C n |u − u0 |n = C .
n! du u=u0 n! α α
Therefore, the series (3.39) converges if |u − u0 | < α, it means that Fc {x}(u) is analytic
for all u ∈ (0, πh ). Moreover we know that L{y}(u) is an analytic function in the region
ℜu > 0. Hence from (3.35) we get Fc {x}(u) ≡ 0 or L{y}(u) ≡ 0 for all u ∈ [0, πh ].
Therefore x(nh) = 0, ∀n or y(mh) = 0, ∀m. This completes the Theorem.

4. Some applications
4.1. Two linear equations of convolution type
In this subsection we will study two linear equations
∞ ∞ ∞
hx(0) X h XX
y(mh)θ(k, 0, m) + x(nh)y(mh)θ(k, n, m) = z(kh), ∀k ∈ N0
2π m=0 π n=1 m=0
(4.1)

∞ ∞ ∞
hx(0) X h XX
x(kh) + y(mh)θ(k, 0, m) + x(nh)y(mh)θ(k, n, m) = z(kh), ∀k ∈ N0
2π m=0 π n=1 m=0
(4.2)

Here y, z ∈ L1 (T+ +
h ) are given functions and x ∈ L1 (Th ) is an unknown function.

Theorem 4.1. Let y, z ∈ L1 (T+ π

h ) and L{y}(u) 6= 0 on [0, h ]. Then the necessary and
Fc {z}(u)
sufficient condition for the equation (4.1) to have a solution in L1 (T+
h ) is ∈ Ac
L{y}(u)
29
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

where Ac is defined in (2.6).

Moreover the solution is of the form

π
1 Fc {z}(u)
Z
h
x(nh) = cos(unh)du, n ∈ N0 . (4.3)
π 0 L{y}(u)

Proof. Using Definition 3.1, the equation (4.1) can be written in the form

(x ∗ y)(kh) = z(kh), ∀k ∈ N0 . (4.4)

• The necessary condition. Applying the Fourier cosine transform to both sides of
(4.4) and using the factorization equality (3.26) we get
π
Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) = Fc {z}(u), u ∈ [0, ].
h
Fc {z}(u)
Hence Fc {x}(u) = ∈ Ac and the solution is given by (4.3).
L{y}(u)
Fc {z}(u)
• The sufficient condition. If ∈ Ac then there exists x ∈ L1 (T+
h ) such that
L{y}(u)
Fc {z}(u)
Fc {x}(u) = , u ∈ [0, πh ]. Therefore
L{y}(u)
π
Fc {x ∗ y}(u) = Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) = Fc {z}(u), u ∈ [0, ]. (4.5)
h
Taking the inverse Fourier cosine transform of (4.5) we have (x ∗ y)(kh) =
z(kh), ∀k ∈ N0 .

Lemma 4.1. Let f ∈ L1 (T+ +

h ) then there exists g ∈ L1 (Th ) such that

π
Fc {g}(u) = L{f }(u), ∀u ∈ [0, ], (4.6)
h

 ln(1 + π) 
kgk1 ≤ + 2 kf k1. (4.7)
π
Proof. We choose a function g defined on T+
h by

π
1
Z
h
g(nh) = L{f }(u) cos(unh)du, n ∈ N0 . (4.8)
π 0

30
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

We will prove that g ∈ L1 (T+

h ). Using the definition of h-Laplace transform in (2.1) and
substituting to (4.8)
∞ π
cos(unh)
Z
hX h
g(nh) = f (kh) du
π 0 (1 + hu)k+1
k=0
∞ π ∞
1 cos(vn) 1X
X Z
= f (kh) dv = f (kh)I(n, k). (4.9)
π k=0 0 (1 + v)k+1 π k=0

From (4.9) and (3.22)

∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
X 1 XX 1X X X
|g(nh)| ≤ |f (kh)|I(n, k) = |f (kh)| I(n, k) ≤ |f (kh)|,
n=1
π n=1 k=0 π k=0 n=1 k=0
(4.10)

∞ ∞
1X ln(1 + π) X
|g(0)| ≤ |f (kh)|I(0, k) ≤ |f (kh)|. (4.11)
π k=0 π k=0

From the estimates (4.10) and (4.11)

∞  ln(1 + π) ∞
X  ln(1 + π)  kf k
1
X
|g(0)| + 2 |g(nh)| ≤ +2 |f (kh)| ≤ +2 < ∞.
n=1
π π h
k=0

Therefore g ∈ L1 (T+h ) and inequality (4.7) holds.

From (4.8) and the inverse Fourier cosine transform formula (2.7) and we get g is the
inverse Fourier cosine transform of L{f } so equality (4.6) holds.

Theorem 4.2. The necessary and sufficient condition for the equation (4.2) to have a
unique solution in L1 (T+ +
h ), for all right hand side z ∈ L1 (Th ), is

π
1 + L{y}(u) 6= 0, ∀u ∈ [0, ]. (4.12)
h
The solution of (4.2) has the form

x(nh) = z(nh) − (z ∗ ℓ)(nh), ∀n ∈ N0 ,

Fc

where ℓ ∈ L1 (T+
h ) is defined by

L{y}(u) π
Fc {ℓ}(u) = , u ∈ [0, ].
1 + L{y}(u) h

31
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

Proof. Using Definition 3.1, we can rewrite the equation (4.2) as

x(kh) + (x ∗ y)(kh) = z(kh), ∀k ∈ N0 .

Applying the Fourier cosine transform on both sides of the previous equation and using
equality (3.26) we get
π
Fc {x}(u) + Fc {x}(u)L{y}(u) = Fc {z}(u), u ∈ [0, ].
h
  π
It means that Fc {x}(u) 1 + L{y}(u) = Fc {z}(u), ∀u ∈ [0, ].
h
Therefore (4.12) is the necessary condition for the equation (4.2) to have a unique solution
in L1 (T+ +
h ), for all right hand side z ∈ L1 (Th ).
Moreover if the condition (4.12) holds then

Fc {z}(u) π
Fc {x}(u) = , ∀u ∈ [0, ]. (4.13)
1 + L{y}(u) h

Since y ∈ L1 (T+ +
h ), by Lemma 4.1 there exists a function g ∈ L1 (Th ) such that
π
Fc {g}(u) = L{y}(u), ∀u ∈ [0, ]. Now (4.13) is equivalent to
h
Fc {g}(u) π
Fc {x}(u) = Fc {z}(u) − Fc {z}(u) , ∀u ∈ [0, ]. (4.14)
1 + Fc {g}(u) h

By Wiener-Levy type Theorem, there exists a function ℓ ∈ L1 (T+

h ) such that

Fc {g}(u) L{y}(u) π
Fc {ℓ}(u) = = , u ∈ [0, ].
1 + Fc {g}(u) 1 + L{y}(u) h

Hence (4.14) is equivalent to

π
Fc {x}(u) = Fc {z}(u) − Fc {z}(u)Fc {ℓ}(u), ∀u ∈ [0, ].
h
Using the factorization equality (2.9) we obtain

Fc {x}(u) = Fc {z}(u) − Fc {z ∗ ℓ}(u).

Fc

This leads to

x(nh) = z(nh) − (z ∗ ℓ)(nh), ∀n ∈ N0 .

Fc

32
 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

4.2. System of two linear equations of convolution type

In this subsection we will study system of two linear equations of convolution type.
Consider the system of two linear equations in the following form:
 nP ∞ o
 
x(kh) + h y(nh) u(|kh − nh|) + u(kh + nh) + y(0)u(kh) = z(kh),


n=1
hx(0) P∞ h P∞ P ∞

 v(mh)θ(k, 0, m) + x(nh)v(mh)θ(k, n, m) + y(kh) = w(kh)
2π m=0 π n=1 m=0

(4.15)
+ +
for all k ∈ N0 where u, v, z, w ∈ L1 (Th ) are given functions and x, y ∈ L1 (Th ) are
unknown functions.

Since v ∈ L1 (T+ +
h ), by Lemma 4.1 there exists a function v1 ∈ L1 (Th ) such that

π
Fc {v1 }(ω) = L{v}(ω), ∀ω ∈ [0, ]. (4.16)
h
Theorem 4.3. If u, v, z, w ∈ L1 (T+
h ) and satisfy

π
△ = 1 − Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) 6= 0, ∀ω ∈ [0, ]
h
then the system of equations (4.15) has unique solution x, y ∈ L1 (T+
h)
  
x(kh) = z(kh) − (u ∗ w)(kh) + (z ∗ ℓ)(kh) − (u ∗ w) ∗ ℓ (kh)
Fc Fc
 Fc Fc

y(kh) = w(kh) − (z ∗ v1 )(kh) + (w ∗ ℓ)(kh) − (z ∗ v1 ) ∗ ℓ (kh)
Fc Fc Fc Fc

for all k ∈ N0 where v1 is defined by (4.16) and ℓ ∈ L1 (T+

h ) is defined by

Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) π
Fc {ℓ}(ω) = ∀ω ∈ [0, ].
1 − Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) h

Proof. Let v2 = u ∗ v1 ∈ L1 (T+

h ). From Wiener-Levy Type Theorem for Fourier cosine
Fc
series there exists a function ℓ ∈ L1 (T+
h ) such that

Fc {v2 }(ω) Fc {u}(ω)Fc{v1 }(ω)

Fc {ℓ}(ω) = =
1 − Fc {v2 }(ω) 1 − Fc {u}(ω)Fc{v1 }(ω)
Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) π
= , ∀ω ∈ [0, ].
1 − Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) h
Using (2.8) and (3.2) the system of equations (4.15) can be written in the form
(
x(kh) + (y ∗ u)(kh) = z(kh)
Fc (4.17)
(x ∗ v)(kh) + y(kh) = w(kh).

33
 Nguyen Xuan Thao and Hoang Tung

Applying the Fourier cosine transform to both sides of the first and the second equations
of (4.17) we obtain
(
Fc {x}(ω) + Fc {y}(ω)Fc{u}(ω) = Fc {z}(ω), ∀ω ∈ [0, πh ]
(4.18)
Fc {x}(ω)L{v}(ω) + Fc {y}(ω) = Fc {w}(ω), ∀ω ∈ [0, πh ].

We have

△ = 1 − Fc {u}(ω)L{v}(ω) 6= 0,

△ = 1 − Fc {u}(ω)Fc{v1 }(ω) = 1 − Fc {v2 }(ω),

1 Fc {v2 }(ω)
=1+ = 1 + Fc {ℓ}(ω).
△ 1 − Fc {v2 }(ω)

△1 = Fc {z}(ω) − Fc {u}(ω)Fc{w}(ω) = Fc {z − u ∗ w}(ω),

Fc

△2 = Fc {w}(ω) − Fc {z}(ω)L{v}(ω)
= Fc {w}(ω) − Fc {z}(ω)Fc{v1 }(ω) = Fc {w − z ∗ v1 }(ω).
Fc

The solution of the system (4.18) is

△1  
Fc {x}(ω) = = Fc {z − u ∗ w}(ω) 1 + Fc {ℓ}(ω) ,
△ Fc

△2  
Fc {y}(ω) = = Fc {w − z ∗ v1 }(ω) 1 + Fc {ℓ}(ω) .
△ Fc

Therefore
  
x(kh) = (z − u ∗ w)(kh) + (z − u ∗ w) ∗ ℓ (kh)
Fc Fc Fc
 
y(kh) = (w − z ∗ v1 )(kh) + (w − z ∗ v1 ) ∗ ℓ (kh).
Fc Fc Fc

We obtain
  
x(kh) = z(kh) − (u ∗ w)(kh) + (z ∗ ℓ)(kh) − (u ∗ w) ∗ ℓ (kh)
Fc Fc
 Fc Fc

y(kh) = w(kh) − (z ∗ v1 )(kh) + (w ∗ ℓ)(kh) − (z ∗ v1 ) ∗ ℓ (kh).
Fc Fc Fc Fc

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 The generalized convolution for h-laplace transform on time scale

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