Notebook

Pen
Calculator
Snacks
Part 1
❑State that there are positive and
negative charges, and that charge is
measured in coulombs;
❑Define the coulomb unit of electric
charge, potential difference, and voltage,
current, and resistance;
❑Compare and contrast the difference
between direct and alternating current.
❑Why understanding charges is important in the
study of electronics?
❑What are the differences between conductors,
insulators, and semiconductors?
❑What are the components of a basic circuit?
❑How will current flow? From a high potential to a
low potential or the other way around?
❑What is happening if we have a short circuit?
❑Is it a complete circuit if we do not have an emf?
❑What is the relationship between current and
voltage?
❑Why is there resistance?
❑How do we compute for the current, voltage, and
resistance?
❑What are the basic units to be mindful of?
Part 1
❑Electric – from Greek word
“elektron”, meaning amber.
❑Benjamin Franklin
❑Positive Charges
❑Negative Charges
❑Charges are measured in
coulombs (C)
❑Electrons – negative charge particle.
❑Protons – positive charge particle.
Properties of An Electric Charge:
1. Charges of the same sign repel
on another and charges with
opposite signs attract one
another.
2. Electric charge is always
conserved.
3. Electric charge is said to be
quantized.
An electrical conductor is a
material or substance in which
the electrons are free to move or
mobile.
Electrons in a conductor are
passed from one atom to
another right next to it.
Is a material that prevents
electric current to flow from
one region of the material
to the other
Is a material with electrical
properties are somewhere
between those of insulators
and those of conductors.
Motion of charges
creates electric
current
❑Any charge has the
potential to do work of
moving another charge by
either attraction or
repulsion.

❑Electrons flow from region

of high potential to region
of low potential.
The potential difference between two points is often
called voltage or measured in voltage.
Positive and negative polarities.
Electrocardiogram –
EKG or ECG measure
the potential
differences between
the different parts of
the patient’s skin
The influence that makes
current flow from lower to
higher potential is called
electromotive force and a
circuit device that
provides emf is called a
source of emf.
❑Resistance is a measure of
the opposition that a circuit
offers to flow of charges or
electric current.
❑The SI unit of resistance is
the ohm, Ω.
❑The conductivity of such materials can be altered by adding
impurities like clay to a carbon paste, or by winding a thin wire
into a coil. Electrical components made in this way are called
resistors.
❑They are an essential in electronic circuits because the allow for
us to control the flow of charges.
❑If there are charges in motion over a given
material, there is an electrical current.
❑Current is measured in terms of number of
electrons (negative charges) passing a
single point in one second.
❑The flow of electric current will continue if
the path is provided, and if there is a
charge difference between the pole or
potential difference.
❑The SI unit for current is called an ampere or A.
❑A circuit is composed of different electric
components. They are arranged such that
it will allow current flow.
❑A circuit can be defined as a path for
current to flow.
❑A sample schematic diagram of a bulb connected to a source.
❑An open circuit has an infinitely high resistance and no current passing through.
❑A short circuit has zero resistance and there will be too much current and heating
up and damages to the electronic elements will be damaged.

A schematic diagram of a circuit: (a) A closed-loop circuit (b) An open circuit (c) A short circuit
❑Electron Flow
❑the direction of
electron drift for
the current is out
from the negative
terminal of the
voltage source.
❑Conventional Flow
❑A motion of
positive charges, in
the opposite
direction from Direction of Current: (a) Conventional Flow (b) Electron Flow
electron flow.
❑Direct Current
❑The flow of charges is in
one direction and has a
fixed polarity for the
voltage source.
❑Alternating Current (ac)
❑An alternating voltage
source periodically
reverses or alternates in
polarity.
Ohm’s law states that the voltage (v)
across a resistor is directly proportional
to the current (i) flowing through the
resistor.
𝑣∝𝑖
𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅 𝑖= 𝑣 𝑖
𝑅
This is now the mathematical definition of
Ohm’s law. R is measured in ohms or Ω
while v and i is in volts and amperes,
respectively.
An electric iron draws 2 A of current at 120 V. Find its resistance.

𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
𝑣 120 𝑉
𝑅= =
𝑖 2𝐴
𝑹 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝜴

The resistance of the iron is 𝟔𝟎. 𝟎𝟎 𝛀

The essential component of a toaster is an electrical element (a
resistor) that converts electrical energy to heat energy. How much
current is drawn by a toaster with a resistance of 10 Ω at 110 V?

𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
𝑣 110 𝑉
𝑖= =
𝑅 10 𝛺
𝒊 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑨

𝟏𝟏 𝑨 of current is being drawn by the toaster.

How much resistance is required to limit the current from a 12 V
battery to a 3.6 mA?

𝑣 = 𝑖𝑅
𝑣 12 𝑉
𝑅= =
𝑖 3.6 × 10−3 𝐴
𝑹 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑. 𝟑 𝜴

To limit the current, a resistance of

3333.3 Ω is needed or 3.333 𝑘Ω
1.When there is 12 𝑚𝐴 of current through a 1.2 𝑘Ω
resistor, the voltage across the resistor is? (75 Ω)

2.The current through a flashlight bulb is 40 𝑚𝐴 and the

total battery voltage is 4.5 𝑉. What is the resistance of
the bulb? (16 𝑉)
❑Stated that there are positive and
negative charges, and that charge is
measured in coulombs;
❑Defined the coulomb unit of electric
charge, potential difference, and voltage,
current, and resistance;
❑Discovered the differences between
direct and alternating current.