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USING THE BRAILLE

MATHEMATICS
CODE
+-÷≤≥∞
±∞≈<>+
÷ - ≤ ≠ √ 
 

Using the braille mathematics code

This document is based on the braille code used in the United Kingdom
for presenting mathematics in braille, and includes advice about specialist
mathematical symbols and layout conventions. Written for teachers, it covers
the braille needed for maths topics and conventions up to GCSE level. It is
essential for young people who may use braille in public examinations to
learn to recognise and understand braille maths notation and present their
working and answers correctly.

“Braille Mathematics Notation” published in 2005 by the Braille Authority of

the United Kingdom is a more comprehensive guide giving greater detail and
covering the complexities of the maths code up to and including postgraduate
study, including pure, applied maths and statistics.

1 Number notation
This section covers the braille required for positive and negative numbers,
arithmetic operators, using brackets, indexes and roots.

1a) Whole numbers

Numbers are written in braille using the NUMERAL SIGN (number sign), dots
3, 4, 5 and 6 #, and the letters a to j represents the digits 1-9 and 0.

  0 is  #j  7 is #g
  1 is #a  8 is #h
  2 is  #b  9 is #i
  3 is #c  10 is #aj
  4 is #d  35 is #ce
  5 is #e  100 is #ajj
  6 is #f  296 is  #bif

1
 

1b) The mathematical comma

Large numbers in print are sometimes written with a comma and sometimes
with a space: eg 10,000 or 10 000. In braille a mathematical comma (dot 3) is
always inserted as follows:

  30 000 or 30,000 #cj'jjj

  125 000 or 125,000 #abe'jjj

  1,000 000 or 1,000,000  #a'jjj'jjj

1c) Negative numbers

 
The minus sign (dots 5,6 followed by dots 3,6) written unspaced before the
numeral sign indicates a negative number:

  – 4  ;-#d  – 80 ;-#hj

Dots 5,6 are not used in a minus sign after an equals sign.

1d) Arithmetic operation signs

The signs for add, subtract, multiply and divide and equals always have a
space BEFORE them, but are followed immediately by the number.

;6 (dots 5,6 followed by dots 2,3,5) + ADD

;-  (dots 5,6 followed by dots 3,6) – SUBTRACT
;8  (dots 5,6 followed by dots 2,3,6) x MULTIPLY
;4 (dots 5,6 followed by dots 2,5,6) ÷ DIVIDE
;7  (dots 5,6 followed by dots 2,3,5,6) = EQUALS

For “approximately equal to” and “not equal to” see section 1k).

2
 

Examples:

  4+2=6 #d ;6#b ;7#f

  4–2=2 #d ;-#b ;7#b

  4x2=8 #d ;8#b ;7#h

  4÷2=2 #d ;4#b ;7#b

  230 – 28 + 42 – 6 = 238
  #bcj ;-#bh ;6#db ;-#f ;7#bch
  3 x 16 = 48 = 96 ÷ 2
  #c ;8#af ;7#dh ;7#if ;4#b

1e) Using brackets with positive and negative numbers

When it is necessary to add or subtract positive and negative numbers

two signs can occur together. If this occurs, the signed number should be
enclosed in ROUND BRACKETS; “gh” (dots 1,2,5) is used for open round
brackets and “ar” (dots 3,4,5) is used for close round brackets:

2 – – 3 = 5 is #b ;-<;-#c> ;7#e
  or 
  2 –  –3 = 5 is #b ;-<;-#c> ;7#e

When multiplying or dividing positive or negative numbers, the multiplication

sign can be omitted, and the division sign can be replaced with a / sign
(dots 4,5,6 followed by dots 3,4) _/
 
 – 3 ( – 6 ) = 18 ;-#c<;-#f> ;7#ah

  –18 / +3 = – 6 ;-#ah_/;6#c ;7-#f

Often it may be necessary to use braille brackets to make the layout clear,
even when they are not used in print. Additional explanation of the notation
for brackets will be found later in this section.

3
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