LOGIC elaboration of the necessary.

Implication to a formulated question.

 Frank Ramsey (‘96) – an analytical
The Philosophical discipline of correct philosopher
thinking - “a system of
definitions or a system of
Chapter 1:
descriptions of how definitions might
 Meaning of Philosophy be given”
Origin of Philosophy  Quentin Lauer – “it slips away from
 Branches/Division in Philosophy any form of definition”
 Meaning of Logic  SJ Cleric – “is indefinable since the
 What is correct thinking in Relation very act of putting meaning to
to Logic? Philosophy is Philosophical in itself
 The Material and Formal Objects of ”
Logic

PHILOSOPHY OF THE WORLD

INTRODUCTION CHAPTER 1.
CHAPTER 1. Lesson 1 The Greeks
What is life? Philosophy
What is philosophy?

Phythagoras – a Greek Philosopher

Philosophy
 Medieval-Scholastic Definition: “the
science of the ultimate causes of
things”
 Modern & Contemporary Definition:
“the study of the nature of being and
thinking”
 Aristotle – “ thinking which aims at
maximum connected truth about all
available experiences”
 Gilles Deleuze (‘91) – a postmodern
philosopher
- “is a theory which is
elaborately developed in a form
of question and nothing else”
- “cannot be considered as a
resolution to a problem, only the
- coined “philosophy”
• to love wisdom, or to philosophize,
means to have a desire or to be in a
quest for truth and eventually live in
it
• Man, undeniably has the intrinsic
desire to know the truth of or to
acquire knowledge about anything
that interests him. And once man has
attained the object of his quest for
knowledge, he can only be deemed
wise if he has successfully lived in
what he has discovered.
• knowledge is not enough, one
has to live up to what he knows
The Chinese CONSTRUCTION OF PHILOSOPHY
Philosophy “Philosophy, a science that studies or
investigates all things in their ultimate
- Derived from the words zhe and
causes, reasons, and principles based on
xue.
human reason alone.”
-“zhe” means wisdom, and “xue”
-“Philosophers are Worms” and “Pilosopo
means study,
to Eagles’’
- in Chinese, Philosophy is the study
of wisdom
Other meanings of philosophy
-zhe is symbolized by the human mouth and
hand Philosophy is an ideology, an art of
living, a kind of poetry, an autobiography, a
- “follow what I say, but do not follow what
culture, and a science”
I do”

AN IDEOLOGY, coined by Destutt de

The Hindus
Tracy (1796)
Philosophy
- offers a view, a universal aspect of
-“anviksiki” meaning an examination of knowledge, that serves as a corrective
things through the use of true measure to our spontaneous way of
cognition looking at things or the various aspects of
life.
- “darsana” meaning a mode of
seeing not only through the sense of sight,
but seeing that’s free from biases
AN ART,
and prejudice of one’s treatment of reality
- signifies a body of rules according
- To Hindus, Philosophy is to be to which man directs his actions in his
impartial, objective, and critical in one’s performance of a particular task
assessment of reality

A POETRY,
The Muslims
- refers to one’s pursuit of depicting
Philosophy reality with meaning exclusive to the author,
who is the poet himself
-falsafa Arabic term for Philosophy
- hikma symbolizes light of
illumination, believed that it enables one to
AN AUTOBIOGRAPHY,
have an understanding of the basic
- the manner by which one writes the
principles of reality and humanity
meaning of one’s own life
 Roman, 12) , indicate your reference (A.P.A
Format)
A CULTURE,
- a collective representation of CHAPTER 1
people’s way of life or thinking
LESSON 2
- pertains to the customs and
tradition of the people
ORIGIN OF PHILOSOPHY
THE BEGINNING!
A SCIENCE,
 Thales of Miletus (624 -546 BC)
- science is the organization or
systematized body of knowledge  Pythagoras (582 – 507 BC)

- Philosophy is a science that

investigates all things in their ultimate
causes, reasons, and principles based
on human reason alone

LESSON 3
FILIPINO PHILOSOPHERS
BRANCHES OR DIVISIONS OF THE
PHILOSOPHY
• EMERITA QUITO
• ROMY ABULAD
BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY
• MANNY DY
 SPECULATIVE OR DESCRIPTIVE
• FLORENTINO TIMBREZA  NORMATIVE
• RAMON REYES  PRACTICAL
 CRITICAL
• ROQUE FERRIOLS
• ROLANDO GRIPALDO
SPECULATIVE OR DESCRIPTIVE
• LEONARDO MERCADO
Interested in the nature, essence, or
ASSIGNMENT (research): substance of reality.
Among these philosophers, choose Sub-categories:
two then search about who and what are
• Epistemology
their stands on philosophy.
• Metaphysics

Guidelines: Short bond paper (Times New • Aesthetics

• Cosmology
 • Rational Psychology Practical Philosophy
• Social Philosophy  Interested in truth in relation to
• Philosophy of Man action (e.g. Logic)

• Theodicy
• Political Philosophy
CRITICAL PHILOSOPHY
Epistemology – deals with human knowledge,  Interested in the meaning of truth
focused on knowing the truth without being necessarily related to
Metaphysics – the fundamentals of existence or action (e.g. Epistemology
reality as to the existence and nature of Gods,
immortality of soul, means of evil, problem of
freedom, and the relationship of mind and body
CHAPTER 1
Aesthetics – philosophical inquiry of the
beautiful LESSON 4
Cosmology – philosophical inquiry of the
physical world in its final inquiry What is logic?
Logic
- derived from the Greek word
Rational Psychology – study of the principles of “logos” meaning “spoken word”,
living things, especially that of man “speech”, “reason”

Social Philosophy – study of socioeconomic- - “logia” meaning “argument”,

political dimensions of human beings
- logike meaning “act of
Philosophy of man – study of the nature of man reasoning”, “discourses of
as a person, origin, and destiny thinking”, or “treaties of thought”
Theodicy– study of the Supreme Being (God) in “the science and art of correct thinking”
relation to his creation
Political Philosophy – inquiry into the ultimate
foundation of the state, the ideal form of -As a Science,
government, and its basic power
* a body of systematized knowledge
* investigates, discourses, expresses,
Normative Philosophy and demonstrates law laws of correct
thinking
 Interested in the goodness or
badness of a human act (e.g. Ethics, -As an Art,
Manners, Moral)
* guides man’s reasoning so he can
proceed with order and ease and
without error in WHAT IS CORRECT THINKING IN
the constructive activity of making, RELATION TO LOGIC?
definitions of terms
‘’a mindless brain, but never a brainless
mind”
IMPORTANCE -As Correct Thinking,
OF LOGIC implies:
1. Contributes to the quality of human * right order
life to improve human civilization
* reasonable procedure
2. Helpful in the practice of any
* valid inference
profession, in analyzing or making
decision in one’s daily life * consistency
3. Builds confidence in oneself, *necessary relationship
provides man a sense of direction,
order, validity, truth, and accuracy
4. Helps in preventing the commission “Correct Thinking”
of errors  Conformity to valid certain rules and
5. Helps us avoid making conclusions, laws
based on false and biased  Connectivity of truth about all
assumptions available experiences

6. Knowledge of Logic is best tested in

argumentation and debate when and
where discussions for and against
any issue is involved

CHAPTER 1
LESSON 5 CHAPTER 1
LESSON 6
 THE MATERIAL AND FORMAL
OBJECTS OF LOGIC

MATERIAL OBJECT
 The thing or entity which science
deals with in order for the science to
achieve its formal object.

FORMAL OBJECT
 The immediate aim of a particular
science

LOGIC
 “seeks to achieve correctness in the
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
process of thinking (formal object)
through mental operation (materials  Refers to the act of the mind as it
objects)” apprehends or grasps a particular
entity or reality.
 Enables the mind to know the
MENTAL OPERATIONS (Material essence of a particular thing, entity,
Object) or reality
+ Simple Apprehension JUDGEMENT
+ Judgement  The act of the mind through which
two ideas are compared in terms of
+ Reasoning
their relation, whether they are in
agreement or disagreement with each
other, this is called “proposition”.
REASONING
 Act of the mind through which the
mind abstracts (Latin “abstrare” =
“”to draw) to infer a specific
judgement tacitly contained in other
judgements, this is called “inference
or argument”
 This begins when the intellect ignores or
extracts the accidental differential qualities
of a thing, focuses on the characteristics
essential and common to all members of a
class or group. This is called
IDEOGENESIS, the intellectual evolution of
concept
REALITY – the sum of all existing
individual beings whether material or
spiritual
GENERAL NOTION OF SIMPLE
APPREHENSION - consists of all real things, actual
facts, material objects
 Consists of grasping the meaning of
an idea or operation FACULTY – the instinctive and knowing
 BUT, before the idea is understood, powers of the human person. These
ABSTRACTION takes place. are our 5 basic senses, and when
stimulated, the process of SENSATION
WORKS
 CHAPTER 2
IDEAS AND TERMS

LESSON 1
DEFINITION OF LANGUAGE/WORD, AND
IDEA
LANGUAGE – a set of symbols by which things, The word “flower”, symbol;
ideas, and thoughts/feelings are communicated Specific concrete flower “rose”, referent;
FOUR ELEMENTS “love, respect, and admiration”, reference;
1. SYMBOL (a word, name, phrase)
“suitor, student, teacher”, subject
2. REFERENT (that which is symbolized or
denoted)
3. REFERENCE (meaning/signification existing
between symbol and referent)
4. SUBJECT (who uses the symbol)

Definition of word
 arbitrary or man-made, conventional
Example  can be changed or invented through
linguistic convention
  a result of common usage and social - representation of the essence of thing in the
agreement mind.
 a sign of an idea - a mental(intellectual) image or picture of
an object in the mind
- the mind does not invent, the are always
Definition of idea
conceived from re
 IDEA
– comes from the Greek word Eidos
meaning “image”.

LESSON 2
HOW IDEAS ARE FORMED?

“it is said that human knowledge begins in the senses”

Aristotle – Progenitor of Scholasticism
- said “through the senses that all human knowledge begins.”
- are formed through Simple Apprehension.

Simple apprehension and the senses

 SENSATION
 ATTENTION
 ABSTRACTION
 REFLECTION
 COMPARISON
 ANALYSIS
 SYNTHESIS
SENSATION
 PERCEPTION – interpretation of these information brought about by sensation
 Each external sense performs a specific function
a. Man’s Sight (visual perception)
b. Hearing (auditory perception)
c. Taste (gustatory perception)
d. Touch (tactual perception)
e. Smell (olfactory perception)

ATTENTION
  The mind attends to what is perceived partial exclusion – multiple object
complete exclusion – single object

ABSTRACTION

 The act by which the mind discerns what is accidental and essential notes

ABSTRACTION: ACCIDENTAL FEATURES

“ACCIDENTAL NOTES”
 These are the parts of the object, yet do not make the object
Note: do not define the object because they are not necessary for the object to be the object that it is. ( e.g.:
color, size, shape, and location)

Abstraction: ESSENTIAL features

“ESSENTIAL NOTES”
 Those which are necessary for that object to be the object that it is.

REFLECTION
 REFLEX MENTAL ACTIVITY
– The turning of the mind upon itself or upon its states or acts
- The mind studies or consider objects or things objectively

COMPARISON
 The mind comes to a direct awareness of the likeness and differences of the objects of attention of which
the mind has formed ideas.

ANALYSIS
 The act through which the mind resolves an idea by means if the essential notes
 The mind investigates those which make up its particular object
SYNTHESIS
 The act through which the mind puts together two or more ideas from the essential notes of a single Idea
PHANTASM – result of imagination
- a concrete and sensible object
- pertains to an individual, specific, or concrete object
- “not universal”

IDEA – is universal
- applies to all individuals or classes of entities

LESSON 3
LOGICAL QUALITIES OF IDEAS

 Comprehension (Generic Ideas)

 Extension (Specific Ideas)

COMPREHENSION
 GENERIC IDEA
 set of thought elements or conceptual features
contained in an idea
 the totality of the essential notes, qualities, characteristics, or attributes which the idea implies

EXTENSION
 SPECIFIC IDEA
 the range/scope of individuals and classes to which an idea may be applied
 totality of all the objects which the idea represents/ to which the idea extends its application

Rules governing comprehension and extension

1) As comprehension increases, extension decreases, and vice-versa
2) The extension without destroying the idea
3) The comprehension of an idea is always constant, whereas the exteof an idea can be increased or
diminished by retaining or nsion of the idea may change continually
BY: NOTES
MELCHORA CAMINARES BSN 
IN

BY:
LOGIC
MELCHORA L. CAMINARES BSN 

NOTES
IN
PHARMACOLOGY