ULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO Basic Formulas Jaxex Jeosec?xdx = = cot x ast Jsecx tan xdx =sec x fea- Doe : a Seosec x cot xdx = - cosec x freer? 1 tax = log |x J ale Jon ax = tog fees] +6 Jcos dx = sinx 5 J eae cot x dx = log [sin x| + ¢ Jsin xdx = - cosx 1 1 dx = tant x eaters lire Jscex dx = tog peex + tanx]+ ¢ = log tan (= +3) Jeoseex dx = log ooseex ~ cot x] + ¢ = tan x,| + 6 Method of Substitution fo) e oyu Type 1 Iie dx = log |F(9] + ¢ Type 2 f[feo!" 9 ax = io se Type 3 J f[2(x)]e'(x)dx . In this type, we substituteg (x) = t, then, Hence integral reduces to Jeo at 0 P@ Type 4 PG(ax-+b)" or TT where Pla) is a polynomial in x and n is a positive rational number. Working Rule: Put z= ax +b Type 5 sin f(x) or cos f(x)then put z = f(x) Type 6: J sin™ xcos* xdx Working Rule : () If power of sin x is odd positive integer, put 2 = cos x ) If power of cos x is odd positive integer, put z = sin x If powers of both in x or z 08 x x and cos x are odd positive integers, put 2 = (iv) If powers of neither cos x nor sin x is odd positive integer, see the sum of powers of sin x and cos (a) If the sum of powers is even negative integer, put z = tan x (b) If the sum of powers (m + n) is even positive integer and m, n are integers, express the integrand as the algebraic sum of sines and cosines of multiple angles. INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO ‘Type 7: ftan™ xsee" xax or feot™ xcosec” xdx For [tan xsec” xdx ; similar can be derived for the other pair (i) If power of secx is even positive integer, put z= tanx. (ii) If power of secx is not even positive integer, then see the power of tanx. (@) If power of tanx is odd positive integer, put x (b) If power of tanx is even positive integer, then put sec’x - 1 in place of tan®*x and then substitute z = tanx. (ii) If power of tanx is zero and power of secx is odd positive integer greater than 1, then method of integration by parts is used. secx. SOME STANDARD SUBSTITUTIONS a x Tex or Jz oye X= asin@oracos@ 6. Vy or J x= a tan’ Oorx =a cot? 0 a tan 6 or a cot @ x eax * 7. [3=3) or J(@—a)(b=3) oe a cos* 6 + b sin® 6 or wn fx? —a? x= a sec 0 or a cosec 0 jax atx 4 Yarx & Ya-x x a-x fi Py 5. Jaa of X= asin? 0 or x= a cos? 0 9 by ot Va a) =) = a sec? 0 ~ b tan® 0 a cos 20 dx sett 1. Jo~ log +e INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO Set 1, [Va ~x?dx= Sa? x? + 2 2. [Va aFan= 8. [VP aatax = INTEGRATION BY PARTS Integral of product of two functions = (1 function) x (Integral of 2"! function) ~ Integral of {(differential of 1** function) x Integral of 2" function} In symbols :/ (2). 2(8)dx = £(9).J g(x)dx ~f 4 f(s) Fecoas| ax or Juvdx=ulvdx —Ju'( vdx)dx where I stands for Inverse circular function L stands for Logarthmic function A stands for Algebraic function T stands for Trigonometrical functions and_E stands for Exponential function (ii) If both the functions are trigonometrical, take that function as v whose integral is simpler. (ii) If both the functions are algerbraic take that functions as u whose d ¢ is simpler. Standard Forms derived using By Parts o Jet [to +r(x)]ax= ef +e i) Jom [te +1 (x)]ax (iu) J [xf(x) + f Od]dx = xf (x) +e snp ww) fe sin(bx +c) dx beck ow(be-+¢— tan °) w Je" cos (bx + c)dx =e — ae INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO METHOD : INTEGRATION BY PARTIAL FRACTION We have divided this method into 2 types, depending upon the denominator. 1. If denominator has non repeated factors 2, If denominator has repeating factors Type 1 : For non-Repeating roots When denominator can be expressed as non repeating factors ie, D(x) = (& - a) (x - a). (for linear factors) (ax + bx + 6) (px? + gx + ¥)... (for quadratic factors) Type 2 When repeating factors are present i.e. when denominator Is of the form D(x) = (x - a) (x - p)!* ... {for linear factor} = (ax? + bx + *! (px? + gx + &)* {for quadratic (1) If function is linear. ; Nw) ,£s BE (xa) (x— b*(x- 0)? oF (K-08 (2) If function has quadratic factors No AxsB | Pix+Q) | Pox + Qe eof the form (ax +bx+o) (ox + ax+O” AF etxee (pe? + qx +e) (Rrrat?) INTEGRATION OF RATIONAL & IRRATIONAL FUNCTIONS Integral of the form — = — and f Jax? +bx © ax ax? +bx te’) Jax bx+e For evaluating such integral we make the coefficients of x* in ax® + bx + ¢ as one, Complete the square by adding and subtracting the square of half of the coefficient of x to get the form —— pxta dssf peta ay Integrals of the form J x? 4 bx +c ants and (px + q) jax? + bx +e d: For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants A and B such that evan [Let otro] INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO 2 Integrals of the Form : [PS EUS *E gx ax? +bx +c For evaluating such integrals we choose suitable constants, A, B and C such that da pes gee r= A (ad + bx +o) + B (lox? bx +0) +C xPtd Integrals of the form : persed dx For evaluating such integrals, divide the numerator and denominator by x*. Complete the square of 2 2 denominator to get the form (« + Fi faator (= 7 FI ka ‘Then the integral can be evaluated by using the method of substitution, Special Integration J 24a Type I carrera Divide numerator & denominator by x® 24 Ia)—(a2 Type wt fA rm, ae) xs px? sq aa wept ag type [ate — ex a eS ee, express x2 + ras x? +r=1(x?+Ja) +m (x*-Va wherel+m=1 9 & va(1-m)=r Integration of Trigonometrie Functions j dx J dx j dy Typel Jaxbeosx Jasbsinx % Ja4beosx+esinx 2tan* ——2_and Working Rule: Put sin 1+ tan® 5 whichever is needed and then put z tant INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO nx ax Jj cosx. psinx + qeosx g, — Ss dx. typett [Serban ’* Siam bcone’® [incr beons Step - 1: Put Numerator = A (dinominator) + B (derivative of denominator.) where a #0, b #0 Step - 2 : Then equate the coefficients of sinx and cosx to find A and B. Type 3 fees psinx + qcosx +r () Write Numerator i. (Diff. of denominator) + 1 (Denominator) + v Le. asin x + bcos x +e = 2 (p cosx ~ q sinx) + p (psin x + q cosx + 1) + Type 4. 1 1 1 1 ax ax, dx, ax, Jatt Sars Ser exempt (i) Divide numerator and denominator both by cos*x (i) Replace sec? x, if any, in denominator by 1 + tan® x (ii) Put tan x = t so that sec? x dx = dt ‘This substitution reduces the integral in the form Jota at? + bt +e ax Integrals of the form: | p ig where P and Q are linear or quadratic expression in x 1. Qis linear and P is linear or quadratic., For evaluating such integrals, put Q = 1 2, Q is quadratic and P is linear., For evaluating such integrals, put P = > 1 3. Both P and Q are pure quadratic., For evaluating such integrals, put X= 7. Integration of Irrational Functions ‘Types of functions (intergrand) Approach ain ax+b ax+b 1 fs (23) os c,d, a, n€R) Substitute : Sg ale Bim : 2. ffx, (ax +b)"!", (ax+ b) ax +b where p is L.C.M. of m and n. INDEFINITE INTEGRATIONULTIMATE FORMULA HANDBOOK MATHONGO , f(s rey Workrule + x + 1 4 (aspx MTP EN me p>d Workrule sa + be = te i 5 Yet)” fh)" ° Gi) 6. x™a + bx")Pdx () fp € 1, substitute x = ¢ where s is L.C.M. of denominator of m & n. mil (i) If = is an Integer, substitute a + bx” = is the denominator of fraction p. uy ae 2 +P substitute ax" + b= th s is denominator of rational number p. INDEFINITE INTEGRATION