Cambridge O Level

* 3 6 9 6 7 3 4 5 2 7 *

GEOGRAPHY 2230/02
Paper 2 Geographical Skills October/November 2022

1 hour 45 minutes

You must answer on the question paper.

You will need: Insert (enclosed) Plain paper

1:50 000 survey map (enclosed) Protractor
Calculator Ruler

INSTRUCTIONS
● Answer all questions.
● Use a black or dark blue pen. You may use an HB pencil for any diagrams or graphs.
● Write your name, centre number and candidate number in the boxes at the top of the page.
● Write your answer to each question in the space provided.
● Do not use an erasable pen or correction fluid.
● Do not write on any bar codes.
● Sketch maps and diagrams should be drawn whenever they serve to illustrate the answer.
● If additional space is needed, you should use the lined pages at the end of this booklet; the question
number or numbers must be clearly shown.

INFORMATION
● The total mark for this paper is 60.
● The number of marks for each question or part question is shown in brackets [ ].
● The insert contains additional resources referred to in the questions.

This document has 16 pages.

DC (CJ/JG) 303789/3
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Section A: Mapwork skills

1 Study the map extract of Taupo in New Zealand. The scale is 1:50 000. The heights are in metres.
The contour interval is 20 metres.

(a) (i) Find the name TAUPO on the map extract. Give the four-figure grid reference for the grid
square in which TAUPO is written.

................................................................... [1]

(ii) Do you think Taupo is a village, town or city? Use map evidence to explain your answer.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(iii) Study the urban areas in grid square 6713 (central Taupo) and grid square 6810 (south
Taupo). Complete Table 1.1 to describe the difference in street pattern and the difference
in open space.

Table 1.1

grid square 6713 grid square 6810

(central Taupo) (south Taupo)

street pattern ................................................................ ................................................................

................................................................ ................................................................

open space ................................................................ ................................................................

................................................................ ................................................................

[2]

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(b) (i) Describe the characteristics and course of the river which flows from the north edge of
the map at 690179 to its mouth in grid square 6613.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Give a six-figure grid reference for the road bridge that crosses the river in Taupo.

................................................................... [1]

(c) Use the map extract to complete Table 1.2. For each grid square state the main land use.
One has been completed for you.

Table 1.2

grid square main land use

6807
...............................................................

7315
...............................................................

7115 geothermal power station

6907
...............................................................
[3]

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(d) Study Area A in the east of the map extract.

(i) How high is Mount Tauhara at grid reference 751124? Give your answer in metres.

................................................................... [1]

(ii) Describe the relief and drainage shown in Area A.

• relief (height, slope and shape of the land)

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

• drainage (number, size and pattern of streams and rivers)

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
[4]

(iii) If you walked down the Tauhara Track from the summit at 751124 to Mountain Road at
731113, approximately how far would you walk? Tick (✓) the correct answer.

less than 1 km

1–2 km

more than 2 km
[1]

(iv) On which state highway, and in which direction, would you drive to get from the junction
with Mountain Road at 732104 to the roundabout on the outskirts of Taupo at 706114?

state highway number .......................................................................................................

direction .............................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 20]

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Section B: Geographical skills

2 (a) Study Fig. 2.1, which shows the number of visitors to the Royal Regalia Museum in Bandar
Seri Begawan between 2014 and 2018.

Visitors to the Royal Regalia Museum, Bandar Seri Begawan, 2014–18

140

135

130

125

visitors 120
(thousand)
115

110

105

100

0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018
year

Fig. 2.1

(i) Describe how the number of visitors to the Royal Regalia Museum changes from 2014 to
2018.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

(ii) Name two other popular tourist destinations in Bandar Seri Begawan.

1 ........................................................................................................................................

2 ........................................................................................................................................
[2]

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(b) Study Fig. 2.2, which shows the relationship between the number of tourist arrivals to Brunei
and the income from tourism from 2012 to 2018.

Tourist arrivals and income from tourism, Brunei, 2012–18

190
2018
180
2017
170

160

150

140 2016

130
income
from tourism 120
(B$ million)
110

100
2013
90 2012

80
2014
70

0
200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280
tourist arrivals (thousand)

Fig. 2.2

(i) On Fig. 2.2, plot and label the following data for 2015.

year 2015
tourist arrivals (thousand) 218
income from tourism (B$ million) 147
[1]

(ii) Add a line of best fit on Fig. 2.2 to show the general relationship between the number
of tourist arrivals and the income from tourism. [1]

(iii) On Fig. 2.2, circle one year that is an anomaly. [1]

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(iv) Complete the following sentences by choosing the correct word from the list of words
underneath.

The scatter graph shows a ..................................... relationship. This means that as the

number of tourists increases, the income from tourism ..................................... .

negative neutral positive

decreases stays the same increases

[2]

[Total: 10]

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3 (a) Study Fig. 3.1, which shows the average number of international migrants per year from 1970
to 2020.

Average number of international migrants per year, 1970–2020

international migrants 4
per year (million)
3

0
1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020
year

Fig. 3.1

Complete the following description of the changes shown in Fig. 3.1.

Globally, the average number of migrants has increased steadily between 1970 and 2010,

except for the year ...................................... . It increased from around 2 million in 1970 to

...................................... million in 2010. It has since ...................................... to 4.9 million

in 2020.

[3]

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(b) Study Fig. 3.2 (Insert), which shows international migrants as a percentage of total population
in 2019.

Use Fig. 3.2 to complete Table 3.1 by adding ticks (✓) in the correct places. One has been
completed for you.

Table 3.1

continent mainly mainly mainly mainly mainly

<1% 1–5% 6–10% 11–20% >20%
Europe ✓

Asia

Africa

Oceania
[3]

(c) Study Table 3.2, which shows the countries with the highest levels of net emigration between
2010 and 2020.

Complete Table 3.2 by putting the countries in rank order from highest to lowest.

Table 3.2

country net emigration

(per year)
Bangladesh 415 000
China 329 000
India 501 000
Syria 752 000
Venezuela 370 000

rank order country

1
...................................................

2
...................................................

3
...................................................

4
...................................................

5
...................................................
[2]

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(d) Study Fig. 3.3, which shows the percentage of male and female international migrants in
Southeast Asia and Western Asia in 2019.

Percentage of male and female international migrants, Southeast Asia and Western Asia, 2019

Southeast Asia Western Asia

100% 100%
0% 0%
90% 10% 90% 10%

80% 20% 80% 20%

70% 30% 70% 30%

60% 40% 60% 40%

50% 50%

Key

male

female

Fig. 3.3

Complete the pie graph for Western Asia on Fig. 3.3 to show that females are 35% of
international migrants. [2]

[Total: 10]

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Section C: Geographical investigation

4 Students at a school in Indonesia did fieldwork on the Petanu river on the island of Bali. The
students chose 8 sites along the river to investigate how the river changes downstream. The
location of the Petanu river and the fieldwork sites are shown in Fig. 4.1 (Insert).

The students investigated the following hypotheses:

Hypothesis 1: River velocity (speed of flow) increases downstream.

Hypothesis 2: The area of the cross section of the river increases downstream.

(a) Before working in groups the whole class of students carried out a pilot study at one site.

Identify two advantages of carrying out a pilot study. Tick (✓) your choices.

tick (✓)
draw a sketch map of the course of the river
practise fieldwork techniques
photograph different features of the river
get to know each other
learn how to work safely in the river
[2]

(b) To collect data for Hypothesis 1: River velocity (speed of flow) increases downstream, the
students measured the river velocity (speed of flow) at each of the 8 sites along the river.
This method is shown in Fig. 4.2 (Insert).

Describe how the students measured the river velocity (speed of flow).

...................................................................................................................................................

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............................................................................................................................................. [4]

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(c) Study Fig. 4.3, which shows the average velocity of the river at the 8 fieldwork sites.

Average velocity of the river at the 8 fieldwork sites

upstream
Site 1

Site 2

Site 3

Site 4

Site 5

Site 6

Site 7

Site 8
downstream
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
average velocity (m / sec)

Fig. 4.3

(i) On Fig. 4.3, plot the following data for Site 6.

Site 6 average velocity

0.86 m / sec

[1]

(ii) What conclusion would you make about Hypothesis 1: River velocity (speed of flow)
increases downstream? Use data from Fig. 4.3 to support your conclusion.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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(d) To investigate Hypothesis 2: The area of the cross section of the river increases downstream,
the students measured the width and depth of the channel at each of the 8 sites along the
river.

Study Fig. 4.4 (Insert), which shows some fieldwork methods.

Which photograph (A, B or C) shows the method for measuring width and depth?

measurement method Photograph (A, B or C)

width of channel
depth of channel
[2]

(e) Study Table 4.1 (Insert), which shows the results of the students’ fieldwork measurements.

(i) Which one of the following is the correct method to calculate the area of the cross section
of the river? Tick (✓) your choice.

calculation tick (✓)

average depth + width
average depth – width
average depth × width
[1]

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(ii) Use the results in Table 4.1 (Insert) to plot the area of the cross section at Site 6 on
Fig. 4.5.

Area of cross section of the river at the 8 fieldwork sites

11

10

6
area of
cross section 5
(sq m)
4

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
site
upstream downstream

Fig. 4.5 [1]

(iii) Do the results shown in Fig. 4.5 support Hypothesis 2: The area of the cross section
of the river increases downstream? Support your answer with data from Table 4.1 and
Fig. 4.5.

...........................................................................................................................................

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..................................................................................................................................... [3]
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(f) Study Fig. 4.6 (Insert), which shows a fieldwork sketch of the upper course of the Petanu
river and Fig. 4.7, which shows a fieldwork sketch of the lower course of the Petanu river.

Complete the labels on Fig. 4.7, by choosing the correct words from the list of words
underneath, to explain the changes in velocity, width and depth along the lower course of the
Petanu river.

less vertical higher greater steeper

solution more saltation lower traction

[3]

Fieldwork sketch of the lower course of the Petanu river

The width of the river is

.............................
due to more lateral
erosion.

Load size decreases

due to abrasion
and attrition.
There is more
discharge
than in the
upper course. Velocity is

.............................
The river is because
deeper due to there is less energy
lost to friction due to
more ............................. erosion. smaller bedload size.

Fig. 4.7

[Total: 20]

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Additional page

If you use the following page to complete the answer to any question, the question number must be
clearly shown.

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