ULTRASOUND

PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT
The electricity generated piezo electriccrystals
by
when they are under mechanical stress Sida quartz

Note
Piezo electric effect is reversible meaning piezo crystals
can
Generate electricity when a stress applied
DirectPiezo Effect
Generate stress when an electric field electrical signal
is applied Inversepiezoeffect

DIRECTPIEZO EFFECT
In Directpiezo effect a pressure wave is applied on the piezo crystal
which distorts it's orientation which causes the centersof charge
to be disturbed resulting in thecreationof an external electric
field eg in e cigarette lighters whenthe button is pushed it causes
a spring loadedweight to hit the crystal which induces a voltage
high enough to generate a spark which heats 4 ignites the gas

it i
i
o

m g
INVERSEPIEZO EFFECT
In Inverse piezo effect an effect an external electricfield
causesthecrystal to change it's orientation and this external
if
field is alternating it causes the crystal to undergo successive
compressions and expansions

Electricalinput
Mechanicaloutput

psity i
i s

ite
p expand compress
 f ifs vibration
resonance Max amplitude
of stopsthe pulse ultrasound

energy released

TRANSDUCER
Device which converts
energy from one
form to another

ULTRASOUND PROBE

d Piezocrystal

eansmitte
Media
pwseTh
Egg ftp.cnet
ii

my y y Plates aec
fleeted

VisualDisplay unit cable body

Array ofsignals
inclined at different
angles

GENERATION DETECTION
OFULTRASOUND
GENERATION

array of piezo electrical crystals Apiezocrystal

Transducer uses an
vibrates when an electrical signal is applied
producing high frequency sound Pressure waves which is called
Ultrasound

DETECTION
Thistype of crystal works in reverse It produces electrical signals
when it detects high frequency sound Pressure waves

QUESTIONS
1 why are reflected intensities different
different tissues
2 How echoes recieved
many times are persecond
1000times second
3 What happens when an echo is relieved
electrical pulse
modulates the image brightness
anatomical position
Strength of the pulserecieved
4 What is the image called
Sonogram Sonography
5 How is it real time
Image is produced 20 times per second

GENERATION OF ULTRASOUND
Piezo crystals
An Oscillating pod
Oscillatevibrate frequency
frequency and frequency of source
match which causes resonance
generation of ultrasound
USE OF ULTRASOUND
Pulse ofultrasound generated
by piezocrystal
transmitted into thebody
reflectedfrom differenttissues
boundary
reflected U S pulse is detected by
probe
It is converted to an electrical pulse
which is used to modulate the
image
Intensity ofecho gives information
about thetypeof boundary
Time delay will give information about
the depth of boundary

ULTRASOUND CALCULATIONS

I IR IT
Sound resistance
SPECIFICACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE
Product
of density of medium and
IR Speedof sound in that medium

if
1 Med2
z Sc
Kmt m s

2 106
am
hair N 430 Kgm s 1 4.3 106
 INTENSITY REFLECTION COEFFICIENT

a 22 2
It
Reflected fraction
22 2,12 EIF
I 1 a Transmitted fraction

IR Reflection Transmission 1
s
2 Transmission 1 Reflection
Y't
22
V
I It

if 21,22 are very close a

Ift no
II
no minReflection
mostlytransmission

if 2 2 are very ant

far a
337,741 6
7 II
mostlyreflection mintransmission
THEAIRPROBLEM
430
skin N106
III I
an
mostlyreflection
physiotheraphy

heatedup
t Égyget Couplingmedium
n 106
waterbased
jelly
get a NO
Skinn 106
Reflection mostlytransmission
22

É
PROBE
ggjz During transmission through a single
tissue the ultrasound getgets absorbed
thickness
and hence loses intensity

K LinearAbsorption
co efficient cm l ml
x thickness em m
 MUSCLE BONE
Fraction
of incident
arrives
Absorption Refigation intensity that
I Absorption back at surface of
Probe muscle
É

u em l Ab
1g
absorption Reflection
Bone
Muscle
0.13
o
Y6.5 106
e a em
Zux x
e
o 0.20 0 374 0.068
IIT e
2ux
e 210.232135
0.20
MUSCLE BONE

e Ux
I
D Absorption
Il
É
etux
3.5cm
It
ADVANTAGES OF ULTRASOUND

Non ionizing

Portable Equipment

Highfrequency ultrasound enables

small features to be distinguished
since highfreq lowX ultrasound
diffracts less around small features

ULTRASOUND
GENERATION OF U SOUND
piezo crystals Usound is incident on
AC Piezo crystal
Compressions and expansions piezo crystal to oscillate
q Alternating voltages are
4 Sounds are generate created on the plates
These
voltages are processed
and amplified
 CALCULATIONS

Reflection
Fraction
of É Absorption
Intensity Prob
relieved at I
probe
Km
finished 4
x skin
I 1 Absorption
y Ix Refection
mugboundary
Reflection

a I Ioe Kx
1 e Kx
I
e e a
IE Eg
muscle Bone ofTransmission
into the bone
µ stettin Iz
Transmission

Note Absorption XTransmission

Transmission IF
1 ek l y
If
Reflection
Transmission I Ref