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Madhuri Thatte.
M.Tech Biomedical Instrumentation
Basics of Ultrasound
Introduction
History
Properties of Ultrasound
Frequency of ultrasound is 15 to
20,000 cycles/seconds.
Sound
wave particles vibrate back and forth along the path that the wave
travels.
Compressions
The close together part of the wave
Rarefactions
The spread-out parts of a wave
Properties of Ultrasound
Transmission of ultrasound
Frequency
Compressibility:
velocity of sound is inversely related to compressibility
velocity of sound is lowest in gas and more in liquids and solids.
Density
velocity of sound is less in dense material e.g. less in mercury and more in water.
U s 0.9U T
Surface wave:
Attenuation
Reflection
Refraction
Absorption
Reflection
Reflection coefficient:
2 2
I r 2U 2 1U1 Z 2 Z1
r
I i 2U 2 1U1 Z 2 Z1
Transmission coefficient:
IT 4 1U1 2U 2 4 Z1Z 2
T 1r
I i 2U 2 1U1 2
Z 2 Z1 2
Reflection-Oblique Incident
Transmission coefficient: 2 2
41 / 2 U A / U B sin 2 i
t 2
1 sin 2 / U 2 / U 2 sin 2
i 1 2 A B i
Diffraction
D2
Near Field: d
4
D2
Far Field: d
4
1 . 2
Beam spreading angle: D
Refraction
2 2
Z1 Z 2
r arcsin
( 2 2 )U 2
1 2
A
Types of Transducers
Piezoelectric
Laser
Mechanical (Galton Whistle Method)
Electrostatic
Electrodynamic
Magneto strictive
Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric crystals : Natural =Quartz,
Artificial= Barium titanate
Lead Zirconate Titanate
Piezoelectricity means “pressure electricity”, which is used to
describe the coupling between a material’s mechanical and
electrical behaviors
Quartz Crystals
Highly anisotropic
X-cut: vibration in the direction perpendicular to the cutting
direction
Y-cut: vibration in the transverse direction
V= n ƛ
n is frequency
ƛ is wavelength
V is velocity of sound
Piezoelectric Materials
Piezoelectric Polymers
PVDF (Polyvinylidene fluoride) film
Piezoelectric Composites
A combination of piezoelectric ceramics and polymers to
attain properties which can be not be achieved in a single
phase
Merits
High electromechanical conversion efficiency
Low intrinsic losses
High dielectric constant
Stable for long period
Demerits
Piezoelectric materials
Mode of vibration
Q factor
Comparison of different PZ materials for
Actuation and Sensing
Different Types of PZ Transducer
Piezoelectric materials
Mode of vibration
Q factor
Thank you