Soil layers

Introduction

Soil layers, also known as soil horizons, are the distinct vertical sections that constitute the Earth's
surface. These layers result from the intricate interplay of geological, biological, and environmental
factors over time. Each layer holds unique characteristics, such as composition, colour, texture, and
organic content, offering insights into the soil's formation and potential uses. Understanding soil
layers is crucial for agriculture, ecology, engineering, and various scientific disciplines, as they
provide a valuable record of the Earth's history and its dynamic interactions.

Layers of the soil

O Horizon: (1st layer) This is the top layer of soil. It is made of fresh to partially decomposed organic
matter. The color varies from brown to black and is the most nutrient rich layer

A Horizon: (2nd layer) This layer is called the subsoil ( sub meaning under) .When it rains nutrients
from the topsoil are washed down to the subsoil, this layer is also known as the root layer as roots
from plants get their nutrients from this rich organic layer.

B Horizon: (3rd layer) Unlike the other horizons, this horizon has more clay and bedrock
components. The higher clay content is due to leaching from the layers above. Some root activity
also takes place in this layer.

C Horizon: (Last Layer) consists the layer of partially weathered or un weathered bedrock at the
base of the soil profile. Unlike the above layers, R horizons largely comprise continuous masses (as
opposed to boulders) of hard rock that cannot be excavated by hand.