Engineers Training on

Design for Seismic Retrofitting of Masonry

Building
5-9 August 2019, Lalitpur, Nepal

Introduction to Computer Aided Analysis and

Retrofit Design Using SAP

Organized By:
National Society For Earthquake
Technology- Nepal (NSET)

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 Objectives of the Session

Upon Completion of this session, the participants

should be able to

• Understand the input and output parameters of

Computer Aided Modeling

• Learn computer aided analysis of Masonry Building

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 Strategy

•Our main strategy is to intervene as less as

possible

•Addition of wings walls to reduce the span of the

wall

•Closed some openings

• Addition of tensile members on the piers

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 Selection of the retrofit
option

• Splint and bandage system is provided

• And to prevent local failure jacketing is

provided.

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 Building

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 Final model of building

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 Project

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Earthquake Safe Communities in Nepal
 Building Description
No. of storey: Two
Building type: Residential building
Plan Shape: Rectangular
Base Area: 34.02 sq.m
Number of Stories: two
Total Height: 3.850 m from plinth level
Inter Story Height: 1.95 m
Building System: Load Bearing Masonry
Building material: Stone in mud

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 DETAILED STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS

• Finite Element Modeling of the building of using the

structural analysis and design software program
Sap2000.

• Load bearing stone masonry walls are modeled as

single layered shell elements.

• Since the roofing of the building is made of clay

tiles, tying element as wooden beams are modeled
as frame elements.
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 Unit weight of Materials

Unit weight of the materials is taken from IS 875 part I

Unit Weight of Masonry= 22.00 KN/m3

Unit Weight of RCC= 25.00 KN/m3
Unit Weight of Timber= 5.75 KN/m3
Unit Weight of Floor covering = 12.00 KN/m3
Weight per m of Slates = 0.49 KN/m2

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Mechanical Properties Stone Masonry in Mud Wall
• Allowable Tensile
Strength= 0 (Neglected)
SMM
• Poison’s Ratio (µ) = 0.2
• Modulus of Elasticity (E)
= 74 MPa (China Wall
Test)
22 kN/m3
• Allowable Shear Strength=
0.096Mpa (China Shaking
Table Test) ( 40% of
Ultimate)
74000kN/m2
• Allowable Compressive
Strength = 0.49 MPa (IS
1905)

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Mechanical Properties Stone Masonry in Mud Wall

fc = fb * ks * ka * kp

fb = basic compressive stress = 0.69 Mpa cl.5.4.1 (Table 10, IS 1905)

ks = Stress reduction factor, cl. 5.4.1.1 (Table 9, IS 1905)
ka = Area reduction factor, cl. 5.4.1.2 [0.7+1.5A]
kp = Shape modification factor , cl. 5.4.1.3
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 Mechanical Properties of Rebar

• Yield strength of bar fy = 500 N/mm2

• Allowable strength of bar in tension (direct tension and flexural
tension) fta = 0.55*500 = 275 N/mm2
• Allowable strength of bar in compression fcu =190 N/mm2

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 Mechanical Properties of Rebar
Table 22, Cl. B-2.2, B-2.2.1, B-2.3 and B-4.2

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 Property of Timber

As per NBC 112

Timber Chir
 Property of Hard Wood Timber (Teak)
Allowable Tensile Strength (ft) = 11.4 MPa
Allowable Compressive Strength (fc) = 7.7 MPa
Allowable Shear Strength (fs) = 1.4 MPa
5.75 kN/m3
 Property of Soft Wood Timber (Chir)
Allowable Tensile Strength (ft) = 6.9 MPa
Allowable Compressive Strength (fc) = 5.5 MPa
Allowable Shear Strength (fs)= 0.6 MPa 96*10^5 kN/
0.15

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 Property of Mud Flooring

Flooring and Roofing Details Mud Flooring

12 kN/m3

1*10^4 kN/m
0.2

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 Property of GI Wire

AS per IS 456, Table 22

Yield Strength (fy) = 250 MPa

Allowable Tensile Strength= 140 MPa
Allowable Tensile Strength= 130 MPa

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• Seismic coefficient method is used to analyze the
building.
• Linear and elastic finite element Model was run for
the lateral load corresponding to the basic seismic
coefficient of 0.2.

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 Seismic Calculation
 Seismic load calculation is done as per NBC: 105.
Seismic zone factor Z 1

Importance factor I 1 cl 8.1.7, table 8.1, other structures

cl 8.1.8, table 8.2, Masonary
Building(Taken average of
Structural performance factor K 2.5
Unreinforced and RCC frame
Structure)
Height of the building h 3.900 m
Dimention of the building along X Dx 5.400 m
Dimention of the building along Y Dy 7.5 m
Time period of the building along X Tx = 0.09h/√Dx 0.151 sec cl 7.3
Time period of the building along Y Ty = 0.09h/√Dy 0.128 sec cl 7.3
Soil type Soft type Type III cl 8.1.5
Basic seismic coefficient along X Cx 0.08 cl 8.1.4, fig 8.1
Basic seismic coefficient along Y Cy 0.08 cl 8.1.4, fig 8.2
Design horizontal seismic coefficient Cd = CZIK 0.2 cl 8.1.1
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 Define Material

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 Define Area Section

shell thickness is greater than approximately 1/5 to 1/10 of the span-Thick else Thin
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 Pier and Spandrel

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 Walls modeling
5.4 m

Solid Wall
1.98 m
Wall thickness = 450 mm

Finite Element Model of Solid Wall

Continuous Wall is modeled with set of

Shell elements connected at node only
Hinge Support

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 Shell Element Local
Axis and Forces

1, Axis
2, Axis
Stress = Local Force/ Local Area

By Default, For Wall

F11 = Force along horizontal
direction
3, Axis F22 = Force along vertical direction

F12 = Horizontal Shear Force

Similar Convention for the Stress

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 Shell Element Stresses
and Internal Forces

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 Shell Element Stresses
and Internal Forces

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 Wooden Frame
modeling

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 Load Pattern

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 Base Shear

Load Type Direction C Weight Used Base

Pattern (KN) Shear
(KN)
EQX Seismic X 0.2 1111.42 222.284
EQY Seismic Y 0.2 1111.42 222.282

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 Load Combination

Load Combination: Working Stress method As per NBC 105:

 DL+LL
 0.7DL+EQx
 0.7DL-EQx
 0.7DL+EQy
 0.7DL-EQy
 DL+LL+EQx
 DL+LL-EQx
 DL+LL+EQy
 DL+LL-EQy
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 Load Combination

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 MODELING OUTPUT FOR EXISTING
BUILDING

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 Modal Output
Mode Period SumUX SumUY
Sec Unitless Unitless
1 0.36043 0.0018 0.59679
2 0.306494 0.70257 0.59776
3 0.259938 0.72441 0.59778 Time Period of various modes of the
4 0.206055 0.72659 0.61011 building and its modal mass
5 0.201669 0.72659 0.63555 participation ratio is given in the
19 0.093437 0.87101 0.85907 tabular form below
20 0.091534 0.88089 0.85955
21 0.09131 0.88097 0.86933
22 0.08932 0.88169 0.86981
23 0.087653 0.8817 0.86982
24 0.08429 0.88187 0.87113
25 0.083007 0.88348 0.87421
26 0.082667 0.88685 0.87801
27 0.079425 0.88687 0.88056
28 0.078811 0.88715 0.88194
29 0.078347 0.88715
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30Safe0.077973
Earthquake Communities in0.88747
Nepal 0.88477 34
 In plane Analysis(Pier Analysis)

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 Vertical Stress (S22),
0.7DL+Eqx(Grid B2-C2)

0.118 N/mm2, Tension 0.244 N/mm2, Compression

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 Vertical Stress (S22), 0.7DL+EQY
(Grid B1-B3)

0.1 N/mm2, Tension 0.15 N/mm2, Compression

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 Effect of Vertical Stress
EQx

0.7DL

EQx

Vertical stress ,
Compression increases
and Tension Decreases

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 Vertical Stress S22: For vertical bar
of jacketing and splint
Vertical Stress S22
Wall Stress
DL+LL+EQx DL+LL-EQx 0.7DL+EQx 0.7DL-EQx
X1: Tension 0.021 0.01 0.03 0.01
P1 Compr. 0.1365 0.22 0.11 0.16
X1: Tension 0.088 0.05 0.07 0.02
P2 Compr. 0.158 0.20 0.13 0.16

Vertical Stress S22

Wall Stress
DL+LL+EQy DL+LL-EQy 0.7DL+EQY 0.7DL-EQY

YA: Tension 0.028 0.03 0.019 0.023

PA1 Compr. 0.1806 0.21 0.134 0.156
YA: Tension 0.036 0.07 0.031 0.040
PA2 Compr. 0.2566 0.17 0.207 0.100
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 Out of plane (Horizontal
Bending)M11 Analysis

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 Out of plane (Horizontal
Bending)M11 Analysis(Grid B1-C1)

High Horizontal
bending moment
due to less cross
walls

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 Bending Moment
distributions,0.7DL+EQy

Sum the moment

and use for Lintel Sum the moment
Band design and use for Sill Band
design

Horizontal bending of strip

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 Out of plane horizontal bending
moment (M11)

Moments M11 in kNm/m (average)

Walls
0.7 DL+ EQx DL+ LL+ EQx 0.7 DL- EQx DL+ LL- EQx Max.
1 4.320 5.740 3.510 2.490 5.740
2 3.049 4.270 4.490 4.169 4.490
3 4.250 3.540 4.209 4.950 4.950

Moments M11 in kNm/m (average)

Walls
0.7 DL+ EQy DL+ LL+ EQy 0.7 DL- EQy DL+ LL- EQy Max.
A 3.900 3.590 4.525 4.100 4.525
B 3.590 4.244 3.470 3.100 4.244

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Full jacketing options: Horizontal Calculation
2-8 dia.in 200mm wide band

a) Allowable Tensile capacity:

2
Wire mesh Grade = fy = 500 N/mm
Diameter of the bar = φ = 4.75 mm
Nos. of horizontal bars per m strip = n = 2.0 Nos.
2
Area of each steel = a = 35.44 mm
2
Yield strength of bar = fy = 500 N/mm
From IS 456, table 22,
2
Allowable strength of bar in tension = fta = 275 N/mm
Increasing permissible stress by 25% for earthquake load,
Total allowable tensile force per m strip = T= 1.25 fta A = 12.183 KN
2
Allowable strength of bar in compression = fca = 190 N/mm
Total allowable compressive force per m strip = C= 1.25 fca A = 8.417 KN

b) Allowable tensile stress of 450 mm thick wall with GI wire mesh jacketing:
Allowable 44
Tensile Strength per m strip = T = 12.183 KN
2
For 450 mm wall, Wall area per m strip = A = 450000 mm
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b) Allowable tensile stress of 450 mm thick wall
Allowable Tensile Strength per m strip = T = 12.183 KN
2
For 450 mm wall, Wall area per m strip = A = 450000 mm
2
Allowable tensile stress in 450 mm wall = ft = T/A = 0.027 N/mm

b) Capacity of 450 mm wall with Tor Steel band for out of plane bending:

2
Allowable compressive stress in masonry = fw = 0.300 N/mm
Cover on both side = c = 40 mm
Overall depth = D = 450 mm
Applying condition for equilibrium;
Neutral axis lies in mid of wall section,
Lever arm = z=D+c = 490.0 mm
Moment of resistance per m strip = M= T z = 5.970 KN-m

Hence induced Moment (5.74KNm) < Moment of resistance (5.970KNm).Hence the

section is safe.
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 Out-of-plane moments(Vertical
Bending:S22)

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 Out-of-plane moments(Vertical Bending:S22)
Grid B1-C1

Large vertical
bending moment
due to flexibility of
floor
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 In-plane shear stress

Maximum in-plane
shear stress =
0.334 N/mm2

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 Shear stress distribution

Solid Wall

Wall with Opening

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 Splint and bandage
system

Bandage

Splint

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 Jacketing on remaining walls using G.I. wire
200mm width on each sides of corners of 14SWG (2.03mm ∅) @ 100mm c/c both
and junctions using 3-8mm∅ bars horizontally and vertically for Local failure
300mm width for sides of openings
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using 2-8mm∅ + 1-4.75mm∅ bars
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 Horizontal Bands

·200mm width using 2-4.75mm∅ bars at sill level

·300mm width using 3-4.75mm∅ bars at lintel level
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 Thank you!

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