1.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 4
2. INTRODUCTION 6
2.1 Background.............................................................................................................................................6
2.2 structure of the report............................................................................................................................7
3. APPROACH TO THE STUDY 8
3.1 Objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment study...............................................................8
3.2 Methodology of the Environmental Impact Assessment study..............................................................8
4. Assumptions and/ or Gap in Knowledge 9
5. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework 10
5.1 Policy Framework...........................................................................................................................10
5.1.1 The constitution of the federal republic of Ethiopia 10
5.1.2 Environmental policy of Ethiopia 11
5.1.3 The regional conservation strategy (RCS) 12
5.1.4 The Biodiversity conservation and Research policy 13
5.1.5 Health policy 13
5.2 Legislative Framework...................................................................................................................14
5.2.1 Establishment of environmental protection organs 14
5.2.2 Proclamation on environmental impact assessment 14
5.2.3 Proclamation of environmental pollution control 16
5.2.4 Proclamation on solid waste management 16
5.2.5 Proclamation of Expropriation of land and compensation 16
5.2.6 Proclamation on preservation of cultural heritage. 18
5.2.7. Labor Proclamation 377/2003 18
5.3 Institutional Framework.................................................................................................................19
5.3.1 Federal Environmental protection Authority (EPA) 19
5.3.2 Regional Governmental Institutions 19
6. Description of the project 23
6.1 Type and Source of Raw materials........................................................................................................23
6.2. Utilities required..................................................................................................................................24
6.3. Product type........................................................................................................................................24
6.4 Production Process...............................................................................................................................25
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 6.5 Technological process...........................................................................................................................32
6.5.1 Primary processing of the plant 32
6.5.2 Plant production capacity 39
6.6 waste generation rate..........................................................................................................................39
7. Baseline Information on bio-physical and socio-economic situation 40
7.1 Bio-physical Environment.....................................................................................................................40
7.1.1 Location 40
7.1.2 Topography of the project area 41
7.1.3 Climatic conditions 41
7.1.4 Soil 41
7.1.5 Hydrology 42
7.1.6 Flora and Fauna 42
7.1.6.1 Flora........................................................................................................................................42
7.1.6.2 Fauna......................................................................................................................................42
7.1.7 Historical, Cultural and Religious Sites 42
7.2 Socio-Economic Environment...............................................................................................................43
8. Significant Environmental Impacts 43
8.1. Identification of Potential Impacts of the project................................................................................43
8.1.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project 43
8.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts of the project 44
8.2. Impact Evaluation and analysis............................................................................................................45
8.2.1. Negative impact of the project during construction phase 47
8.2.2 Positive impacts of the project during Construction phase 49
8.2.3 Nature of the impacts during construction phase 50
8.2.4 Negative Impacts of the project during operation phase 51
8.2.5 Nature of the impacts during operation phase 52
9. Environmental Mitigation Measures 54
9.1. During construction phase...................................................................................................................54
9.1.1. Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials 54
9.1.2. Reduction of Air pollution 55
9.2.3 Minimization of Run-off 55
9.2.4. Minimization of Waste generation 56

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 9.2.5. Minimization of impacts on traffic flow 57
9.2.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration 57
9.2.7. Health and safety of Workers on site 58
9.2.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption 58
9.2.9. Minimization of Water Use 58
9.2. During operation phase.......................................................................................................................58
9.2.1. Mitigation Measures for air pollution 58
9.2.2. Mitigation measures for sewage 58
9.2.3. Mitigation measures for solid waste 60
9.2.4. Measures to avoid accidents during operation 60
10. Environmental management plan (EMP) 64
11. Environmental monitoring plan 70
12. Nature of public participation 74
13. Conclusions and Recommendation 74
13.1. Conclusion.........................................................................................................................................75
13.2. Recommendations.............................................................................................................................75
14. References 76

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1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Kebele Mekonnen food oil plant is intended to be established in Oromia Regional State, East
Wollega Zone, Nekemte town city Administration, Burka Jato sub-town, in Kebele 07 in order to
create market for local oilseed producers, that the majority of whom are the smallholder farmers
who have been negatively affected by fluctuating international market price, and domestic
production of food oils will enormously important to save foreign currency that the government has
been using for importing such products in the name of local market stabilization measure. The
promoter acquired approximately 0.5 hectare hector of land in the industrial zone which is
delineated by the city administration.

This EIA study is conducted by HAMEN consultancy service PLC. Found in Liuel building, CMC, near
Saint Michael church, Addis Ababa. The consultant has a long experience in providing consultancy
services by conducting environmental impact assessment studies for different projects. Moreover,
it has also provided service to adopt technologies of environmental management system in
different factories so as to have environmental requirement compliance to the requirement in the
international market.

The Proposed product mix for the food complex processing plant will be processed in accordance
with quality accepted standards. Value addition will be done with quality processing & standardize
packaging. The maize flour will be packed with a package of 5 kg, 10kg, 25kg, and 50kg with a
share of 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% respectively. Cornflakes produced with different packaging
weights; with 500 gram, 375 gram and 250 gram packaging with a share of 20%, 30% and 50%
respectively. In addition by products such as bran, germ and tip cap produced as a byproduct to
the main product which used for cattle feeding.

The major utilities required by the plants are electricity, water, Oils & lubricants. Electricity is used
as source of motive power for production equipment, and as sources of lighting and to supply
outlet sockets. Water is used for processing and personal use. Oils and lubricants are required for
production equipment. The total cost of utilities is estimated at Birr 3,922,500.

The alternatives are analyzed based on the technical feasibility; economic viability and
environmental acceptability conditions. They are also compared and analyzed in terms of site

4
location, design /factory lay out type, time schedule, technological alternatives and availability of
factory inputs.

Though the factory may cause a very few disturbance on the environment in terms of its
byproducts and production process such as health problem, sound pollution, air pollution, impact
on biological environment and solid wastes, it has many positive impacts to the local community
and the regional development in terms of creating employment opportunity, tax revenue and
promotion of linkage between agriculture and industry and supply of quality flour to the
consumers. Therefore, this EIA study identified and evaluated those environmental impacts both
during construction and operation phase and suggested & recommended mitigation measures for
the sustainable use of resources and worked out the amount of budget required for
implementation. Accordingly, the total budget of Birr 113500 per year should be allocated for
environmental mitigation activities to reduce the impact of investment on the surrounding
environment. The environmental monitoring and auditing strategies has also in placed in order to
follow up for effective implementation of the proposed mitigation measures.

5
2. INTRODUCTION

2.1 Background
Food processing in Ethiopia is among the oldest of the country’s manufacturing industries.
Bakeries, grain and oil mills have been operating since as early as 1906 and the first processing
plant, Kaliti Food Factory, was established in 1938.Taking into consideration there need to
establish food processing plant in resourceful area of the Amhara region particularly in Deber
Markos city administration taking initiative of TIRET together with shareholders of other
individuals or firms.

TIRET was established as an endowment organization in 1995 with the assets that were in the
hands of the Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM) after the fall of the Derg regime.
These same assets were transferred to TIRET to the benefit of the people of the Amhara Regional
State. The head office of the corporate is located in Bahir Dar city, the capital of Amhara Regional
state.

TIRET Corporate currently owns different cluster types of which service cluster which includes
TikurAbay Transport PLC, Ambasel Trading House PLC, Belsa logistics House PLC, TT engineering
House PLC and Bekelcha transport, Manufacturing cluster which includes Gondar Dashen brewery
share company, Tana communication PLC, Gondar malt factory PLC, Jari Spring Natural water
processing factory, Beda Sustainable, Projects which includes Tekerarewa plastic and plastic
product processing PLC, Azela electronics PLC, Debre Berhan Dashen brewery, Walyakork factory,
lapalema PLC, metallurgy, Telage garment, TI metals and forming share company, packaging
projects and Tana pulp and paper share projects, Agriculture and Agro-processing cluster which
includes Zeleke Agricultural Mechanization PLC, Woldia fruit and vegetables processing PLC, TIRET
cotton processing PLC, Yeju honey and honey processing PLC, Teza milk and milk product
processing PLC, Food complex project share company, fish development Projects, Construction
cluster BDC construction PLC, Lalibela construction material production and sailing PLC.

The main objectives of the corporate are to accelerate the economic and social development of
the region by extensively developing, processing and semi processing of agricultural and industrial
6
products within the region by increasing value to same, to reduce the level of unemployment and
there by ensure sustainable gains of the regional community by creating wider job opportunities,
narrow the ever growing gap between supply and demand in agricultural and industrial products
at regional as well as national level and to enhance foreign exchange capacity by producing
agricultural and industrial products with an increasing value, exploring same and substituting the
imported ones.

TIRET endowment together with other shareholders intends to establish food complex processing
plant in Debre Markos city Administration around kebele 07 which will use agricultural products
such as wheat and maize in the region and neighboring regions that are bordering the Amhara
national regional state by adding value which will contribute directly to creating jobs and increasing
income to the local community. Therefore, the final product of the processing plant is Wheat flour,
Maize flour, Macaroni, Pasta, Biscuits, and Cornflakes and other byproducts which will substitute
the expenditure of foreign currency.

This report deals with the environmental impact assessment of the proposed development
scheme. The environmental impact assessment study is conducted by the team that consists of
multi-disciplinary professionals that include chemical engineers, natural resource specialist
geologists, Economists see their CV annex.

Overall this report study is arranged in the format provided by the Amhara national region state
General Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline, the Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia
Environmental Authority Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line and other relevant
references which can enrich this report study.

2.2 Structure of the report

The report is divided into eleven (13) sections. Section 1 describes executive summary. The
introductory part of the report is described under section 2. Approach to the study, assumptions
and /or gaps in knowledge, Policies, legal and administrative framework, description of the
project, base line data of the project environment and significant environmental impacts are
described in section 3, 4, 5,6,7 and 8 respectively. Environmental mitigation measure is also
described under section 9. Environmental management plan and Environmental monitoring plan

7
are mentioned under section 10 and 11. Nature of public participation and conclusion and
recommendations are described under 12 and 13.

3. APPROACH TO THE STUDY

3.1 Objective of the Environmental Impact Assessment study

General Objectives

The general objectives of this environmental impact assessment of food complex processing plant
in Debre Markos city Administration is to assess and clearly identify the potential negative and
positive impact of the proposed processing plant and to propose possible mitigation measures to
reduce or avoid the adverse impact while enhancing the beneficial ones

Specific Objectives

 Present baseline data on the existing physical, biological and socio-cultural environment of the
project area.
 Identify different stakeholders, their involvement and concern on the proposed processing plant.
 Assess the benefits and adverse effects of the proposed project on the biological, physical and
socio-cultural environment.
 Propose mitigation measures to reduce the adverse impacts while optimizing the positive once
associated with the implementation of the proposed project,
 Prepare environmental management plan and environmental monitoring plan.

3.2 Methodology of the Environmental Impact Assessment study

The environmental impact assessment study is conducted in line with the environmental impact
assessment guidelines provided both by the Amhara national regional state Bureau of
Environmental protection land administration and use, Federal Democratic republic of Ethiopia
Environmental Authority Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line and other documents
which are relevant to the study report. The assessment study followed data collection both from
primary and secondary sources.

The methodology used to carry out this environmental impact assessment study includes:-

i) Review of existing Literatures

8
Relevant document on previous studies as well as important guide lines and literatures relevant to
food complex processing plant were reviewed. Guidelines such as the Amhara national regional
state Bureau of Environmental protection land administration and use and Federal Democratic
republic of Ethiopia Environmental Authority Environmental Impact Assessment Guide line.
Environmental policies and sectorial environmental policies are referred. Proclamation on
environmental impact assessment, Proclamation on expropriation of land and compensation
browse internet and others were reviewed.

ii) Site visit

A field visit to the project area was conducted by the study team to collect primary data on bio-
physical and socio-economic conditions of the project area as well as to identify the extensive
environmental issues and the potential environmental effect of the proposed food complex
processing plant

iii) Data Analysis and Report Writing

Simple checklist method was used to Analysis the collected data and information to assess and
predict the potential impact of the proposed food complex processing plant. Moreover, the
environmental impact assessment report of the proposed project is prepared as per guide line of
the environmental impact assessment of ANRS, BoEPLAU.

4. Assumptions and/ or Gap in Knowledge

Reliability and quality of data to be collected by the study team assigned by the consultant faced
some limitation with regard to the proposed project. There are some uncertainties due to absence
of sufficient information with regard to;

 Level of noise generated from the project activities ,

 The existed air quality of the project area and the amount dust emission /particulate
matter/ emanated from the project activities.
As a consequence of this, some of the assessment may be based on assumptions or there may be
gaps and uncertainties in impact prediction and valuation. In this regard therefore, to avoid or
minimize the scale of uncertainty on constraints that we face due to the limited information of the

9
environment, we have put a recurrent environmental monitoring and auditing measures of
parameters to the major environmental issues on a regular period ( it could be every month,
quarter, semi-annual or annually).Moreover, measurements on this parameters/air quality and
sound level/ should be taken as required during environmental monitoring and /or auditing
throughout the project life

5. Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework

In Amhara National Regional State all the development activities and programs carried out by
GO’s, NGO’s and private sectors are supposed to be implemented under the frame work of the
laws, acts and regulations which the country as well as the region is governed. Taking this into
account, the current food complex processing plant tries to review important and relevant
constitutional values, regulations and proclamation that it will consider and adhere to it. The food
complex processing plant will be loyal to the laws and will work accordingly to safeguard of the
environmental and social welfare.

5.1 Policy Framework

5.1.1 The constitution of the federal republic of Ethiopia

The constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, issued on August 21 1995, forms
the fundamental basis for enactment of specific legislative instruments governing environmental
matters at a national level. Article 43, 44 and 92 of the federal constitution are dealt with
environmental related rights, obligations and objectives in the country. The most relevant articles
are described below:

Article 43: The Right to development

 The peoples of Ethiopia as a whole and each Nation, Nationality and people in Ethiopia in
particular have the right to improve living standards and to sustainable development.
 Nations have the right to participate in national development and, in particular, to be
consulted with respect to policies and projects affecting their community.
 All international Agreements and relations concluded, established or conducted by the state
shall protect and ensure Ethiopia’s right to sustainable development.
 The basic aim of development activities shall be to enhance the capacity of citizens for
development and to meet basic needs.
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Article, 44: Environment Rights
 All persons have the right to live in a clean and healthy environment.
 All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected as a
result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative means of
compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.

Article, 92: Environmental Objective

 Government shall endeavor to ensure that all Ethiopians live in a clean and health
environment
 The design and implementation of programs and projects of development shall not
damage or destroy the Environment.
 People have the right to full consultation and the expression of views in the planning and
implementation of environment policies and projects that affect them directly.
 Government and citizens shall have the due to protect the environment.

5.1.2 Environmental policy of Ethiopia

The Federal Government of Ethiopia has formulated and approved the Environmental policy of
Ethiopia (EPE) in 1997. The policy contains important provisions interims of the improvement and
enhancement of the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians and the promotion of sustainable
social and economic development through the adoption of sound environmental management
principles. It sets out its specific objectives and key guiding principles, contains sectorial cross-
sectorial policies and provisions necessary for appropriate implementation of the policy itself.

The environmental policy has outlined a number of issues concerning Environmental Impact
Assessment, which are summarized as below:

 The importance of Environmental Impact Assessment to address social, political and cultural
impacts, and also physical and biological impacts, and the public consultation of to be part of the
Environmental Impact Assessment procedures;

11
 Inclusion of impact mitigation measures within the design process for development projects, and
accident contingency plans to be incorporated within Environmental impact statements
 Development of a legal framework for the Environmental Impact Assessment process, together
with a suitable and coordinated institutional framework for the execution and approval of
environmental impact assessment (EIA) study environmental Audits;
 Development of detailed technical sectorial guidelines for EIA and environmental Auditing;

5.1.3 The regional conservation strategy (RCS)

In the context of the conservation strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) and the regional constitution in line
with government policies for decentralization, ANRS has formulated and developed “Regional
conservation strategy” with and overall objective of conserving and protecting the natural
resources and environment of the region. This RCS is the basic framework for implementation of
the various conventions and has the following broad objectives.

 To promote the sustainable use of renewable natural resources, and also enhance the
controlled use of non-renewable natural resources.
 To identify and exploit on a sustainable basis any presently cost-benefit analyses for all
natural resource development and utilization.
 To ensure safe use of resources on land, in water-bodies such as lakes and rivers, and in
the atmosphere.
 To save endangered indigenous and endemic plant and animal species and their habitats,
and preserve the natural biodiversity of species.
 To preserve the region’s cultural and historical heritage.
 To promote the interest of the people from all sectors and ways of life to jointly participate
in the conservation of the region’s inheritance of natural resources and culture.

With regard to the conservation strategy, this broad food complex project will be implemented on
the bases of the above stated broad objectives of the conservation strategy.

12
5.1.4 The Biodiversity conservation and Research policy
The national policy on biodiversity conservation and research was issued on April 1998. The policy
is formulated based on the rationale that conservation of biodiversity is one of the conditions of
the overall socioeconomic development and sustainable environmental management goals. It
provides a general framework towards effective conservation, rational development and
sustainable utilization of genetic resources. Among others, the policy addresses the significance of
scientific knowledge in biodiversity conservation and its sustainable utilization through integrating
biodiversity conservation and development programs into Federal and Regional agricultural,
health, industrial and overall national economic development strategies and plans; recognize,
foster and augment the indigenous knowledge and method relevant to the conservation,
development and sustainable use of biodiversity, and promote and encourage the development
and putting into practice of new emerging technologies such as biotechnology. In line with this
biodiversity conservation policy, this food complex processing plant will be implemented by
promoting and introducing modern harvesting technology activities in resourceful areas of the
region so as to demonstrate the specious types which can serve as a raw material for the ongoing
established food complex processing plant.

5.1.5 Health policy

Conventional health parameters such as infant and maternal mortality, morbidity, and mortality
from communicable diseases, malnutrition and average life expectancy place Ethiopia among the
least privileged nations in the world.

The health policy of Ethiopia is the result of a critical examination of the nature, magnitude and
root causes of the prevailing health problems of the country and awareness of newly emerging
health problems. It accords appropriate emphasize to the needs of the less privileged rural
population which constitute the overwhelming majority of the population and the major
productive force of the nation.

The government believes that health policy cannot be considered in isolation from policies
addressing population dynamics, food availability, acceptable living conditions and other requisites

13
essential for health improvement and shall therefore develop effective interest morality for a
comprehensive betterment of life.

According to the policy, health development shall be seen not only in humanitarian terms but also
as an essential component of the package of social and economic development as well as being an
instrument of social justice and equity.

5.2 Legislative Framework

5.2.1 Establishment of environmental protection organs

The environmental organs establishment proclamation, proclamation No. 295/2002, was enacted
in 2002. This proclamation repealed proclamation for the establishment of the EPA (proclamation
No. 9/65).

The proclamation re-establishes the environmental protection Authority as an autonomous public

institution is accountable to the prime minister. The powers and duties of the EPA are described in
detail in part two of the proclamation. Part two of the proclamation stipulates the mandatory
need for the establishment of environmental units and agencies by sectorally and regionally in
order to enable institutions the coordination of environmental activities, elimination of duplication
of efforts and enhancement of disseminating environmental information. The proclamation also
establishes the environmental protection council to oversee EPA’s activities, and defines the
activities of sectorial agencies and environmental units with respect to environmental
management. It also ensures coordination among sectorial ministries and agencies on
environmental matters.

5.2.2 Proclamation on environmental impact assessment

Proclamation No 299/2002 issued in 2002 aims primarily at making environmental impact

assessment (EIA) mandatory for categories of projects specified under a directive issued by the
environmental protection authority (EPA) whether such project belong to public or private bodies.

14
Moreover, the environmental impact assessment proclamation was issued at regional level as
proclamation number 181/2003.

Major provisions relevant to TIRET food complex processing plant are:

 Without authorization from the Authority or from the relevant regional environmental Bureau,
no person shall commence implementation of any project that requires environmental impact
assessment as determined in a directive issued pursuant to Article 5 of this proclamation.
 Any licensing agency shall, prior to issuing an investment permit or a trade or an operating
license for any project, ensure that the Authority or the relevant regional environmental agency
has authorized its implementation.
 Every project which falls in any category listed in any directive issued pursuant to this
proclamation shall be subject to environmental impact assessment.

Duties of the project proponent are stated in this proclamation as follow:-

 A proponent shall undertake an environmental impact assessment, identify the likely

adverse impact of his project, incorporated the means of their prevention or containment,
and submit to the Authority or the relevant regional environmental Bureau the
environmental impact study report together with the documents determined as necessary
by the Authority or the relevant regional environmental Bureau.
 A proponent shall ensure that the environmental impact of his project is conducted and
the environmental impact study report prepared by experts that meet the requirements
specified under any directive issued by the Authority or the Bureau
 The cost of undertaking an environmental impact assessment and preparing an
environmental impact study report shall be borne by the proponent.
 When implementing his project, a proponent shall fulfill the terms and condition of
authorization.

Taking into account the above duties of the project proponent, this environmental impact
assessment is carried out by multi-disciplinary experts from HAMEN consultancy service plc. Who
meet the requirements and the cost of undertaking environmental impact assessment study
report covered by the project proponent (TIRET Corporate).
15
5.2.3 Proclamation of environmental pollution control
The proclamation of environmental pollution control No. 300/2002 is mainly based on the right of
each citizen to a health environment and on the obligation to protect the environment in general
and safeguarding of human health and wellbeing in particular. This proclamation provides the
bases from which the relevant environmental standards can be developed and to make violation
of these standards a punishable act based on the polluter pays principle.

5.2.4 Proclamation on solid waste management

Proclamation 513/2007 aims to promote community participation in order to prevent adverse

effects and enhance benefits resulting from solid waste. The main objective of this proclamation is
to enhance at all levels of capacities to prevent the possible adverse impacts while creating
economically and socially beneficial assets out of solid waste. This proclamation enforces the
proponent to make wastes that generate from the project to be useful products. It also provides
for preparation of solid waste management action plans.

5.2.5 Proclamation of Expropriation of land and compensation

The federal proclamation on expropriation of land for public purposes and compensation
(proclamation No. 455/2005) in effect repealed the outdated provisions of the Ethiopian civil code
of 1960 regulating land acquisition and compensation for the purpose of public projects. This new
proclamation has been established detail procedures setting the time limits with in which land
could be acquired after a request is received from a proponent, principles for assessment of
compensation for properties on the land as well as for displacement compensation. It also
empowered the woreda administration to establish valuation committees to value private
properties.

Expropriations of Land Holdings are stated in this proclamation as follow:-

Article 3 gives the power to expropriate landholdings to a woreda or urban administration for a
development project.

16
Article 4 describes the requirements for the notification of an expropriation order. This requires
notification in writing, with details of timing and compensation, which cannot be less than 90 days
from notification.

Article 5 sets out the responsibilities of the implementing agency, requiring them to gather data in
the land needed and works, and to send this to the appropriate officials for permission. It also
requires them to pay compensation to affected landholders.

Article 6 describes the removal of utility lines. It requires the relevant government body to give a
written request to the affected ‘owner’, and for this body to determine a fair compensation within
30 days, to the requesting body. Compensation must be paid within 30 days of the receipt of the
valuation, and the owner must vacate the land within 60 days of receipt of compensation.

Article 7 describes the basis and amount for compensation. This entitles the landholder to
compensation for the property on the land on the basis of replacement cost; and permanent
improvements to the land, equal to the value of capital and labor expended. Where property is on
urban land, compensation may not be less than the cost of removal, transportation and erection
will be paid as compensation for a relocated property continuing its service as before.

Article 9 requires that the valuation of property is carried out by a certified private or public
institution or private consultant as per the valuation formulae as mentioned above. Until the
capacity is created to enable valuation by a certified value, valuation will be done by a committee.

Article 10 describes these committees. The committee must be made up of experts with relevant
qualifications. This must be designated by the urban administration is urban areas. A specialized
committee of experts may also be set up separately if required. (Committee procedures will be
determined by directives).

The responsibility of a proponent project under Ethiopian law does not extend beyond the
payment of compensation for properties and displacement. This is to mean that even if there is no
compensation fee to be paid for the displaced people the EIA study take in to consideration of
expropriation of land and compensation since the area is delineated for industrial zone by the city

17
administration before the ongoing food complex processing plant was intended to be established
due to the compensations fee is already paid by the city administration.

5.2.6 Proclamation on preservation of cultural heritage.

The proclamation No. 209/2000 of Ethiopia defines cultural heritage broadly as “anything tangible
or intangible which is the product of creativity and labor of man in the pre-history and history
times, that describes and witness to the evolution of nature and which has a major value in its
scientific, historical, cultural, artistic and handcraft content.”

The provision that states any person who destroys or damages cultural heritage intentionally shall
be punished with gregarious imprisonment of not less than 10 years and not exceeding 20 years
(Art, 45/21).

Even if there is no that much preserved cultural heritages in the area. The study has carefully
examined all cultural and historical values of the food complex processing project areas to
investigate that could possibly be instigated by the above mentioned proclamation No. 209/2000.

5.2.7. Labor Proclamation 377/2003

The Labor Proclamation (which was revised in 2003) provides ‘the basic principles which govern
labor conditions taking into account the political, economic and social policies of the Government,
and in conformity with the international conventions and other legal commitments to which
Ethiopia is a party with a view to translating into practice the objectives referred to above’. In Part
Seven, Chapter One, Article 92 of this proclamation (Occupational Safety, Health and Working
Environment, Prevention Measures and Obligations of the Employers), the requirements in terms of
the protection of workforce health and safety is clearly stipulated. Workforce health and safety is an
important aspect considered for identifying the potential environmental, health and safety issues
that can arise from the project. Moreover, the Occupation Health and Safety Directive (MOLSA,
2003) which provides the limits for occupational exposure to working conditions that have adverse
impacts on health and safety was also considered for the study.

18
5.3 Institutional Framework

5.3.1 Federal Environmental protection Authority (FEPA)

In addition to the EPA, the investment Authority has responsibilities towards the environment.
These are captured in the Federal Negarit Gazeta-proclamation No. 371/1996 which states that “The
intended investment activity would not be contravening the operational laws of the country and
that; in particular, it complies with conditions stipulated in environmental protection laws.”

With respect to duties, responsibilities and mandates of EPA, it is clearly stated in Environmental
Impact Assessment proclamation No 299/2002 sub Article 2 of Article 9 states that “The Authority
or relevant regional environmental Bureau shall take evaluating of environmental impact study
report by taking in to account any public comments and expert opinions, within 15 working days.”

Sub Article 1 of Article 12 also states that “The Authority of the relevant regional environmental
Bureau shall monitor the implementation of an authorized project in order to evaluate compliance
with all commitments made by, and obligations imposed on the proponent during authorization”
and sub Article 1 of Article 14 stated that “ The Authority shall be responsible for evaluation of an
environmental impact study report and the monitoring of its implementation when the project is
subject to licensing, execution or supervision by a federal agency or when it is likely to produce
trans-regional impact.”

5.3.2 Regional Governmental Institutions

The council of the Amhara National Region, by virtue of the law making power vested in it by
Article 49 Sub-Article 3/1 of the National Regional Constitution, has established government
institution from region to woreda levels. Therefore some of the most important institutions
important for the achievement of food complex project are summarized as follow.

5.3.2.1 Bureau of Environmental protection, Land Administration and Use (BoEPLAU)

BoEPLAU has been established as a competent agency by proclamation No. 47/2000 and started
implementation of its warranted mandates and duties after two years. Currently, it has three

19
technical departments and four services. In each woreda and zone, it has branch offices to
implement the duties and responsibilities vested by same proclamation.

5.3.2.2ANRS Bureau of Agriculture

Realizing that the expansion of different cereal-grass crop areas has a great role in accelerating
economic, social development and environmental welfare of the region, which in turn has an
impact on poverty reduction, this is done by the regional Bureau of Agriculture which have been
established by proclamation No 176/2010 and Amhara seed enterprise which have been
established by regulation No 66/2010. The objectives of the Bureau are to:

 Provide material and technical support with the view to preventing and controlling crops’
and animals’ diseases as well as anti-harvest pests and weeds,
 Introduce and adapt new technological findings obtained by research, produce prototypes
and disseminate same to potential producers;
 Render educational, training and counseling services to the farmers and private investors
engaged in the agricultural sector as regards the development, protection and use of the
natural resources, follow up and supervise over the development, protection and
utilization of same thereof;
 Conduct the appropriate quarantine control on those plants, seeds, animals and products
thereof brought into or going out of the Regional State and the objectives of the enterprise
are accelerate the economic and social development of the region by extensively
developing and producing forest and forest products as well as by increasing value to
same, to reduce the level of unemployment and thereby ensure sustainable gains of the
regional community by creating wider job opportunities, narrow the ever growing gap
between supply and demand in agricultural product at regional as well as national level.
The objectives of the seed enterprise supply to consumers various cereal and animal forage
seeds from breeder seed unto certified seed through multiplying and preparing quality
seed on its farmland, government and private organization as well as on the plot of farmer,

20
 provide farmers with cereal and forage seed which are necessary and favorable to various
climate-zone by importing same from abroad and to promote seed technology thereof.

5.3.2.3 ANRS Bureau of Industry and Urban Development

Realizing that the expansion of infrastructure facilities and investment opportunities have a great
role in accelerating economic and social development of the region which in turn has an impact on
poverty reduction, this is done by the regional Bureau of Industry and Urban Development which
have been established by proclamation No 176/2010 . The objectives of the Bureau are to: Follow
up the strict execution, in the Regional State, of the nationwide industry and investment policies
and laws encourage developmental investors, issue investment license and collect the service fees
emanating there from; Study various incentives helpful for the promotion of investment, submit
same to the body concerned, materialize such

Incentives upon approval and monitor the implementation thereof; prepare, from time to time,
and advertise to prospective investors the profile of their source bases, investment opportunities,
favorable conditions and incentives offered by the Regional State, using various means; Extend
support to those investors engaged in investment activities so that they will be encouraged with
various incentives and cause the creation of a region wide consultative forum involving both the
Government and the investors; Devise a mechanism through which infrastructural works are to be
expanded in urban centers incompliance with the master plan as well as provide follow up and
support thereof; Provide the necessary support and assistance with view to turning the urban
centers of the Regional State become attractive, clean, and green as well as competitive and
comfortable either for living or work and others.

5.2.2.4 ANRS Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs

Without prejudice to the existing or subsequent provisions of other laws, the Regional Bureau of
labor and social Affairs shall, pursuant to the proclamation provides in No176/2010, have the
following specific powers and duties: Cause the implementation of the Country’s policy of labor
and social affairs in the region; Ensure that laws, regulations and directives issued concerning
employers and workers are respected within the region; Supervise over the implementation of
21
labor conditions standards and protective devices issued for maintaining employees, safety and
health; Register workers and employers associations with in the administrative boundary of the
national region, and provide support thereto; Make the necessary effort for the speedy
settlement, following the procedures established by law of collective agreements of negotiations
and trade disputes ;and register collective agreements; Undertake studies, in cooperation with the
relevant bodies, concerning the manpower of the region and occupational assignment of same;
Take measures to enable the proper registration of job seekers and vacancies and exchange of
labor and employees in the region; Collect, compile ,analyze and transfer, to the concerned
bodies, information pertaining to manpower and employment, safety and health of workers as
well as other matters related to employer and workers in the region; Prepare programs enabling
the assistance and rehabilitation of the elders and the handicapped in the Region; and up on
approval, implement same; Coordinate and provide the necessary support to the people of the
region in the extrication of social problems.

5.3.2.5 ANRS city Administration

For it is deemed proper to determine the local organization of urban centers in such a manner to
enable them have a system for an efficient management and judicious utilization of resources and
land and for some other relevant reasons. Among other, the duties and mandates vested to the
city Administration by the proclamation No. 91/2003 are to capacitate cities to be free from
environmental pollution; and to conserve natural resources and utilize inputs appropriately. In
addition, construction of drainage and sewerages, setting up of solid waste disposal systems and
establishment of recreation centers and gardens are vested duties to it by the same proclamation.
The aforementioned objectives and duties of the city administration help to guarantee the right of
the people to live in a clean and healthy environment as well as respect the chemical conventions
as in the Vienna, Rotterdam, Bamako and Basel conventions.

22
6. Description of the project

6.1 Type and Source of Raw materials

The proposed food oil plant will use primarily sesame, soybeans, sunflower and cottonseed as the
raw materials obtained from smallholder farmers, private investors, legally organized micro and
small scale enterprise or from legally organized and licensed merchants who are engaged in the
area. These raw materials are mainly found in East Gojjam, North shewa, South Wollo, West
Gojjam, South Gondar, North Gondar, and others respectively.

Table 1:-Amhara Region 2005 production year wheat production by zone

Wheat production

S/No Zone Production (Quintal) Production ( tons) Percentage Share

1 East Gojjam 2,017,825.19 201,782.52 22.7

2 North Shewa 1,262,577.72 126,257.77 14.2

3 West Gojjam 623,781.67 62,378.17 7

4 South Wollo 1,305,954.04 130,595.40 14.7

5 South Gondar 1,420,527.41 142,052.74 16

6 North Gondar 1,477,420.87 147,742.09 16.6

7 North Wollo 420,759.86 42,075.99 4.7

8 Awi 257,972.74 25,797.27 3

9 Wag Himera 97,041.14 9,704.11 1.1

10 Argoba * *  

 Total 8,885,685.80 888,568.60  

Source: -TIRET revised feasibility study for food complex

23
6.2. Utilities required
A. Power requirement

A power requirement of the plant will be assumed 300 HP with the consumption per hour of
operation to be 25.75 KWH, which will conduct electricity to the Plant. The site of the plant has
been strategically located as there is an ELECTROGAZ’s electric pole running along the boundary
close to the plant site.

The total power required for the proposed unit is 2.5 MW per day. The power requirement will be
met from ELECTROGAZ supply. However, power generators set having capacity of 250KVA with
acoustic enclosure have been envisaged to meet the emergency power requirements. In case of
main’s power failure these generators will automatically start and supply power to the emergency
loads using Cooling Circuit.

B. Water Requirement

Water is required in the proposed plant for washing of the raw material seed used. In addition, it is
used for drinking and sanitation. The total water requirement of the plant is 30m3/day. This will be
recycled. A water recycling complex will be built. This is a system of water collection, cooling and
reuse which will be installed for the constant reuse of water so as to minimize waste water
generations.
Possibility to drill water from the earth with the installation of a bore well will also be looked at so
as to use the water drawn from this bore well in the production process. Also a system of rainwater
collection will be installed so as to supply the plant’s water requirements.

6.3. Product type

The product types which are processed by food oil plant are of different by nature which includes:-

 Edible oil
 Maize flour  Macaroni
 Pasta  Biscuits
 Cornflakes

24
6.4 Production Process
I. Edible Oil

The production process of edible oil is mainly subjected to machine/method used particular to the
desired output product.
The production process of edible oil consists of six major operations:
 Delinting,  Expeller
 Washing,  Filter and Expeller shaker
 Drying and Warming  Packing and Dispatching

25
De-Linting: is done to remove the hairs/linters from the seed.

Wheat Intake and Pre-cleaning: The major unit operations are dumping, conveying,
weighing, pre-cleaning and conveying to storage silos or transferring to the working bins of
the cleaning room.

Wheat Cleaning and Preparation: The main operations involved are weighing, screening,
de-stoning, long and round impurity separation, ferromagnetic separation, scouring,
aspiration, dampening, tempering and etiolating. “Entoleting: infestation destroyer”.

Milling: Major operations involved are weighing, breaking open, scalping, scratching,
detaching, sifting, purifying, milling (grinding), resifting and Entoleting. In the Milling
process, flour is produced by a sequence of breaking, grinding and separating operations
until the desire flour type is produce. Milling is simply the separation of the bran and germ
from the endosperm and the grinding for producing flour.

Packing and Dispatching: The major operations involved are collection of flour streams and
bran, mixing and aerating, resifting, Entoleting, packing, sewing, loading and dispatching.
The process does not release any pollutant to the environment.

Blending for flour fortification (adding different nutrients) with the recommended
proportion and amount to the wheat flour. Weighing or volumetric measuring of the
nutrients and product is carried out prior to blending. Blending process carried out in the
future when flour fortification being operational.

The final product is packaged in standards bags of 50 kilo gram, 25 kilogram and 10
kilograms and it is forwarded for either storage or transportation. Wheat flour production
process is explained in figure 1.

Wheat intake pre-cleaning Wheat cleaning and preparation

Milling
26
 Packing and Dispatching

Figure 1:-Wheat Flour production Process

II. Maize Flour

Dry maize milling process can be in one of three ways: (1) a tempering degerming process
(wet milling); (2) stone-ground or non-degerming process (dry milling); or (3) alkaline-
cooked process. However, each miller has its own unique variations on the overall
processing system. Soft grains that have starch content are preferred for wet milling. For
dry milling and alkaline processing, hard grains are preferred for making grits or various
snack foods.

The most common process for maize flour is the tempering-degerming and this process
consists of cleaning, tempering, degerminating, sifting and milling operations.

The most common process for maize /corn flour is the tempering-degerming and this
process consists of four major operations;

a) Control Panel:

A control panel that displays a symbolized diagram of all plant machinery shows product
flow and the status of the milling process. The mill uses computer-controlled equipment to
blend, clean, mill, store, and package flour.

b) Cleaning

The first step in this process is to dry clean the corn, separating fines and broken from the
whole corn. Occasionally wet cleaning follows to remove surface dirt, dust and other
matter. The maize then passes through an aspiration channel where chaff and other light
matter are removed by being “blown” away. The disk machine separates maize from other
grains and large particles. A rotating disk with a series of holes in it allows the maize to fall

27
through to the destoner. Other grains are skimmed off the top of the disk machine and
carried elsewhere. The maize grains are then passed to the scourer; a high-speed impactor
that brushes the maize to ensure that the grain is clean.

c)Tempering

Water is added to the clean corn is tempered to 20 percent moisture. The tempering
mixture sits for 15 to 18 hours or even for 24 hours to allow the water to penetrate to the
middle of each grain. While moist, the majority of the outer bran or pericarp, and tip cap
are removed and the tempered maize is held in another storage bin where it awaits
degerminating. The bulk of the corn bran and tip known as the “tail hominy fraction,”

d) Degerminating

The tempered corn flows from the intermediate holding bin to break roll stands. Break roll
stands are machines containing high-speed steel rollers that crush the maize as it passes
through. The crushing process removes the bran coating and the maize germ section from
the grain. Each break roll stand is designed to crush grain to a specific size. Pneumatic tubes
carry the crushed maize to where it is sifted, purified, and sent down to the break stand that
will handle that size grain particle. The degerminated maize then is dried and cooled.

e) Milling

A portion of the degerminated corn is isolated as large flaking grits. The miller, with the aid
of treatment feeders and other computer-controlled equipment, controls the operation of
the mill through keyboards, video displays and digital readouts in the control room. By
requesting readout, the miller can know the mill’s yield, how much grain is being ground at
a particular moment, how much flour is being produced, and he or she can set the flow-
metrics to specific flour blends requested by the mill’s customers.

f) Sifting

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After the pneumatic tubes carry the crushed maize it is sifted. Each sifter consists of eight
interior screens. The series of screens allow progressively finer particles to fall through
through the bottom and is collected. The first screen is a size 14 (14 openings per inch) and
the last screen is a fine-mesh flour screen. Large particles that are collected at each screen
are sent through the purifier to remove chaff and bran. The sifted and crushed wheat is
then sent back down to the proper break roll stands and are reground to extract more flour.
The grind-sift-purify-treat cycle is repeated until all the fine white middling, or flour, is
removed from the maize. The flour is collected and packaged. At the proposed flour milling,
the hulls are sent off to other mills where they are further processed to become feed for
animals.

g) Packaging

Suction cups pick up the bag, insert it in the packager, and open it. The appropriate
amount of flour is dispensed. The top of the bag is pretreated with heat-sensitive glue. At
the next stop on the assembly line, a packaging machine presses the top together, folds it
over and uses a stream of hot air to melt the glue and seal it.

The plant packages flour in 5-, 10, 25- and 50- killo gram bags, or in bulk in barrels. Every
bag produced is weighed to ensure that it is within tolerance. After each bag leaves the
scales, a machine the workers call a Joe Louis machine (named for a boxer who was famous
for his knockout punch) knocks the bag over to prepare it to go through the flattener.

The flattener presses each bag flat so it will lay down properly on the pallet. The bags are
arranged in layers of five for stacking on the pallet, with bags automatically rotated so they
will be correctly aligned when the layer is assembled. The layers are assembled in
alternating patterns to keep the bags in place on the pallet. As each layer is finished, the
flattener pushes it onto the pallet.

Each pallet may have eight to 10 layers, depending on a buyer's orders. When a pallet is full, it
is wrapped with plastic stretch film to protect the bags and hold them in place.

29
 Figure 2:-Maize flour Production Process

III. Pasta/macaroni Manufacturing Process

Mixing and kneading

The semolina is stored in giant silos that can hold up to 150,000 pounds (68,100 kg). Pipes
move the flour to a mixing machine equipped with rotating blades. Warm water is also
piped into the mixing machine. The mixture is kneaded to a lumpy consistency.

Flavoring and coloring

Eggs are added to the mixture if the product is an egg noodle. If pasta is to be a flavored
variety, vegetable juices are added here. A tomato or beet mixture is added for red pasta,
spinach for green pasta, carrots for orange pasta. Herbs and spices can also be folded in for
additional flavoring.

Rolling

30
The mixture moves to a laminator where it is pressed into sheets by large cylinders. A
vacuum mixer-machine further flattens the dough while pressing air bubbles and excess
water from the dough to reach the optimum water content of 12%.

Pasteurization

The roll of dough moves through a steamer, which heats the dough to 220°F (104°C) in
order to kill any existing bacteria.

Cutting

Depending on the type of noodle to be produced, the dough is either cut or pushed through
dies. Ribbon and string-style pasta such as fettuccine, linguine, spaghetti, and capelin (angel
hair)—are cut by rotating blades. To make tube or shell-shaped pasta such as rigatoni, ziti,
elbow, Macaroni, and fusilli, the dough is fed into an extruder which then pushes it through
metal dies. The size and shape of the holes in the die determine the type of pasta.

To make vermicelli and capelin, the pasta dough is pushed through holes between 0.8-0.5
mm in diameter. The cutting machine then cuts the pasta into lengths of 10 inches (250
mm) and twists it into curls. Spaghetti ranges from 1.5-2.5 mm in diameter and is left
straight.

Tortellini (filled pasta rings) are made on a separate machine. The machine cuts small circles
from a roll of dough. A bucket of ricotta cheese mixture drops a pre-measured amount of
cheese onto the circle of dough. The dough is then folded over and the two ends are joined
to form a circle.

To make ravioli (filled pasta squares), premeasured quantities of cheese filling are dropped
by machine at pre-measured intervals on a sheet of pasta. Another sheet of pasta is placed
over this sheet as it moves along a conveyer belt. The two layers then pass under a cutting
machine that perforates the pasta into pre-measured squares.

Drying

31
The pasta is placed in a drying tank in which heat, moisture, and drying time are strictly
regulated. The drying period differs for the various types of pasta. It can range from three
hours for elbow macaroni and egg noodles to as much as 12 hours for spaghetti. The drying
time is critical because if the pasta is dried too quickly it will break and if it is dried too
slowly, the chance for spoilage increases. The oxygen level in the tank is also regulated, and
lab technicians test frequently for salmonella and other bacteria. Careful handling of the
pasta during the drying period is also crucial. Spaghetti is the most fragile of the noodles
and is therefore hung high above the floor.

Packaging

Fresh pasta is folded in pre-measured amounts into clear plastic containers. As the
containers move along a conveyer belt, a plastic sheet covers each container and is sealed
with a hot press. At the same time, a small tube sucks the air of the container and replaces
it with a mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen to prolong the product's shelf-life. Labels
listing the type of noodle, nutritional information, cooking instructions, and expiration date
are attached to the top of the containers.

Dried pasta is loaded, either manually or by machine, into stainless steel buckets (usually of
heavy gauge type 304) which move along a conveyer belt to the appropriate packaging
station. The pasta is measured by machine into pre-printed boxes, which also list the type of
noodle, ingredients, preparation, and expiration date. Again, careful handling is important.
For example, because lasagna noodles are particularly fragile, workers place them on metal
slides that ease the pasta into boxes. The boxes are then sealed by machine.

Conveying system can be constructed in "S," "C," or "Z" configurations, or as horizontal

conveyer belts. These systems move the pasta up and down and across the plant at heights
up to 10 feet (3 m). Workers at the floor-level stations monitor the packaging process. The
mechanism allows for workers to package the pasta manually if necessary.

32
6.5 Technological process

6.5.1 Primary processing of the plant

Wheat Flour Milling Manufacturing Plant

The flour milling process starts with the receiving and storage of whole grain. Grain is stored
in groups of steel or concrete silos laid out very similar to grain elevators. The grain is the
moved through the cleaning system which is housed in the cleaning tower. A variety of
cleaning equipment is housed in the multi-story cleaning tower, and cleaning is done with
machinery using air currents, magnets and screens to separate the wheat from stones,
sticks, other grains and undesirable elements. Equipment typically consists of separators,
destoners, magnets, aspirators and other cleaning machinery. After cleaning, the grain is
moved to temporary storage silos (known as clean storage) prior to tempering.

Immediately prior to milling the cereal is moved to tempering bins at one end of the milling
tower where the clean cereal (or other grain) moisture content is adjusted to approximately
12%. The milling process is ready to begin. The flour milling process consists of the break
system, purification or sizing system, the reduction system, and the tailing system. The mill
tower usually consists of 4 to 7 levels with integral bins at each end of the tower. At one
end are the tempering bins, and at the other end are the finished flour bins. Between the
bin clusters are many levels housing the various systems that complete the milling process.
The tower is usually constructed from precast or slips form concrete. Sometimes smaller
mills (which are part of a larger process) are constructed using only steel.

Maize Flour Milling Manufacturing Plant

Maize is milled into maize flour by using the dry milling processes. Primary products derived
from dry milling of maize are maize flour and maize grits. The quality of flour is generally
measured through weight per unit of volume, size of kernels, moisture content and absence
of blemish. Other products are oil and by-products for animal feed. The endosperm
fractions are characterized by their particulate dimensions and sizes which affect
composition and utilization.

Maize flour (with granular size of particle < 0.2 mm) is particularly valuable as an ingredient
of pancake mixes, baby foods, cookies, biscuits, ice cream cones and binders for loaf-type
sandwich meats. Maize flour also has been used a primary and favorite input for processing
cornflakes that widely consumed as breakfast.

Dry maize milling process can be in one of three ways: (1) a tempering degerming process
(wet milling); (2) stone-ground or nondegerming process (dry milling); or (3) alkaline-cooked
process. However, each miller has its own unique variations on the overall processing

33
system. Soft grains that have starch content are preferred for wet milling. For dry milling
and alkaline processing, hard grains are preferred for making grits or various snack foods.

The most common process for maize flour is the tempering-degerming and this process
consists of cleaning, tempering, degerminating, sifting and milling operations.

Pasta Manufacturing Plant

Pasta manufacturers today produce many varieties of dried products with hundreds of
shapes and sizes available. These products may be broadly classified as either short or long
goods. Internationally, the most well-known long goods are spaghetti (of various
diameters), fettuccini, and linguini. Elbow shaped- macaroni is probably the most familiar
short good, along with penne and the many types of shells. Stamping the forms such as bow
ties from an extruded thin sheet of dough produces another familiar group of short goods,
Bologna type pasta.

In addition to dried pasta with or without egg, there are fresh, frozen and microwavable
pastas, instant pastas, retort able pasta, etc., available to consumers. Each of these
products has its own processing requirements, but this project will focus primarily on the
fundamental aspects of production of basic short and long dried pasta.

Long Pasta and Short /Cut Pasta

Production of long pasta requires special equipment because when the dough is forced
through the die plate it must keep its shape, so they hang the pasta as a curtain. These
curtains of pasta are hung on special metal sticks and then be spread by an automatic
spreader. After being spread the cut pasta is automatically sent to a dryer. The production
of short/cut pasta is fairly simple. The first step is placing a die plate with round dies in it to
form the pasta. Secondly, there must be a blade to cut the pasta as it passes out of the die
plate. Lastly, there must be a way to slightly dry the pasta as it is cut to it will retain its
round form (Baroni 1988).

Having considered the different types of pasta, all the types follow similar production
process flow. The main processes are explained as follows:

34
 Figure 3:-Process flow diagram of pasta Production

Dough
Mixing of Extrusion Drying Packing
Preparation
ingredients
Flour
silo
Customer

Biscuit Manufacturing Plant

The process of biscuit manufacturing is conventional and easy. It mainly consists of four
major processes mixing, forming, baking, cooling and packing. Wheat flour along with other
ingredients is mixed with water and dough is prepared. Then it is kept at a normal room
temperature for about couple of hours to allow proper fermentation. Then it is placed in
biscuit molding trays and these trays are placed in oven for baking. After requisite baking,
trays are taken out, cooled and biscuits are packed.

A.MIXING

Mixing is a process where all ingredients are put together in right proportion for 
dough formation. These ingredients are then fed into Mixers where mixing is done and
dough is prepared for molding. Major ingredients are flour, fat, sugar and others as per the
product one would like to have. Dough temperatures play important role in biscuit
manufacturing .Next important factor is mixing time. Mixing time depends upon
flour characteristics. Normally mixing time is between 10-15 min and is performed in two or
three stages with different mixing speed. Mixing can be done in one stage, two stage
or three stages.

I) One - Stage mixing:

One stage or all in one is type of mixing where all ingredients and water are added once.
Mixing is allowed till satisfactory dough is prepared. Normally this type of mixing is used
for hard Dough.

II) Two - Stage mixing

35
Creaming: All ingredients are added with water and mixed 4-5 minutes except for flour.2nd
stage: Flour with chemicals is then mix with the creaming product to form consistent dough.

II) Three stage mixing:

Stage One: fat, sugar with other ingredient like milk, chocolate, malt, honey etc are
mixed and cream is prepared with portion of water.

Stage two: Salt, chemical and flavors with colors are mixed with water. Stage three: Flour
with water is then added to the prepared cream and mixed till satisfactory dough is
prepared.

Mixing process has following characteristics which have to be monitored for better
result.

Mixing time: Normally any mixing could be achieved within 15-25 minutes.
Much depends on mixing speed of mixer, flour characteristics or temperatures required
for dough.

Dough Temperatures: Very important factor the temperature ranges between

35oc- 42oc as per biscuit variety. Temperatures are maintained by refrigerant equipment’s
like chillers, direct expansion type chillers. In winter dough temperatures are maintained by
heating equipment’s.

Dough consistency: This is done manually by checking dough and stretching the dough
it should not break neither should it be so elastic. These methods are mastered by bakers by
trial and error method.

B.DOUGH MIXER
The mixing stage is of great importance in biscuit-making technology, as a good process
starts from the head of the line. In the mixing stage, all ingredients must be uniformly and
evenly incorporated in a consistent mass and transformed into dough which can be
processed by the next set of machines. Various mixing machines are available, according to

36
the type of dough to be handled. They include: Horizontal mixer, suitable for hard sweet
and rotary molded biscuit dough.

C. FORMING

In forming sections the dough is passed through several rolls to form sheets; these sheets

are then converted into a uniform sheet of desired thickness. It is normally 5-6mm.
Laminate the dough into sheet which then passes down to gauge rollers and the required
sheet thickness is prepared for cutting. Here there will have a cutter or a molder as per the
variety where one gets the shape and sizes of biscuits. Molder /cutter speed again depends
on different variety of biscuit. Molders are used for short dough type of biscuit and cutters
are used for sheet variety or hard dough. Molders and cutters are used to cut sheet or
convert dough into desired shape and size

D. Baking
This is the area where these molded wet biscuit pass into baking oven .The biscuits are
baked on desired temperatures. Various type of heating are available now days as per the
convenience and cost. Different type ovens are available like direct fired, indirect fired and
hybrid ovens .Heating of biscuit is done by conduction, convection and radiation inside the
oven. Dampers are provided to control moisture inside the ovens section. Different heating
profiles are maintained for different varieties of biscuit. Normally ovens are classified as 4
zone, 5 zone or 6 zone ovens where length varies from 40 meters to 80 meters. Biscuits are
carried on wire mesh band in oven. Baking time is different.

Wet dough pieces of desired weight and shape are then passed on to oven band
through swivel planner web.

E. Cooling
Cooling process is as important as any other process, When biscuit comes out with oven the
temperatures of biscuit are around 70-95oc. These baked biscuits are then passed on to
cooling conveyors for natural cooling prior to packing. The temperatures are brought down
to room temperatures. These biscuit can be cooled by letting it travel for distance of 1.5
times of baking time. So if you have an oven of 200 ft then cooling conveyor length would
be approximately 300 - 350. In some places forced cooling is also done due to space

37
constrain or for special features. Cooling conveyors can be of two decks or three deck type
as per space availability. Natural cooling is preferred over forced cooling as it maintains the
texture quality of biscuit. Cooling brings temperatures to room temperature for handling of
biscuit for packing.

F.Packaging

Biscuits are fed into packing machines in continues stacks this is achieved through stacker
which converts free flowing biscuits into uniform achieved through stacker which converts
free flowing biscuits into uniform stacks. These are done through guidelines which could be
adjusted as per type of biscuits. Different packing material is available for packing of these
biscuit in different packs. Slug packs, pouch pack or family packs etc. These packs are then
put into secondary packaging like cartons to be transported to retailers. Packing material
used for biscuit packaging are BOPP, Laminates (pearliest/metalized), Pouches.

Mixing of Dough Forming Coolin Packing

ingredients Preparation g

Figure 4:-Process flow diagram of biscuit Production

38
Cornflake Manufacturing Plant

Cornflakes are a very popular breakfast cereals made from maize. It contains other
ingredients, such as salt, yeast, sweeteners, flavoring agents, coloring agents, vitamins,
minerals, and preservatives. The sweeteners used in breakfast cereals
include malt (obtained from barley), white sugar, brown sugar, and corn syrup. Some
natural cereals are sweetened with concentrated fruit juice. A wide variety of flavors may
be added to breakfast cereals, including chocolate, cinnamon and other spices, and fruit
flavors. Other ingredients added to improve flavor include nuts, dried fruit, and
marshmallows.

Cornflakes are produced by extrusion cooking method. For this purpose single screw and
twin screw extruders are available. Twin screw extrusion cooking method is used for
producing high quality products with better texture and precise process control.

Ingredients are mixed and conveyed to a twin screw cooker extruder which gelatinizes the
starch in the grain. The cooking temperature varies from 250º to 350º degree Fahrenheit
(121.10C to 176.70C) for 10-15 minutes. Flavor, color and vitamins are added at this stage.
The cooked cereal is then passed into a forming extruder where the mass is cooled and
formed into the pallets. The pallets are conditioned before flaking/ shredding. The flakes are
then roasted and required a coating of sugar is applied along with vitamins and minerals.
The product is then packed and dispatched

Figure 5:- The process flow of cornflake manufacturing

Cleaning and grading of

Maize nuts

Soaking and drying

Roasting

Sieving

Packing
39
6.5.2 Plant production capacity
Flour milling machine

Flour production lines operate 24 hours a day, six days a week, and 300 days of the year just
to meet the consumer demand. The envisaged plant will use a high-tech technology to meet
the changing demands for the production of quality flour and to win the competition.

Based on the market study, the envisaged flour plant will have an annual production
capacity of 10.42 tons per hour. The plant will operate 3 shifts, 24 hours a day, and for 300
days per annum. Therefore, the envisaged plant will utilize 250 tons per day (working 24
hours per day) and 75,000 tons per annum at its full capacity.

Cornflake machine

The plant will produce 0.8ton cornflakes per hour, 19.2 tons cornflakes per day and 5,760
tons cornflakes per annum at its full capacity.

Pasta and Macaroni processing machine

The capacities of the long and short goods processing lines are 2,750kg/hr and 1,500kg/ hr
respectively i.e. 66 ton long goods and 36 ton short goods will be produced per day. With
300 working days per annum the annual capacity of long goods and short goods production
lines are 19,800 ton and 10,800 ton respectively.

Biscuit processing machine

The capacity of the project is 30 tons of biscuits per day. With 300 working days per annum
the annual capacity of biscuit production line is 9000. Types of biscuit include cream,
glucose, and cookies biscuit.

6.6 waste generation rate

The solid waste generated by the plant will be only domestic organic solid waste which will
be properly collected and sorted again, those which are functional will be sold for the
domestic dweller at reasonable price and the remaining will be disposed of in sanitary
landfills as required by the national solid waste control regulation. The amount of solid
waste generated in the operation phase is estimated based on the daily generation rate.

Accordingly the amount of solid waste generation is estimated from the ongoing food
complex processing plant is 55 tons/day from the wheat cereals and 16.8 tons/day from the

40
maize cereals which is easily degradable and decomposable. Therefore the total amount of
waste generated from the raw materials as by product is 71.8 tons /day which will be re-
used properly and the remaining will be dumped and will be used as compost for the local
community.

7. Baseline Information on bio-physical and socio-economic situation

This section describes the baseline conditions of the project area. It provides information on
the physical, biological and socio-economic environment. This description of the
environmental setting is a record of conditions prior to implementation of the proposed
project. It is primarily a bench mark against which to measure environmental changes and
assess the impacts.

7.1 Bio-physical Environment

7.1.1 Location
The project area is located in Oromia Regional State, East Wollega Zone, Nekemte town,
kebele 07. It has a latitude ranges from 1960 to 2170 m.a.s.l, average annual rainfall of
1854.9 mm and the average temperature ranges from 14 0c to 270c. It is located at a distance
of 331Kms from Finfinne. The proposed food oil plant is found in area covering 0.5 hectare
of land bordered in the north by road, in the west, east and south by the empty land.

Figure 6:- Location of the study area (Deber Markos Town)

41
Source: Adapted from Ethio GIS by Researcher, 2014

7.1.2 Topography of the project area

The elevation of Deber Markos town is 2446 meter above sea level. This indicates that the
city has Dega/temperate /climate. The terrain of the study area is moderate slope by
nature.

7.1.3 Climatic conditions

Debre Markos's climate is classified as warm and temperate. Debre Markos has a significant
amount of rainfall during the year. Its Average Annual Temperature is 18.5ºC; Mean Annual
Rainfall is 1,380mm and the existing wind direction is from north to south. The least amount
of rainfall occurs in January. The average in this month is 12 mm. With an average of 309
mm, the most precipitation falls in July.

7.1.4 Soil

As field observation indicates that the soil type of the area is clay by nature which has
smallest particles among the three types of soil so it has good water storage qualities. Due
to the tiny size of its particles and its tendency to settle together, little air passes through its
spaces. Because it’s also slower to drain, it has a tighter hold on plant nutrients. Clay soil is
thus rich in plant food for better growth.

7.1.5 Hydrology
The project area is characterized by moderate slope land form respectively. This condition is
suitable for infiltration, percolation and consequent storage as ground water of the
significant amount of the precipitation in this area.

7.1.6 Flora and Fauna

7.1.6.1 Flora

There is no protected natural forest or vegetation in the food complex processing area. The
area was serving as arable land before delineated for industrial zone by the city
administration. Due to this the processing plant doesn’t have significant impact on the area
since it was left for industrial zone by the city administration before four years ago.

42
Plantation of trees in the compound could be planted such planted trees will serve as shade,
soil conservation and protection of dust from and may serve as a wind break.

7.1.6.2 Fauna

As far as the project area were served as arable land before the commencement of the
proposed project. There are no endangered fauna identified in the proposed project site.
Therefore, the project impact area does not constitute a special living and breeding habitat for
the fauna species

7.1.7 Historical, Cultural and Religious Sites

In the project area, there are no historical and cultural significant sites rather there is religious
site 200-250 meters far away from the proposed project area. The existence of this did not
cause any negative impact on it.

7.2 Socio-Economic Environment

Based on the 2007 national census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia
(CSA), the town has a total population of 62,497, of whom 29,921 are men and 32,576
women. The majority of the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with
97.03% reporting that as their religion, while 1.7% of the population said they were Muslim
and 1.1% was Protestants.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for Debre Marqos of 49,297 in 9,617
households, of whom 22,745 were men and 26,552 were women. The three largest ethnic
groups reported in this town were the Amhara (97.12%), the Tigrayan (1.29%), and the
Oromo (0.67%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.92% of the population. The majority of
the inhabitants practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, with 97.25% reporting that as
their religion, while 1.88% was Muslim, and 0.81% were Protestant.

The settlement pattern of the community around the project area is little bit far from it, but
the project creates job opportunities for the local communities and enhances accesses to

43
infrastructure facilities.

8. Significant Environmental Impacts

The proposed project of Mr.Kebede Mekonnen food oil plant is predicted to bring both
beneficial and adverse impacts on physical, biological and socio-economic environment.
Though the implementation of the project has many benefits, obviously the plant will also
bring a number of impacts to the physical, biological and social environment.

8.1. Identification of Potential Impacts of the project

The Major impacts that are expected to arise as a result of the implementation of the project
are the following:

8.1.1. Potential Positive Impacts of the project

The proposed project may have the following positive impacts on socioeconomic
environment
 Supply the edible oil to the local market at a reasonable price,
 Development of the industry sector in the urban area;
 Job creation and employment opportunities for those who will be employed by the
project, either in the construction phase or the operation phase;
 New opportunities for income generation for many smallholder farmers and investors
who will be engaged in producing sesame, soybeans, sunflower and cottonseed.
 Improvement of general welfare for the local population as a result of increased micro-
business activities in connection with the factory;
 Increase in the income of the population working on the site and development of small
businesses that will serve the employee of the construction site;
 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs for the employees and their families
(health care, schooling children etc.);
 Payment of taxes to the local and central government.

44
8.1.2. Potential Negative Impacts of the project
Food Oil plant factory may have the following negative impacts on biophysical environment;
 Risk of excess soil being eroded and deposited on the site during construction;
 Degradation of air quality due to land clearing, and plant operation;
 Risk of accidents during the construction and operation phases;
 Effects of sewage, effluent and wastewater from the factory processing;
 Effects of generated solid wastes;
 Contamination of ground water by generated wastewater from the factory and by used
oil from the maintenance of the machines;
 Risk of increase in road accidents resulting from increase in road traffic,
 Risk of noise pollution of plant machinery and vehicles and its related impacts like air
pollution increased in the area;

8.2. Impact Evaluation and analysis

In this section, the impacts of construction works and related activities on the human and
biophysical environment are evaluated and analyzed during the construction and operation
phases. As mentioned in the methodology the simplest and the most commonly used
checklist method is employed for identifying, predicating and evaluating the potential
impacts of the proposed undertaking. Since, it is convenient and purposively selected for this
simple/not complex project.

Table 2: Checklist of Impact Categories for Flour and other food items Factory

Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial

Effects Effects

1.Natural Environment Effects

1.1 Water Resources pollution and depletion 

1.2 Air quality (chemicals, odors, gases) 

1.3 Noise (duration, repetition) 

1.4 Land Resources

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 Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial
Effects Effects

 Accelerated soil erosion 

 Stability (slides, slumps) 

 Compatibility of land uses (open space 

delineated for industrial purpose)
2.Ecological Effects

2.1 Aquatic 

2.2 Terrestrial 

2.2.1 Birds 

2.2.2 large mammals 

2.2.3 Terrestrial vegetation

2.3 Habitat and communities

2.3.1 Aquatic 

2.3.2 Terrestrial 

1. 3.Aesthetic Effects 

4.Socio-economic Effects

4.1 Effects on public & private services 

4.1.1 resources depletion/energy & water/ 

4.1.2 Human health & safety 

4.1.3 Solid and liquid wastes 

4.2. Economic & Employment

46
Potential Impact Areas Adverse No Effects Beneficial
Effects Effects

4.2.1 Employment Opportunities 

4.2.2 Social pattern lifestyle change 

4.2.3 Values ( Religious, social) 

4.2.4 Social acceptability 

5.occupational safety issues

5.1.risk of accidents 

5.2 transmission of HIV/AIDs and STDs 

8.2.1. Negative impact of the project during construction phase

8.2.1.1 Extraction and Use of Building Materials
Building materials such as hard core, cement, rough stone and sand required for construction
of the industrial project will be obtained from quarries, cement shops and sand harvesters
who extract such materials from natural resource banks such as rivers and land. Since
substantial quantities of these materials will be required for construction of the buildings, the
availability and sustainability of such resources at the extraction sites will be negatively
affected, as they are not renewable in the short term. In addition, the sites from which the
materials will be extracted may be significantly affected in several ways including landscape
changes, displacement of animals grazing land and vegetation, poor visual quality and
opening of depressions on the surface leading to several human and animal health impacts.

8.2.1.2. Dust Emissions

During construction, the project will generate substantial quantities of dust at the
construction site and its surrounding. The sources of dust emissions will include site
preparation and leveling works, and to a small extent, transport vehicles delivering building

47
materials. Emission of large quantities of dust may lead to significant impacts on
construction workers and the local residents, which will be accentuated during dry weather
conditions.

8.2.1.3 Traffic flow during construction

There is a likelihood of increase in traffic on road adjacent to the site during construction.
The trucks used to transport various building materials from their sources to the project site
will contribute to increases in emissions of dust, CO2, NOx and fine particulate along the
way as a result of diesel combustion. Such emissions can lead to several environmental
impacts including global warming and health impacts. Because large quantities of building
materials are required, some of which are sourced outside Nekemte town, such emissions can
be enormous and may affect a wider geographical area. The impacts of such emissions can be
greater in areas where the materials are sourced and at the construction site as a result of
frequent running of vehicle engines, frequent vehicle turning and slow vehicle movement in
the loading and offloading areas may slow down traffic flow.

8.2.1.4 Noise and Vibration

The construction works, delivery of building materials by heavy trucks and the use of
machinery/equipment including bulldozers, generators, metal grinders and concrete mixers
will contribute high levels of noise and vibration within the construction site and the
surrounding area. Elevated noise levels within the site can affect project workers and the
residents, passers-by and other persons in within the vicinity of the project site.

8.2.1.5 Risks of Accidents and Injuries to Workers

Because of the intensive engineering and construction activities including erection and
fastening of roofing materials, metal grinding and cutting, concrete work, steel erection and
welding among others, construction workers will be exposed to risks of accidents and
injuries. Such injuries can result from accidental falls from high elevations, injuries from
hand tools and construction equipment cuts from sharp edges of metal sheets and collapse of
building sections among others.

48
8.2.1.6. Solid Waste Generation

Large quantities of solid waste (soil) will be generated as a result of excavation of the site. In
addition, additional solid waste will be generated at the site during construction of the
building and related infrastructure. Such waste will consist of rejected materials, surplus
materials and excavated materials are among others. Such solid waste materials can be
injurious to the environment through blockage of drainage systems, choking of water bodies
and negative impacts on human and animal health. Moreover, there is also a waste generated
from human feces which can be polluting environment.

8.2.1.7. Energy Consumption

The project will consume fossil fuels (mainly diesel) to produce and run transport vehicles
and construction machinery. Fossil energy is non-renewable and its excessive use may have
serious environmental implications on its availability, price and sustainability.

The project will also use electricity supplied by Ethiopian Electric Power. Electricity in
Ethiopia is generated mainly through natural resources, namely, water resources. In this
regard, there will be need to use electricity sparingly since high consumption of electricity
negatively impacts on these natural resources and their sustainability.

8.2.1.8 Water Use

The construction activities will require large quantities of water in addition to extracting of
food oil and other residuals. Water will mainly be used for concrete mixing, sanitary and
washing purposes. Excessive water use may negatively impact on the water source and its
sustainability.

8.2.1.9 Soil erosion:-

Vegetation clearance and excavation works related to construction of the project will expose
soils in the affected areas which could leave them vulnerable to erosion by surface run-off
and create the threat of water turbidity and sediment deposition in drains and the river water.
The flat topography of the site and the pervious nature of the soils would help to reduce
erosive surface flows and the potential situation should exist only for the duration of the

49
construction works. After rehabilitation for the project area such as construction of drainage
system and cover the area with plants that can reduce the susceptibility to soil erosion. There
are no other significant surface features such as gullies, streams or rivers in close proximity
to the site that could be affected by soil erosion.

8.2.2 Positive impacts of the project during Construction phase

8.2.2.1 Creation of Employment Opportunities
Several employment opportunities will be created for construction workers during the
construction phase of the project and more job opportunities will be created during
operational phase of the proposed project. This will be a significant impact since
unemployment is currently quite high in the country at large.

8.2.2.2 Provision of Market for Supply of Building & finishing materials

The project will require supply of large quantities of building materials most, of which will
be sourced locally. This provides ready market for finishing material suppliers such as paints
importers, machinery importers, wheat and maize seed suppliers and individuals with such
materials.

8.2.2.3 Increased Business Opportunities

The large number of project staff required will provide ready market for various goods and
services, leading to several business opportunities for small-scale traders such as food
vendors around the construction site in addition to those who would like to distribute and sell
finished products/food oil and residuals.

8.2.3 Nature of the impacts during construction phase

The criterion of classification of the impacts depends on impact characteristics such as;
 Size and geographical extent
 Duration and Frequency
 Irreversibility
 Ecological context

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During the construction phase several activities will be carried in the project area. The
impacts of the proposed project during construction phase can be characterized as below:

Table 3: Impacts characterization during the construction phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

1 Employment opportunities to the population of the Positive, important and

project area directly concerned with the works and to temporary impact
the People in the vicinity.

2 Increase in the income of the population working on Positive, important and

the site and development of small businesses that temporary impact
will serve the employee of the construction site

3 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs Positive, important and

for the employees and their families (health care,& temporary impact
schooling children )

4 Risk of the increase of HIV/AIDS and other Sexually Negative, middle and
Transmitted Diseases due to the increase in income temporary impact
which may cause unsafe behaviors.

5 Risk of the accidents on the personnel of the site. Negative, middle and
Some of the workforce may not be familiar to temporary impact
construction techniques which can be a cause of
accidents. If the protection equipment is not adequate
accidents are most likely to occur.

Pollution emitted from food oil extraction factory is measured in terms of volume of dust
particulate emitted. Air pollutants in the atmosphere cause concern primarily because of their
potential adverse affects on human health. The adverse human heat effects attributable to air
pollution from respiratory illness; other potential adverse impacts of air pollution include
damage to animal life, vegetation and buildings, and the degradation of visibility. However
there is a wide range of dust control processes and equipment to choose from, depending on
the volume and composition of potential dust to be recovered or discharged to the

51
environment (cyclone and fabric filters among others).

8.2.4.2. Potential Impacts of Effluents on Human Health and Environment

Water pollution threatens individuals who come in direct contact with surface such as the
rivers and lakes, as well as those who depend on surface and ground water for drinking
water. Water pollutants can enter the food chain through crop irrigation and the
contamination of aquatic life. Impacts of pollutants of wastewater of food oil extraction
factory can range from a loss of aesthetics to a reduction in biological health, which is
reflected in a variety of ways; from the loss of species diversity in the ecosystem to direct
human health hazards. Food oil extraction waste hazards are minimal due to the fact that no
chemical is used and that dry cleaning is usually employed. Modern industrial facilities use a
range of physical, chemical, and biological treatment technologies to bring the water quality
of discharges to acceptable levels.

8.2.4.3. Potential Impacts of Solid waste on human health and environment

Organic matters are the main wastes produced from graining mills which cannot cause
substantial hazards to human health or the environment when properly managed. Because
some of these organic wastes may undergo decay and causes unpleasant smells, attract
disease causing vectors etc.

8.2.5 Nature of the impacts during operation phase

Once the impacts have been identified the next task is to predict their potential size and
characteristics. The impacts of the project during operation phase on biophysical and
socioeconomic environment can be characterized as in the tables below.

Table 4: Impacts on socio-economic environment during operation phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

1 Supply of edible oil in the country Positive, important and

52
 permanent impact

2 Job creation for those who will be employed in Positive, important and
different services of the factory permanent impact

3 New opportunities for income generation for many Positive, important and
individuals who will be supplying Oil seeds to the permanent impact
food oil factory

4 Generation of foreign currency through export of Positive, important and

parked edible oil to neighboring countries permanent

5 Improvement of general welfare as a result of Positive, important and

increased Income permanent impact

6 Increased economic activities directly or indirectly Positive, important and

related to the project permanent impact

7 Increase in the income of the population working on Positive, important and

the site and development of small businesses that will permanent impact
serve the employee

8 Possibility of meeting the fundamental social needs for Positive, important and
the employees and their families (health care, permanent impact
schooling children)

9 Possibility of savings for the local population and Positive, important and
employee of the plant. permanent Impact

10 Payment of taxes to the local and central government Positive, important and
permanent impact

Table 5 : Impacts on biophysical environment during operation phase

No. Type of impacts Impact classification

53
1 Effects of fumes and green house gases, effluent and Negative, middle and
wastewater from the plant operation on human permanent impact
health and environment

2 Effects of generated solid wastes Negative, middle and

permanent impact

3 Risk of contamination of ground water by generated Negative, middle and

wastewater from the plant and by used oil from the permanent impact
maintenance of the machines

4 Risk of increase in road accidents resulting from Negative, weak and

permanent Impact
increase in road traffic;

5 Risk of noise pollution of machinery and vehicles Negative, weak and

and its related impacts like air pollution increased in permanent Impact
the area;

6 Risk of fire accidents Negative, important and

permanent impact

9. Environmental Mitigation Measures

This section provides measures envisaged to avoid, reduce minimize present or compensate
negative impacts of the project. Considering the project design and the site layout plans, most
of the mentioned impacts are not likely to happen. The following mitigation measures have
been recommended for minimizing or avoiding the anticipated potential impacts

9.1. During construction phase

9.1.1. Efficient sourcing and Use of Raw Materials

The proponent will source building materials such as sand, ballast and hard core from
registered quarry and sand mining firms, whose projects have undergone satisfactory
environmental impact assessment/audit and received concerned government body approval.

54
Since such firms are expected to apply acceptable environmental performance standards, the
negative impacts of their activities at the extraction sites are considerably well mitigated.

To reduce the negative impacts on availability and sustainability of the materials, the
proponent will only order for what will be required through accurate budgeting and
estimation of actual construction requirements. This will ensure that materials are not
extracted or purchased in excessive quantities. Moreover, the proponent will ensure that
wastage, damage or loss (through run-off, wind, etc) of materials at the construction site is
kept minimal, as these would lead to additional demand for and extraction or purchase
materials.

In addition to the above measures, the proponent shall consider reuse some of left
construction materials for other purpose. This will lead to reduction in the amount of raw
materials extracted from natural resources as well as reducing impacts at the extraction sites.

9.1.2. Reduction of Air pollution

During site preparation and construction phase, it is anticipated that the surrounding air might
be polluted by the dust emitted during site clearing. For this it would important to regularly
water the site so as to reduce the amount of dust emitted in the air. Also the construction site
will be fenced, and no fire to clear off the site will be used.

Dust emission during construction will also be minimized through strict enforcement of
onsite speed controls as well as limiting unnecessary traffic within the project site. In
addition, it is recommended that excavation works be carried out in wet weather.

9.2.3 Minimization of Run-off

The proponent will put in place some measures aimed at minimizing soil erosion and
associated sediment release from the project site. These measures will include terracing and
leveling the project site to reduce run-off velocity and increase infiltration of rainwater into
the soil. The proponent will also construct appropriate concreted drainage system to reduce
soil remove and gully formation. In addition, construction vehicles will be restricted to
designated areas to avoid soil compaction within the project site, while any compacted areas
will be ripped to reduce run-off.

55
9.2.4. Minimization of Waste generation
It is recommended that demolition and construction waste be recycled or reused to ensure
that materials that would otherwise be disposed of as waste are diverted for productive uses.
In this regard, the proponent is committed to ensuring that construction materials left over at
the end of construction will be used in other projects rather than being disposed of. In
addition, damaged or wasted construction materials including cabinets, doors, plumbing and
lighting fixtures, marbles and glass will be recovered for refurbishing and use in other
projects. Such measures will involve the sale or donation of such recyclable/reusable
materials to construction companies, local community groups, institutions and individual
residents or homeowners.

The proponent shall put in place measures to ensure that construction materials requirements
are carefully budgeted and to ensure that the amount of construction materials left on site
after construction is kept minimal. It is further recommended that the proponent should
consider the use of recycled or refurbished construction materials. Purchasing and using
once-used or recovered construction materials will lead to financial savings and reduction of
the amount of construction debris disposed of as waste.

Additional recommendations for minimization of solid waste during construction of the

project include:-

 Use of durable, long- lasting materials that will not need to be replaced as often, thereby
reducing the amount of construction waste generated over time,
 Provision of facilities for proper handling and storage of construction materials to reduce
the amount of waste caused by damage or exposure to the elements,
 Purchase of perishable construction materials such as paints incrementally to ensure
reduced spoilage of unused materials,
 Use of building materials that have minimal packaging to avoid the generation of
excessive packaging waste,
 Use of construction materials containing recycled content when possible and in
accordance with accepted standards.

56
 During the construction phase, temporally toilets will also be used. The best system is to
use the “Ecosan” system consisting of plastic cabins with regularly empty able contains. The
proponent can also prepare temporary pit latrine inside the project area as one of the option
to use it. This is a sanitation system that does not require any water to function. It saves on
water use. The system utilizes a natural biological process to break down human waste into
a dehydrated odorless compost-like material.

9.2.5. Minimization of impacts on traffic flow

The proponent will put in place measures to address such concerns by ensuring that
construction vehicles preferably deliver materials during off-peak hours when traffic volume
is low. There will also be provision for caution signs on the access road to alert users on
construction activities in progress in order to prevent occurrence of accidents.

This will be achieved through proper planning of transportation of materials to ensure that
vehicle fills are increased in order to reduce the number of trips done or the number of
vehicles on the road. In addition truck drivers will be sensitized to avoid unnecessary racing
of vehicle engines at loading/offloading areas, and to switch off or keep vehicle engines at
these points.

9.2.6. Minimization of Noise and Vibration

Noise and vibration will be minimized in the project site and surrounding areas through
sensitization of construction truck drivers to switch off vehicle engines while off-loading
materials. In addition, they will be instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines or hooting
especially when passing through sensitive areas such as churches, schools and hospitals. In
addition, construction machinery shall be kept in good condition to reduce noise generation.
It is recommended that all generators and heavy-duty equipment be insulated or placed in
enclosures to minimize ambient noise levels.

57
9.2.7. Health and safety of Workers on site

The proponent is committed to adherence to the occupational health and safety rules and
regulations stipulated in Occupational Safety and Health Act. In this regard, the proponent is
committed to provision of appropriate personal protective equipment such as gloves; helmets,
overall as well as ensuring a safe and healthy environment for construction workers by
providing sanitary facilities (toilets) and portable water while food will be bought by workers
from the nearby hotels and individuals.

9.2.8. Reduction of Energy Consumption

The proponent shall ensure responsible electricity use at the construction site through
sensitization of staff to conserve electricity by switching off electrical equipment or
appliances when they are not being used. In addition, proper planning of transportation of
materials will ensure that fossil fuels (diesel, petrol) are not consumed in excessive amounts.
Complementary to these measures, the proponent shall monitor energy use during
construction and set targets for reduction of energy use.

9.2.9. Minimization of Water Use

The proponent shall ensure that water is used efficiently at the site by sensitizing construction
staff to avoid irresponsible water usage.

9.2. During operation phase

9.2.1. Mitigation Measures for air pollution

All exhaust discharge points on the plant would be fitted with Buhler air jets filters which are
capable of achieving an in–stack particulate concentration in maintaining the international as
well as the national standards.

9.2.2. Mitigation measures for sewage

The major source of effluents in the food oil extraction factory is the water used in cooling,
the rolling processes is also using a substantial amounts of oils and lubricating fluids. The
conventional casting process may use some liquid chemicals for the cleaning process of the

58
casting, but it comprises minor amounts of effluents as most of the water and oil will be
recycled to be reused in the plant operation. Nevertheless, the small amount of effluent will
be treated before it may be released and reused, and therefore, a better waste management
system is described below.

Waste water system from the food oil extraction plant

There will be an oil separator before the effluent go into the system. Oil separators will be
installed on surface before the entry to the wastewater treatment to protect the system from
impact of the oil. The drainage system inside the factory will be designed in order to avoid
the water to enter into it.

Waste water from the toilets

With regard to the wastewater from the toilets of the workers and administrative staff a Jet
wastewater treatment plant will be installed. It uses Biologically Accelerated Treatment
process to transform wastewater into colorless, odorless, clean and environmentally-friendly
effluent. The capacity requirement of the plant (equivalent to 200 inhabitants: 10 to 15 m 3
wastewater treated per day).

Jet Wastewater Treatment Plants employ a biological process known as “extended aeration”
or “aerobic digestion.” In this process incoming wastewater enters an aeration tank where the
contents are thoroughly mixed and aerated by large volumes of air which are pumped into the
tank under pressure. As the air bubbles to the surface, it transfers oxygen to the tank liquids.
Aerobic bacteria present in the activated sludge in the tank use this oxygen to convert the
wastewater to inoffensive, clear, odorless liquids and gases.

Sometimes this process is referred to as “wet burning” because the bacteria actually destroy
the wastewater by using oxygen, just as fire uses oxygen to burn trash. After the treated
liquid leaves Jet’s Aeration Tank, it is held in a “settling” tank, which is completely still.
Here any partially treated particles settle to the tank bottom and are returned to the aeration
tank for further treatment. This settling produces a clear, highly treated liquid which is ready
for final discharge.

59
The management of the food oil plant shall carry out physical-chemical test every six month
to monitor the efficiency of the waste treatment plant. The following parameter must be
tested: the Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), the chemical oxygen demand (COD), total
nitrogen (N), total phosphorus (P), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), total suspended solids (TSS),
turbidity, total dissolved substance (TDS), coli forms etc.

9.2.3. Mitigation measures for solid waste

Solid waste from the extraction machines is mainly organic waste such as oilseeds residues
from sieves i.e impurities smaller or larger than seeds; stones from the gravity separators;
ferrous metal impurities from the magnetic separators and other light impurities from
aspirators. All these wastes must be separated after their production, collected and managed
according to their nature. The principle of waste prevention, minimization/reduction will be
implemented in the Plant. This will apply the adoption and the use of the cleaner production
principles in this Plant.

The management of the Plant shall organize regular training of the personnel on cleaner
production principles to be used through the control of raw materials, the control of
processing, packaging, storage etc. Waste, particularly solid waste will be minimized,
recycled or reused.

9.2.4. Measures to avoid accidents during operation

The major industry operation will be carried out in the workshop. Condition for acceptable
working environment will be respected, i.e. sufficient aeration, acceptable level of noise,
permanent availability of drinking clean water. Moreover, as safety measures for staff /
workers during operation, employees will be equipped with adequate equipment such as

 High Boots to provide support and protection past the ankles

 Protective uniform

60
  Dust masks
 Helmets
 Eye goggles with a dark shade so as to protect the workers from the bright color
of the liquid metal.

First aid equipments should be available at the site at all time, and several individuals among
the permanent personnel on the site should have the skills necessary to use the equipment. A
contract should be signed between management of the grain mill factory and the nearest
dispensary or health center for taking care of injured staff in case of accident. The insurance
should be contracted for all the personnel during the construction phase and for those who
will be employed in the factory during the operation phase

Workers will be regularly trained on the use of the equipment as well as on the safety
measures and procedures so as to limit the risk of accidents due to the ignorance in the
equipment use as well as the importance of the safety procedures. Table 6 below summarizes
all the proposed mitigation measures in line with the anticipated impacts

Table 6: Mitigation measures

No. Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures

1.Impacts during construction phase

1.1 Air pollution by the dust emitted
during site clearing.
1.2 Waste generation impacts
1.4 Soil erosion due to exposure of the
soil after removal of ground cover;
1.3 Risk of the accidents on the
 Soil watering when soil works are being
executed and where dust is emitted.
 To fence the construction site
 Not to use fire for land clearing
 Recycle or reuse construction waste
 Carefully budgeting for construction materials
 Construct and use temporary toilet to be used
for workers.
 To avoid steep slopes and level the land as
much as possible.
 To maintain vegetation edges in order to
reduce wind erosion.
 provision for caution signs on the access road

61
No. Type of impacts
personnel of the site due to traffic
and lack of workers safety.
1.4 Loss of resources /construction
materials /
1.5 Effect of noise pollution
1.6 Depletion of resources/energy and
water /
2. Impacts During operation
phase
2.1 Degradation of air quality by air
. installed to control Particulates.
emissions during plant operation
2.2 Risk of the increase of HIV/AIDS
and other Sexually Transmitted
Diseases due to the increase in
income which may cause unsafe
behaviors
62
Proposed mitigation measures
to alert users on construction activities in
progress in order to prevent occurrence of
accidents
 Provide all staff on construction site with
protective equipments (helmets, gloves, coats
and boots where applicable).
 To teach the workers how to use adequately
these equipments
 Efficient sourcing and use of construction raw
materials
 Sensitization of construction truck drivers to
switch off vehicle engines while offloading
materials.
 instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines
or hooting especially when passing through
sensitive areas
 construction machinery shall be kept in good
condition to reduce noise generation
 sensitization of staff to conserve energy and
water
 High efficiency cyclone and fabric filters will be
 Adequate stack height will be provided as per
industrial guidelines for the proper dispersion
of potential pollutants.
 Motor able roads in the plant area will be
paved to reduce dust emission.
 The biggest workforce will be recruited from
the local communities, and they normally
return to their homes.
 Sensitization campaign to the staff on HIV/AIDS
and other STDs, and avail condoms on site, free
of charge.
No. Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures

2.3 Occupational health effects on  Plant will implement the safety and health
workers due to fugitive dust,
material handling, noise or other
process operations
2.4 Effects of sewage, effluent and
wastewater from the factory
processing
2.5 Effects of generated solid wastes;  The garbage will be sorted on site and wastes
2.6 generated wastewater from the
factory and by used oil from the
maintenance of the machines;
2.7 Risk of increase in road accidents  Regular maintenance of the road
resulting from increase in road
traffic
program designed to:
o Identify, evaluate, monitor and control
safety and health hazards
o Provide safety training to workers
 To reduce the impact of waste water this study
proposes a method for treating the
Wastewater.
 Adequate treatment facilities will be provided
so that the treated effluents conform to the
regulatory standards.
 The plant effluent after treatment will be
reused to maximum possible extent.
 Rain water percolation and runoff from solid
material, fuel and waste piles will be controlled
by covering and / or containment to prevent
percolation and runoff to ground and water
surface waters
will be treated separately/compositing, burning
by using incinerators and reuse/recycling/.
 Regular inspection of the site
 Efforts will be made to utilize the solid waste to
the extent possible. The non usable part would
be appropriately dumped in an officially
designated area.
 Used oil will be collected, stored in water tight
recipients and taken to reuse or recycling plants
 Maintain storage and disposal area to prevent
accidental release
 Provide spill mitigation equipment, double wall
tanks and / or diking storage tanks
 Humps added where needed.
 Use of traffic signs

63
 No. Type of impacts Proposed mitigation measures

2.8 Risk of noise pollution of machinery  Use of new machines and vehicles with minimum
and vehicles and its related impacts noise
like air pollution increased in the  Equipment will be kept in good condition to keep
area the noise level within 90 dB (A).
 Workers will be provided with necessary protective
equipment e.g. ear plug, earmuffs
 Provision of green belt and plantation would further
help in attenuating noise
2.9 Risk of fire accidents  Fire fighting equipments (fire extinguishers) should
be installed with more attention paid to the safety
and security of machines.
 The extinguishers should be regularly inspected and
maintained.
 The personnel of the factory must be trained on
their use.

10. Environmental management plan (EMP)

This section describes the modalities provided in the project for the implementation of the
proposed mitigation measures to its potential negative impacts. It proposes the institutional
responsibilities for the implementation of the mitigation measures, the implementation
indicators, the time frame for monitoring and follow-up and also the estimated cost for the
implementation activities. The Environmental Management Plan of the grain milling plant is
summarized in a table below

64
Table 7: The Environmental Management Plan

.S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Construction
phase

Air pollution by the  Soil watering when soil works are During Contractor 10000
dust emitted during being executed and where dust is construction /proponent
site clearing. emitted.
 To fence the construction site
 Not to use fire for land clearing
Waste generation  Recycle or reuse construction waste Before starting Proponent/ 12000
impacts  Carefully budgeting for construction its construction contractor
materials
 Construct and use temporary toilet to
be used for workers
Soil erosion due to  To avoid steep slopes and level the During Proponent 6,000
exposure of the soil land as much as possible. construction
after removal of  To maintain vegetation edges in time
ground cover order to reduce wind erosion

Risk of the accidents  provision for caution signs on the Before starting Proponent 12,000
on the personnel of access road to alert users on main & office
the site due to traffic construction activities in progress in construction transport
order to prevent occurrence of
and lack of workers

65
.S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

safety. accidents activities

 Provide all staff on construction site
with protective equipments (helmets,
gloves, coats and boots where
applicable).
 To teach the workers how to use
adequately these equipments
Loss of resources  Efficient sourcing and use of During the Proponent Nil
/construction construction raw materials and
Construction
materials / contractor
time

Effect of noise  Sensitization of construction truck During the Proponent 2,000

pollution drivers to switch off vehicle engines and
while offloading materials. Construction
contractor
 instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle time
engines or hooting especially when
passing through sensitive areas
 construction machinery shall be kept
in good condition to reduce noise
generation
Depletion of  sensitization of staff to conserve Before starting Proponent/ 2000
resources/energy and energy and water their actual contractor
water / work

66
.S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

2 Operation phase

Degradation of air  High efficiency cyclone and fabric Before starting Proponent 200000
quality by air filters will be installed to control its operation
emissions during plant Particulates.
operation  Adequate stack height will be
provided as per industrial guidelines
for the proper dispersion of potential
pollutants.
 Motor able roads in the plant area
will be paved to reduce dust
emission.

Risk of the increase of  The biggest workforce will be After new Proponent 1000
HIV/AIDS and other recruited from the local communities, employees &
Sexually Transmitted and they normally return to their recruited
homes. Office of
Diseases due to the
 Sensitization campaign to the staff health
increase in income
on HIV/AIDS and other STDs, and
which may cause avail condoms on site, free of
unsafe behaviors charge

Occupational health Plant will implement the safety and Throughout the Proponent, 1000
effects on workers health program designed to Identify, project life office of
due to fugitive dust, evaluate, monitor and control safety EPLAU and

67
.S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

material handling, and health hazards and Provide safety workers

noise or other process training to workers affairs
operations

Effects of sewage,  Use of waste water plant. Before Proponent 13000

effluent and  The plant effluent after treatment will operation
wastewater from the be reused to maximum possible
factory processing extent.
 Rain water percolation and runoff
from solid material, fuel and waste
piles will be controlled by covering
and / or containment to prevent
percolation and runoff to ground and
water surface waters
Effect of generated  To take the rest solid waste in the During Proponent 5000
solid waste Appropriate dumping site
Operation
 Garbage will be sorted on site and
categorized of waste will be treated Phase
Separately

Contamination of  Regular inspection of the machines During Proponent 1000

ground water by  Used oil will be collected, stored in
generated wastewater water tight recipients and taken to Operation
reuse or recycling plants

68
.S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

from the plant and by  Maintain storage and disposal area

used oil from the to prevent accidental release
maintenance of the  Provide spill mitigation equipment,
machines double wall tanks and / or diking
storage tanks
Risk of increase in  Regular maintenance of the road During Proponent 2000
road accidents  Humps added where needed and office
Operation and
resulting from  Use of traffic signs of
construction
increase in road traffic transport

Risk of noise pollution  Use of quality new machines During site Proponent Nil
of machinery and equipped with air functional
pollution devices (ex: fabric filter Preparation and
vehicles and its
collectors or electrostatic precipitators operation
related impacts like
phase
air pollution

Risk of fire accidents  Firefighting equipment should be During Proponent 10000

installed with more attention paid to & fire risk
the safety and security of the operation protection
machines
agency
 The extinguishers should be phase
regularly inspected and maintained
 The personnel of the plant must be
trained on their use

69
 .S/N Component Potential Proposed mitigation measures Time schedule Responsibl Cost
Environmental & e institute estimate
social Impacts per year

Total 88000

11. Environmental monitoring plan

Environmental monitoring is defined as the systematic measurement of key environmental indicators over time, within a particular
geographic area; and the systematic evaluation of the implementation of mitigation measures. Environmental monitoring is a
necessary complement to mitigation, and should be a normal part of monitoring project results. It defines environmental mitigation
and monitoring plan for flour and other food complex manufacturing Project, in terms of proposed mitigation measures,
parameters to be monitored, location where monitoring takes place, methods monitoring, frequency, responsible bodies who
monitored it, and estimated cost to carry out environmental monitoring activities.

Table 8: Detailed Monitoring Plan

S/N Project stage Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurem Frequency Responsibili Cost
Monitored ent ty estimate

1 Construction Provide all staff on construction site with protective Number of accidents on Factory Observatio Every week EPLAU, 2,000
phase equipments (helmets, gloves, coats and boots site site n, interview Manucipalit
where applicable).  Availability of protective y, BoH
To teach the workers how to use adequately these Equipments
equipments
2 Construction The biggest workforce will be recruited from the Number or % workforce Factory Interview Twice a year EPLAU, and 2,000

70
S/N Project stage Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurem Frequency Responsibili Cost
Monitored ent ty estimate

/operation local communities and they normally return to Recruited site and workers
phases their homes.  Number of Sensitization observation affairs
 Sensitization campaign to the staff on HIV/AIDS and campaigns on HIV/AIDS and
other STDs, and avail condoms on site, free of other
charge
STDs, and avail condoms on
site

free of charge

3 Construction  Sensitization of construction truck drivers to Noise intensity of machines Factory Inventory Annually EPLAU and 2,000
phase switch off vehicle engines while offloading site in Db and BoH
materials. interview
 instructed to avoid gunning of vehicle engines or
hooting especially when passing through sensitive
areas
construction machinery shall be kept in good
condition to reduce noise generation
4 Construction Soil watering during the time of soil works Amount of dust in the Factory Observatio Annually EPLAU 5,000
phase  Not use fire during site clearing atmosphere site n and
measureme
nt

5 Construction Compact soil immediately after removal of the top Soil erosion rate Factory Observatio Annually EPLAU 2000
phase cover Avoid steep slope and level the land as site n
much as possible
 Maintain vegetation edge to avoid wind erosion
6 Operation Treatment of wastewater from the plant Quality of underground Project Laboratory Annually EPLAU and 5000
phase  Cover / contain solid material, fuel and waste piles water site test BoH
from rain to prevent percolation and runoff to
ground and water surface waters

71
S/N Project stage Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurem Frequency Responsibili Cost
Monitored ent ty estimate

7 Operation Control particulates by cyclone and fabric filters Quality of air Surroundi Measurem Once in two EPLAU 4000
phase ng area ent years
and
factory
site

8 Operation To take the rest solid waste in the Appropriate Categories of wastes to be Factory Interview Every EPLAU and 1000
phase dumping site treated separately site and quarter municipalit
Garbage will be sorted on site and categorized of Contract with the garbage observation y
waste will be treated collector

9 Operation Regular inspection of the machines Quality of the receiving Factory Interview Every EPLAU 1000
phase  Used oil will be collected, stored in water tight environment which free from site and quarter
recipients and taken to reuse or recycling plants oil spill observation
 Maintain storage and disposal area to prevent
accidental release
Provide spill mitigation equipment, double wall
tanks and / or diking storage tanks
10 Construction Regular maintenance of the road Number of road accidents Factory Interview Annually EPLAU and 500
phase  Humps added where needed happened site and and transport
 Use of traffic signs out side observation

11 Operation Use of quality new machines equipped with air Noise level Factory Measurem Annually EPLAU 500
phase functional pollution devices (ex: fabric filter site ent in
collectors or electrostatic precipitators decimeter

72
S/N Project stage Proposed Mitigation Measures Parameters to be Location Measurem Frequency Responsibili Cost
Monitored ent ty estimate

12 Operation Firefighting equipment should be installed with  Fire fighting equipments In factory Interview Annually EPLAU and 500
phase more attention paid to the safety and security of Installed site fire
the machines accident
 The extinguishers should be regularly inspected and Number of fire accidents protection
maintained Avoided
agency
 The personnel of the plant must be trained on their
use

Total 25500

73
12. Nature of public participation
This is essential component in EIA process for the involvement of both affected and interested
parties with respect to the impact of the project on the receiving environment and vice-versal.
Since the project is allocated in the area where Debre markos city administration is identified and
demarcated for industrial purpose, the absence of direct affected parties in the project area during
EIA study limited the public participation process. However, there were involvement of kebele
officials and other stakeholders on this EIA study process. The public consultation meeting was
carried out 21 June, 2015 in Debremarkos city administration mayor office (see the attached
minute). They have suggested that the commencement of the project in the area has great benefit
to the surrounding communities. However, the study team should give emphasis on impact
identification, analysis and proposing effective mitigation measures so as to reduce the impact of
the project to the environment, particularly to human health effect. They realized that release of
waste to the surrounding area and workers safety issues who are working in the factory should
given high emphasis during operation phase of the project.

Generally, the commencement of the project is highly appreciated and supported by official letter
of kebele 07 administration office. This ensures that the inauguration of the project to the specific
area has positive effects for the local communities in many perspectives.

Photo: Public participation

74
13. Conclusions and Recommendation

13.1. Conclusion
As it is explained in the impact study section of this report the factory is planning and willing to
respect the physical, biological, social, cultural and environmental laws and conditions of the
project area. Though there are few negative impacts, the positive impact of the factory significant
too. Despite of this, it is believed that a systematic internal environmental monitoring is essential
for effective implementation of environmental management plan and has to be in placed to
ensure that undesirable impacts are kept to the minimum. To this end, the project is ready to
implement the recommended mitigating measures and use the environmental management plan,
produce adequate reporting, assign the right human resource and focus on the major issues, solid
and liquid waste management and workers safety and health so that it will be possible to operate
the factory in sustainable manner.

13.2. Recommendations
 The entrepreneur has to collaborate with the municipality and other similar stakeholders
who involve in waste management
 Livelihood restoration of affected parties that has compensated by city administration
should given high emphasis by the responsible institution such as city administration and
mayor office.
 Priority for job should be given for affected parties /displaced persons from their land by
the project owner
 Incorporate solid and liquid waste management designs and proper waste management
practices
 work safety and sanitary issues to given due emphasis by the owner
Finally, the project owner should carried out internal environment monitoring and auditing
activities and submitted to office of EPLUA for its environmental compliance

There for this section of the report describes the potential environmental impacts, both negative
and positive, those are likely to result from the construction and operation of the flour and food
complex processing plant in Deber Markos city administration. The possible mitigation measures
identified for the significant negative impacts should be implemented as per plan.

75
14. References
Amhara National Regional State Amhara Seed Enterprise Establishment, Council of Regional
government Regulation No 66/2009

Amhara National Regional State Bureau Of Environmental Protection Land Administration And
Use. General Environmental impact Assessment Guide line (Bahir Dar 2012)

Chukwu, O. (2005). Development of Predictive Models for Evaluating Environmental Impact of the
Food Processing Industry: Case Studies of Nasco Foods Nigeria Limited and Cadbury Nigeria Plc.

Chukwu, O. (2007). Assessment of In organic Constituents of Food Processing Wastes for Safe
Quality Use. Women’s Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 4, 176 – 184.

Dalzell, J.M. (2000). Food Industry and the Environment in the European Union: Practical Issues
and Cost Implications. Springer,Netherlands. 2nd Ed. 348 p.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Report for Grain Milling Factory (Bakhresa Grain Milling
Rwanda)

Environmental Perspective of Urban Agriculture in Debre Markos Town, Amhara regional State,
Ethiopia (Vol.4, No.13, 2014)

Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia Environmental Protection Authority. Environmental

Impact Assessment Procedural Guideline

Proclamation No 176/2010 the Amhara National Regional State Executive Organs Re-
Establishment and Determination of their Powers and Duties Proclamation

Proclamation No. 299/2002 Environmental Impact Assessment Proclamation

Short Flour Mill Environmental Assessment Air Quality & Environmental Management Report April
2007

76
Annex

 Site plan
 professionals CV
 trade license
 professional license
 public participation minute

77
 Lakk_____________
Guyyaa: 08/04/2008

Walga’ii Jaarsolii Bulchiinsa Magaala Naqamtee, Kutaa Burqaa Jaataa, Ganda 07

Iddoo:Bakka lafa Invastimentii Obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnon Lubaa

Maqaa Hirmaattotaa

1. Obbo.Tasfaayee Immiruu
2. Obbo Geetaachoo Gaaddisa
3. Obbo Bareechaa Dhufeeraa
4. Obbo. Fayisaa Cimdeessaa
5. Obbo. Dabalaa Taamiruu
6. Obbo Kifilee Fiqaaduu
7. Obbo. Qananii Tamasgeen
Ajandaa

Deegarsa Pirojektii Warshaa Zayita Nyaataa obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnoon Lubaa ilaalchisee fayidaa
ykn bu’aa inni uummata naannoo fi biyyaaf fidu irratti maarii’achuun yaada kennuu.

Yaada Jaarsoliin biyyaa:

1. Pirojektiin kun yommuu hojii oomishaa eegalu hojii dhabdoota simatee hojjechiisuu waan
danda’uuf rakkoo gama hojii dhabdootatin mul’atu salphisuuf faayida ni qabaata.Kanaafuu, kun
gaaffii fi hawwii yeroo dheeraa waan ta’eef kan itti gamadnuu fi deeggarru dha.
2. Pirojektiin magaala keenyaa fi naannoo keenyatti eegaluun isaa tekinooloojii ammayyaa
qonnaan bultoota fi jiraattota naannoo keenyaa fayyaduu danda’u, dabarsuu waan danda’uuf
faayidaan pirojektichi gama kanaan qabus guddaa dha.
3. Pirojektiin warshaa zayita nyaataa obbo Kabbadaa Mokonnon ganda keessatti oomishi isaa
(hojii) eegaluun isaa naannoo keenya irratti miidhaa inni geessisu waan hin jirreef pirojektiin
kun hojii eegaluu isaa ni barbaadna, ni deeggarra.
4. Daangaa lafichaa waliin walqabatee lafichi naannoo industrii waan ta’eef rakkoon uumamu hin
jiru, Investeroota naannoo sanatti argaman waliin ta’uudhaanis hojii misooma naannoo sanaaf
bu’aa guddaa buusu,
5. Pirojektiin kun hojii isaa yeroo eegalu hojii dhabdoota naannoof dursa waan kennuuf
akkasumas hawwaasa naannoo keenya bifa adda addaan waan deeggaruuf nuyis pirojektii
akkasii waan hawwaa turreef ni tumsina, gama barbaachisuun bira dhaabbanna.
78
6. Walumaagalatti hojiin pirojektii kanaa guddina biyyittii fi naannoo keenyaaf gumaacha guddaa
waan qabuuf kan deeggarru ta’uu keenya yaada mormii tokko malee sagalee deeggarsaa wal
fakkaatuun murteessineerra.

Lak Maqaa Teessoo gahee hojii Mallattoo

k

1 Tasfaayee Immiruu Ganda 07 Itti gaaftamaa zoonii

2 Geetaachoo Gaaddisaa Ganda 07 D/taa’aa gooxii

3 Bareechaa Dhufeeraa Ganda 07 Kab.Daldalaa fi IMX

4 Fayisaa Cimdeessaa Ganda 07 Dhimma nageenya zoonii

5 Dabalaa Taammiruu Ganda 07 Koree zoonii komuniitii poolisii

6 Kifilee Fiqaaduu Ganda 07 Koree zoonii komuniitii poolisii

7 Qananii Tamasgeen Ganda 07 Koree garee

79