Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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Healthy Mind,
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Healthy Body
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Chapter Goals
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102 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 103
• A giraffe's heart is 0.6m (2 feet) long and weighs about 11kg (25 pounds).
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beat faster?
2. Can you remember a time when your heart was beating really fast? Where were you? What
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happened?
3. Why do you think it is beneficial for an athlete to have a slower heart rate?
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2 Making comparisons How do parts of the human body resemble other things? With a partner,
match the parts of the body with the items. Then discuss in detail how each body part is like the
matched item.
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2. eye B computer
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3. liver C crane
4. nervous system D pump
5. teeth E water filter
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6. arm F camera
7. heart G electrical circuits
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The eye can be compared to a camera: both automatically focus for short and long distances and
adjust the amount of light that enters the lens.
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Words Definitions
cardiac muscles muscles of the heart
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1. The heart blood through the entire body. The blood is continuously flowing
into and out of the heart.
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2. When the heart muscles relax, the four open up and fill with blood.
3. Then the heart , pushing the blood back through the arteries.
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 105
5 Listening for main ideas You will hear students in a study session reviewing their notes from a
lecture on the heart. Listen once all the way through to get the gist, or the main idea. Answer the
questions and then compare your answers with a classmate. Listen again, if necessary.
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2. How does one student settle a disagreement about the walls of the heart?
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4. What happens to a piece of cardiac muscle if it is cut and kept in a dish? What explanation do
the students give for this?
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10 6 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
When instructors explain a new concept, they will often compare the new idea to something that
is already familiar to students. For example, the action of the heart might be compared to the
action of a water pump. These kinds of comparisons are called analogies. Analogies that
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include the words like or as are called similes. A good analogy helps you to picture
and remember a concept easily.
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Expressions Examples
as… as The heart is as big as a fist.
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6 Listening for analogies Listen to the study session again and complete the chart.
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1. Write down all the analogies you hear. You can write them in short form by using the = sign.
2. Note which expressions the students use to make these analogies.
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3. When you have completed the chart, draw a simple picture or symbol to represent the
analogy. It shouldn’t be a detailed drawing, just something very simple that will help you to
remember the analogy.
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 107
7 Identifying intonation patterns Listen to the following questions from the conversation and
repeat them after the speaker. Above each question draw an arrow to show rising-falling or rising
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intonation. Then check the box next to the items that are statement questions.
3. And what did she say about the walls of the heart?
5. Then remember how she told us to open and close our hands?
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7. Why is that?
8. So, that means that the heartbeat starts in the cardiac muscle itself?
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9. OK, but how does the heart work with all of the other organs?
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10. Can you believe that the heart works that hard?
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1. Arthur had the leading role in the school play and spent several weeks trying to
all of his lines .
2. Carla it when
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her colleagues criticized her unfairly. The next day, she decided to
with them in order to explain her side of the story.
3. It really when I hear of young children who are hospitalized
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1. Why would you want to learn something by heart? Think of situations when it is helpful to
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A heart-to-heart talk
N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 109
10 Recognizing Greek roots Listen to the following list of medical professions that are derived from
Greek roots. Repeat each one after the speaker to practice pronunciation. Then match the root of
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2. Can you add more medical words with Greek roots to this list?
Root Meaning
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1. orthodontist A skin
2. pharmacist B bone
3. psychiatrist C child
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in human history.
• The Spanish flu was the first of two pandemics
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2 Vocabulary Listen to the following underlined words. Then use the context in the examples to
match them with their definitions.
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Examples Definitions
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same time.
2. When an outbreak of an epidemic occurs, health B a change or alteration in
agencies work at finding the source in order to genetic material
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system is weaker.
4. Influenza is caused by a virus that infects the body D able to be easily spread to
and creates disease. others
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5. Medical scientists carefully study a harmful virus E never seen or done before
in order to create a vaccination that can prevent
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8. Most viruses do not usually transmit from animals H a sudden appearance and
to humans. spread of disease
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transmit to people.
10. When two different viruses exchange genetic J a very small organism that
material, it creates a hybrid virus. causes disease
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 111
Pandemic?
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4 Outlining the presentation Listen to the presentation. Take notes under the following headings
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in your notepads. Listen a second time to complete your notes. Then compare and combine your
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112 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
3. What are two ways in which the avian flu virus could merge with a human flu virus?
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4. Why is it difficult for scientists to develop a vaccine against the avian flu?
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5. Why do infected migratory waterfowl pose a threat in the spread of avian flu?
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If one bird gets the virus, it is likely that all birds on Geese are migratory waterfowl.
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understand every word. However, you can often get the general meaning of a word or phrase
by listening carefully for context clues.
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 113
A body secretions
B parts of the body
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C types of food
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2. domesticated poultry
A farm animals
B farm birds
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C wild birds
3. lethal
A unusual
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B contagious
C deadly
4. merge
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A to dominate
B to unite
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C to meet
5. triggering
A causing
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B infecting
C preventing
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6. contract
A to become smaller
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B to transmit
C to become ill with
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7. contain
A to limit
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B to destroy
C to hold inside
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1. Have there been outbreaks of avian flu in your country? What was done to contain it?
2. Do you think it is necessary to kill all infected and potentially infected poultry?
3. Creating flu vaccinations is an ongoing process that can take months. What steps do you think
are involved in manufacturing vaccinations?
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2. When do most people catch a cold? Are you susceptible to catching a cold? What do you do
to relieve the symptoms?
3. Do you have allergies? What are you allergic to? What happens when you have an allergic
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2 Identifying symptoms Look at the following list of symptoms and match them with the images.
1. dizziness 4. coughing
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2. nausea 5. headache
3. sneezing 6. fever
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A B C
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D E F
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3 Formulating questions Write questions to find out if someone has any of the symptoms mentioned
earlier. Compare your questions with a partner.
2.
3.
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4.
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5.
6.
N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 115
In the study session in this chapter, the speakers present a lot of factual information. In
addition to these facts, the speakers express personal opinions. In general, when we express
personal opinions, we don’t want to seem like a know-it-all, a person who thinks he/she
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knows everything. We want to qualify, or soften, our remarks by using specific expressions to
introduce them. These expressions also help the listener distinguish the facts from opinions.
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General Expressions
In my opinion… The way I see it…
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I’m (almost) positive… I bet… Not everyone will agree with me, but…
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4 Role-playing Work with a partner to role-play a conversation between a patient and a doctor.
Follow the steps shown. Then switch roles so that Student B is the doctor and Student A is the
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patient.
1. Student A: You are the doctor. Study the expressions for introducing your opinion in the
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Language Focus box. You will also use the following chart of symptoms and
ailments as a guide as you go along.
Student B: You are the patient. Study the following chart of symptoms and ailments. Imagine
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that you are suffering from one of the ailments, but do not tell your partner which
one.
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2. Student A: Greet your patient and ask what the matter is.
Student B: Tell the doctor about three of your symptoms, adding any other details you wish.
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Try to make it challenging at first by choosing symptoms that are similar for all
three ailments.
3. Student A: Ask the patient more details about each of the three symptoms mentioned. For
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example, try to find out about the frequency or the intensity of the symptoms.
Student B: Answer the doctor’s questions about your symptoms.
Student A: Make a reasonable guess about the diagnosis so far, using an appropriate
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4. Student A: Ask the patient questions about other specific symptoms and details in order
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to narrow down the diagnosis. When appropriate, make more guesses about
the diagnosis as you go along, using appropriate expressions to introduce your
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opinion.
Student B: Answer the doctor’s questions.
Student A: When you have enough information about the symptoms, make your final
diagnosis and advise your patient what to do.
116 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
bedside manner. That means they should have a sympathetic attitude towards their patients.
Why is this important?
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4. Brainstorm a list of other characteristics and qualities that a good doctor should have along
with the reasons why.
5. Would you want to be a doctor? Why? Why not?
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 117
2. Have you or other family members tried any of these remedies? Are they effective in relieving
the symptoms? Why? Why not?
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2 Classifying symptoms Read the following list of symptoms. Then work with your group to
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Could any of the symptoms fall into more than one category? Why?
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3 Listening and taking notes You are going to hear three people describe home remedies that they
have tried. As you listen, take notes in the following chart.
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Dimitri
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Speaker 2:
Alicia
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Speaker 3:
Brian
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4 Discussing In your group, discuss the following questions about the home remedies in 3.
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1. Have you or someone you know ever tried any of these remedies? If so, describe the effects.
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2. Have you or someone you know used other home remedies for the ailments mentioned? If so,
describe the remedy and its effectiveness.
3. Which of these remedies would you try? Which ones wouldn’t you try? Explain.
11 8 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
6 Sharing and comparing Have representatives share some of the most popular remedies that your
group discussed with the class. Compare to see if other groups agree.
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1. Do you think there is some scientific basis to home remedies? Why? Why not?
2. What are the most common types of illnesses or injuries that you think home remedies can
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treat effectively?
3. What are some potential risks of using home remedies?
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4. Would you use or recommend any of the home remedies that you learned about in your
discussion? Why? Why not?
N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 119
2 Brainstorming In your group, brainstorm what you already know about the topic and a variety of
aspects you wish to research. Include the following areas in your research:
• its origins and history
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3 Researching and documenting Assign each member of the group a certain aspect to focus their
research on.
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4. You may also wish to interview people who have tried the therapy.
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4 Collaborating and preparing Collaborate with your group and decide on the information and
images that you will include in your presentation and in what order each of you will present. Prepare
a draft of your script.
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Tip Know your audience! Plan and prepare your presentation for your specific audience.
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That means using the proper level of formality, language, vocabulary, and context.
For example, when presenting to a group of your peers in English class, you can
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communicate in an informal way using language and vocabulary that your audience
will understand easily. However, if you are presenting to an academic audience, you
should be formal and use appropriate technical language and vocabulary.
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5 Presenting Rehearse your presentation before presenting it to your class. After all groups have
presented, compare and discuss the alternative therapies you learned about as a class.
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6 Blogging Comment on how important it is to make the right decisions in matters of health and to
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have trust in the medical professionals who prescribe medication and recommend therapy. Post
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your comments on OUR BLOG or OUR BLOARD (a board or other surface in class that you can post
comments or other work on).
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120 Li s t en i n g a n d S pe a k i n g
LISTENING
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VOCABULARY
I can understand definitions and correctly use words in context. 5 4 3 2 1
I can use expressions that contain the word heart. 5 4 3 2 1
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SPEAKING
I can share my personal observations about heart rates. 5 4 3 2 1
I can discuss details about analogies concerning body parts. 5 4 3 2 1
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I can speculate and debate on how items are used in home remedies. 5 4 3 2 1
I can think critically about and discuss home remedies. 5 4 3 2 1
I can research, prepare, and deliver a presentation to an audience. 5 4 3 2 1
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N e w I n t er ac t i o n s 121