Effectiveness of Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) As A Growing Medium of Hydroponically Grown Ocimum Basilicum (Basil)

International Journal on Integrated Education e-ISSN : 2620 - 3502
p-ISSN : 2615 - 3785

https://journals.researchparks.org/index.php/IJIE
Effectiveness of Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) as a Growing

Medium of Hydroponically Grown Ocimum Basilicum (Basil)
Xedny Rhiane S. Macabale, Leonah Reggie L. Quimada, Angel Janine B. Torrentira,

Chiara Arabelle J. Vergara, Ariell Kathleen A. Zapanta, Nikko C. Catarina,
Maria Lordan L. Olandria
Junior High School Students and Faculty; University of San Jose-Recoletos
nikko@usjr.edu.ph, nikkocatarina1@gmail.com
Abstract: Sodium polyacrylate is a synthetic polymer that belongs to the class of superabsorbent
polymers (SAPs). It is commonly referred to as a water-absorbing polymer due to its remarkable
ability to absorb and retain large amounts of water. One of its primary uses is in disposable
diapers, feminine hygiene products, and adult incontinence products, where it serves as a highly
effective absorbent core that can retain large amounts of liquid while preventing leakage.
In the present experimental quantitative study, the researchers aim to determine the feasibility of
utilizing Sodium Polyacrylate as a growing medium for Basil (Ocimum basilicum) in a
Hydroponics Kratky Method System. The instrument used in data gathering was a Hydroponics
Kratky setup. In the Kratky method, plants were grown in Styrofoam containers filled with a
nutrient solution that is initially at a level high enough to cover the roots. As the plants grow and
take up water and nutrients, the nutrient solution level gradually decreases, leaving the roots
partially submerged in the remaining solution. The method relied on the natural process of plant
growth to create a balanced system, without the need for pumps or aeration devices.
Findings show that Sodium Polyacrylate exhibits excellent water retention properties, strong
enough to extend Ocimum basilicum’s lifespan compared to any other Hydroponics Growing
Medium. Sodium polyacrylate can absorb and retain water at a rate of 100 to 1,000 times its
weight. The results of this investigation indicate that Sodium Polyacrylate has immense potential
in the innovation of Horticulture and the development of the agriculture industry, specifically in
the field of Hydroponic.
Keywords: Hydroponics, Sodium polyacrylate, growing medium.
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THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
1.1 Background of the Study
Horticulture, the art, and science of cultivating plants has evolved over time to meet the growing
demand for sustainable and efficient methods of food production. One notable advancement in
horticulture is the expansion of hydroponics, a soilless cultivation technique that allows plants to
grow in nutrient-rich water solutions.
Ever since the prevalence of incorporating Hydroponics in horticulture communities, there has
been a notable increase in the demand for a diverse array of growing media to be used in a
Hydroponics system. In some hydroponics systems, a growing media may be used to support the
plant roots and enable more efficient water absorption to the root structure. There are various
types of growing media, and each one serves a specific function in certain circumstances. For
various crops and situations, people use diverse substances - the four most popular growing
mediums for hydroponic systems are coconut fiber, perlite, lightweight expanded clay aggregate,
and rock wool. Concerning this, Sodium Polyacrylate (SAP) has shown excellent water
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International Journal on Integrated Education e-ISSN : 26203502
IJIE | Research Parks Publishing (IDEAS Lab) p-ISSN : 26153785
absorbency which builds up its potential to become a substance other than soil in the area in
which plants are grown.
This substance is being utilized as a medium for Ocimum basilicum (basil) to grow in a Kratky
Method set-up (a passive yet effective growing method in which plants are suspended above a
reservoir of nutrient-rich water). Superabsorbent polymer (SAP) exhibits excellent water
absorbency, which can absorb 615 times its dry weight of distilled water and 44 times its dry
weight of 0.9 wt% NaCl solution (Liangyu Chang, 2021). There is a propensity for the sodium to
disperse evenly across the network and the water when the (sodium-containing) polymer is in
contact with it. This indicates that some sodium atoms seek to transfer from the network to the
water. When these sodium atoms depart, water molecules take their place. To maintain a
balanced salt concentration between the polymer and the water, water enlarges the polymer
network. With that said Sodium Polyacrylate can be an effective growing medium for Basil
Plants as Basil prefers a slightly moist soil that is neither too wet nor too dry.
There are different types of plastic - Super absorbent polymer (Sodium Polyacrylate) has the
most redeeming attributes for possible plant growth due to its water retention properties. This
study aims to contribute to the vast knowledge acquired by horticulture scientists over the
previous years with the usage of Sodium polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) as a growing
medium in planting Ocimum basilicum (basil) in a Hydroponics Kratky Method System. The
idea of the study was to use sodium polyacrylate that can be extracted from industrial products,
especially baby diapers and other products that are easy to extract and obtain this material at the
lowest cost, and to study its effect on soil properties and the proportion of its water retention and
the use of the experimental approach to study its effect on cultivated plants. The researchers are
interested in using Superabsorbent Polymer as an alternative growing medium for Basil to aid
the environment, farmers, local citizens, and future researchers in their agricultural endeavors.
1.2 Objectives of the Study
This study's main objective is to determine the feasibility of Superabsorbent Polymer, mostly
found in specific brands of diapers, as a growing medium for the Ocimum basilicum (basil) plant
in hydroponics using the Kratky method. Specifically, it aims to answer to following questions:
1.) What is the effect of the coconut coir (control setup) on the growth development of basil
plant in terms of:
a. Quality of the leaves
b. Number of Leaves
c. Height of the Plant
2.) What is the effect of the Sodium Polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) (experimental setup)
on the growth development of basil plant in terms of:
a. Quality of the leaves
b. Number of Leaves
c. Height of the Plant
1.3 Significance of the Study
This study is about using Superabsorbent Polymer as an alternative growing medium. This
research paper will be able to benefit the following entities:
ENVIRONMENT: Through this study, we will be able to help the environment by lessening the
amount of waste we have which will contribute to a healthier environment. Through waste
minimization, specifically recycling the powder inside diapers, we will be able to help the
environment by recycling them.
FARMERS: This study will aid us in giving farmers an idea or another option of what
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alternative medium to use. If they have babies or children under the age of three or four, then
they can recycle their used diapers by using gloves and taking out the powder, and using it as a
growing medium. An alternative medium will aid them in growing more plants and making their
production bigger, this might also be a way for them to contribute to waste minimization and
help prevent climate change.
LOCAL CITIZENS: This will help the local citizens, specifically mothers, parents, or
guardians of a baby or an adult know how to minimize their home waste. With this, they will be
able to contribute to the prevention of climate change and also help them make their houses
tidier. If they have plants, they can use also these to save them time from going out of their
homes looking for soil.
PLANT ENTHUSIASTS: We will be able to give plant enthusiasts an idea of what trend they
should try next to level up their gardens. It will also challenge them since this will enable them to
try new things and alternatives for their plants.
FUTURE RESEARCHERS: This study will aid future researchers in many ways, such as
giving them a resource as a base for their study and serving as a guide for them in making their
study. They may use this as a reference, and fill in the gaps in our study.
1.4 Scope and Limitations
This study focuses on the effectiveness of sodium Polyacrylate as a growing medium in a
Hydroponics Kratky method system. This method posed limits to the study to identify if sodium
polyacrylate, a superabsorbent polymer, is suitable for a growing medium for hydroponics in
general, for basil specifically through qualitative analysis. The comparison of the sodium
polyacrylate to the generally used growing medium, coconut coir, was not pursued due to the
lack of time, proper materials, number of plant subjects present, and equality of the health of the
plants.
As the study investigates the effectiveness of sodium polyacrylate as a growing medium,
observation of the development of the parts of the plants (quality of leaves, length of leaves,
width of leaves, number of leaves, length of stem) were done. The study was also limited to 2
basil plants of different sizes and quality (one for each set-up) whereas, the results from basil of
a similar state or other leafy plants could also be investigated. Due to resources and time
restrictions, these factors were not incorporated into the research design.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
This study aims to determine if the use of superabsorbent polymer as an alternative growing
medium is effective in hydroponically growing Ocimum basilicum (basil) in a Kratky method
setup. There are previous studies and research conducted in the past that relates to this study,
which can be categorized into the following subtopics:
a) Growing media in Hydroponics
b) The superabsorbent polymer in Agriculture
c) Using superabsorbent polymer as a growing medium
d) Issues of using a super absorbent polymer as a growing medium
e) Prevalence of Utilizing Coconut Coir in Hydroponics
f) Study on Coconut Coir's Feasibility as a Growing Medium in Hydroponics
g) Sodium Polyacrylate’s Feasibility in non-Hydroponically Grown Plants
h) Research Gap
The use of superabsorbent polymer as an alternative growing medium.
This study is anchored on the theory of using superabsorbent polymers in sustainable agriculture
by Arulo et al. (2022), which states that hydrogels are superabsorbent polymers that can hold
plant nutrients and water when the soil around plant roots starts to dry out. Using superabsorbent
polymers in agriculture has been suggested because it has many benefits for the plant's growth.
One of the main reasons why using superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) helps plants retain moisture
in the soil and reduces water irrigation is due to their high water absorption and water retention
capacity. According to Masuda and Euda (2015), SAPS or Superabsorbent Polymers are cross-
linked hydrophilic polymers that can carry large amounts of water just like cotton and pulp
which have been used as absorbents in fields since the 1970s. Studies in the past also state that
this material is made from starch, which also makes them environmentally friendly and
sufficient. Thus, superabsorbent polymers have certain characteristics essential to effectively
ameliorating water utilization in agriculture.
2.1 Growing Media in Hydroponics.
Courtney (2018), in his study, researched the role and importance of a growing medium in
hydroponics. In hydroponics, the soil is not used; rather, the plants are fed by a water-based
mineral nutrient solution. A growing medium is needed for the material to grow. The role of a
growing medium in hydroponics is to support the plant’s weight, deliver moisture and oxygen to
the root system, and provide the plant with maximum exposure to the nutrients it needs. The
advantage of using a growing medium is that it eliminates the threat of pests and diseases
commonly found in soil. With this, it would be easier to grow plants and produce in places where
the soil quality is poor or places where the soil is not easily accessible.
Moreover, the discoveries in this study are similar to the study of the University of
Massachusetts Amherst (2015) in which they also saw that a growing media plays a huge role in
providing plant support such as water, air, and nutrients. Using a growing medium in hydroponic
systems is beneficial because it helps to support the plants' growth and provides an efficient way
to deliver nutrients to the roots of the plants. A successful and sustainable hydroponic garden can
be created with the use of a suitable growing medium.
This was further affirmed by the study in an article by Nadaraja (2022) which was a study that
was conducted to determine whether growing mediums are required for hydroponics systems.
The research includes testing different hydroponic systems and comparing those that used a
growing medium to those that did not. After experimenting, they concluded that not all
hydroponic systems needed a growing medium. Although it is not necessary for passive systems,
the growth and development of the plant will still be improved if a growing medium is used.
Overall, using a growing medium in hydroponic systems is beneficial because it helps to support
the plants' growth and provides an efficient way to deliver nutrients to the roots of the plants.
2.2 Superabsorbent polymer in Agriculture
Behera and Mahanwar (2019) studied superabsorbent polymers in agriculture and their other
applications. Superabsorbent polymers, as described in the article, are substances with the
capacity to absorb and hold large volumes of water. These synthetic superabsorbent polymers are
being widely used at this time because of their high absorption capacity, availability of a wide
variety of raw materials, and long durability. Additionally, they are also hydrophilic, non-toxic,
and biodegradable. Due to these characteristics, superabsorbent polymers are utilized in various
applications, one of which is agriculture.
The uses and benefits of superabsorbent polymers in agriculture were discussed in the article by
Karnani (2016). Many soil conditions hinder plant growth. These include low water retention
capability, high evapotranspiration rate, and soil moisture leaching. To help lessen or solve these
issues, researchers have found that it is best to use a substance that can absorb large amounts of
water and can retain moisture even under pressure without risk of conflagration or
rupturing/blasting. Moreover, a superabsorbent polymer has these characteristics and is also low
in price, high in durability and stability, and low in soluble content and residual monomer. As a
result, if superabsorbent polymers are used in agriculture, they can help improve soil quality,
preserve water and resist drought stress, increase seed sprouting, and help save water and labor
by reducing irrigation frequency.
The discovery of using superabsorbent polymers in agriculture greatly helped farmers and plant
owners adjust to the current issue of climate change, which has substantial effects on temperature
and precipitation profiles and increases the frequency and severity of droughts. In his study,
Dehkordi (2016) determined the effects of using superabsorbent polymers on soil and plants. The
findings of this study demonstrated that superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) could store water and
nutrients and release them in drought-stress conditions in light soils. Therefore, an acceptable
biologic and grain yield with less irrigation water depth could be achieved.
2.3 Using Sodium Polyacrylate as a Growing Medium
Superabsorbent Polymer (SAP) has sparked interest among numerous researchers, notably in the
field of agriculture. According to the article of Ostrand, DeStutter, Daigh, Limb, and Steele
(2020), Superabsorbent Polymer can manage large volumes of water. This material promotes
good conditions for the growth of the plant and manages the transport of nutrients and water to
the plant. Furthermore, SAP is reportedly a non-toxic, safe-to-use material and it avoids
environmental pollution.
Additionally, the presence of SAP is found everywhere. Sodium Polyacrylate is a super
absorbent polymer that is found in diapers. According to the research of Al-Suraihi (2020),
scientists have searched for drought treatments and have attempted to reuse and find benefits
from wastewater. This led the scientists to study the results of growing plants with sodium
polyacrylate, extracted from diapers, and without sodium polyacrylate. According to the results
of the study, the plant with sodium acrylate had changed from the soil properties which had
increased to the suitable amount of acidity that the plant needed. Furthermore, the soil to which
the sodium polyacrylate substance is added has maintained the moisture and water of the plant.
On the contrary, the soil of the plant with no sodium polyacrylate had withered due to the water
evaporating. Thus, the plant suffered from dehydration. The scientists concluded that polymers
increase the ability of the soil to retain water and maintain gastric salts and nutrient oxides in the
soil.
It is evident from the results that the use of Sodium Polyacrylate can present benefits to the water
retention of the plants. Based on the article of Elshafie and Camele (2021), Hydrogel, or as we
call it, Sodium Polyacrylate positively affects the reduction of soil erosion. It is stated in the
article that the use of Hydrogel (Sodium Polyacrylate) can better provide growth and yield even
in unfavorable climatic conditions. Reportedly, several research studies have provided
information that this Hydrogel can improve the water holding capacity and water storage which
then delays the wilting stages.
To summarize, Sodium Polyacrylate would be a great growing medium for plants based on the
benefits it provides. It is a Superabsorbent Polymer material which denotes its non-toxicity
material to the environment and additionally, it avoids environmental pollution. Moreover,
Sodium Polyacrylate does not only positively affect the environment, but also the livelihood of
mankind.
2.4 Issues of using (Synthetic) Superabsorbent Polymer As a Growing Medium
Mentioned above were the benefits of Superabsorbent Polymer to the environment however
everything that provides benefits also produces disadvantages. Despite Superabsorbent Polymer
being a material that is reportedly safe and non-toxic to the environment, it contains toxic
residual byproducts. According to the article of Mignon, Belie, Dubruel, and Vlierberghe (2021),
most synthetic Superabsorbent Polymers (SAPs) are often not biocompatible, biodegradable, or
renewable. Furthermore, Synthetic polymers are low in solubility and there is a need for organic
solvents.
According to the review article of Rajakumar and Sankar (2016), ―synthetic polymers go through
a cross-linking process, isostatic ultra-high pressure mechanism, nucleophilic substitution

reaction, gelling agent, irradiation and freeze-thawing.‖ This increases the risk of chemical
transfer to the food chain and could affect the health of the consumers. Furthermore, as stated in
the article of Elshafie and Camele (2021), these polymers are not renewable materials and they
do not decompose in the environment. Therefore, excess use of synthetic polymers imposes great
danger to environmental pollution, agriculture, and the health of the people around.
It is evident that synthetic polymer plays a significant role within the agricultural field, although
stated in the research of Kumari and Thakral (2015), it is a permanent waste and is combusted in
incinerators which releases harmful gases and environmental pollution. Furthermore, this creates
not only environmental pollution but also water pollution. The synthetic polymers are broken
down into small particles once it reaches the marine environment. This endangers the food chain
for a reason that it is ingested by marine life.
Embracing this information, it is concluded that although SAPs provide great benefits to the
environment, it also presents disadvantages to the environment depending on the type of
Superabsorbent Polymer used. Namely synthetic polymer; it is created in industries with the aid
of scientists and the chemicals used. Thus, it is an environmental waste as it is a permanent
waste.
2.5 Prevalence of Utilizing Coconut Coir in Hydroponics
The prevalence of utilizing coconut coir in hydroponics has been steadily increasing in recent
years. Coconut coir is being widely used in commercial hydroponic operations, as well as in
small-scale and home-based hydroponic systems. According to a survey conducted by
Raghavendra et al. (2020) on hydroponic growers in South India, coconut coir was found to be
the most commonly used substrate, with over 60% of the respondents using it in their hydroponic
systems. Similar findings were reported by Chowdhury et al. (2018) in their study on hydroponic
vegetable production in Bangladesh, where coconut coir was found to be the preferred substrate
among local growers due to its availability, affordability, and favorable properties for plant
growth. Furthermore, coconut coir has gained popularity among organic hydroponic growers as
it is a natural and sustainable alternative to synthetic substrates, as discussed by Savvas et al.
(2013) in their review on organic hydroponic crop production.
Several factors are driving the adoption of coconut coir in hydroponics. Firstly, the abundance
and sustainability of coconut coir make it an attractive option for growers looking for eco-
friendly alternatives to traditional substrates. As highlighted by Mandal et al. (2018) in their
study on coconut coir as a sustainable substrate in hydroponics, coconut coir is a renewable
resource that is widely available in coconut-producing regions, making it a cost-effective and
environmentally-friendly choice for hydroponic growers. Additionally, coconut coir is
considered a waste product of the coconut industry, and its utilization in hydroponics can provide
a value-added opportunity for coconut farmers, as pointed out by Samarakoon et al. (2019).
Moreover, the favorable properties of coconut coir, such as its water-holding capacity, neutral
pH, and nutrient content, make it suitable for a wide range of crops and growing conditions, as
reported by Rosti et al. (2017).
2.6 Study on Coconut Coir's Feasibility as a Growing Medium in Hydroponics
Choosing the proper type of growing medium is critical for effectively growing basil (Ocimum
basilicum) in a hydroponic setup. A growth medium is required as it provides additional support
and helps distribute water and nutrients to the plant. The growing medium of choice must be able
to provide adequate drainage and aeration while still retaining enough water to keep the roots
moist. Based on the article "Can coco coir be used in hydroponics?" (2022), coconut coir is a
growing medium that is suitable to use for growing plants in a hydroponic setup. Moreover, the
article discussed the characteristics that make coconut coir an excellent growing medium. To
begin with, coco fibers are fine enough to allow plant roots to breathe while still holding
nutrient-rich water and providing stability. Furthermore, the lignins—naturally occurring
essential bacteria—in coco coir improve plant health. Aside from that, employing coconut coir is
beneficial to the environment because it is formed from rapidly growing coconut tree fiber and
waste fiber.
According to Brock (2023), coconut coir is one of the best growing mediums for hydroponically
producing plants and crops such as strawberries and basil. Furthermore, the article stated that
coconut coir has numerous advantages for hydroponically growing plants. For starters, it features
a high water capacity. It also allows for more air penetration. Coco coir also has an acceptable
level of pH. Its pH level is between 5.8 and 6.5, which is an ideal level for most plants. It is also
capable of keeping away any algae, fungus, and gnats that can cause issues with your hydroponic
plant. These reasons show why coconut coir is commonly used as a growing medium,
particularly for herbs like basil.
It is evident that coconut coir is mostly used as a growing medium for hydroponically growing
plants since it is effective in supporting, retaining moisture, and distributing nutrients to the
plant. If handled and used properly, it can greatly benefit the growth of the plant due to its
various abilities or characteristics, which is why it is able to sustain the growth of a
hydroponically grown plant.
2.7 Sodium Polyacrylate’s Feasibility in non-Hydroponically grown Plants
Sodium polyacrylate, also known as a water-absorbing polymer, has been shown to be effective
in improving soil moisture and nutrient retention for plant growth. Research has demonstrated
that the addition of sodium polyacrylate to soil significantly increases water-holding capacity,
allowing for better root development and overall plant growth (Ali et al., 2015). Furthermore, the
use of sodium polyacrylate has been shown to improve soil structure and reduce erosion, which
further supports healthy plant growth (Kumar et al., 2014).
Studies have also demonstrated that the effectiveness of sodium polyacrylate can vary depending
on soil type and environmental conditions. For example, research conducted on loamy sand soil
showed that the addition of sodium polyacrylate led to a significant increase in the growth of
okra plants (Abd El-Rahman et al., 2021). However, in a study conducted on clay soil, the
addition of sodium polyacrylate did not show a significant improvement in plant growth (Li et
al., 2018). These findings suggest that while sodium polyacrylate can be effective in certain soil
types, it may not always be the best solution for improving plant growth.
Moreover, a study conducted in Al Buraimi Governorate, Oman, investigates the effect of adding
sodium polyacrylate (extracted from children's diapers) to soil properties on the growth of plants
such as barley, rose, and onion. The study found that sodium polyacrylate increases the ability of
the soil to retain water and maintain mineral salts and nutrient oxides, and improves the pH
appropriately which helps the plant absorb iron and minerals and eliminate microbes, making the
plant capable of growing in dry areas with high quality.
2.8 Research Gaps
Although few studies report on using superabsorbent polymers (SAPs) in agriculture, limited
information is available regarding the use of this as a growing medium and the application of
SAPs in hydroponics. Specifically, the following research questions are addressed: (1) Can
Superabsorbent Polymer be used as a growing medium in the hydroponic Kratky method in
planting Ocimum basilicum (basil)? (2) Is a superabsorbent polymer growing medium better than
traditional growing methods? (3) What are the benefits of Superabsorbent Polymer as a growing
medium that other growing mediums do not have? (4) Could this study possibly be the basis for
sufficiently growing plants in the future? Thus, this research aims to investigate the use of
superabsorbent polymers as a growing medium in hydroponics to resolve these voids.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This study focuses on the analysis of Sodium Polyacrylate as a growing medium for Ocimum
Basilicum (Basil) in a hydroponic Kratky Method setup. The plant will be grown in this set-up
with sodium polyacrylate as a growing medium, and its growth and quality improvement are
assessed over a period of time by conducting a qualitative analysis. The study’s objective is to
determine the feasibility of using a superabsorbent polymer as an alternative growing medium to
grow basil hydroponically (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Flow of the Study

3.1 Research Design
This research utilizes Sodium Polyacrylate as an alternative growing medium in hydroponics and
determines its effectiveness in the germination of Ocimum basilicum (Basil). This study uses a
qualitative experimental procedure to assess the plant’s growth rate in a Kratky setup using
Sodium Polyacrylate as a growing medium.
3.2 Research Procedure
Collection of Samples
Sodium Polyacrylate, the desired growing medium, was taken out of baby diapers (Pampers
pants) bought at SM Seaside, Cebu City, Philippines. To ensure that the desired substance was
present, we checked the ingredients of every brand found. It guaranteed that the Sodium
Polyacrylate or Superabsorbent Polymer substance was of quantity and quality to fill the cups
used to experiment.
Preparation of Samples
As decided by the proponents, the Kratky method is the hydroponic setup used for the study.
Moreover, this method involves the usage of a polystyrene (Styrofoam) box and styrofoam cups.
Furthermore, the sodium polyacrylate for the experimental setup is obtained from the diapers,
specifically Pamper Pants diapers. The diaper will be soaked in water and carefully opened using
scissors to acquire sodium polyacrylate, a white, snow-like substance found inside diapers.
While the control setup uses coconut coir, one of the most common growing mediums farmers
use. As for the seedlings, they are bought from Cebu herbs garden, located at Mango Street,
Cebu City, Philippines. They are at the suitable growth stage for the experiment.
The experiment has two different setups: a control and an experimental setup. The growing
mediums are placed in styrofoam cups that have slits to ensure that the water and nutrients are
distributed to the growing medium. In both setups, one cup of growing medium is used to ensure
that the styrofoam cups are filled but with 0.5 inches left from the top to leave space and not
overfill the cups. The control setup has coconut coir as a growing medium for the basil.
Meanwhile, the experimental setup uses sodium polyacrylate as a growing medium. After this,
the basil seedlings are transplanted into both cups containing the different growing mediums.
These cups are then transferred on top of the styrofoam that contains the water and nutrient
solution. 12.5 liters of water were mixed with 25 ml of nutrient solution A and another 25 ml of
nutrient solution B. The experimental and control set-ups are placed outdoors to optimize direct
sunlight for their growth.
Ocimum basilicum Qualitative Assessment
1) Test for Coconut Coir (Control Set-up)
2) Test for Sodium Polyacrylate (Experimental Set-up)
3.3 Materials Used
 2 plants of Ocimum basilicum (Basil)
 1 cup of Sodium Polyacrylate
 1 cup of Coconut Coir
 Scissors
 Plastic bottles
 Ruler
 2 Plastic cups
 25 ml of Nutrient solution for each sets
 1 Styrofoam Box
3.4 Steps
1. Basil Seedlings were germinated into seedlings for 12 days until transplantation.
2. All the materials needed for the experiment were gathered to transplant the seedlings and
start the experiment.
3. For the experimental sample, 1 large Pampers diaper was soaked in warm water. The inside
and corners of the diaper were cut, and the sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer)
was extracted.
4. After extracting, 1 cup of sodium polyacrylate was measured and transferred into a
styrofoam cup, leaving a 0.5-inch space gap at the top.
5. For the control sample, 1 cup of coconut coir was measured and transferred into a Styrofoam
cup, leaving a 0.5-inch space gap at the top.
6. 1 germinated seedling was transferred into the styrofoam cup with sodium polyacrylate.
7. 1 germinated seedlings were transferred into the styrofoam cup with coconut coir.
8. 12.5 liters of water was poured into the styrofoam box.
9. 25 ml of nutrient solution A and 25 ml of nutrient solution B were added to the water.
10. After collecting the samples for the control and experimental setups, the styrofoam cups
containing the different growing mediums were placed on top of a mixture of water and
nutrient solution.
11. The setup was placed outdoors, where it received enough sunlight.
12. Both basil plants from the experimental set-up and control set-up were measured and
examined for the data gathering on; (1) the quality of leaves, (2) the number of leaves, and
(3) the length of the stems.
3.5 Documentation
Pictures of the Hydroponics Kratky Method Set-Up
Pictures of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) Plants
Picture of Experimental Set-up and Control Set-up
Pictures of Transplantation Stage and Plant Assessment

PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
4.1 Germination of Seedlings
The germination of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) seedlings started with planting seeds in well-
draining soil and providing them with the right conditions for growth. Basil seeds are typically
small and round, they require warmth, moisture, and oxygen to sprout. Over time, the results
indicated that the root grew longer and began to anchor the seedling in the soil. Simultaneously,
a delicate shoot emerges from the seed, reaching the light. As the seedling grows, it unfurls its
first pair of true leaves, which are essential for photosynthesis and nutrient absorption. With
proper care and nurturing, basil seedlings continue to grow and develop into healthy, mature
basil plants.
Table 1. The germination of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) seedlings.

Type of Plant Growth Rate (in cm)
Day 1 Day 4 Day 8 Day 12
Basil (Ocimum 0.2 cm 0.6 cm 1.2 cm 1.7 cm
basilicum)
4.2 Ocimum basilicum on Sodium Polyacrylate
From these results, Ocimum basilicum were transplanted on both the; (1) Control Set-Up with
Coconut Coir as a growing medium, and (2) Experimental Set-Up with Sodium Polyacrylate as
the growing medium. The growth rate, size, length, width, and the number of plant leaves
indicate the plant’s quality which is shown in Table 3.
Table 2. Ocimum Basilicum on Coconut Coir (Control Setup)
Based on the table on the set-up having coconut coir as a growing medium for a basil plant, it
had maintained good health on the first few days with the leaves having green as its color,
however during the later half starting from day six its health had plummeted, having dry brown
leaves. This connects to the study by Feng et al. (2017) which states that the color of the leaves
indicates if the plant is stressed or not. Thus, the color changes in the plant represent the state of
its health and state. On the other hand, the plant’s number of leaves, and length of the stem were
originally 7 leaves and 3 inches respectively. Throughout the experimentation period, the plant
started to wilt, which started the decrease of the data values on the number of leaves and length
of the stem. Finally, on the eighth day of the observation the plant had ultimately died.
Table 3. Ocimum basilicum on Sodium Polyacrylate
Based on the table on the set-up having sodium polyacrylate (superabsorbent polymer) as a
growing medium for a basil plant, it had similar results with the coconut coir (though the
superabsorbent polymer did retain more water), It maintained substantial health for the first
seven days, with green leaves, but its health had fallen in the latter half, beginning on day eight,
with dry brown leaves. This relates to a study by Feng et al. (2017) that found that a plant's leaf
color reveals whether it is healthy or not. The plants changing hue indicates its health and state.
On the other hand, the plant's number of leaves and stem length were initially ten leaves and 2.5
inches, respectively. During the testing time, the plant began to wilt, causing the values of the
data on the number of leaves and stem length to drop, with the decrease of the length of the stem
more severe than the set-up with coconut coir. Finally, on the tenth day of the observation, the
plant died. During the testing time, the plant began to wilt, causing the values of the data on the
number of leaves and stem length to drop, with the decrease of the length of the stem more
severe than the set-up with coconut coir. Finally, on the tenth day of the observation, the plant
died.
Figure 2. Number of Leaves of the Ocimum basilicum
As observed in the graph, Sodium Polyacrylate compared to Coconut coir had a sufficient
number of leaves. Both of them withered, but the descending number of leaves was more evident
in the Coconut coir setup than in the Sodium Polyacrylate setup. Based on our observations this
implies that in terms of maintaining the number of leaves of the Ocimum basilicum plant, the
Sodium Polyacrylate is more effective due to its ability to absorb large amounts of water that is
enough for the leaves to stay nourished and avoid dehydration which leads to withering. This is
supported by the study Al - Suraihi (2020) which is found in [ 2.3 Using Sodium Polyacrylate as
a Growing Medium ], which states that the presence of Sodium Polyacrylate in the soil cultivated
the moisture and water of the plant and with this, the plant was able to maintain its health.
Therefore, the ability of the Sodium Polyacrylate to absorb water and maintain it helped in
nurturing the plant thus minimizing the decrease in the number of leaves.
Figure 3. Length of Stem of the Ocimum basilicum
From what can be seen in the graph, this data implies a difference between the effects of sodium
polyacrylate and coconut coir as a growing medium for basil in terms of the length of the stem of
the Ocimum basilicum (basil) plant. In this graph, we can see that although both growing
mediums remained stable, Sodium Polyacrylate still remained more resilient compared to
Coconut coir. It can be observed that at the beginning of the first two days of the experiment,
both setups had the same length of the plant's stem. On the third day, the length of the stem of
the basil plant in the control setup (coconut coir) started to decrease by 1 inch, while the basil
plant in the experimental setup (sodium polyacrylate) remained at its original length. The length
of the stem of the basil plant in the control setup continued to decrease as the experiment went
on. While the basil plant in the experimental setup had a growth rate of 0.5 inches on the fourth
day of the experiment, As the experimentation stage ended, the data gathered showed that the
basil plant with coconut coir as the growing medium had an overall decrease of 2.5 inches in its
stem length. As for the basil plant with sodium polyacrylate as the growing medium, it had an
overall decrease of 1 inch in its stem length. This data gathered implies that the basil plant,
which uses sodium polyacrylate as its growing medium, had a lower decrease in its stem length
by 0.5 inches compared to the basil plant, which uses coconut coir as its growing medium. This
is supported by an article by Karnani (2016), found in [ 2.2 Superabsorbent polymer in
Agriculture ] which states that many soil conditions hinder plant growth and these include low
water retention capability, high evapotranspiration rate, and soil moisture leaching, to help lessen
or solve these issues, researchers have found that it is best to use a substance that can absorb
large amounts of water and can retain moisture even under pressure without risk of conflagration
or rupturing/blasting. Thus, it has supplied the sufficient nutrients needed to maintain the length
of the stem of the Ocimum basilicum, decreasing its reduction.
Figure 4. Ocimum basilicum overall Growth rate
Based on the overall results shown in this graph, it is observed that Sodium Polyacrylate had
higher stability than Coconut coir. The descent of the Ocimum basilicum in the Coconut coir
setup is more evident than in the Sodium Polyacrylate setup. In terms of the quality and number
of leaves, and the length of the stem, the Sodium Polyacrylate’s setup results show that it
maintained the plant's health well due to its high absorption rate which helps greatly in the
nurturing of the Ocimum Basilicum. This implies that the overall evaluation is that Sodium
Polyacrylate showed a more promising result than Coconut coir and this can be supported by the
article of Ostrand, DeStutter, Daigh, Limb, and Steele (2020), Superabsorbent Polymer can
manage large volumes of water. This material promotes good conditions for the growth of the
plant and manages the transport of nutrients and water to the plant. In conclusion, due to the
properties and abilities of Sodium Polyacrylate, it is advantageous when used as a growing
medium.
4.3 Trend in the Results
In this research study, the identification of the independent and dependent variables allowed the
researchers to study the effects of specific variables and test hypotheses about cause-and-effect
relationships.
 The growing medium in the Kratky Hydroponics set-up is the independent variable wherein
Sodium Polyacrylate is being tested instead of the most commonly used growing mediums
(i.e. Coconut Coir)
 The quality of the plant (based on color), the number of leaves, and the height of the stem are
the dependent variables in this research study.
The growing media used in the Hydroponics Set-up (Sodium Polyacrylate and Coconut Coir)
have a direct effect on the quality of the plant (based on color), the number of leaves, and the
height of the stem. As the quality of the plant (based on color) remains green, the number of
leaves remains constant and/or increases, and the height of the stem increases, then the basil
plant is healthy. Otherwise, if the quality of the plant (based on color) turns brown, the number
of leaves remains decreases, and the height of the stem decreases, then the basil plant is slowly
decaying, which may result in the death of the plant itself.
4.4 Scientific Explanation
This study investigates the use of a superabsorbent polymer (SAP) as a growing medium for
basil plants in a hydroponic system. These are the scientific concepts that can be drawn from this
study:
 Hydroponic systems: The study demonstrates the use of hydroponic systems, which are
methods of growing plants without soil by providing nutrients in a water-based solution. This
concept can be applied to other plants and crops, as hydroponic systems can be more
efficient and environmentally sustainable than traditional soil-based agriculture.
 Absorption and retention properties of superabsorbent polymers: The study investigates the
effectiveness of SAPs in a hydroponic system, which can absorb and retain large amounts of
water and nutrients. This concept can be applied to other fields, such as the development of
water-absorbing materials for agricultural, medical, or environmental applications.
 Plant growth and development: The study measures plant growth and development of basil
plants in a hydroponic system with SAP as the growing medium. The results can contribute
to our understanding of the factors that affect plant growth, including the availability of
nutrients and water, and can inform the development of optimized growing conditions for
other plants.
 Sustainability and environmental impact: The study discusses the potential benefits of using
SAP as a growing medium, including reduced water usage and increased plant growth. This
concept can be applied to sustainable agriculture and environmental management practices,
as well as the development of eco-friendly materials and technologies.
4.5 Reliability of the Results and their Interpretation
The Reliability of the results was ensured through research and repetition, the measuring of the
plant in each setup was repeated every day for 12 days to ensure that the development of the
plants is evident. Research of related studies about the different properties of the plant [ 2.7
Ocimum basilicum’s Attributes and Properties ], and of the different growing mediums [ 2.6
Study on Coconut Coir's Feasibility as a Growing Medium in Hydroponics ] & [ 2.3 Using
Sodium Polyacrylate as a Growing Medium ] were done to further investigate these vital
materials and to support the study’s research topic. Furthermore, research gaps were also
identified to help outline the study’s scope and limitations. Thus, the reliability and interpretation
of the results were justified and ensured through research of related pieces of literature, repetition
of measurement, and identification of the study’s scope and limitations.
4.4 Validity
The independent variable of the experiment is the growing medium used in the hydroponic
Kratky set-up. While the dependent variable was the growth development of the basil plant in
terms of the quality of the leaves, the number of leaves, and the height of the plant. The control
variables were the type of plant, type and amount of nutrient solution, duration of the
experiment, amount of water, amount of sunlight exposure, and time of data collection.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion
Sodium polyacrylate consists of long chains of acrylate composite, which contains sodium. It
allows the compound to absorb water in large amounts, which benefits the industry of
hydroponics. The study concluded that Ocimum basilicum grows at the same rate in Sodium
Polyacrylate as in any other hydroponic growing medium; however, the former experimental
variable (Sodium Polyacrylate) showcases excellent water retention properties, extending the
plant’s lifespan. In the 10 days of the experiment, it was observed that both growing mediums
had a similar effect on the growth and development of the basil plant in terms of the (1) quality
of the leaves, (2) the number of leaves, and (3) height of the plant. The results acquired from the
control setup (coconut coir) revealed that the (1) quality of the leaves, based on their color,
started to have brown spots at the beginning days and later on became completely brown; the (2)
number of leaves of the plants decreased by 5 with 2 remaining leaves at the end of the
experiment; and the (3) height of the plant decreased by 2.5 inches from its beginning length of 6
inches and became 3.5 inches at the end of the experiment. Based on the data gathered from the
experimental setup (sodium polyacrylate), it showed that the (1) quality of the leaves remained
its original green color for most days of the experiment and started becoming pale brown at the
end of the experiment; (2) the number of leaves of the plant decreased by 6 with 2 remaining
leaves at the end of the experiment; and (3) the height of the plant decreased by 1 inch from its
beginning length of 2.5 inches and became 1.5 inches at the end of the experiment. Nonetheless,
the results exhibited that sodium polyacrylate has immense potential in the agriculture industry.
5.2 Recommendations
Given the limitations of this study, future researchers will have to investigate and test various
types of plants and setups while utilizing Sodium Polyacrylate as a growing medium to fully
determine its feasibility. The following are suggested for future studies:
1. Selecting an innovative hydroponic setup that is cost-efficient and requires less water is
recommended since this might also allow the nutrients and water to be distributed and
received by the plants much more rapidly.
2. Transplanting a healthy seedling into the hydroponic setup is also suggested since this
affects the plant's growth in the structure.
3. The researchers recommend that sodium polyacrylate be obtained from a more cost-
effective and convenient material.
4. The researchers suggest that a mixture of sodium polyacrylate and coconut coir be used as
an alternate growing medium to see if it is more efficient than pure sodium polyacrylate.
5. The researchers suggest experimenting on other Hydroponic growing mediums other than
coconut coir, and compare it with Sodium Polyacrylate.
6. The researchers recommend adding food plant on the Sodium Polyacrylate to further
maintain a plant’s quality
7. The researchers suggest experimenting Sodium Polyacrylate’s feasibility on other types of
plants.
8. Research on the alternative ways of disposing and/or using the plastic outer layer of the
diaper
9. Experiment with different plant health indicators other than the; (1) height of stem, (2) color
of leaves, and (3) number of leaves
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2-s1-s11

Effectiveness of Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) As A Growing Medium of Hydroponically Grown Ocimum Basilicum (Basil)

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Effectiveness of Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) As A Growing Medium of Hydroponically Grown Ocimum Basilicum (Basil)

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International Journal on Integrated Education e-ISSN : 2620 - 3502

p-ISSN : 2615 - 3785

Effectiveness of Sodium Polyacrylate (Superabsorbent Polymer) as a Growing

Xedny Rhiane S. Macabale, Leonah Reggie L. Quimada, Angel Janine B. Torrentira,

a cross-linking process, isostatic ultra-high pressure mechanism, nucleophilic substitution

Figure 1. Flow of the Study

Pictures of the Hydroponics Kratky Method Set-Up

Pictures of Basil (Ocimum Basilicum) Plants

Picture of Experimental Set-up and Control Set-up

Pictures of Transplantation Stage and Plant Assessment

Table 1. The germination of Basil (Ocimum basilicum) seedlings.

Figure 3. Length of Stem of the Ocimum basilicum

Figure 4. Ocimum basilicum overall Growth rate

Plant Protection and Crop Yield. Sustainability, 13(6), 3253.

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