ELECTRICAL

TRANSFORMER

Prof.Prasant Tiwari

EFFICIENCY & V.R. OF TRANSFORMER

 ELECTRICAL TRANSFORMER
Transformer Syllabus
 Definition/Need of transformer Day 1
 Principle of Operation Day 2
 Construction
 EMF Equation Day 3
 Transformation Ratio
 Classification of Transformer
 Comparison between core & shell type Day 4

 Ideal & Practical Transformer

Equivalent Circuit
Day 5

 Losses in a Transformer Day 6
 Open circuit & Short circuit test Day 7
 Voltage Regulation & Efficiency
 VOLTAGE REGULATION & EFFICIENCY

After going through this session you will be able to answer the
following questions.

What is regulation and its importance?

How to estimate regulation at a given load and power factor?
How to calculate efficiency of the transformer at a given load and
power factor?
Under what condition does the transformer operate at maximum
efficiency?
What is the difference between efficiency and all day efficiency?
 VOLTAGE REGULATION
 Voltage regulation is the measure of how well a power transformer can maintain
constant secondary voltage given a constant primary voltage and wide variance in
load current.
 The knowledge of regulation gives us idea about change in the magnitude of the
secondary voltage from no load to full load condition at a given power factor.
 This can be determined experimentally by direct loading of the transformer
 EFFICIENCY
 Efficiency of transformer can be defined as the output power divided by the input power.
 It is denoted by symbol ἠ.
 In practical transformer, the output power is always less than the input power due to losses.
 practically the transformer efficiency is always between 0 and 1 i.e. 0% and 100%
 The efficiency of an ideal transformer is equal to 1 or 100% since the losses in the ideal transformer are zero.
 EFFICIENCY

ἠ= Efficiency of transformer at full load

n = Fraction of load=(Actual load/Full load)
Pcu = Copper loss in watts
Pi = Copper loss in watts
V2 = Rated Load voltage
I2 = Rated Load current

2 Cosφ2 = Load power factor

2
CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
 The value of transformer efficiency will
be maximum when the copper losses will be equal to iron
losses in the transformer.
 ALL DAY EFFICIENCY
 All day efficiency means the power consumed by the transformer throughout the day.
 It is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power in kWh or Wh of the transformer
over 24 hours.
 Mathematically, it is represented as
 KEY POINTS OF TODAY’S LECTURE
 The voltage regulation is a figure of merit of transformer and its low value is desirable.
 A power transformer either operate at full load or not at all so VR is not a significant factor
 A Distribution transformer depends upon consumer load demand so VR is a significant factor
 Power transformer efficient at 100 % load because either it operate at full load or not at all .
 Distribution transformer efficient at 75 % of full load. Because average loading is 70 to 75 % of full
load.
 Operating efficiency of distribution transformer is always higher then power transformer.
 Efficiency during open circuit condition is Zero because output current is zero.
 Efficiency during Short circuit condition is Zero because output voltage is zero.