A Presentation on

TRANSFORMER

S P Nanda
 What is Transformer ??
• A transformer is a
electromagnetic static
device which is use to
convert high
alternating voltage to
a low alternating
voltage and vice
versa, keeping the
frequency same.
 WORKING PRINCIPLE
Transformer nciple
works ofonoperation of aoftransformer
the principle inductanceisbetween
mutu two
circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic
transformer consists of two coils that are
electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked
through a path of reluctance.

WORKING OF TRANSFORMER
 Construction of Transformer
•Basically a transformer consists of two
inductive windings and a laminated
steel core. The coils are insulated from
each other as well as from the steel core.

•core is constructed by assembling

laminated sheets of steel, with
minimum air-gap between them (to
achieve continuous magnetic path).

•The silicon steel used is to provide high

permeability and low hysteresis loss.

•Laminated sheets of steel are used to

reduce eddy current loss.
 Classification of transformer

• As per phase • As per core • As per cooling system

1. Single phase 1. Core type 1. Self-cooled
2. Three phase 2. Shell type 2. Air cooled
3. Oil cooled

• As per service

1.Power transformer

2.Distribution transformer
Three phase Transformer
 COOLING METHODS OF A TRANSFORMER

For dry type transformers

•Air Natural Or Self Air Cooled
Transformer

• Air Blast

For oil immersed tranformers

•Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
•Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
•Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
•Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
Air Natural Or Self Air Cooled Transformer

This method of transformer cooling is generally used in small

transformers (upto 3 MVA). In this method the transformer is
allowed to cool by natural air flow surrounding it.

Air Blast
For transformers rated more than 3 MVA, cooling by natural air
method is inadequate. In this method, air is forced on the core
and windings with the help of fans or blowers. The air supply
must be filtered to prevent the accumulation of dust particles in
ventilation ducts. This method can be used for transformers upto
15 MVA.
 ONAF
ONAN

This transformer cooling This method can be used

method is generally used for for transformers upto
large transformers upto about about 30 MVA.
60 MVA.
Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)

This type of cooling is provided for higher rating transformers at substations

or power stations.
Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
This method is similar to OFAF method, but here forced
water flow is used to dissipate heat from the heat
exchangers.
 Power Transformer
Power transformers are used in
transmission network of higher
voltages for step-up and step down
application (400 kV, 200 kV, 110
kV,
66 kV, 33kV) and are generally rated
above 200MVA.
Power transformer generally operated
at full load. Hence it is designed such
that copper losses are minimal.
 Distribution Transformer
• It is used for end user
connectivity. (11kV, 6.6 kV,
3.3 kV, 440V, 230V) and are
generally rated less than 200
MVA.
• Distribution transformer is
always online and operated at
loads less than full load for
most of time. Hence, it is
designed such that core losses
are minimal.
 AUTO-TRANSFORMERS

Autotransformer is a
one winding
transformer in which
a part of the winding
is common to both
HV & LV sides.
 POLY-PHASE TRANSFORMER
• Three separate single phase
transformers are suitably
connected for 3 phase
operation.
• A single three phase
transformer in which the
cores and windings for
all the three phases are
combined in a single
structure.
 Losses in transformer
(I) Core Losses Or Iron Losses
a) Hysteresis loss
b) Eddy current loss

(ii) Copper loss

Copper loss is due to ohmic resistance of the transformer
windings. Copper loss for the primary winding is I12R1 and for secondary
winding is I22R2. Where, I1 and I2 are current in primary and secondary

winding respectively, R1 and R2 are the resistances of primary and

secondary winding respectively.
 Hysteresis Loss

The magnetic core of transformer is made of ′Cold Rolled Grain Oriented Silicon
Steel′.
Steel is very good ferromagnetic material. That Ferromagnetic
substances have numbers of domains in their structure. The domains
are situated randomly in the structure of substance. Whenever
external magnetic field is applied , these randomly directed domains
get arranged themselves in parallel to the axis of applied mmf. After
removing this external mmf, maximum numbers of domains again
come to random positions, but some of them still remain in their
changed position. Because of these unchanged domains, the
substance becomes slightly magnetized . To neutralize this
magnetism, there will be a consumption of electrical energy which is
known as Hysteresis loss of transformer.
 Eddy current loss
In transformer, we supply alternating current in the primary, this alternating current
produces alternating magnetizing flux in the core and as this flux links with secondary
winding, there will be induced voltage in secondary, resulting current to flow through the
load connected with it. Some of the alternating fluxes of transformer; may also link with
other conducting parts like steel core or iron body of transformer etc. As alternating flux
links with these parts of transformer, there would be a locally induced emf. Due to these
emfs, there would be currents which will circulate locally at that parts of the transformer.
These circulating current will not contribute in output of the transformer and dissipated as
heat. This type of energy loss is called eddy current loss of transformer.
 Transformer Protection
General Faults in Transformer

1.Open circuit fault

2.Overheating or Overloading fault
3.Winding short circuiting fault
4.Faults due to lightning

Protecting Relay
1.Buchholz Relay
2.Earth Fault Relay
3.Differential Relay
4.Overcurrent Relay
 Buchholz Relay Protection

Buchholz relay for transformer

protection is only applicable for oil
immersed transformer- used mostly
for transformers with ratings above
750KVA, it provides protection from
all kinds of faults.

The concept of this relay is to utilize

Hydrogen producing from fault heat.
That is if a fault occurs either slow
or fast there will be immense heat
and this heat will create hydrogen
from transformer oil.
 Earth Fault Relay
“Earth fault” means one of the core is being connected or leaked to the earthing or
grounding. This happens when insulation is damaged and coil is in touch with
transformer body and body of transformer is certainly connected to the ground for safety.
 Differential protection
Differential protection is provided in the electrical power transformer rated more
than 5MVA.
 Bushing
Bushing is an important part of power
transformer. It is used to insulate the
incoming or outgoing conductor into or
out of a grounded barrier, in power
transformer case is the transformer
main tank. The bushings connect the
windings of the transformer to the
supply line and insulate the feed
through conductor from the
transformer main tank.
THANK YOU