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Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute

Of Technology

Subject :- Electrical Power System-2

Topic :- Power Flow Throuh Transmission Lines

Guided by:-
Pr. N. Kalpana Ray
 Shri Sad Vidya Mandal Institute
Of Technology
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Presented by Enrol. No.

Hitesh Patel 150450109011

Rajiv Jha 150450109012

Jainil Joshi 150450109013

Pratik Joshi 150450109014

Of
Semester
:-
 We will be seeing…
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 Introduction.
 Power flow through transmission line.
 Single - line diagram of three phase transmission.
 Derivation.
 Circle diagram
 Analytical method.
 Graphical method.
 Summary.
 Introduction
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 The electric power generated in the generating station is transmitted using

transmission lines.

 Transmission lines are conductors designed to carry electricity over a long

distances with minimum losses and distortion.

 The parameters associated with these transmission lines are inductance,

capacitance, resistance and conductance.

 Power through
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flow transmission
line V ∠δ V ∠0 S R
SS =PS + Transmission SR =PR + jQR
jQS line LOA
G ABCD D
Generating
Bus-1 Bus-2
station
Fig:- Single line diagram of three phase
transmission
Assuming,
VR = Receiving End voltage
= |VR| ∠ 0°(VR is reference phasor)
VS = |VS| ∠ δ°= Sending End voltage(δ is the phase
angle between sending and
receiving end voltage)
 Power flow through
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transmission line
 Generalised line constants are :

A = |A|∠ α ; B = |B| ∠ β; C = |C| ∠ γ; D = |D| ∠ Δ;

 Complex power at receiving end

SR =PR + jQR = VR IR* …eq (1)

 Here,

IR* is conjugate of Receiving end current IR

We know that

VS = AVR + BIR
 Power flow through
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transmission line
 From the above equation

⸫R = VS − AVR
B
I
|V | ∠ δ −|A|∠ α|VR| ∠0°
= S
|B| ∠ β

= |VS| ∠ (δ – β ) - |A||VR| ∠ (α – β)
|B| |B| …eq (2)

|VS | |A||VR|
i.e. = I R* = ∠ (β − δ ) - ∠ (β − α)
|B| |B|
 Power flow through
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transmission line
 Now we put the value IR* in equation of …eq (1), we get

SR = VR IR*
|Vs||VR| |A||VR2|
= ∠ (β − δ ) - ∠(β − α)
|B| |B| …eq (3)

 Now, we separate real and imaginary parts, then we get the values of PR and QR So,
Receiving end True power,

P R = |Vs||V | |A||VR | 2
|B| R cos (β − δ ) - |B|cos(β − α) …eq (4)
Receiving end Reactive power,

Q R = |Vs||V | |A||VR | 2
|B| R sin (β − δ ) - |B|sin(β − α) …eq (5)
 Power flow through
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transmission line
 For fixed values of Vs and VR, Power Received will be maximum when
cos(β − δ) =1 or when δ= β, So

|Vs||V R| |A||V R2 |
P R(max) = - cos(β − α) …eq (7)
|B| |B|

2
and QR(max) =-
|A||V R | sin(β − α) …eq (8)
|B|

 In transmission line

A=D=1∠0°

B=Z ∠ θ
 Power flow through
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transmission line
 Now we substitute above values in eq (4)&eq (5), We get

2
R Z Z
⸫α = 0
2
β=0
R Z Z
 Resistance of transmission line is usually very small as compared
to
reactance. Hence Z = X and θ = 90 °
VsIt is
□ Pangle. sin δ
R
VRZ
=
V V -V 2
QR
small s R R
(⸫ δ is the power angle. It is usually very small ⸫ cos
X X
=
δ=1)
 Methods Of Finding The Performance
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Of Transmission Line.
 Basically two methods
 Analytical method.
 Graphical method.
 Analytical methods are found to be laborious, while graphical method is
convenient.
 Graphical method or circle diagram are helpful for determination of active power P,
Reactive power Q, power angle δ and power factor for given load condition.
 Relations between the sending end and receiving end voltage and currents are
given below.

VS = AVR + BIR A, B, C, D are generalised constants of transmission. IS =

CVR + DIR VS = sending end voltage,

 Methods Of Finding The Performance
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Of Transmission Line.
VR = Receiving end voltage

IS = Sending end current, IR

=Receiving end current.

 By taking either VS, VR, IS

or IR as a reference these
characteristics can be
plotted.
 These characteristics are nothing but representing circles, hence
such diagrams are called circle diagrams.
 Circle diagram is drawn by taking active power P on X- axis and reactive
power on Y- axis.
 Receiving End Power Circle
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Diagram :
 Receiving end true power – Horizontal coordinates
 Reactive power component – Vertical coordinates
 From the equation,

 VS = AVR + BIR

VS − AVR
 ⸫IR =
B

VS ∠ δ A ∠
= - V ∠0
δB ∠ β B ∠ β R

= Vs ∠ (δ − β) - AVR ∠(α− β)
B B
 Receiving End Power Circle
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Diagram :
|Vs| |A||VR|
IR* = |B| ∠ (β − δ ) - ∠ (β − α)
 |B|
 Volt- ampere at the receiving end will be

SR = PR + jQR = VR IR*

= |Vs||VR| ∠ (β − δ ) - |A||VR| ∠(β − α)

2

|B| |B|

[ cos(β − α)+j sin (β − δ )]

= |Vs||V | |A||VR|
2
|B|R [cos (β − δ ) + j sin (β − δ )] - |B|

S R = |Vs||V | |A||VR|
2
|B| R cos (β − δ ) - |B|cos(β − α) +

|Vs||VR|
j sin (β − δ ) - |A||VR| j sin (β − δ )
2

|B| |B|
 Receiving End Power Circle
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Diagram :
 By separating real and imaginary parts, we have

|Vs||VR| |A||VR|2
 PR = cos (β − δ ) - cos(β − α)
|B| |B|

|Vs||VR| |A||VR|2
 QR = sin (β − δ ) - sin(β − α)
|B| |B|

 The power component can be expressed as

|A||VR|2 |Vs||VR|
 PR + cos(β − α) = cos (β − δ )
|B| |B|

|A||VR|2 |Vs||VR|
 QR + sin(β − α) = sin (β − δ )
|B| |B|
 Receiving End Power Circle
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Diagram :
 Squaring and adding these equations will give

|A||VR|2
{PR + |A||VR|2 cos( β − α)}2 + {QR + sin(β − α) } 2
|B| |B|

=
|Vs|2|VR|2{ cos2( β − δ )+ sin 2(β − α)}
|B|

=
|Vs|2|VR|2
|B|
 It is an equation of a circle. The coordinates of centre of a circle are:

|A||VR|2
 X-coordinate of the circle = - cos(β − α)
|B|

|A||VR|2
 Y- coordinate of the circle = - sin(β − α)
|B|

|Vs||VR|
 Radius of the circle =
|B|
 Construction of circle diagram:
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 Plot the centre of the circle N on a suitable scale.

VSVR
 From N draw an arc of a circle with the calculated radius .
B
 From the origin O draw the load line OP inclined at angle ϕR with the horizontal.

 Let it cut the circle at P, then the receiving end true power and reactive power will
be represented by OP and PQ respectively.

 If the voltages VS and VR are taken phase voltage in volts then the powers indicated
on X-axis and Y-axis will be in watts and VARs per phase respectively.
 Construction of circle diagram:
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 If the voltages VS and VR are taken line voltage in volts then the powers indicated
on X-axis and Y-axis will be in watts and VARs for all three phases respectively.

 If the VS and VR are taken from line to line and in kV then the power indicated will
be in MW and MVAR and for all the three phases.
 To determine the maximum power a horizontal line is drawn from the centre of the
circle intersecting vertical axis at the point L and the circle at the point M.
 Distances LM represents the maximum power for the receiving end.
 Receiving End Power Circle
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Diagram :
 Sending End Power Circle
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Diagram :
 We have seen…
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 Receiving end True power,

P R = |Vs||VR| |A||VR | 2
|B| cos (β − δ ) - |B|cos(β − α)
 Receiving end Reactive power,

2
R |B| |B|

|Vs||VR| |A||VR 2
 - | cos(β − α)
PR(max) = |B| |B|

|A||V 2| R
 QR(max) = - sin(β
|B|
− α)
 Construction of circle diagram
 Receiving End Power Circle Diagram
 Sending End Power Circle Diagram :