Code: 20A54403 R20

B.Tech II Year Il Semester (R20) Regular Examinations Augus/September 2022

PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES

(Electronics& Communication Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART
(CompulsoryQuestion)
A
Answer the following: (10 X 02 =20 Marks)
and 2M
(a) Define explain random experiment.
(b) Give the classical definition of probability. IM
(c) Define variance and skew of a random variable. M
(d)
(e)
)
Define PDF and write
Define covariance

Define mean erogdic process

of
its

random
properties.
variables d
X and YV and explain correlation coeflicient.
coefficient.
M
M
2M
process
(9) Distinguish between deterministic and non-deterministic random process.
random
h) Define process.
() power spectral density.
Detine

0Define the relation between power spectral density and auto correlation function 2M

PART - B
(Answer all the questions:
05 X 10 50Marks)
2 (a) State and prove the muitiplication theorem in probability. M
(b) In a box there are 500 coloured balls: 75 black, 150 green, 175 red, 70 white and 30 blue. What 5M
are the probabilities of selecting a ball of each colour?
R
3 (a) Detine cumulative distribution function of a random variable. Draw the distribution function 5M
of tair dice.
representation rollinga
A computer manutacturer uses chips three from sources A, B, and C are 5M
(b) from sources. Chips
defective with probabilities 0.001, 0.005 and 0.001 It a randomly selected
respective ly.
chip is found to be defective, find the probability that the manutacturer was A; that manutacturer
was

4 (a) Two random variables X and Y have the joint pdf: 5M

(a.)-{A0et*",x,y 20
,elesewhere
) Evaluate A ()Find the marginal PDF. () Find the joint CDF.

(b) The joint density function of random variables X and Y is f(x, y) =8xy; O«ai; O<yex. Find the SM
conditional density functions f(y/x) and
1(xy)
R
5 (a) What are point corditioning and interval conditioning distribution
functions ? M
5M
(b) A random variable X hasthefollowing probatilitydistribution:
XO123456 8
PCX)|a 3a 5a 7a
the value of
9a 11a 13a 15a 17a
)Determine 'a'.

(i) Find P(X, 3). P(X>=3)and P(0<X<5).

(i) Find the distribution function F(X).

Contd. in page 2

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Code: 20A54403 R20
6 (a) A random process X(0)
A cos(2nf).
where A is a Gaussian random variable with zero 5M
is to an that integrates with respect to t,
mean and unity variance, applied ldeal integrator,
over (0, 1). Check the output of the integrator for stationarity.

(b) Show that a linear transformation of a Gaussianrandom variable producesanother Gaussian 5M

random variable.
OR
7 (a) What is Gaussian random variable ?Developan equation tor Gaussiandistribution function. M
(b) For a function mx)o,. Provethat mean is zero & variance is 1.
Y(X-
8 (a) Explain the concept of Poisson random process. SM
(b) A random processis described by X(t) =A, where A is a continuous random variable unitormly 5M
distributed on (0, 1). Show that X(t) is stationary process.
R
9 (a) Detine and explain any tive properties of autocorrelation function. M
(b) The ot a
random
process: M
auto correiation function
=
X() is RXX (r) 3+2 exp (-4r).
) Evaluate the power spectrum and averagepower of X(.
(") Calculate the power in the trequency band-1/v2 < w< 1/V2

10 (a) Derive the relation between cross power spectrum and cross correlation function. M
random processX() Acos(w+6). 5M
(b) the
Find the autocorrelation and power spectral density of
where is a random variable over the ensemble and is uniformly distributed over the

range (0, 2m).

R
11 (a) PSD of X() is S,(w. Find the PSD of dx(/dt.
the M
(b) X() a station ary rardom process with spectral density S(w). Y()
is is another independent 5M
random process Y() Acos(wt+6). where 6 is uniformily distributed over the range (, ).
Find the spectral density function of Z(0)
X(0).Y(0)

****

Page 2 of 2
Code: 20A54403 R20
B.Tech Year lI Semester (R20)Supplementary Examinations February 2023

ll
PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics& CommunicationEngineerin9)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

A
PART-
(CompulsoryQuestion)

1 Answer the following: (10X 02 20 Marks) =

(a) What the probability of getting 53 Sundays in a leap year? 2M
(b) Detine Random variable.

(C) Detine probablity density function.

(d) Mention the difference between the Variance and Skew. 2IM

(e) Define Characteristic function and present generation

of moments using it. M
() State central limit theorem for the case of equal distnbutions. 2M
(g) Write the properties of jointly Gaussianrandom variables. M
(h) What is a WSS random process? M
(9 Show that Sxx(uw)= Sxx(-w).
M
)Write the expression for power spectral density. 2M

PART B
(Answerall the questions: 05X 10 50 Marks)

2 (a) State and prove Bay's theorem of probabilty. 5M

(b) In a single throw of two dice. what is the probability of obtaining a sum of at least 107 M
OR
3 (a) Deline Binomial distribution. Write the expression for distribution function and density function 5M

.
of Binomial distribu tion.

(b) The mean and variance of bin omial distribution are given by 6 and 2.4 respectively. Find 5M
P(X>2).

4 (a) State and explain the properties of mean and variance M

(b) A rardom is on (0. 6). I X is transtormed to a new random 5M
variablex unformy dstributed
variable Y =20%-3)" -4, find Y, E[Y].
Var(
OR
5 (a) Find the Moment generating function of a random variable X with density function: M
Jor 0Sx SI
S(x)={2-x. for 1 2 sx s
0. else where

(b) Write aboutChebyshev'sinequality and mention about its characteristic function. SM

6 (a) Obtain the variance

of
Gaussianrandom variable.
(b) Calculate EX"].if X is uniformly distributed. M
OR
7 (a) 1X is a Gaussianrandom variable N(m, o'), ind the density of Y=PX+Q, where P and a are 5M
con
stants.
(b) Explain Gaussiandensity fundtion for N random variables. SM

Contd. In page 2

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Code: 20A54403 R20
8 (a) Discuss the between PSDs of input and output random process of an LTi system.
relation M
(6) Evaluate the PsD of a random process z{) x{) =
wrere x() and +y)
arezero mean, y) 5M
individual random process.
R
9 (a) A random process is defined as X(0 ACos(wot 0), where is a
uniformly distributed
5M
random variable in the irterval (0, m/2). Check for its wide serse
station arity?
A and wo are
stants.
con
(b) Classify random processes and explain. SM

10 of a tandom
(a) Derive theexpression for pOwer density spectrum process.
(6) Write the properties of power spectral
density.
M
OR
11 its
(a) cross power density spectrum and write
Define propeties.
(b) Prove Sv(u) |H(w)PSxu{) Where X(t) is input random process of an LTI system and Y) 5M
its output. IH(w}is the trarster function of the LTi system.

*****

Page 2 of 2
Code: 19A04303 R19
B.Tech lI Year Semester (R19) Supplementary Examinations April 2022

I
PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
*****

nswerthe following: (10Xx 02 =20 Marks)

(a) What is conditional probability? Give an Example.
(b) How to
compute the distribution function from the den sity function of a random variable X?

(c) Detine momert of a random variable X? How to compute by using moment generating function
n
Ma(v) of a random variable X?
(d)
X and
Y
are statistically independent
random variables, then represent joint distribution
density functions in-terms of marginal functions.
and

(e) Determine the

constant
'a'
in
terms of moments of random variables X & Y, if V&W are orthogona
where
V =X+aY& W =X-aY.
) How to compute the expected value of a function X"Y" from the joint density function fxv{x, y)?

() Why the tunction R (r)=25+ is not a valid ACF?

(h) Check whetherthe function Sx(w) is

VI-3w
valid PSD or not?

Determine the PSD of response SA) from the PSD of input and the magnitude
0

spectrum
4
(w]3,
Sax (w)=
4+o

Determine the CPSD Sxw(w) trom the PSD of input and power trarster function
S (w)

H(w3+
PART-
(Answeral the questions: 05 X 10 50Marks)
2 (a) What is meant by mathematical model of an experiment? Explain with a suitable example.
(b) A random variable X has the distribution function:

F(X)=250"-n)
Evaluate the probability: 6i) P[-*<Xs65)
OR
(i) P(X>4). (ii) P{6 < X 9) s
3 List various types of random variables? Explain with suitable example.
(a)
(6) Assume arrivals at a gasoline station are Poisson and ocCurs at an average rate
automobile
ot 50 per/hour The staton has orly gasoline are assumed to one
one pump. all cars require
minute to obtain fuel. What is the probability that a weighting line willoccur at the pump?

Contd. in page 2

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Code: 19A04303 R19
4 (a) State and explain Chebyshev'sinequality.
(6) A tandom variabie X has the density:
2SxS6
at *+Ru-12)
elsewhere

Compute: (0) m.()ma ()a.

R
(a) Define the joint distribution function? List out various properties.
(b) Given the
function

fu (ay)=bx+y)-2<r<2, and -3<y<3

elsewhere

()Evaluate the constant b f it is a valid density function

(0) Determine the marginal density functions

(a)and ,(y).
6 (a)What is the concept of covariance? Analyze the covariance when the two random variables are
said to be orthogonal and uncorrelated ?
b) Let &Y be stasticaly independentrandom variabies with
X
X. x*=4, Y=1 ,r'=5.For a

random variable W =X-2Y+1, Rxy. (i) Rxw (i)Ryw. (v)Cx.

calculate (0)
R
7 (a) Define joint characterist.c function? List out various properties.

(b) the given function is valid pd:

Juky)=be"con(). 0ssS10s ys

otherwise

(0) Compute the constant'D. () Estimate the correlation E(XY).

8 (a) What is the need of stochastic process?Explain.

(b) A Random Process Y() X(t) X(1+*1) is defined
- in terms X(t) and it is at least W'SS:

(9What the mean value Y() f EXO] *0 () Check the

is of
variance a21Rx (0)-Rx (f)
(i) r Y)- X(9+ X{t+ r). compute E/Y()] and o.
OR
9 (a) VWhat arethe spectral characteristics of stochastic process?

Autocorelation function of a random process X() is

(b) R (?)=Coste,).
()Obtain the power spectral density of X(0). (i) Plot PSD. (i) Plot ACF.

10 (a) How PSD between input and output can be obtained from PSD of input? Explain.
(D) A statlonary random process X() with zeromean and ACF, R(t) =3e s applied to a system of
transfer function Determine PSD of response.
H()= 2+j
OR
11 from
(a) Define noise bandwidth.
How to compute it power transter function?
(6) A 5 and it is applied to a network having impulse
random process X() mean E[X())=having
response h()=2e u().Compute the mean of system esponse.
*****

Page 2 of 2
 Code: 19A04303 R19
B.Tech II Year Semester (R19) Supplementary 2021
1 Examinations August
PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART- A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

1 Answer the following: (10 X 02 =20 Marks)

(a) Define probability as a relative frequency.
(6) Lst the properties of densty function.
(c) Detine characteristic function of a random variable.

(d) State central limit theorem.

of
(o) List the propertiesGaussianrardom variables.
() Deline two joint moments tor two-dimensional random variables X and Y.
central

(9) Differentiate between Random processes and Random variables.

(h) Define the cross correlation function between two random processes X()&
Y(0
) Deline cross power density spectrum.
) What are statistical characteristics of noise?

PART8
(Answerall five
units. 5X 10 50 Marks)

LUNIT-
2 joint
(a) Differentiate and conditional probability.
(6) State and prove total probability theorem.
R
3 (a) The mean of binomial distribution is 3 and the variance is 9/4. Find: ()The value of
n. () P(X 2 7).
(i) P(1 S X < 6)
(6) X is the continuous random variable whose density function is:

S)=2-.iflSa<2
0.elsewhere
- 5).
Find
E(25 X+30X
UNIT-I1
4 (a) Define moment generating function and write the tormula to tind mean and variance.
(b) Derive the expression for variance In terms of and second moments.
first
OR
5 (a) Find
the moment generating function of a random variable x having the probability density function

t(x)
eTXx> O(or) t(4)
-0else.
(b) Define: ()Interval conditioning. () Point conditioning.

Contd. in page 2

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Code: 19A04303 R19
UNIT-I
6 (a) Explain when random variables are called jointly random Gaussian and also list important properties
of Gaussian random variables.
(b) Define joint central moments.
R
7 (a) Define the joint Gaussian density function of two random variables.

(b) Diferen tiate Multiple random variables random variables.

and Gau ssian
UNIT-I
8 (a) Explain aboutthe following random process:

()Mean ergodic process.

(i) Correlation ergodiC process.

(li) Gaussianrandom process.

(6) Define time averageof the random process
X(.
OR
9 (a) Define stationary random process and list various levels of stationary random process.
(b) Check whether the following function is valid auto correlation function: 2sin(rr).

UNIT-V
10 is the need
(a) What of power density spectrum?
(b) Detine a system. When is it caled lin ear system?

OR
11 for output response.
(a) Detine linear system and derive the expression
(6) Explain ldeal low pass titered white noise.

****

Page 2 of 2
Code: 19A04303 R19
B.Tech Year Examinations Augus/September 2022
ISemester (R19)Supplementary

lI
PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. MarkS: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
****

Answerthe following: (10X 02 =20 Marks)

(a) Define experiment ard sample space.
(6) Write the distribution and density functions of Rayleigh's distribution.

(c) How to compute skew of a random variabie X?

(d) Check whetherthe functlon Is valid joint density or not:

Il,y) 0sas6,0sys4
elsewhere

(e) How to compute joint moment ma by using joint characteristic function 4xvlx. y).

) How can you say that the joint distribution function Fx{x.y)is a non-decreasin g fun ction in X and Y?

(g) Find the variance of a random process X()"

KxuT)=45*6r

(h) Why the function Ss,(w)=

VI+3w
isa valid PSD?

9 AWSS noise process N) has ACF. Ra(t) = 2".Find PSD.

) Obtain the ratio between output Psb Sw(w) to input PsD Sx{w) trom magnitude spectrum

H(w
3+o
PART-
(Answerall the questions: 05 X 10 =50 Marks)

2 (a)Stateand explain of
Bayes theorem probablity.
(6) the given tunction is a validprobability distrbution, then find *.
F(X)=2kn'u(x-m).

3 (a) What is the condition for a function to be a random variable? Explain.

(b) Assume that the height of above the ground at some location isa Gaussianrandom variable
clouds
=
X with ax= 1830 m and ay' 460 m. Find the probability that the clouds will be higher than 2750 m.

4 (a) LIst the various properties of mean and variance of a random variable X.
b)
-* 0<ASI
A random variable has a probabilitydensity f,(a)=
elsewhere

Evaluate: ()EX) )E|4X+2) (i)

EXI R
Contd. in
page 2

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Code: 19A04303 R19
5 (a) Explain aboutmarginal distribution
functions
(b) The density function

0<x<2.0< y<3
elsewhere

to two random variables X and

Applies Y
) Show that X and Y are uncorrelated.
(i) Are X and Y are statistically indepen dent?

6 "Joint moment aboutthe origin.

(aExplain
(b) tandom X and Y have moments 2, mao 14, mes 12
Two statistically independent variables m:o
and ms 6. Compute
4
order cerntral
momen Vaa
R
7 (a) What concept of correlation 7 Analyzethe oorrelation wten
is the the two random variabies are said
to be orthogonal and

(DObtain the following

uncortelated
moments:
ma a &m
A y(y +1.5). 0<x<l&0<y<l
ifthe pdt is
othenvisee

8 (a) Classity various types of stochastic process?Explain with suitable graphs

0Gven X =6 and Ru U,t+r) = 36+ 2Sexp(-r)tor a random process X(t). Indicate which of the

are and give the reason:

following statements true
tirst stationary?
()Is order
() Has total average power of 61 W.
wide
(l) Is sense statiorary?
(v) Has a periodic component
(v) Has an AC power of 36W.
OR
9 (a) Define average power? How to compute frompower spectral density? Explain.
(b) A random process W() A X() + B Y()., where A,B are constants and X().Y() are Jointly WSS
processes.
()Obtain the PSD Sww (w)of W(t).
) X). Y)are uncorrelated, then
(i) Determine the cross power spectrumsSww
obtain PSD of&W
() Svw (w).

10 (a) What is PSD of response?How to obtain from the PSD of input? Derive.
(b) A random process X() is applied to a network with impulse
hr)=exp(-br)u(r),whereb>0is
constant. The cross-correlation X() with the output Y() is kn own to have the torm
Rg Determine ACF of response.
(r]=Mt)rexp(-br).
R
11 (a) How the average power ol
system response can be computed from PSD of input and power
transter function? Explain.

A white noise N) with PSD S ()=is

2
transmitted through a linear system having impuise

response h)=u0)1 exp(-W), where W is constant, and u(t) is a unit step function. Find cross

Ra (7)& Rn ().
correlation
functions

Page 2 of 2
Code: 19A04303 R19
B.Tech II Year Semester (R19) Supplementary Examinations February 2023

I
PROBABILTY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics& Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max, Marks: 70

PART A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

Answer the following: (10X 02 =20 Marks)

(a) Define joint and conditional probabilities. 2M
(b) Define a Rayleigh random variable.

(C
d)
Explain
the signihicance of
State central limt treorem.
second central moment a 2M

(e) Detine
statistical
independenceof two random variables
M
() List out the essential properties of Gausslanrandom variables. M
(g) What areWein er- Khintchine relations? M
(h) Defline Ergodic random process M
(0 Define Whitenoise. M
)Detine Band pass random process. 2M

PARTT-B
(Answerall the questions: 05 X 10 50 Marks)

2 (a) State and prove Bayes'theorem. M

(b) A missile can be accidentally launched two relays A and B both have failed Tre probabilities
if 5M
of A and B failing areknown to be 001 and 0.03 respectively. It is also known that B is more
likely to tail (probability0.06) if A has failed.

0 What is the probability of an accidental missile launch?

) what the
probability that A will fal
is
Are the events "A fals" and "B
Bhas tailed
(n) fails"
statistically
independent?
OR
3 (a) Define and classity random variables with appropriate examples. State the conditions need to 6M
be satistied

A man matches
tor
a function
coin
tobea random variabie?
with a friend. He wins $2 coins match and do not 4M
(b) flips
loses $2 il
they
match. Sketch a sample space showing possible outcomes for this experiment and ilustrate

points map onto the real line x that defin es the values of variable
how the the random
X =
"dollars won on a tria:" Show a second mapping for a random variable Y ="dollarswon
by the friend on a trial.

Discuss the monotonicand non-monotonic transtormations of a random variable. 10M

OR
5 (a) Discuss the procedure to calculate probability density function of sum of two random variables 5M
X and Y.
(b) Given the
function
SM

hyxy)= 0,
2*<2
elsewhere
and -3<y<3

a
()Find the constant h such that this is valid joint density function.
() Determine the marginal density functions /s() and Iy(y).

Contd. in
page 2

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Code: 19A04303 R19
6 (a) Write notes on Joint Characteristic functions. 5M
(D) Let X and Y be statistically independent random variables
with X= = 4,F 1, ard 5M
r= 5. For a random variable W=X- 2Y +1. fird ()Ryy. and (i) Cxv. Are X and Y
uncorrelated?
OR
ilustrate the Linear Transformations of Gaussianrandom variables with necessary equations. 10M

8 (a) Show that the =

random process X(t) A cos (wgt +0) is a wide-sense
station ary
it is if 6M
assumed that A and wg are corstants and 0 is a uniformily distributed random variable on the
interval (0. 2)
(b) Deline and classity Ergodic random processes.

9(a) Define
and of
ran dom processes. M
(b)
classity statiorarity
Assume a random process has a power spectrum: M
xx(w)=- ("/9) 6
lls
elsewhere
Find:

(0 The averagepower
() The rms bandwidth and
() The autocorrelation function of the
process

10 Consider a linear 10M

systemasshown below

X)
6+ jo
X(e) is the input and Y() is the output of the system.The auto correlation of X(0) is Rxx (t)=
3.6(r).
Find
The power density spectrum.

( the aulo
The mean
correlatiornand
(i) square value of the output Y()
OR
11 (a) Developan equation tor mean squaredvalue of output response of an LT system. M
(6) Descnbe the statistical characteristics of White, and Colored noises. M

Page 2 of 2
Code: 19A04303 R19
B.Tech I Year Semester (R19)Regular Examinations March 2021

I
PROBABILITY THEORY & STOCHASTIC PROCESSES
(Electronics & CommunicationEngineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART- A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

Answer the following: (10 X 02 =20 Marks)

a) Delne joint probability.

(b) Write the properties of conditional density.

(c) State the Chebyshev's inequality.

(d) Detine marginal distribution furction

to the need to study transformation of random variables.
(e) State two examples emphasize
) State the Gaussiandistribution tunction,

(9) Deline cross power density.

h) Explain Mear-Ergodicprocesses.
() In a certain receiving system the noise power available from the aerial within a 10 kHz band
s 10"W. Evaluate the aerial noise temperature
) Define the RC filtered white noise.

PART8 10 50
(Answerall five
5X
units.
Marks)
UNIT-
2 (a) Forthe discrete probability distributions:

Determine: (0k. ()Smallest value af x such that P(X 5x) > %.

(6) List and explain the properties of discrete density
probabilitly functon
OR
3 (a)A random experiment consists of flipping two coins and taking the random variable to be the number
Of
heads
) What
(i)
Sketch the distribution
is the probability
function
tor
this random variable.
that the random variable is less than 2?
Explain central limit theorem with equal and unequal distributions.

T
(b)

UNIT-
4 (a) For the following table, represents the joint distribution of random variable X and Y. Find P(XS1) and
P (YS 3

o 2/32 332
2 132
3
232
2 1/32 T 132 4
(b) Describe the statistical independen ce with respect to muitiple random variables

5 (a) Find the jointmoment

generating
function for the two random variables having joint density:

= ju-n*
()
Tey (a.y)

Write the properties of marginal

2 distribution properties.
Contd. in
page 2

Page 1 of 2
Code: 19A04303
R19
UNIT-U)
6 (a) Explain the characteristics of Gaussian random variables using relevant expressions and sketche
theit distribution and functions.
den sity
(b) Show that the linear transtormation of a Gaussian random variable produces Gaussian random
variable with
Y =ax+ b
R
7 (a) Find the probability
of the
event (XS55)tor Gaussiar tandom variablehaving ay 3, andox 2.

(B) Find the correiation coefticient the two random variables X andYN:
between independent
EX]= 2.E[Y-3. E{XY]=10, EX'] =9 and E[Y]= 16
UNIT-V
8 (a) Explain the folowing:

0)GaussianRandom Process.
(0) Poisson Random Process
(040) Covariance.

(6) Check whether the following tunction is valid power spectral density function or not:

OR
9 (a) Prove that the random process X() = Cos(wt8) is WSS ift is assumed that we is a constant and
is
unformly distributed variable in the interval (0. 2m).
(b) Derive the relationship between Power spectrumand Autocorrelaton.

UNIT -V
10 (a) Draw the equivalent of resistive noise source and derive an expression for available
power
Wnte short notes on Mean and Mean of a linear system.
squaredvalue system response
(6) of

OR
11 the effectivenoise and averagenoise
(a) Explain temperature figure.
(b) Derive the input-ou tput relationship of linear systemsin the frequency domain.

****

Page 2 of 2
Code: 20A04303T R20
B.Tech II Year I Semester (R20) Regular Examinations Augus/September 2022
DIGITAL LoGIC DESIGN
(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART- A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

Answer the tollowing: (10 X 02 =20 Marks)

(a) Corvert(10110)2 Gtay code and (110101)to binary number
to M
are and 9s of a numbers? Give examples. 2M
(b) What 2's complement complement
(c) What are called don't care conditions?
(d) Express the function f(x. y, 2)-1 in the sum of minterms and a product of maxterms.
(e) Difterentiate between Latch and Flip Flop. 2IM

Discuss the difference betweensynchronousand asynchronoussequential circuits.

M
(9) Explain with the difference between the model and Moore 2M
briefly Mealy model.
(h) Design an FSM for serial
sequence detector with the pattern 0110 with non-overlapping. 2M
Use Mealy Machine.
(0 Why programmableAND gates are used in PLA instead of a decoder? M
) Write a VHDL code for 2 X 1 MUx. M
PART B
(Answerall the questions: 05X 10 -50 Marks)

2 (a) What is binary number system?

And convert (10110111c001.00101)2 Os.
= M
(6)
Convert the following
numbers to binary and decimal: M
()(25.325)e
() (BA.125)

)
OR
3 (a) Demonstrate by means of truth tables the Boolean Associative law and distribu tive law.

(D) Simplity the following Boolean expressions to a minimum number of literals: oM

ABC+A B+ABC.
(ü)xy + x(wz+wz).

4 (a) Design a full adderand realize using NOR gates.

it 5M
(b) Design a 2-bit magnitudecomparator to compare two bit numbers. M
OR
5 (a) Realize a tull subtractor using decoders.
M
(b) Implementthe following Booleanfunction using decoderand OR-gates: 5M
=
F1 (A, B, C, D) Z(2, 4, 7, 9).
F2(A, B, C, D) =Z(10. 13, 14, 15).
Contd. in page 2

Page 1 of 2
Code: 20A04303T R20
Design a sequential circuit for a state diagram shown in the following figure below. Use state 10M
assignment rules for assigning states and compare the required combination al circuit with

straight binary assignment.

OR
Design a synchronous3 bit up/down counter with a gray code sequence.The counter should 10M
count up when up/downcontrol input is 1 and count down when the control input is 0.

8 (a) Design a Finite State (FSM) that will

ach ine detect more than one number 1's, in the 5M
previous three samples. for example:
0101011001.
(0input sequence:
() Output sequence:0001011100.
(b) Design an FSM for serial sequence detector with the pattern "1010 with overlapping and with 5M
non-overlapping
OR
9 a 10110. 10M
Construct a Moalay state diagram
The detection of the required bit pattern
that wil
can
detect
occur in a serial input
data
sequence
and
o
the corect
longer string

pattern can overlap with another pattern. When the input pattern has been detected, cause an
output Z
to be asserted high.

10 (a) Design a combinational circuit that accepts a 3-bit number as input and generates an output 5M
binary number equal to the square of the input number using ROM
(b) Explain the steps involved in programming of FPGA. SM
OR
11
(a) Explain
the
basic
structure of
CPLD and EPGA. M
(b) Give the comparison between PROM, PLA and PAL. 5M

Page 2 of 2
 Code: 20A04303T R20
B.Tech Year Semester 2023
(R20) Supplementary Examinations February
lI ll

DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

(Electronics & Communication Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
**
1 Answer the following: (10X 02 20 Marks) =
(a) Add (+80) and (-70) using 2's complement M
(b) between canonical
Distinguish
and
standard formsby giving an example.
M
(c) Implementthe following function using only NOR Gates F-a.(b'+ c)+ (b. c). 2M
() Draw a 4x16 decoder constructed with two 3 X 8decoders

(e)What is ripple counter?

() Give characteristics equation and characteristictable of T-flip flop.

(g) State the ditfterence between Moore and Mealy state 2M

machine.
h) Draw the logic diagram of a master slave J-K flip-flop. ZIM

0 PLA and PAL.

Differentiate
) What are t he advantagesof FPGAs? M

PART
-B
(Answerall the questions: 05 X 10 50 Marks)

2 (a) Convert the following numbers to their decimal equivalents (BC2)1 and (1 M
A+ AB)'=0.
1011.011)D
(b) Prove that ((AB)'+ SM
OR
3 (a) What are the various logic gates?Give the representation along with the truth table. M
(b) ImplementAND. OR, NOR gatesby using NAND gatesonly. M

4 (a)
the simpitied expression
Obtain
in product of sums: M
FA.B.C.D) (1,2.4.7,12.14,15) using K-map.
(b) Obtain the simplified expression in SOP form of: bM
F(a.b.c.d.e) =Z(1.2,4,7.12,14,15.24.27,29,30,31) using K-map.
OR
5 (a) Derive
the sum of
minterms
for
f(a,b.c.dab+ab'd+c'd.
M
(b) Derive the product of maxterms for fa,b,c.d)=abc+
b'd+cd'
5M

Design a sequential circuit with 4 FF ABCD. The next state of B, C. Dare equal to the present 10M
states of A, B. C. the next state of A is equal to the ex-OR of the present states of C and D.
OR
What is the drawback of JK flip flop? Design a flip flop which overcomes this drawback and 10M
explain with neat diagram.

Contd. in
page

Page 1 of 2
Code: 20A04303T R20
8 An FSM is given as in the below 1OM
diagram

1/1
O/O

Find out
0 What
is the output sequence for the given
input data sequence
001010110110110111?

0)What is the behaviour of the above Finite state machine

(i) Decide the Flip-llop which can be used by avoiding external logic gates.
OR
9 (a) Design an:

0 FSM tor serial

sequence detector with the pattern o110 with non-overlapping. Use Mealy
Machine.
(i) FSM (Finite state machine)which ill detect three consecutive 1's with overlapping. And
usethe
Mealy Machine.
(b) Draw the state flow or transition diagram for a JK flip-flop and also give the truth table 5M
associaled with it.

Show how to program the fusible to get a 4 bit Gray code from the binary inputs using 10M
lin ks
PLA and PAL and compare the design requirements with PROM.
OR
11 (a) Explain aboutdesign of sequential circuits using ROMs and PLAS.
(b) Give the comparison between PROM, PAL and PLA. SM

Page 2 of 2
 Code: 20A04402T R20
B.Tech li Year ll Semester (R20)Regular 2022
ExaminationsAugust/September
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(Electronics& Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

1 Answer the tollowing: (10 X 02 20 Marks)

(a) What is modulation?Find the efficiency of an AM signal whose modulation index is about0.5. M
(b) Give the advantagesof AM
over FM signal. M
(c) Define noise tigure. M
(d) State sampling theorem and draw a diagram ilustrating aliasing
M
(e) What interence do you draw on the quality of reception in a dgital communicationsystem based 2M
on the obtained eye
patte rr
?
() Differentiate coherent and non-coherent receivers. 2M
(g) What is probability of error IM
h) Write any four interpretations of the property of the signal trom its constellation diagram.
(0 Compare the bandwidth efficiency of BPSK and BFSK
) Find capacity of Gaussian channel of bardwidth 4 kHz with noise PSCD 10- WHz when signal M
energy is 0.1 J. How does the channel capacity change if bandwidth is increased to 10 kHz?

PART-B
(Answerall the questions: 05 X 10 50 Marks)

ot the AMN system. Aiso prove that the output 10OM

Derive the SNR performance DSB systemand
SNR in AM is at least 3dB worse ihan that of DSB system.
R
3 Explain with block diagram the superheterodyne receiver. 1OM

4 Explain with neat diagram the pre-emphasis & de-emphasiscircuits in frequency modulation. 10M
OR

a) (b)
Explain
In a binary
the
blocks involved
PCM the
system,
in a PCM
output
generation
SNRq is to
system.
be held to a minimum of 40dB. Determine the
SM
SM
number of required levels, and tind the corresponding output SNRq

Derive the Nyquist criterion for distortion less tran smission. 10M
R
Draw a three tap traversal equalizer and explain its operation. 10M

0M
Consider the signal described by Si() ()cos(2mfct +tori 0,1, 2, 3 and M 4.

Using Gram SchmidtOrthogonalization obtain the constellation of Si(t).

OR
Explain the Matched filter receiver and correlation receiver. 10M

10 Draw and explain the BFSK modulator and demodulator also derive the bit error probability. 1OM
OR
11 Draw and explain the BPSK modulator and demodulator also derive the bit error probability. 1OM
 Code: 20A04402T R20
B.Tech II Year ll Semester (R20)Supplementary Examinations February 2023

cOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(Electronics& CommunicationEngineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

1 Answer the foliowing: (10 X 02 20 Marks)

(a) Define modulation. Give its M
advantages.
A 20MHz carrier is frequency modulated by a sinusoldal signal such that the maximum
(b) 2M
deviation is 100KHz. the modulation and the approximate bandwidth
frequency Determine index
of the FM
signal it the modulating signal frequen cy is 100KHz.
(c) What are the different types of noise? 2M
and of recerver. 2M
(d) Define sensitivity selectivity a
(e) Write the Nyquist Criterion in
frequency domain for pulse shaping to realize Isi free 2M
transmission.

0 Differentiate MAP and ML decoding. M

(g) What is probabilityof error? M
what is corelation recever? M
() A noisy channel has SNR of 12dB and bandwidth of 60KHz, find the capacity of the channel. 2M
Phase Shft Keying eliminate the necessity for reterence coherent carrier? 2M
How does
ditferential

(Answerall the questions:

B
PART 05 X 10 =50
Marks)

Explain with suitable diaagrams the generation of AM. Also derive its efticiency. 1OM

Explain with diagrams the generation of FM using direct method. 1OM

Explain the DPCM transmitter and receiver. 1OM

R
5 Explain the DM transmitter and receiver also explain slope overload error. 10M

6 The binary data011100101 are applied to the input of a modified duo binary system. 10M
Construct duo binary coder output and corresponding recever output witn and
the modified
without precoder. Suppose due to error during transmission. the level produced by the
that
digt is reduced to zero. Construct the new receiver output with and without precoder.
third
Comment on the resuls.

7 Explain zero forcing and LMS equalization algorithms. 10M

8 (a) Explain about Gram-Schmidtorthogonalization procedure. M

(6) Write a brief note on detection of signals
with unknown
phase. M
9(a) Discuss aboutthe geometric interpretationof signals. 5M
(b) Explain about passband transmission model. M

10 Derive the channel capacity for AWGN 10M

channel.

11 Explain about BPSIC and BFSK. 1OM

***
Code: 20A04403T R20
B.Tech I Year II Semester (R20)Regular Examinations Augus/September 2022
UNEAR& DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS
(Electronics& Communication Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART-A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
****

Answer the tollowing: (10 X 02 20 Marks)

(a) List the features of op-amp IC 741. M
(b) Define input offset voltage. M
(C) What are the basic requirements of an instrumentation ampitfiers7 M
the converter USirg op-amp. 2M
(d) Draw circuit dhagram or V tOI
Compare active and passive titers
(e)
the frequercy of osillation of an IC 566 Vco for external components Rr
) Calculate 6.8kl, 2M
Cr 470 p. Assume other component values f necessary and draw the circuit.
(9) What are the applications of ADC? 2M
h) The basic step of a 9-bit DAC is 10.3 mV. 000000000 represents 0V, what output is produced 2M
If

the input is 1011011117

0 Draw basic CMOS NAND gate. M
) List the applications of shilt registers. M

PART-B
(Answer al 05X10 50
the questions: Marks)

2 (a) Explain the DC

characteristics op-amp of M
(b) Compare ideal and practical OP-AMP parameters
4M
DR
3 (a) Draw the circuit diagram of a dual input balanced output differential amplifier contiguration and 6M
perform DC and AC analysis.
the

(b) Define thermal drift. What is the need for frequency 7

compen satior

4 (a) Explainhow op-amp is used asa difterentiator. SM

(b) Draw on OP-AMP summing amplifier circuil
and
obtain an expression for the output voltage. M
R
5 (a) Explain
the
operation of
log
ampltierusing op-amp
M
(b) How op-amp is used for comparator?Explain its working. SM

6 (a) Design a second order active high pass fiter with cut-off frequency of 5 kHz and draw the 5M
circuit diagram
(b) Explain the working of an astable multivibrator using IC555 with circuit diagram. SM

7(a) Draw the blockschemalicof a PLL and describe the function of each block M
(b) Design a wide
both sections of
band pass filter with
titer.
500 Hz and
Also determine
kHz and pass band
the value of
th2
Q for the filter
a gain 5 tor 5M

Contd. In page 2

Page 1 of 2
Code: 20A04403T R20
8 (a) Explain the working of dual slope ADC with neat circuit diagram and compare its performance 5M
with other ADC.
(6) Design a voltage regulator to supply 6 volts at a load current of 200mA using IC723 and 5M
explain the current limiting feature of this IC.

OR
9 (a) Explain the working of successive approximation ADC.
() DisCUSs aboutseries op-amp regulator.

CMOS NOR gate and explain its operation.

10 (a) Draw the circuit Mention any two points about 5M
of
theadvantages
ofCMOS over the other digital logic families.
(b) Design asynchronous counter using 74XX TCS and explain its
working with neat timing SM
waveforms.
R
11 (a) Design 4-input CMOS
a AND-OR-INVERT gate.
Draw the logic diagram and
function
table.
M
(b) Design an encodercircuit and which 74XX series iC is used for it. M

Page 2 ol 2
Code: 20A04403T R20
B.Tech II Year lI Semester (R20)Supplementary Examinations February 2023
LINEAR& DIGITAL IC APPLICATIONS
(Electronics& Communication Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART -A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

Answer the tollowing: (10X 02 20 Marks)

(a) What is meant by D.C Coupling? M
(b) What is the purposeof level translator in ditferential amplifier? 2IM

a for v0= 2M
(C) Design circuit 3(V1-v2) using op-amp
the I to V uses.
(d) Draw convertor and its
and in range.
(e) Define capture range lock
() Define band reject filter and its purpose M
(9) What would be the output voltage produced by a D/A converter whose output range is 0 to10V 2M
with a binary number 10111100 (tor a 8 bit DAC).

h) What is the principle of voltage

?
regulation Where are
voltage regulators used? 2M
2M
() Define
the
lermstransition
Write about MOS transistors.
time and propagation delay.

PART-B
(Answerall the questions: -
05 X 10 50 Marks)

2 (a) Discuss aboutop-amp internal circuit with different stages. M

(b) Explain differential amplifier in common mode configuration and explain it. M
3 (a) Define Moore's law. Explain the different variations came in chip size and circuit complexity. M
(b) List out the DC characteristics of Op-amp and explain. M

4awith
(6)
With a
neat
sketch explain the operatlion or
neat sketch explain the operation
Oof
amp integrator
Anti log ampifier
Crcun

and derive its output voltage in

M
SM
detal.
R
5 (a) With neat sketch explain the operation of Instrumentation amplilier. M
(6) Explain the operation of Square wave generator along with a circuit diagram. M
6 (a) Design and explain a second order butter worth low pass tilter
having an upper cut off 5M
requency ol 2 KHZ.
(6) Explain the working of Astable multivibrator using 555 Timer with relevant circuits and 5M
wavetorms.
OR
7 (a) Draw the circuit diagram d Schmit trigger using 565 timer and explain its operation.
(b) With a neat sketch, explain IC566 VCO operation and discuss any two applications. M
Contd. in page 2

Page 1 of 2
Code: 20A04403T R20
8 and
(a) Explain about switching volfage regulator mention its applications.
(b) Describe the operation of dual slope AD
converter with necessarydiagrams. Give some of its 5M
advantages& disadvantages.
R
9 (a) Discuss aboutIC 723general purposeregulator and mention its applications. M
(b) How many resistors are required for an 8-bit weighted resistors D/A converter? What areth ose 5M
resislor values, assuming the smallest resiIstance is R?

10 (a) Explain the following terms with reference to CMOS logic:

(0Logic
() Noise
0margir
and
Logic

()Power supply rails

(b) Explain the operation of CMOS NAND and NOR Gates. 5M

R
11 (a) Draw the circuit diagram of basic CMOS gate and explain the operation. M
(6) Design a 4-input CMOs OR-AND-INVERT gate. Explain the circuit with the help of logic 5M
Oagram and function table?

Page 2 of 2
 Code: 20A04303T R20
B Tech I Year Semester (R20) Regular Examinations April 2022
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3hours Max. Marks: 70

PART A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
****

1 Answer the following: (10 X 02 = 20 Marks)

(a) Mention the number system used in computers. M
(b) What are 1's and 2's compement numbers? M
(C) What is don't care condition 7 2M
(d) Write aboutbinary muitipler. 2M
the term related to tip-flop.
(e) Define Propagationdelay'
() What is sequential circuit?

2M
9) Define state assignment.
h) Define Moore machine.
(0 What is PLA? List the applications of PLA. IM
)What is PROM? ZM

PART -B
(Answer all the questions: 05X 10 50Marks)
Corvert the following into required form: 1OM
9 (1010) (l» ()(3323)» = ()(AB33)1 ()(1764)h=(J» () (4D.56)4=
(la ()» (}a
OR
Obtain the canonical Sum of product form of: 10M

EA
(ö) F = A(C+D) + B AD)
4 (a) Obtain
Product of
sum expression for the function given below 5M
FA,B,C.D) Z(0, 1, 2, 5.8, 9. 10)
(b) Simplily the following Boolean function using four variable map 5M
F(w, M. y. 2) 2(1.3, 7, 11, 15)
+d(o.OR
2.5)

5 (a) Explain
how
decodersacts as demultiplexers.
5M
(b) Design a combinational circuit to obtain 2's complement for given 4-bit binary number. 5M

Corvert the following

(a) JK-flip flop to T-flip flop. M

(b) RS-flip flop
to D-flip flop.
M
R
Explain symchronousand ripple counters and compare their meits and demerits. 10M

Explain about reduction df state tables using partition technique. 10M

R
9 (a) Draw and explain the diagram of Mealy type FSM for serial
adder
(6) Differentiate Mealy and Moore machines. 5M

10 What are the diferent types of PLD's and explain them? 10M
OR
11 Explain structural and behavioural specificatior of a logic circuit in
verilog.
10M
*****
Code: 20A04303T R20
B.Tech ll Year Semester (R20)Supplementary Examinations Augus/'September 2022
I

DIGITAL LoGIC DESIGN

(Electrical & Electronics Engineering)

Time: 3 hours Max. Marks: 70

PART- A
(CompulsoryQuestion)
***
1 Answer the tollowing: (10 X 02 20Marks)
(a) why the binary number system is used in computerdesign?
M
(b) Write the sign-magnitude 1's complement and complement forms of -36 2s in a B-bits number 2M
System,
(C) What do you mean by K-map?
is IM
(d) What a decoder
e) Detine the term "Race Around Condition. 2M
() Define a Latch and Flip-Flop.
fin ite state machine.
(9) Define
(h) Define state table.

) Write the advantagesof FPGAs. M

) Give the introduction to verilog.
M
PART-E
(Answerall the questions:
05X 10 50Marks)
2 Convert the folowing into required torm: 10M
()(4234)(le
(i) (125F)e (l

(li) (10111111) =(a

() (AFC4) (l
()(101101110001.00101)- (»
DR
What arethe properties of BooleanAlgebra? Explain them. 10M

Obtain the minimal product of sum for F Z(0. 2. 3. 6, 7)+ d(8, 10, 11, 15). 10M
OR
5 (a) Discuss in briet aboutmultiplexers and demultiplexers. M
(D) Designa combinational circuit tor an octal to binary encoder, SM

6 (a) Draw a
neat
circuit diagram of positive triggered D-lp tlop and explain its operation. SM
(6) Distinguish between combinational and sequential circuit. SM
R
Explain Ring& Johnson counter and compare their merits and demerits. 10M

8 (a) Explain the tinite state machine capabilities and limitations in detail. M
(6) DiscusSs the state reduction technique with
example.
M
DR
9 (a) Draw the circuit for Moore type machine and explain.
Finite state M
(b) Draw state diagrams of a sequence detector which can detect 011. 5M

10 Draw the logic diagram of a programmablelogic array. Explain its operation. 10M

11 Explain structural and beh avioral specificationof logic circuits in verilog. 10M
Code: 20A04303T R20
B.Tech II Year Semester (R20) Regular & Supplementary Examinations February 2023
DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN
(Electrical & Electronics
Engineering
Time: 3hours Max. MarksS: 70
PART- A
(CompulsoryQuestion)

Answer the tolliowing: (10X 02 = 20 Marks

M
(b) Obtain the complement of the following Booleanexpression AB+A(B+C) +B (B+D). M
Is a mul what Is the a muplexer 5 select input?
(C) what piexerr funcionol
(d) What is the use of dont care combinations?
is a
flip-lop? Write the characteristic of
(e) What down equation S-R fip-flop.

( Write any two diflerences between combinational and sequential circuits. 2M

9
h)
Sketch Mealy circu.
Write limitations of Finite- State machine.
2IM

0 What is a PLD? What is advantageof a PLD?

the principal
) Write any two demerits of PROM. M

PART 8
(Answerall the questiors: 05 X 10 50 Marks)

2 (a) Draw the EX-OR and EX-NOR gates circuits with NAND gates. M
(D) Express the Booleanfunction FmA+BC+ ADas a sum of minterms. 6M
R
3 (a) ImplementAND, OR, NOR, EX-OR and EXx-NOR by using NOR gates only. SM
(b) Express the DecimalDigits 0-9 in 2421 and 84-2-1. 4M

4 Simplily the following Boolean function using tabular method: 1OM

(w, x, y, z) =2(2,6,8,9,10,11, 14, 15)+ d (0,3,5).
OR
1OM
Simplly the tolowing using K-map method:
F{A,B.C,D,E) -2(0.2,4,6,9,11,13, 15,
17,21,25,27,31).

6 (a) What is a shift register? Explain about the tollowing modes of operalions in a four-bit shift 8M
register ()
shift right (i) shft left
(i) bidirectional.

(b) Ditterertiate between Latch and flip flop.

7 (a) Write the design steps of synchronouscounters with suitable examples.

(b) Draw the iogic diagram of a master slave J-R fip-tlop.

M

Contd. in page 2

Page 1 of 2
Code: 20A04303T R20
Reduce the number of states in the state table, and tabulate the reduced state table and give 10M

properasSignment.
PS NS. Z
X-0
A F.O
B
C
D.0 F.O
C.O
E,0
D
ED.O
FF.1
G G.O
G,1 A,0
OR
Convert thefollowing Mealy machineinto acorresponding Mooremachine? 10M
NS,2
C.O B,O

D.O
.1

10 Implement (A,B, C. D) 2(0,1,4,5,6,7,9,10,12,13,15) using PLA and explain its 1OM

Procedure
OR
11 In Verlog explain structural specitication of logic circuits with neat diagrams, 10M
****

Page 2 of 2