DEDAN KIMATHI UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

University Examinations 2021/2022

Third Year Special/Supplementary Examination for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology
&
Second Year Special/Supplementary Examination for the Degree of Bachelor of Science in Geology
Date: 12th April 2022 GGL 2205: Geo-Statistics Time: 8:30 am - 10:30 am
INSTRUCTIONS: Answer question ONE (COMPULSORY) and any other TWO questions.

QUESTION ONE [30 MARKS]

(a) Explain the following terms as used in statistics;
i. Descriptive and Inferential statistics. [2 marks]
ii. Systematic errors and Random errors. [2 marks]
iii. Conditional probability and Independent events. [2 marks]
(b) According to a given identity of variance, it is known that var(aX + b) = a2 var(x). Let E[X] = µ
and E[aX + b] = aµ + b. Verify this identity of variance. [5 marks]
(c) DeKUT Civil engineering workshop employs three analytical plants for the design and development of
a particular product. Due to costs reasons, all the three plants are used at varying times. In fact plants
1, 2 and 3 are used for 30%, 20% and 50% of the product respectively. The ”Defect rate” is different
for the three procedures as follows. P (D|p1 ) = 0.01, P (D|p2 ) = 0.03 and P (D|p3 ) = 0.02, where
P (D|pk ) is the probability of a defective product, given plant k for k = 1, 2, 3. If a random product
was observed and found to be defective, then, which plant is most likely to have caused the defect? [10 marks]
(d) Give the probability mass function of a Poisson distribution and Binomial distribution and hence state
their means and variances. [4 marks]
(e) Distinguish between the probability distributions of a Chi-square and a Student-t. [5 marks]

QUESTION TWO [20 MARKS]

(a) State the probability density function of a normal random variable X giving its parameters. [2 marks]
(b) The grades of a Civil engineering class of 9 students on a mid of semester exam (x) and end of semester
exam (y) are given in as follows;

X 81 67 71 72 77 94 50 99 96
Y 47 68 78 34 82 85 66 99 99

Fit the linear regression line and hence estimate the end of semester examination grade of a student
who received a grade of 85 on the mid of semester exam. [10 marks]
GGL 2205: Statistics Page 2 of 3

(c) The probability that a processing and packaging machine at DeKUT workshop breaks down is 0.4.
If DeKUT has five similar machines. Let X be the number of machines breaking down. Being a
knowledgeable statistical engineer on duty, which probability distribution is relevant for modelling
and why? Hence find P (X ≤ 3) and P (X > 3) . [8 marks]

QUESTION THREE [20 MARKS]

(a) Discuss the two types of errors as used in hypothesis testing. [2 marks]
(b) An article on Concrete Research (”Near surface characteristics of concrete: Intrinsic Permeability”,
Vol. 41, 1989), presented data on Compressive strength X and PIntrinsic permeability
P 2 Y of Pvarious
P mixes and cures.PThe summary quantities are; n = 14, yi = 572, yi = 23, 530, xi =
concrete
43, x2i = 157.42 and xi yi = 1697.80. Assume that the two particles are related according to the
simple linear regression model. Calculate the least squares estimates of the slope and the intercept and
hence predict what permeability would be observed when compressive strength is x = 4.5. [8 marks]
(c) A randomly chosen group of 200 male civil engineers and one of 100 female civil engineers were
followed over a week. The following data relate the numbers of defective products produced during
that period;

Female Civil engineers Male Civil engineers Total

Defective products 18 12 30
Non-Defective products 82 188 270
Total 100 200 300

Use a 0.025 level of significance to determine if the proportion of defectives is the same for male and
female workers. [10 marks]

QUESTION FOUR [20 MARKS]

(a) An optical inspection system is to distinguish among different part types. The probability of a correct
classification of any part is 0.98. Suppose that three parts are inspected and that the classifications
are independent. Let the random variable X denote the number of parts that are correctly classified.
Determine the probability mass functions P (X = x) of x. [10 marks]
(b) Sameer Africa manufactured a new tyre brand, YANA PLUS. The company claims that its average life
is at least 40,000 kilometres. In order to verify this claim, a sample of 12 tyres are tested, with their
life time, (in 1,000’s of kilometres) given as;

Tyre 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Life 38.5 37 35.8 36 36.8 40.2 33 37.2 41 33.8 42 36.1

Test the manufacturers claim with 5% level of significance. [10 marks]

Special/Supplementary Examination Please turn over. . .

GGL 2205: Statistics Page 3 of 3

QUESTION FIVE [20 MARKS]

(a) Briefly discuss the concept of Central limit theorem. [3 marks]
(b) An auto insurance company has 25,000 auto-mobile policy holders. If the yearly claim of a policy
holder is a random variable with mean of 320 and standard deviation of 540, show that the probability
is very small, that the total yearly claim exceeds 8.3 million. [7 marks]
(c) The probability density function for the diameter of drilled hole in millimetres is 20e−20(x−10) for
x > 10 mm. Although the target diameter is 10 mm, vibrations, tool wear and other nuisances
produce diameters larger than 10 mm. Determine the mean and standard deviation of the diameter of
the holes. [10 marks]

END OF EXAM

Special/Supplementary Examination Last page