Som Complete Marathon by Abhinav and Dheeraj Sir 13

About Me
Teaching Experience: 11+ Years

Qualification: M.Tech, IIT Delhi (GEOTECH)
Achievements:
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Abhinav Negi
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(1) STRESS & STRAIN (4) TRANSFORMATION &
1.1 Stress Strain Curve STRESS
1.2 Stress Tensor Matrix (7) PRESSURE VESSELS
4.1 Analytical Method
1.3 Properties OF Materials 7.1 Thin shell
4.2 Mohr Circle
1.4 Thermal Stress 7.2 Thick shell
4.3 Mohr Circle for Strain
1.5 Elastic Constant & Deformation
4.4 Strain Rossette (8) DEFLECTION
1.6 Poisson Ratio
1.7 Impact Loading 8.1 Various Method
8.2 Strain Energy Method
(2) SFD & BMD (5) TORSION
2.1 Significance 5.1 Pure Torsion
2.2 Numerical 5.2 Power Transmitted by SHAFT
5.3 Torsion Of bars in Series & Parallel
(3) BENDING&SHEAR STRESS
3.1 Flexural Formula (6) SHEAR CENTRE, SPRING & COLUMN
3.2 MOR & Beam
3.3 Shear Stress Variation
1.1 Stress Strain Curve STRESS (7) PRESSURE VESSELS
1.2 Stress Tensor Matrix 4.1 Analytical Method 7.1 Thin Shell
1.3 Properties OF Materials 4.2 Mohr Circle
7.2 Thick Shell
1.4 Thermal Stress 4.3 Mohr Circle for Strain
1.5 Elastic Constant & Deformation 4.4 Strain Rossette
(8) DEFLECTION
1.6 Poisson Ratio
2.2 Numerical 5.2 Power Transmitted by Shaft
5.3 Torsion of bars in Series & Parallel
(3) BENDING SHEAR STRESS
3.1 Flexural Formula
3.2 MOR & Beam (6) SHEAR CENTRE, SPRING & COLUMN
SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION
Strength of Material
GATE 2015-20
GATE 30+ YEARS
9
8
60 7
50 6
40 5
30 4
20 3
10 2
1
0
0
CORRECT SEQUENCE
1. STRESS & STRAIN 7. THEORIES OF FAILURE
2. SFD & BMD 8. COLUMN
3. BENDING STRESSES 9. SPRING, SHEAR CENTRE &
4. SHEAR STRESSES COMBINED STRESSES
5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS
6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

(GATE + ESE ) VS ONLY ESE


(GATE + ESE ) VS ONLY ESE


(OBJECTIVE +SUBJECTIVE) VS ONLY OBJECTIVE


(XXXL) VS XXL VS XL VS 1 DAY TOPIC


SOM COMPLETE MARATHON
Book Name: Mechanics Of Materials 2Ed (Pb 2004) Book Name: A Textbook of Strength of Materials:
Author: Gere & Timoshenko Mechanics of Solids
Publisher: CBS Author: Dr. RK Bansal
Publisher: Laxmi Publications
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SOM Vs ENGINEERING MECHANICS
SOM: Study of internal forces & stresses induced & a body is

considered deformable body
Engineering Mechanics: It is a study of external forces &

their effect on Rigid body.
1.1 Stress Strain Curve STRESS
1.2 Stress Tensor Matrix (7) PRESSURE VESSELS
1.3 Properties OF Materials 7.1 Thin shell
4.2 Mohr Circle
1.4 Thermal Stress 7.2 Thick shell
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
1.2 Stress Tensor Matrix 7.1 Thin shell
1.3 Properties OF Materials
4.2 Mohr Circle 7.2 Thick shell
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
What is Stress
• Stress are generated as a resistance to applied

external force.
Stress visualization
Simple Stresses and Strains
Stress : it is defined as internal Reuslance force per unit area & Strains is defined as change
in dimension per unit orig. dimes
• Stress comes into picture whenever strain is restricted partially or completely.
• Stress is internal thing & pressure is external
• Stress can’t be measured where as strain & pressure are measurable.
• Stress can be Cale Theoretically with the help of Elastic Constants.
Type of Stress
1. Normal stress
2. Shear stress
Type of Stress
1. Normal stress
2. Shear stress
Types of Stress
Types of Normal Stress
Types of Shear Stress
Type of Shear Stress

CAN I ASK YOU A INTRESTING FACT??
Equality of Shear Stresses
Stress Tensor
 xy xz 
 x 
T3 =  xy y  yz 
 
 xz  yz z 
 
Stress in 2-D
 x xy 
T2 =  
 xy y 
 
Strain
Strain
Strain
Strain
• Two types of strain
a. Normal strain
b. Shear strain
Sign Convention for Strain
• Shear strain
Sign Convention for Shear Strain

Strain Matrix
  xy  xz 
  xx 
 xy xz   2 2 
 xx    yx  yz 
  yx  yy  yz  →   yy 
   2 2 
 zx zy zz    zy 
   zx  zz 
 2 2 
• Total strain in XY PLANE =
• Total strain in XZ PLANE =
• Total strain in YZ PLANE =

Mathematical Definition of Strain
• If u, v, w are three small displacement component in x, y, z direction respectively then.

u u v
= Normal strainin X direction + =  xy
x y x
v v w
= Normal strainin Y direction + =  yz
y z y
w u w
= Normal strainin Z direction + =  zx
z z x
Q4. In a plane strain situation in XY-plane the displacement in X & Y direction are
u = (–2x + 8y) × 10–6 units.
v = (–3x + 5y) × 10–6 units
What is shear stress in XY-plane.
A 9 × 10–6 B 7 × 10–6
C 3 × 10–6 D 5 × 10–6
Q5. In a material under a state of plane strain, a 10 × 10 mm square centered at a point gets
deformed as shown in the figure.
If the shear strain γxy at this point is expressed as 0.001 k (in rad), the value of k is
A 0.50 B 0.25
C -0.50 D -0.25
 1. YOUNGS MODULUS/ MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)
❑ It is ratio of normal stress of normal strain under

effect of uniaxial loading.
 2. MODULUS OF RIGIDITY/ SHEAR MODULUS (G, C)
❑ According to HOOKES LOW for shear loading, shear

stress is proportional to shear strain.
 3. BULK MODULUS (K)
❑ It represents effect of equal & alike tri-axial stress on unit

volume change.
 4. POISSON’S RATIO (µ)
❑ It is ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain under

uniaxial loading.
Latest Strain
μ=
LongitudnalStrain
 POISSON RATIO
Material Poisson Ratio
Cork 0
Glass .01 – . 05
Concrete .1–.2
Elastic material .25 – .42
Steel . 286
Aluminium . 33
Perfectly Plastic material .5
Human tissue & Soap polymer μ – ve
Value of Poisson Ratio

 TYPES OF MATERIALS
1. Homogeneous
❑ A material is said to be homogeneous if elastic prop are some at every point in a given
direction.
For a given direction :
E1x = E2x = E3x 

E1y = E2y = E3y  E1x  E1y

E1z = E2z = E3z 
 TYPES OF MATERIALS
2. Isotropic
E1x = E1y = E1z 


E2x = E2y = E2z  E1x  E2x

E3x = E3y = E3z 

❑ A material is said to be isotropic if elastic properties are same in all direction for a given
point.
 INDEPENDENT ELASTIC CONSTANT
Type of Material No. of Independent Elastic Const.
Isotropic
Orthotropic
Anisotropic
No. of Independent Elastic Constant

 RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS
E = 3k (1 – 2μ)
E = 2G (1 + μ)
9kG
E=
3k + G
3k – 2G 1
μ= =
6k + 2G m
m = modular ratio
Modulus of Elasticity of a material is 200 GPa & modulus of Rigidity is 80GPa. Then K & μ
Q1
respectively will be.
200 GPa, .5 400 GPa, .6
500 GPa, . 4 133.33 GPa, .25

 RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS
E = 3k (1 – 2μ)
E = 2G (1 + μ)
9kG
E=
3k + G
3k – 2G 1
μ= =
6k + 2G m
m = modular ratio
If E, G & K denotes Yong’s modulus, modulus of Rigi ding & Bulk modulus Respectively then
Q2
for Elastic metal which are of the following can be possibly true .
G = 2K G=E
K = E=G K=E
 1. UNIFORM SECTION
Uniform Section
 2. STEPPED BAR
Stepped Bar
Q3 Find total deflection.
13 PL
4 AE
4PL
AE
5PL
AE
11PL
4AE
 3. ELONGATION OF BAR WITH VARYING CROSS SECTION
Varying Cross Section

A tapers pars tapers from d to 2d in length I. Find % error in deflection due to axial load if
Q4
deflection is calculated. Assuming average mean dia.
11.1% 22.2%
5.55% 20%
 4. DEFLECTION OF RECTANGULAR TAPERING BAR
Tapered Bar
 5. DEFLECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT IN PRISMATIC BAR
Uniform Section
 6. DEFLECTION OF CONICAL BAR DUE TO SELF WEIGHT
Conical Bar
A sphere is subjected to all around hydrostatic normal stress 200 MPa. Bulk modulus (k) =
Q5
105 N|mm2 find change in volume if original volume is 720 mm3.
1.44 mm3 1.66 mm3
2.44 mm3 1 mm3

POISSON RATIO
Lateral strain
=−
Longitudnal strain
POISSON RATIO
Lateral strain
=−
Longitudnal strain
POISSON RATIO
Lateral strain
=−
Longitudnal strain
POISSON RATIO
Lateral strain
=−
Longitudnal strain
A bar of 40 mm diameter and 400 mm length is subjected to an axial load of 100 kN. It elongates by 0.150
mm and the diameter decreases by 0.005 mm. What is the Poisson's ratio of the material of the bar?
A. 0.25 B. 0.28
C. 0.33 D. 0.37
μcork = 0
μconcrete = 0.1 to 0.2
μsteel = 0.25 to 0.3
μaluminium = 0.33
μ cast iron = 0.2 to 0.3
μrubber = 0.5
μPOLYMER & μHUMAN TISSUES = –ve
UNIAXIAL LOADING
MULTIAXIAL LOADING
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN
VOLUMETRIC STRAIN = 0 (for rubber how?)
A bar of 40 mm diameter and 400 mm length is subjected to an axial load of 100 kN. It elongates by 0.150
mm and the diameter decreases by 0.005 mm. What is the Poisson's ratio of the material of the bar?
A. 0.25 B. 0.28
C. 0.33 D. 0.37
The material of a rubber balloon has a Poisson's ratio of 0.5. If uniform pressure is applied to blow the
balloon, the volumetric strain of the material will be
A. 0.50 B. 0.25
C. 0.20 D. zero
A mild steel bar of square cross-section 40 mm × 40 mm is 400 mm long. It is subjected to a longitudinal
tensile stress of 440 N/mm2 and lateral compressive stress of 200 N/mm2 in perpendicular directions. E = 2 ×
105 N/mm2, μ = 0.3. What is the approximate elongation of the bar in the longitudinal direction?
A. 0.44 mm B. 0.88 mm
C. 0.22 mm D. 1 mm
TEMPERATURE STRESSES
Temperature Stresses
NOTE
❑ If Deformation due to temperature change is restrained, stresses will be induced in the

member
❑ If temperature falls stress induced is tensile and if temperature rises stresses induced is
compressive
TEMPERATURE STRESSES IN COMPOSITE SECTION
Let α1 > α2 ∆T↑

TEMPERATURE STRESSES IN COMPOSITE SECTION
Let α1 > α2 ∆T↑

FIXED BAR
SPRING BAR ASSEMBLY
• Area of Bar = A
• AE = Constant
• ToC ↑ for AB
CASE 1 CUBE FIXED IN 1 DIRECTION
CASE 3 CUBE FIXED IN 3 DIRECTION
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
Q. Every material obeys the Hooke's law within
its:
A. Elastic limit
B. Plastic limit
C. Limit of proportionality
D. None of these
Q. Principle of superposition is applicable when:
A. Deflections are linear functions of applied forces

B. The action of applied forces will be affected by
small deformations of the structure
C. Material obeys Hooke's law
D. None of these
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
IMPACT LOADING
Loss of potential energy = Gain in strain Energy
2max
w(h + max ) = (AL)
2E
2
 max  max
w h + L = AL
 E  2E
2max wL
AL − max − wh = 0
2E E
2w 2wEh
2max − max − =0
A AL
SHEAR STRESS
SOMDISTRIBUTION
MSQ
Q. Deflection of tapered bar shown above
increases with increase in
A. Magnitude of load p
B. E
C. Increasing δ1 and δ2
D. Increasing ℓ
SHEAR STRESS
SOMDISTRIBUTION
MSQ
Q. Stiffness of a prismatic bar depends on
A. Load on the bar
B. Length of bar
C. Area of cross-section of bar
D. Youngs modulus of bar
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Stress-Strain Diagrams
Load Deformation Curve

Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain
P
Stress = = i or  T (instantaneous stress or true stress)
Ai
L
Strain =  or T (instantaneous strain or true stress)
Li i
P
Engineering Stress =
A0
dL
Engineering Strain =
L0
Mild Steel
Mild Steel
True Stress Vs True Strain

Stress-Strain Diagram for Various Grade of Steel

For Engineering Materials
All materials are found to best in compression
• Ductile Material – fails because of Shear
Syc > Syt > Sys
• Brittle Material – fails because of Tension
Suc > Sus > Sut

Stress-Strain Diagram for Generalised Materials

Strain Energy
Property of Material
It is defined the quantitative indices given to the behaviour of material when it is subjected to
some external loading.
As we already know that potential energy is by virtue of position of body, kE is due to motion
of body, similarly strain energy is defined as energy stored in material by virtue of strain. It is
also given by area of load deformation curve.
Resilience
• It is defined as strain energy stored in the material

upto elastic limit and it is given by area under load
deflection curve upto elastic limit.
Modulus of Resilience
• It is defined as strain energy (SE) per unit volume

of material upto elastic limit. It is given by area
under stress-strain diagram upto elastic limit.
Toughness
• It is defined as the strain energy stored by

the material upto fracture point. It is given
by area of P-δ curve upto fracture point.
Modulus of Toughness
• It is defined as strain energy (SE) per unit volume

stored in a material upto fracture point & it is given
by area under σ – ϵ diagram upto fracture point.
 S yt + Sut 
MOT =   1
 2 
 
Properties
Elasticity - It is defined as the property by virtue of which a material regains its shape and size
after removal of load.
Plasticity - It is defined as the property by virtue of which a material shows some permanent
deformation, which means that after removal of load it will not regains its original shape & size.
Properties
Ductility - It is defined as the property by virtue of which a material can withstand tensile
stresses i.e. Mild Steel, Copper, Aluminum, Silver.
A material is said to be ductile if its post elastic strain (plastic strain) is more than 5%.
Brittleness (Lack of ductility) - A material is said to be brittle if its post elastic strain (plastic
strain) is less than 5%.
Malleability - It is defined as the property by virtue of which a material can withstand
compressive stresses and converted into plates.
Hardness - Resistance to scratches or indentation.
Loading-Unloading Diagrams
Upto Elastic Limit

Proof Stress
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1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
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2. SFD BMD
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SFD and BMD’s
Beam
Beam is a structural member which is subjected to various bending moment.
Types of Beams
Types of Support
1. Roller Support 2. Hinge Support
3. Fixed Support
Types of Beams
Statically Determinate
In which all the reactions can be found

by equilibrium equation
∴ In 2D 3 equilibrium equation
Σfx =0, Σfy = 0, ΣM =0
Beam Representation
1. Longitudinal Axis
2. Support / Reaction
3. Span
4. Loading
Determination of Support Reaction
1. Simply Supported Beam (SSB)

(a) Point Load
Determination of Support Reaction
2. Uniformly Distributed Load (UDL)

 x 
Q1. Find the support reaction for the given loading Wx = sin   ?
 L 
Q2. Determine the support reaction?

Shear Force and Bending Moment at a Section

Method of Section
From Left Hand Side (LHS)

Sfxx = + 17 – 10 = 7 (↑)
From Right Hand Side (RHS)

Sfxy = + 23 – 30 = 7 (↓)
Method of Section
Shear Force at a Section
Shear force at a section is defined as the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces including
support reaction either to the left hand side (LHS) of section or to the right hand side (RHS) of
section.
Sign Convection
(represented as)
+ve Shear Force
– ve Shear Force
Bending Moment
From Left Hand Side (LHS)

Mxx = + 17 × 4 – 10 × 2
= + 48 (cw) kNm
From Right Hand Side (RHS)

Mxx = – 23 × 6 + 30 × 3
= – 138 + 90
= – 48 (ccw) kNm
Bending Moment at a Section
Bending moment at a section is defined as algebraic sum of all the applied moments, moments
because of shear forces including moments of reaction at support either at left hand side (LHS)
or right hand side (RHS) of section.
Some Special Cases
Case I : Cantilever beam subjected to point load at its free end.

Bending Moment Diagram
Case I : Cantilever beam subjected to point load at its free end.

Steps
1. Support reaction calculation (no need in cantilever)
2. Shear force calculation (y = cx°)
3. Bending Moment calculation (y = cx1)

Observations
1. In a general problems of SFD’s and BMD’s, the first step is to find out the support reaction
but in case of cantilever beam as one end is free, so by starting from the free end we can
start from shear force calculations.
2. If there is vertical force acting at a point we will be having a jump on shear force diagram
at the same point.
3. Bending moment is one order more than the shear force, in other words we can say, shear
force at a section is slope of BMD at that section.
Some Special Cases
Case II : Simply supported beam subjected to point load

Shear Force and Bending Moment Diagram




Observations
1. Where a point load or point moment is applied there is a jump in SFD or BMD respectively.
2. The value of jump in diagram is equal to value of applied load either shear or bending.
3. The BM is found to be maximum where shear force becomes ‘0’ as well we changing its sign.
Some Special Cases
Case III : Cantilever beam subjected to point moment at its free end.
1. We will be having jump in bending moment diagram at the

point where a constant bending moment acts in the beam.
2. Here SF = 0 & BM = constant, hence it’s a condition of pure

bending.
Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases

Some Special Cases
2
wL
9 3
Some Special Cases
• SFD curve type changes

• BMD shape is same only value changes
Some Special Cases

Compound Beam
Loading Diagram and BMD with help of SFD
1. If SFD is rectangle than loading will be a point load, if SFD is triangular or inclined loading
diagram is UDL & similarly it SFD is parabolic in nature. It means loading diagram is either
UVL or some other variable kind of loading as SFD as 1 degree higher than loading
diagram.
2. Similarly, if SFD is rectangular than BMD will be inclined or triangular. If SFD is triangular or
inclined BMD will be parabolic & so on.
Q1. Draw loading diagram and bending moment diagram for the given SFD?
SHEAR STRESS
SOM DISTRIBUTION
MSQ
3. The bending moment distribution in a beam a
function of distance x is given by M = 5x2 + 20x –
7 N-m.
(a) Shear Force at x =2 is 40 N
(b) Shear force at X = 1 is 30N
(c) Load intensity at x = 0 is 10
(d) slope at X = 1 is 4
Q. A simply supported beam AB has the

bending moment diagram as shown in
the following figure:
The beam is possibly under the action
of following loads
A. Couples of M at C and 2M at D
B. Couples of 2M at C and M at D
C. Concentrated loads of M/L at C and
2M/L at D
D. Concentrated load of M/L at C and
couple of 2M at D
Q A simply supported beam of length L is

subjected to a varying distributed load sin
(3πx/L) Nm–1, where the distance x is measured
from the left support. The magnitude of the
vertical reaction force in N at the left support is
A. Zero
B. L/3π
C. L/π
D. 2 L/π
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CHAPTER 3
BENDING
AND
SHEAR STRESS
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
 ASSUMPTIONS IN PURE BENDING
❑ Plane section before bending remains plane after bending.

❑ Material is homogenous, isotropic & linear elastic.
❑ Beam is symmetric about the Loading plane
❑ Young Modulus is same in tension & comp.
 IDEALIZED STRESS STRAIN CURVE

 RESULT OF ELASTIC BENDING
 m E
= =  Bending or Flexural formula
y I R
 RESULT OF ELASTIC BENDING
 m E
= =  Bending or Flexural formula
y I R
Q9 A beam with the cross-section given below is subjected to a positive bending moment
(causing compression at the top) of 16 kN-m acting around the horizontal axis. The
tensile force acting on the hatched area of the cross-section is
0 5.9 kN
8.9 kN 17.8 kN
Q The maximum tensile stress at the section X-X shown in the figure below is
8P/bd 6P/bd
4P/bd 2P/bd
The maximum bending stress induced in a steel wire of modulus of elasticity 200 kN/mm2
Q
and diameter 1 mm when wound on a drum of diameter 1 m is approximately equal to
50 N/mm2 100 N/mm2
200 N/mm2 400 N/mm2

A ratio of moment carrying capacity of a circular beam of diameter D and Square beam is
Q
size D is
π/4 3π/8
π/3 3π/16
 MOMENT OF RESISTANCE (MOR)
MOR of Beam
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

SHEAR STRESS
Q.
SOMDISTRIBUTION
MSQ
The value of bending stresses will be
zero at
A. At neutral axis
B. At extreme fiber at centre d simply
supported
C. Every where at supports of simply
supported beam
D. Everywhere where Bin is max.
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
 COMBINED BENDING & AXIAL LOADING

 NOTE
❑ (i) If beam is made of diamond section (square section

with vertical and horizontal diagonals then its strength
can be increased in bending by cutting off, top and
bottom edges as shown in fig.
1
❑ By cutting of segmental portion shown in fig. Ymax
increases and becomes maximum when cutoff portion
b
is   as shown in fig. The max increase in Z (moment
9
 
1
of resistance proportional to z) is 5.35% Z =
Ymax
 ????
(ii) The strength of a circular section can be increased in

bending by cutting off top and bottom segments shown in
fig. The max. M.P. will be found when δ = 0.011D and max.
increase in Z is 0.7%.
A cross section of a composite beam made of Aluminum & steel as shown in fig. is under
Q
bending moment which produces max. compressive stress in Aluminum 50 MPa. Then find
the max. stress produced in steel. Given that Young’s modulus of Aluminum 75 GPa & that of
steel is 200 GPa.
Q
steel is 200 GPa.
Q
steel is 200 GPa.
Q
steel is 200 GPa.
 FLITCHED BEAM
❑ Flitch beam is a composite beam made of wood & metal plate (steel).
❑ MOR of flitched beam = MOR of steel + MOR of Wooden

 CASE - 1
❑ Top & Bottom Flitched Beam
Top & Bottom Flitched Beam

 EQUIVALENT HOMOGENOUS SECTION
Equivalent Homogenous Section

 CASE - 2
❑ Side Flitched Beam
Side Flitched Beam

 EQUIVALENT HOMOGENOUS SECTION
Equivalent Homogenous Section

A cantilever beam of length ‘l’ having circular tapering section of dia. D at free end, 2D at
Q fixed end is subjected to conc. load P at free end. Find at what distance from free end, max.
bending stress will occur. Also calculate value of max. bending stress.
 SHEAR STRESS IN BEAMS
S(Ay)
=
I.b
Shear Stress in Beams

 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION
❑ Shear stress at a point P at a distance y Prom N.A. is given by
S(Ay)
=
I.b
❑ S = S.F. at section XX
❑ Ay̅ = Moment of shaded area about N.A
❑ Ay = Area of cross section above EF
❑ y̅ = Dist. of centroid of area A from N.A
❑ I = MOI about N.A.
❑ b = width of EF where shear stress is required.

 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN RECTANGULAR BEAM
Shear Stress Distribution

 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN CIRCULAR SECTION
❑ Let Radius = R

A beam with rectangular section is subjected to S.F. F at a section, then S.F. resisted by
Q
middle third section is
F 7F
3 27
13F 14F
27 27
A beam of rectangular section 100 × 300 mm cones certain load such that B.M. at a section A
Q
is M. and at another section B is (M + C). The distance between A and B is 0.5 m. If these is
no external load between A and B and value of C is 10,0000 Nm then max. shear stress in the
beam is
1.5 M N/m2 1.0 M N/m2
0.5 M N/m2 0.25 M N/m2

Q A rectangular section beam is 200 mm and wide and 300 mm deep. The length of beam is 2
m. for which bending moment diagram is shown in fig. Find the max. shear stress developed
in the beam at any cross section.
Cross section of a built-up wooden beam as shown in figure (not drawn to scale) is subjected
Q to a vertical shear force of 8 kN. The beam is symmetrical about the neutral axis (NA), shown,
and the moment of inertia about N.A. is 1.5 × 109 mm4. Considering that the nails at the
location P are spaced longitudinally (along the length of the beam) at 60 mm, each of the
nails at P will be subjected to the shear force of
240 N 480 N
60 N 120 N
 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN TRIANGULAR SECTION

 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN I-SECTION
Shear Stress Distribution in I-Section

 SHEAR STRESS DISTRIBUTION IN I-SECTION
Shear Stress Distribution in I-Section

CHAPTER 4
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

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1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam
Principal Stresses
Uniaxial Loading
Uniaxial Loading
Case I Case II Case III
θ=0 θ = 90° θ = 45°
σn = P/A σn = 0 σn = P/2A
τs = 0 τs = 0 τs = P/2A
Uniaxial Loading
Combined Loading
Combined Loading
Combined Loading
•  ( AC  t ) = xx ( AB  t ) cos  +  yy (BC  t ) sin  + xy (BC  t ) cos  +  xy ( AB  t ) sin 
 = xx cos2  +  yy sin2  + xy sin2
xx (1 + cos 2 )  yy (1 − cos 2 )

 = + + xy sin2
2 2
 xx +  yy   xx −  yy 
 =  +  cos 2 + xy sin2
 2   2 
   
Combined Loading
•  ( AC  t ) = xx ( AB  t ) sin  + xy (BC  t ) sin  +  yy (BC  t ) cos  +   xy ( AB  t ) cos 
 xx −  yy 
 = 


2 

(
 sin2 + xy sin2  − cos2  )
 xx −  yy 
 =   sin2 − xy cos 2
 2 
 
Combined Loading
• Relation between induced normal & shear stresses.

xx +  yy xx −  yy
 = + cos 2 + xy sin2
2 2
d   xx −  yy 
= 0−  sin2 + xy cos 2
d ( 2 ) 

2 

 xx −  yy 
= − sin2 − xy cos 2 
 2 
d 
= −
d ( 2 )
Combined Loading
Note :
1. If θ is given in clockwise direction from x-face, then we will put (-θ) in place of ‘θ’ to get
final expressions.
2. The relation between normal (Induced) & shear (Induced) is given by
d 
= −
d ( 2 )
Some Special Cases
Case I :
Biaxial (τxy = 0)
Some Special Cases
Case II :
Pure Shear (σxx = σyy = 0)

Location of Principal Planes

Maximum Shear Stress

Relations
Resultant Stress and Angle of Obliquity
R = 2 + 2
Some Special Cases
Case I
1. Biaxial State of Stress
Some Special Cases
Case II
Some Special Cases
• This type of state of stress represents hydrostatic state and thin spheres.
Note :
For this case all the planes are principal planes because normal & shear are independent of θ.
So when θ changes plane changes but stress does not change.
Some Special Cases
Case III
Some Special Cases
Case IV : Pure Shear
Note :
For this case planes of maximum shear are also the planes of pure shear, diagonal planes are
the principal planes.
Some Special Cases

Mohr’s Circle
x face y face
σ σxx σyy
(- τ) +τ
(anti clockwise) (clockwise)

τ
Mohr’s Circle
Mohr’s Circle
It is the graphical method to find out the principal stresses & strain in which special coordinate
system was defined showing normal stresses on x-axis & shear stresses on y-axis with following
sign convection.
+x σ(τ)
–x σ(c)
+y σ(cw)
–y τ(ccw)
Procedure
1. First of all find out the state of stress on x-face and on y-face.
2. Draw the states of stresses as a point on the coordinate system given by Mohr.
3. Join both the points A & B and the point where it cuts x-axis is taken as the center with AB
as diameter, if a circle is plotted known as Mohr’s Circle.
Observations
1. The center & radius of Mohr circle are given by

Observations
2. Every point on the Mohr Circle shows a state of stress & every radius shows a plane.
Observations
Observations
3. As we can see the angle between x-face & y-face is 90° but in the Mohr Circle same is
represented by 180° which means that the plane which makes an angle θ with x-face will
be shown as 2θ same direction on the Mohr Circle.
Observations
Observations
Observations
4. As we already known that principal planes are defined as planes of zero shear i.e where
shear stresses are zero (x-axis), so the plane where Mohr’s Circle cuts the x-axis shows
maximum and minimum normal stress which are nothing but principal stresses (stresses
are measured from origin).
Observations
5. As we can observe that angle between two principal planes is 180° in Mohr Circle so
originally two principal planes are at 90°.
Observations
6. To get the plane of maximum shear we have to plot radius parallel to y-axis from the
centre. This shows the plane of maximum stresses the value of shear stress is maximum
shear stress.
Observations
Observations
7. Plane of pure shear will exist only when Mohr Circle cut y-axis.
Observations
Observations
8. Plane of maximum shear will become plane of pure shear if centre of Mohr Circle is origin.
Observations
Observations
Observations
9. From Mohr Circle principal plane and plane of maximum shear are shown at 90° so
originally they are at 45°.
Observations
Observations
10. Resultant stress and angle of obliquity for a given state of stress can be found out as
R = 2 + 2
 
tan  =   
 
 
Observations
Case I : Biaxial Stress

Case II
For Hydrostatic State of Stress

Case III
Case IV : Pure Shear

Q1. Draw the Mohr Circle diagram ?

Inplane and Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
1 − 2
max =  Inplane
2
For plane stress condition considering thickness = 0.

Inplane and Absolute Maximum Shear Stress
If we consider plane stress condition (σzz = 0)

For Absolute Shear Stress
For Plane 1
1 − 2
max =
2
  − 2 2 − 1 3 − 1 
For Plane 2 max = maximum of  1 , , 
 2 2 2 
 − 3
max = 2
2
For Plane 3
 − 1
max = 3
2
For Plane Stress Condition Absolute Stress
xx xy 0
 
In 2D   yx  yy 0
 
0 0 0 
  − 2 1 2 
Absolute max = maximum of  1 , , 
 2 2 2 
Mohr’s Circle For 3D

For Plane Stress Condition i.e. σ3 = 0

Q1. The principal strains at a point in a body, under biaxial, state of stress, are 1000 ×10–6 and –600
× 10–6. What is the maximum shear strain at that point?
A 200 × 10–6 B 800 × 10–6
C 1000 × 10–6 D 1600 × 10–6

Solution
Q2. In a rectangular strain gauge rosette, the reading recorded are ϵ0° = 400 μ cm/cm; ϵ45° = 375 μ
cm
cm/cm; 90 = 200 .
cm
The maximum principal strain at the point is
A 775 μ cm/cm B 600 μ cm/cm
C 525 μ cm/cm D 425 μ cm/cm

Solution
Q3. Sets of principal stress acting at any point in a stressed body are given below
1. {σ, 0}
2. { σ, σ}
3. {σ, –σ}
4. {σ, σ/2}
The correct sequence of the ascending order of intensity of the maximum shear stress induced
by the above sets will be
A 1, 4, 3, 2 B 2, 1, 4, 3
C 1, 3, 4, 2 D 2, 4, 1, 3
Solution
Q7. Which one of the following Mohr’s circles of stress represents the state of pure shear?
A B
C D
Q11. On an element shown in the given figure, the stresses are
(in MPa):
σx = 110
σy = 30
τxy = 30 = τyx
The radius of Mohr’s circle (r) and the principal stresses

σ1, σ2 are (in MPa)
r σ2 σ1 r σ2 σ1
A B
50 20 120 55 110 30
r σ2 σ1 r σ2 σ1
C D
60 20 140 70 20 140
Q21. The homogenous state of stress for a metal part undergoing plastic deformation is
10 5 0 
 
T =  5 20 0 
 0 0 −10 
 
Where the stress component values are in MPa. Using von Mises yield criterion, the value of
estimated shear yield stress, in MPa is
A 9.50 B 16.07
C 28.52 D 49.41
Q4. Two identical springs labelled as 1 and 2 are arranged in series and subjected to force F as
shown in the given figure.
Assume that each spring constant is K. The strain energy stored in spring 1 is
F2 F2
A B
2K 4K
F2 F2
C D
8K 10K
SOLUTION
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

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1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

Pure Torsion
Analysis
Pure Torsion
A body or a member is said to be under pure torsion condition. If it is subjected to two equal
and opposite couples in a plane parallel to plane of cross-section in such a way that the
magnitude of twisting moment remains same throughout the length of shaft.
Analysis of Torsional Equation

Solid Circular
Solid
Hollow
Hollow
Case I
Find out the ratio of power transmission capacity of a solid to hollow shaft which are made up of
same material, rotating at same rpm having same outer diameter.
Solid Vs Hollow
Conclusion
For the given condition solid shafts are better than hollow. Shafts are need for power transmission,
hence for the given radial space solid are better than hollow.
Case II
Find out the ratio of power transmission capacity of a solid to hollow shaft which are made up of
same material, rotating at same rpm if weight and length of the shafts are equal but not the
external diameters?
Analysis
Torsional Stiffness
Shafts is Series
Case I : Fixed at one end

Shafts is Series
Case II : Fixed at both end

Q4. A torque T is applied at the free end of a stepped
rod of circular cross – sections as shown in the
figure. The shear modulus of the material of the rod
is G. The expressions for d to produce an angular
twist θ at the free end is
1 1
A  32TL  4 B  18TL  4
 G   G 
   
1 1
C  16TL  4 D  2TL 4
 G   G 
   
Solution
Q5. The outside diameter of a hollow shaft is twice its inside diameter. The ratio of its torque
capacity to that of a solid shaft of the same material and the same outside diameter is
A 15/16 B 3/4
C 1/2 D 16/15
Solution
Q6. A round shaft of diameter ‘d’ and length L fixed at both ends A and B is subjected to a twisted
moment ‘T’ at C, at a distance of L/4 from A (see figure). The torsional stresses in the parts AC
and CB will be
A Equal B In the ratio of 1 : 3
C In the ratio of 3 : 1 D Indeterminate

Solution
Q7. Two hollow shafts of the same materials have the same length and outside diameter. Shaft ‘I’
has internal diameter equal to one third of the outer diameter and shaft ‘2’ has internal
diameter equal to half of the outer diameter. If both the shafts are subjected to the same
torque, then the ratio of their twist θ1/θ2 will be
16 8
A B
81 27
19 243
C D
27 256
Solution
Q18. A circular shaft of diameter 30 mm having shear modulus G = 80 GPa is subjected to moment
as shown below.
What is the maximum shear stress developed at periphery of shaft at A?
A 20.6 MPa B 15.3 MPa
C 7.4 MPa D Zero

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1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

CHAPTER 6
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

 SPRING
❑ Closed Coiled Helical Spring (CCHS)
❑ n = no. of turns
❑ P = Load on spring
❑ R = Radius of loop
❑ d = dia of wise
Spring
 CLOSED COIL HELICAL SPRING (CCHS)
CCHS
 STRAIN ENERGY STORED IN CCHS [U]
32P2R 3  n
U=
Gd4
 SERIES COMBINATION OF SPRING
Series Combination
 PARALLEL CONNECTION OF SPRING
Parallel Combination
Parallel Combination
Q1 Find Keq
 LEAF OF LAMINATED SPRING

❑ b = width of plate
❑ t = thickness of plate
❑ n = no. of plates
Leaf Of Connected Spring

 LAMINATED SPRING
Leaf of Laminated Spring

 THUMB RULE’S TO LOCATE SHEAR CENTRE

1. Shear centre will always lie on the axis of symmetry (if existing)
2. If there are more than one axis of symmetry then S.C. will Lie on intersection of
symmetrical axis. It means, in such section, S.C. will coincide with centre of gravity (C.G).
3. If a section is made up of two narrow rect., then S.C will be located on the intersection of
axis of symmetry of both the rect.
 SHEAR CENTRE
Shear Centre
 COMBINED STRESSES
Combined Stresses
 KERN
❑ It is that area through which if load passes then there will be no resultant tension anywhere
in the column cross section.
 KERN
SHAPE OF COLUMN SHAPE OF KERN

Rectangle Rhombus
I Rhombus
Square Square
Solid circular Circular
Hollow circular Circular

Kern
 CIRCULAR SECTION
Combined
Stresses
 CRUSHING FAILURE
Crushing Failure
 BUCKLING FAILURE
Buckling Failure
 EULER’S THEORY OF FAILURE: BUCKLING FAILURE

Assumptions
i. Material is isotropic homogenous and linearly elastic in which Hook’s low is valid.
ii. The plain cross section before the application of load remains plain even after the
application.
iii. Column under the analysis is assumed to be a long column
iv. The failure of the column is assumed to be due to buckling

 EULER’S THEORY
n2 2EI
Pcr =
Le2
❑ n = no. of buckling loops
❑ I = min. MOI about transverse
❑ Le = Effective length of column
❑ Pcr = Buckling load/Critical load/Euler’s

load/Crippling load/Neutral load.
ENO Condition
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
Note
❑ Effective length is defined as distance between two adjacent points of zero bending
moment or contraflexure.
 EFFECTIVE LENGTH
END Condition Le
1. L/2
2. L
3. 2L
4. L/2
 VALIDATION OF EULER’S THEORY

 RANKINE THEORY
1 = 1 + 1
P P P
R C Cr
❑ Pr = Rankine’s failure load
❑ Pc = Crushing Load
❑ Pcr = Euler’s Cripling Load

For a circular column having its ends hinged, the slenderness ratio is 160. The l/d ratio of the
Q
column is
80 57
40 20
If diameter of a long column is reduced by 20%, the percentage reduction in Euler’s buckling
Q
load is
4 36
49 59
Q A hollow circular column, has D = 100 mm, d = 80 mm. What is its radius of gyration
32
24
19.4
None of these
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CHAPTER 7
1.4 Thermal Stress
1.6 Poisson Ratio
3.2 MOR & Beam

 THIN VS THICK
t 1 1
If  to → THIN
D 10 15
else → THICK
Thin vs Thick
 THIN CYLINDERS
Inside Pressure
 CROSS SECTIONAL VIEW OF THIN CYLINDER
❑ σh, σl & P are principal stress
❑ σh = HOOP stress, circumferential stress or meribiomal

stress
❑ σl = longitudinal stress
❑ p = radial pressure
Cross Sectional View Of Thin Cylinder
 HOOP STRESS
Cross Sectional View Thin Cylinder

 LONGITUDINAL STRESS
Thin
Cylindrical
 RADIAL PRESSURE
❑ Radial pressure = p
❑ Radial pressure is very small as compared to σh & σl.

 STRAIN
HOOP STRAIN =
LONG STRAIN =
θ
 VOLUMETERIC STRAIN
 SHEAR STRESS
τmax in PLANE =
τmax ABSOLUTE
=
Shear Stress
 THIN SPHERE
Sphere
 STRAIN
Q. A cantilever is loaded as shown in fig.
Which of the following statements are true for
conjugate beam of above beam.
A. Loading diagram will be UDL over entire length
and BMD will be parabolic.
B. Loading diagram will be triangular & SFD
parabolic
C. Loading is concentrated & BMD triangular.
D. Loading & BMD cannot be found.
Q. Find deflection & solve at B.

Q. Find deflection at free end.

Q. Find slope at A.

Q. For the propped cantilever shown in fig.
Find propped reaction using area moment
theorem.
Q Find slope and deflection at B

Q Find slope and deflection at free end for the beam shown in fig.
1. A steel bar of cross section 40 mm × 40 mm and 2500 mm long is subjected to an
axial pull of 130 kN. If the modulus of elasticity is 2 × 105 N/mm2 and Poisson's ratio
is 0.35, the alterations in the length and sides of the bar during the extension are,
respectively
A. +1.015 mm, -0.00568 mm

B. -1.015 mm, -0.00568 mm
C. 1.015 mm, 0.00568 mm
D. -1.015 mm, +0.00568 mm
2. The principal stresses at a point in an elastic material are 30 MPa (compressive), 20
MPa (tensile) and 50 MPa (tensile). If the material properties are, μ = 0.25 and E =
200 GPa, then the volumetric strain of the material is
A. 2.5 × 10-5
B. 5 × 10-5
C. 10 × 10-5
D. 10 × 10-3
3. A uniform bar fixed at one end and is free to move at the other end. If the
temperature of the rod increased by 'T', neglecting the gravity effects, the rod will
develop
A. Tensile stress
B. Compressive stress
C. Shear stress
D. None
4. A tension bar is found to taper uniformly from diameter (D – a) to (D + a). If mean
diameter is used in the calculation of Young's modulus, the percentage error
involved will be
2
 10a 
A.  D 
 
 10D 
B.  
 a 
2
 10D 
C.  
 a 
 10 
D.  
D
5. A composite bar made up of steel (Modulus of elasticity = E) is hanging freely under
its own weight as shown in the figure below. Self weight and cross sectional area of
RQ bar are 2 W and 2 A respectively while those of PQ bar, are W and A
respectively. Considering self weights of the bars, the displacement of point P is
2WL
A.
3AE
3WL
B.
2AE
C. 5WL
2AE
WL
D.
AE
6. A mild steel bar of 30 mm × 30 mm square cross-section is 350 mm long. If it is
subjected to a lateral compressive stress of 200 N/mm2 and longitudinal tensile
stress of 410 N/mm2 in perpendicular directions, then the elongation of bar in the
longitudinal direction is (E = 2 × 105 N/mm2 and μ = 0.3)
A. 1.82 mm
B. 1.41 mm
C. 0.82 mm
D. 0.41 mm
7. A copper bar of 30 cm length is fixed by a support at its ends. Supports can yield by
0.01 cm. If the temperature of the bar is raised by 80°C, the stress induced in bar is
(αc = 15 × 10-6°C and Ec = 2 × 106 kg/cm2)
A. 1733.3 kg/cm2
B. 2400.3 kg/cm2
C. 3066.6 kg/cm2
D. 3733.3 kg/cm2
8. A long rectangular copper bar under a tensile load of 180 kN hangs from pin that is
supported by two steel posts. The copper bar has a length of 2 m, Ac = 4800 mm2,
Ec = 120 GPa. Each steel post height of 1 m, As = 4500 mm2, Es = 2 × 105. The
downward displacement 'δ' of the lower end of the copper bar due to load is
A. 0.625 mm
B. 1.625 mm
C. 0.725 mm
D. 1 mm
9. A prismatic bar of cross-sectional area 1 mm2 and E = 200 GPa is fastened between
two rigid walls at A and B and are subjected to loads as shown.
The support reactions at B and A (in kN) are
A. 20.4, 20.4
B. 15.8, 25
C. 25.8, 15
D. 10.8, 30
10. The maximum sharing stress developed in a bar subjected to a tensile stress (σ) as
shown in figure
A. 0.25 σ
B. 0.5 σ
C. 0.75 σ
D. 1.0 σ
11. For the Mohr circle shown in figure which one of the following is the stress condition
A. B.
C. D.
12. If the beam shown in the figure given below is to have zero bending moment at its
middle point, the overhang x should be ______
 2
A.
4P
 2
B. 6P
 2
C.
8P
 2
D. 12P
13. The bending moment diagram of the beam shown in figure is
A. B.
C. D.
14. Find the maximum stress produced in a round steel bar 60 mm in diameter and 10 m
long due to it's own weight when it is simply supported at its ends. Steel weighs at
-5000 N/m3.
A. 1249.99 N/mm2
B. 124.9 N/mm2
C. 84.96 N/mm2
D. 1699.2 N/mm2
15. A copper wire having diameter d = 3 mm is bent into a circle and held with the ends
just touching as shown in the figure below. If the maximum permissible strain in the
copper is εmax = 0.0024. The shortest length 'L' of wire than can be used is ______
m.
16. A steel beam of I-section, 200 mm deep and 160 mm wide has 16 mm thick flanges
and 10 mm thick web. The beam is subjected to a shear force of 200 kN. Determine
the shear stress in web, just at the junction. (when the web is in horizontal).
A. 9.32 N/mm2
B. 9.55 N/mm2
C. 9.68 N/mm2
D. 9.83 N/mm2
17. A beam simply supported over a span of 5 m, is loaded with a central point load of
80 kN. The section of the beam is a rectangle, 200 mm wide and 400 mm deep. At a
cross-section distant 2 m from the support, at a point 75 mm from the N.A. Find the
principal stresses
A. 9.844 N/mm2 (Ten), 4.219 N/mm2 (comp)

B. 9.844 N/mm2 (Comp), 4.219 N/mm2 (Ten)
C. 9.844 N/mm2 (comp), 4.219 N/mm2 (comp)
D. 9.844 N/mm2 (Ten), 4.219 N/mm2 (Ten)
18. A Circular cross section shown in figure is subjected to transverse shear force 'V' &
torsion ‘T’, Which of the following elements may be subjected to maximum shear
stress due to the combined action of V and T.
A. 1 and 2
B. 3 and 4
C. 3, 4 and 5
D. only 4
19. A hollow shaft of 60 mm outer diameter transmits 180 kW of power while rotating at a
frequency of 25 hertz. Find the thickness of the shaft so that the shear stress does
not exceed 60 N/mm2
A. 3.82 mm
B. 3.98 mm
C. 4.07 mm
D. 4.17 mm
20. A shaft ABC 2.7 m long consists of parts AB and BC of lengths 1.5 m and 1.2 m and
diameters 60 mm and 50 mm respectively. The total angle of twist does not exceed
2.5°, Take G = 8 × 104 N/mm4. Find the torque in kN-m.
A. 0.82 kN-m
B. 0.93 kN-m
C. 1.11 kN-m
D. 1.23 kN-m
21. A 4 m long beam, simply supported at its ends, carries a point load W at its center. If
the slope at the ends of the beam is one degree, then the deflection at the center of
the beam will be
A. 10.56 mm
B. 18.32 mm
C. 23.27 mm
D. 39.97 mm
22. A cantilever beam as shown in figure has load P acting at points A & B. The
deflection at B is 'δ' when the load at B is removed. When the load at A is removed,
the deflection at A will be
A. δ/4
B. δ/2
C. δ
D. 2δ/3
23. A simply supported beam AB is of span 'l' and the mid point is C. In case -I, the
beam is loaded by a central concentrated load W. In case - II, the beam is subjected
to a udl with intensity w such that wl = W. The ratio of central deflection in case - I to
that in case - II is
A. 5/3
B. 3/5
C.
D.
24. Two cylindrical fuselage shells carry the same internal pressure. The shell thickness
of the first is twice that of the second and the diameter of first is 3 times that of the
second. The ratio of longitudinal stress of the first shell to that of the second is
A. 2/3
B. 3/2
C. 3/4
D. 4/3
25. A closed thin circular cylinder of diameter 200 mm and wall thickness 10 mm is filled
with a gas at pressure 10 MPa. The maximum shear stress developed in the wall is
A. 25 MPa
B. 50 MPa
C. 100 MPa
D. 200 MPa
26. A thin cylinder of internal diameter 100 mm, thickness 2 mm and length 6 m is
subjected to an internal pressure of 2 MPa. The maximum shear stress developed in
the material of cylinder is
A. 50 MPa
B. 25 MPa
C. 12.5 MPa
D. 7.5 MPa
27. A spherical vessel 1 m in diameter and 8 mm thick is filled with water under a
pressure of 10 bar. The change in volume of the sphere in mm3 is
(Use μ = 0.25, E = 200 GN/m2 and assume material remain elastic)
A. 98.17 cm3
B. 184 cm3
C. 223 cm3
D. 283 cm3
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1.4 Thermal Stress
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3.2 MOR & Beam

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Teaching Experience: 11+ Years

TOMORROW 10:AM TOMORROW 10:AM

5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS

6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

1. STRESS & STRAIN 7. THEORIES OF FAILURE

5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS

6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

1. STRESS & STRAIN 7. THEORIES OF FAILURE

5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS

6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

1. STRESS & STRAIN 7. THEORIES OF FAILURE

5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS

6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

1. STRESS & STRAIN 7. THEORIES OF FAILURE

5. PRINCIPAL STRESSES 10. PRESSURE VESSELS

6. TORSION 11. SLOPE & DEFLECTION

SOM: Study of internal forces & stresses induced & a body is

Engineering Mechanics: It is a study of external forces &

• Stress are generated as a resistance to applied

Type of Shear Stress

• Two types of strain

Sign Convention for Shear Strain

• Total strain in XY PLANE =

• Total strain in XZ PLANE =

• Total strain in YZ PLANE =

• If u, v, w are three small displacement component in x, y, z direction respectively then.

u = (–2x + 8y) × 10–6 units.

v = (–3x + 5y) × 10–6 units

What is shear stress in XY-plane.

 1. YOUNGS MODULUS/ MODULUS OF ELASTICITY (E)

❑ It is ratio of normal stress of normal strain under

 2. MODULUS OF RIGIDITY/ SHEAR MODULUS (G, C)

❑ According to HOOKES LOW for shear loading, shear

 3. BULK MODULUS (K)

❑ It represents effect of equal & alike tri-axial stress on unit

 4. POISSON’S RATIO (µ)

❑ It is ratio of lateral strain to longitudinal strain under

Value of Poisson Ratio

E1x = E1y = E1z 

 INDEPENDENT ELASTIC CONSTANT

Type of Material No. of Independent Elastic Const.

No. of Independent Elastic Constant

 RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS

200 GPa, .5 400 GPa, .6

500 GPa, . 4 133.33 GPa, .25

 RELATION BETWEEN ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Q3 Find total deflection.

 3. ELONGATION OF BAR WITH VARYING CROSS SECTION

Varying Cross Section

 4. DEFLECTION OF RECTANGULAR TAPERING BAR

 5. DEFLECTION DUE TO SELF WEIGHT IN PRISMATIC BAR

 6. DEFLECTION OF CONICAL BAR DUE TO SELF WEIGHT

1.44 mm3 1.66 mm3

2.44 mm3 1 mm3

❑ If Deformation due to temperature change is restrained, stresses will be induced in the

Let α1 > α2 ∆T↑

Let α1 > α2 ∆T↑

A. Deflections are linear functions of applied forces

Load Deformation Curve

Engineering Stress and Engineering Strain

True Stress Vs True Strain

Stress-Strain Diagram for Various Grade of Steel

For Engineering Materials