1.

The right to pre-emptive self-defense is not explicitly recognized as a standalone right under
international law. The United Nations Charter, which is a foundational document of international law,
does not expressly mention pre-emptive self-defense as a legitimate basis for the use of force. The
Charter primarily emphasizes the inherent right to self-defense in response to armed attacks. under
exceptional circumstances where there is clear evidence of an imminent threat, a state may be justified
in taking pre-emptive action to protect itself. They contend that the principles of self-defense,
necessity, and proportionality allow for a flexible interpretation that can encompass pre-emptive
measures.

2.
Enforcement Action: Enforcement action refers to the use of force or coercive measures by
authorized entities, such as regional organizations or the United Nations Security Council, to address
threats to international peace and security. It involves the deployment of military forces to enforce
compliance or respond to breaches of international law, including acts of aggression or threats to
peace. Enforcement actions are typically authorized under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter.
The Security Council may adopt resolutions mandating the use of force, economic sanctions, or other
measures to address the situation at hand. Examples of enforcement actions include military
interventions or operations aimed at restoring peace, protecting civilians, or disarming combatants.

A peacekeeping operation, on the other hand, involves the deployment of international

personnel, often military, police, and civilian personnel, to maintain peace and stability in conflict-
affected regions. Peacekeeping operations are established with the consent of the parties involved in a
conflict and aim to facilitate peace processes, monitor ceasefires, and support the rebuilding of
institutions and societies. Peacekeeping operation under Chapter VI of the United Nations Charter,
which focuses on the peaceful resolution of disputes. They are primarily based on the principles of
consent, impartiality, and non-use of force, except in cases of self-defense. Peacekeepers monitor and
observe compliance with peace agreements, provide security, assist in post onflict reconstruction, and
support the establishment of effective governance structures.