Exercise (Page 150-153)

5. Find all of the left cosets of { 1,11 } in U ( 30 ).

Answer :
Let G=U ( 30 ) and H= {1,11 }
Notice that U ( 30 )= {1,7,11,13,17,19,23,29 }
Then the left cosets of H inG are
( 1 ) H =H= {1,11 }
( 7 ) H= { (1 )( 7 ) , ( 11 )( 7 ) }={ 7,17 }
( 13 ) H= {( 1 ) ( 13 ) , ( 11 ) ( 13 ) }= {13,23 }
( 19 ) H= {( 1 ) ( 19 ) , ( 11 ) ( 19 ) }= {19,29 }
Hence the left cosets of { 1,11 } in U ( 30 ) are { 1,11 } , {7,17 } , {13,23 } ,∧ {19,29 }.

9. Let H= { ( 1 ) , ( 12 ) , ( 34 ) , ( 13 ) , ( 24 ) , ( 14 ) , ( 23 ) } . Find the left cosets 0f H in A 4 (see Table

5.1 on page 105). How many left cosets of H in S4 are there? (Determine without
listing them).
Answer:
H= { α 1 , α 2 , α 3 , α 4 } , α 5 H= { α 5 , α 8 , α 6 , α 7 } , α 9 H ={ α 9 , α 11 , α 12 , α 10 }. There are six left
cosets of H in S4

15. Let G be a group of order 60. What are the possible orders for the subgroups of G ?
Answer :
Let |G|=60
Consider H ≤G
The possible |H | is all divisors of |G|
Consider all divisors of |G| are 1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30
Hence the possible orders for the subgroups of G are 1,2,3,4,5,6,10,12,15,20,30.

25. Suppose that G is an Abelian group with an odd number of elements. Show that the
product of all of the elements of G is the identity.
Answer :
Let G is an Abelian group with |G|=odd
Consider a ∈ G where |a| can not be 2, then |a|│|G|
Notice that a 2 ≠ e∧a ≠ a−1 , ∀ a ∈G∧a≠ e
So for every a ∈ G there is a−1 ∈ G∧a ≠ a−1
Then we can write e ∙ a 1 ∙ a1−1 ∙a 2 ∙ a2−1 ∙ ⋯=e
Hence the product of all of the elements of G is the identity.
27. Let |G|=15. If G has only one subgroup of order 3 and only one of order 5, prove
that G is cyclic. Generalize to |G|= pq, where p and q are prime.
Answer :
Let H be the subgroup of order p and K be the subgroup of order q . Then H ∪ K
has p+q−1< pq elements. Let a be any element in G that is not in H ∪ K . By
Lagrange’s Theorem, |a|= p , q ,∨pq . But ¿ a∨≠ p , for if so, then 〈 a 〉 =H . Similarly
¿ a∨≠ q.

30. Let |G|=8. Show that G must have an element of order 2.

Answer :
Let |G|=8
Notice that for a non identity a ∈ G
possible orders of a are 2,4 ,∧8
Consider first possibilities |a|=2
4
second possibilities if |a|=4, then |a |= =2
2
2
8
third possibilities if |a|=8, then |a |= =2
4
4
Hence G must have an element of order 2.

33. Let H and K be subgroups of a finite group G with H ⊆ K ⊆G . Prove that

| G : H ∨¿|G : K|=|K : H |
Answer :
|G| |G|
Observe that | G: H ∨¿ ,|G : K|= ,∧| K : H|=¿ K∨¿∨H∨¿.
|H| |K|
41. Let G be a group of order 100 that has a subgroup H of order 25. Prove that every
element of G of order 5 is in H .
Answer :
Let a ∈ G and |a|=5 . Then the set ⟨ a ⟩ H has exacly 5 ,|H|/¿ ⟨ a ⟩ ∩ H ∨¿ element and
¿ ⟨ a ⟩ ∩ H ∨¿ divides ¿ ⟨ a ⟩ ∨¿ 5. It follows that |⟨ a ⟩ ∩ H|=5 and therefore ⟨ a ⟩ ∩ H =⟨ a ⟩

45. Let G= { ( 1 ) , ( 12 ) (34 ) , ( 1234 ) (56 ) , ( 13 ) ( 24 ) , ( 1432 )( 56 ) , ( 56 ) ( 13 ) , ( 14 ) (23 ) , ( 24 )( 56 ) }

a. Find the stabilizer of 1 and the orbit of 1
b. Find the stabilizer of 3 and the orbit of 3
c. Find the stabilizer of 5 and the orbit of 5
Answer :
a) stab G ( 1 ) ={ ( 1 ) , ( 24 )( 56 ) }
orb G ( 1 )={ 1,2,3,4 }
b) stab G ( 3 )={ ( 1 ) , (24 ) ( 56 ) }
orb G ( 3 )= {3,4,1,2 }
c) stab G ( 5 )={ ( 1 ) , (12 ) ( 34 ) , ( 13 ) ( 24 ) , ( 14 ) ( 23 ) }
orb G ( 5 )= {5,6 }
51. Prove that A5 has no subgroup of order 30.
Answer :
Suppose that H is a subgroup of A5 of order 30. We claim that H contains all 20
elements of A5 that have order 3. To verify this, assume that there is some α in A5 of
order 3 that is not in H . Then A5 =H ∪ αH . It follows that α 2 H =H∨α 2=αH .
Since the letter implies that α ∈ H , we have that α 2 H =H , which implies that α 2 ∈ H
. But then ⟨ α ⟩= ⟨ α 2 ⟩ ⊆ H , which is contradiction of our assumption that α is not in H .
The same argument, shows that H must contain all 24 elements of order 5. Since
|H|=30, we have a contradiction.

57. Let G=GL (2 , R) and H=SL(2 , R) . Let A ∈G and suppose that detA =2. Prove that
AH is the set of all 2 ×2 matrices in G that have determinant 2.
Answer :
Suppose that B∈ G and det( B )=2. Then det( A−1 B )=1, so that A−1 B∈ H and
therefore B∈ AH . Conversely, for any Ah∈ AH we have
det ( Ah )=det ( A ) det ( h )=2 ∙1=2

60. The group D 4 acts as a group of permutations of the square regions shown below.
(The axes of symmetry are drawn for reference purposes). For each square region,
locate the points in the orbit of the indicated point under D 4 . In each case, determine
the stabilizer of the indicated point.
(a ) (b ) (c )

(d ) (e ) (f )
Answer :
Notice that D4 ={ e , r , r 2 , r 3 , s , rs ,r 2 s , r 3 s }
where r is rotation for90 ° counter clockwise
and s is symmetry along central vertical line
 stab D ( a )={ e , r 2 s }
4
 stab D ( b )={ e ,rs }
4

 stabD ( c ) ={ e , r 2 s }
4

 stab D ( d ) ={ e }
4

 stab D ( e )= { e }
4

 stab D ( f )= { e , r 2 s }
4