Evolution of computers and accompanying developments in terms of architecture and OS:

ENIAC to current wearable devices

The evolution of computers has been a long and fascinating journey, marked by significant milestones in
architecture and operating systems. Here's a brief overview of the major developments in computer
technology:

 ENIAC (1946): ENIAC was the first electronic computer, built at the University of Pennsylvania. It
was the size of a large room and used vacuum tubes for processing.
 UNIVAC (1951): UNIVAC was the first commercial computer, developed by J. Presper Eckert and
John Mauchly. It was used for scientific and business applications.
 IBM System/360 (1964): IBM System/360 was a family of mainframe computers that could run
the same software and peripheral devices. It marked a significant shift from proprietary to open
systems.
 Intel 4004 (1971): The Intel 4004 was the first microprocessor, which integrated all the
components of a computer's central processing unit (CPU) onto a single chip.
 Apple II (1977): Apple II was the first widely successful personal computer, designed by Steve
Wozniak and Steve Jobs. It featured a keyboard and a color display, and it ran on the Apple DOS
operating system.
 IBM PC (1981): IBM PC was the first computer to use the Microsoft Disk Operating System
(DOS), which later became the foundation of the Windows operating system.
 Macintosh (1984): Macintosh was the first personal computer to use a graphical user interface
(GUI) and a mouse. It was designed by Apple, and it ran on the Macintosh operating system.
 Windows (1985): Windows was the first operating system to offer a GUI and a multitasking
environment for IBM-compatible computers. It was developed by Microsoft and became the
dominant operating system for personal computers.
 Laptop computers (1980s): The first portable computers were developed in the 1980s, and they
were designed to be lightweight and portable.
 Internet (1990s): The development of the World Wide Web in the 1990s led to the proliferation
of the internet, which transformed the way people communicate, work, and access information.
 Smartphones (2000s): Smartphones are mobile devices that combine the features of a phone, a
computer, and a camera. They are designed to be portable, always-on, and connected to the
internet.
 Wearable devices (2010s): Wearable devices, such as smartwatches and fitness trackers, are
designed to be worn on the body and offer a range of features, such as fitness tracking,
messaging, and mobile payments.

Overall, the evolution of computers has been characterized by a constant drive towards miniaturization,
portability, and connectivity. As technology continues to advance, it is likely that we will see even more
developments in computer architecture and operating systems in the years to come.
Batch processing systems to real time OS

The evolution of computers and accompanying developments in terms of architecture and operating
systems has been marked by significant changes from batch processing systems to real-time operating
systems. Here's a brief overview of the major developments in computer technology:

1. Batch Processing Systems (1950s-1960s): In the early days of computing, batch processing
systems were used to process large amounts of data in batches. These systems were designed
to process jobs sequentially, without any user interaction.
2. Time-Sharing Systems (1960s-1970s): Time-sharing systems were developed to allow multiple
users to share a single computer simultaneously. These systems allowed users to interact with
the computer in real-time, enabling interactive computing.
3. Distributed Systems (1980s-1990s): Distributed systems were developed to allow multiple
computers to work together as a single system. These systems allowed for increased scalability
and reliability, as well as distributed processing.
4. Client-Server Systems (1990s): Client-server systems were developed to allow multiple clients to
access a single server. These systems allowed for increased scalability and reliability, as well as
distributed processing.
5. Real-Time Operating Systems (RTOS) (1990s-Present): RTOS were developed to provide real-
time processing for time-critical applications. These systems are designed to guarantee that a
task will be executed within a specified time period.

Overall, the evolution of computers and accompanying developments in terms of architecture and
operating systems has been marked by a move towards real-time processing and user interaction. As
technology continues to advance, it is likely that we will see even more developments in computer
architecture and operating systems in the years to come.