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Electrostatics
Exercise - 2:
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6
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Work, Energy & Power

Theory........................................................................................................................................................ 8
Solved Examples........................................................................................................................................ 18
Exercise - 1: Basic Objective Questions.................................................................................................... 25
Exercise - 2: Previous Year Questions....................................................................................................... 39
Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................ 44
Circular Motion
Theory........................................................................................................................................................ 48
Solved Examples........................................................................................................................................ 62
Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................. 86
Centre of Mass, Momentum & Collision

Theory........................................................................................................................................................ 91
Solved Examples........................................................................................................................................ 102
Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................ 131

7
Rotational Motion
Theory…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 137
Solved Examples………………………………………………………………………………………… 146
Exercise – 1: Basic Objective Questions………………………………………………………………... 156
Exercise − 2: Previous Year Questions…………………………………………………………………. 172
Exercise − 3: Achiever’s Section………………………………………………………………………... 176
Gravitation
Theory…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 182
Solved Examples………………………………………………………………………………………… 196
Exercise – 1: Basic Objective Questions………………………………………………………………... 202
Exercise − 2: Previous Year Questions…………………………………………………………………. 215
Exercise − 3: Achiever’s Section………………………………………………………………………... 218
Answer Key……………………………………………………………………………………………... 224

05
WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE 1
Chapter 05
Work, Energy and Power
( )(
W = Fx î + Fy ˆj + Fz kˆ . xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ )
1. Work
W = x Fx + y Fy + zFz
Introduction to Work:
Obviously, work is a scalar quantity, i.e., it has magnitude
In Physics, work stands for ‘mechanical work’.
only and no direction. However, work done by a force can
Work is said to be done by a force when the body is be positive or negative or zero.
displaced actually through some distance in the direction of
Note:
the applied force.
Work done is positive, negative or zero depending upon the
However, when there is no displacement in the direction of
angle between force & displacement
the applied force, no work is said to be done, i.e., work done
is zero, when displacement of the body in the direction of
the force is zero. 1.1. Dimensions and Units of Work
As work = force × distance
Suppose a constant force F acting on a body produces a
W = ( M1L1T −2 )  L
displacement s in the body along the positive x-direction,
as shown in the figure 1 1 –2
W = (M L T ) × L
W =  M1 L2 T −2 
This is the dimensional formula of work.

The units of work are of two types:
1. Absolute units 2. Gravitational units
(a) Absolute unit
Fig.5.1
1. Joule. It is the absolute unit of work in SI.
If  is the angle which force makes with the positive x–
Work done is said to be one joule, when a force of one newton
direction of the displacement, then the component of in the
actually moves a body through a distance of one metre in the
direction of displacement is (F cos  ). As work done by the W =ofFsapplied
cos  force.
direction
force is the product of component of force in the direction of
the displacement and the magnitude of the displacement, From
1 joule = 1 newton × 1 metre × cos 0° = 1 N–m
W = ( Fcos ) s ... (1)
2. Erg. It is the absolute unit of work in cgs system.
If displacement is in the direction of force applied, Work done is said to be one erg, when a force of one dyne
 = 0 . Then from (1), W = (F cos 0°) s = F s actually moves a body through a distance of one cm in the
W =ofFsapplied
direction cos  force.
Equation (1) can be rewritten as W = F.s ... ( 2 ) From
Thus, work done by a force is the dot product of force and
1erg = 1dyne 1cm  cos0 = 10−5 N 10−2 m 1
displacement.
In terms of rectangular component, F and s may written as 1erg = 10−7 J
F = F î + F ˆj + F kˆ and s = xiˆ + yjˆ + zkˆ
x y z (b) Gravitational units
From (2), W = F.s These are also called the practical units of work.
1. Kilogram-metre (kg–m). It is the gravitational unit of
work in SI.
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10 WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
Work done is said to be one kg–m, when a force of 1 kgf

moves a body through a distance of 1 m in the direction of the
applied force.
From W = Fcos 
1 kg–m = 1kgf × 1 m × cos 0° = 9.8 N × 1 m = 9.8 joule, i.e.,
1kg − m = 9.8 J
2. Gram-centimetre (g-cm). It is the gravitational unit of

work in cgs system.
Work done is said to be one g-cm, when a force of 1g f moves
a body through a distance of 1 cm in the direction of the Fig.5.2
applied force.
(c) Zero work
From W = Fs cos 
When force applied F or the displacement s or both are
1 g-cm = 1 g f × 1 cm × cos 0° zero, work done W = F s cos q is zero. Again, when angle q
1 g-cm = 980 dyne × 1 cm × 1 between F and s is 90°, cos  = cos 90 = 0 . Therefore,
1g − cm = 980 erg work done is zero.
For example:
1.2. Nature of Work Done When we push hard against a wall, the force we exert on the
Although work done is a scalar quantity, its value may be wall does no work, because s = 0. However, in this process,
positive, negative or even zero, as described below: our muscles are contracting and relaxing alternately and
(a) Positive work internal energy is being used up. That is why we do get
tired.
As W = F. s = Fs cos 
1.3. Work done by a Variable Force
 when q is acute (< 90°), cos q is positive. Hence, work
done is positive. If the force is variable then the work done is
xB
For example: W=  F ( x ) .dx
When a body falls freely under the action of gravity,  = 0 , xA
F (x)
cos  = cos 0 = +1 . Therefore, work done by gravity on a
C
body falling freely is positive.
(b) Negative work
D
As W = F. s = Fs cos 
Work
\ When q is obtuse (> 90°), cos q is negative. Hence, work
done is negative. O A B
x
For example: (b)

When a body is thrown up, its motion is opposed by gravity. Fig.5.3
The angle  between gravitational force and the
W = Area ABCDA
displacement is 180°. As cos  = cos180 = −1 therefore,
work done by gravity on a body moving upwards is Note Hence, work done by a variable force is numerically equal to
negative. the area under the force curve and the displacement axis.
Note:
NOTE:
Energy of a body is defined as the capacity or ability of
the body to do the work
Work done is equal to energy consumed.
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WORK, ENERGY AND POWER 11
2. Kinetic Energy
Introduction to Kinetic Energy:
The kinetic energy of a body is the energy possessed by the
body by virtue of its motion.
For example:
(i) A bullet fired from a gun can pierce through a target on
account of kinetic energy of the bullet.
(ii) Windmills work on the kinetic energy of air.
(iii) For example, sailing ships use the kinetic energy of wind.
(iv) Water mills work on the kinetic energy of water. For
example, fast flowing stream has been used to grind
corn.
(iv) A nail is driven into a wooden block on account of kinetic
energy of the hammer striking the nail.
Formula for Kinetic Energy
1
K.E. of body = m v2
2
2.1. Relation Between Kinetic Energy

and Linear Momentum
Let m = mass of a particle, v = velocity of the particle. Fig.5.4
Linear momentum of the particle, p = mv
1 1 3. Work Energy Theorem

and K.E. of the particle =
2
mv 2 =
2m
( m2 v2 )
According to this principle, work done by net force in
p2 displacing a body is equal to change in kinetic energy of the
 K.E =
2m body.
Thus, when a force does some work on a body, the kinetic
This is an important relation. It shows that a particle cannot
energy of the body increases by the same amount.
have K.E. without having linear momentum. The reverse is
Conversely, when an opposing (retarding) force is applied on
also true.
a body, its kinetic energy decreases. The decrease in kinetic
1 energy of the body is equal to the work done by the body
Further, if p = constant, K.E 
m against the retarding force. Thus, according to work energy
This is shown in figure (a) principle, work and kinetic energy are equivalent quantities.
If K.E. = constant, p2  m or Proof: To prove the work-energy theorem, we confine

ourselves to motion in one dimension.
This is shown in figure (b).
Suppose m = mass of a body, u = initial velocity of the body,
If m = constant, p2  K.E or F = force applied on the body along it’s direction of motion,
This is shown in figure (c) a = acceleration produced in the body, v = final velocity of
the body after t second.
Small amount of work done by the applied force on the body,
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dW = F ( ds ) when ds is the small distance moved by the body 3. Work done by or against a conservative force in moving a
body through any round trip (i.e., closed path, where final
in the direction of the force applied.
position coincides with the initial position of the body) is
 dv  always zero.
Now, F = ma = m  
 dt  Non-conservative Forces
 dv   dv  A force is said to be non-conservative, if work done by or
dW = F ( ds ) = m   ds = m   against the force in moving a body from one position to
 
dt  dt 
another, depends on the path followed between initial and
 ds 
dV = mv dv  = v  final position.
 dt 
For example, frictional forces are non-conservative forces.
 ds 
 = v
 dt  Potential Energy and the Associated Conservative Force:
Total work done by the applied force on the body in We know how to find potential energy associated with a
increasing its velocity from u to v is conservative force. Now we learn how to obtain the
v conservative force if potential energy function is known.
v v
 v2 
W =  mv dv = m v dv = m   Consider work done dW by a conservative force in moving
u u  2 u a particle through an infinitely small path length d s as
shown in the figures.
W=
1
2
( ) 1 1
m v 2 − u 2 = mv 2 − mu 2
2 2
1 1
But mv 2 = K f = final K.E. of the body and mu 2 = K i =
2 2
initial K.E. of the body
W = Kf − Ki = change in K.E. of body
i.e., Net work done on the body = increase in K.E. of body
4. Potential Energy
Fig.5.5
4.1. Conservative and Non-Conservative
Forces
dU = −dW = −F.ds = −Fds cos 
Conservative force
A force is said to be conservative if work done by or against From the above equation, the magnitude F of the
the force in moving a body depends only on the initial and conservative force can be expressed.
final positions of the body, and not on the trajectory of path
dU dU
followed between the initial and the final positions. F=− =−
ds cos  dr
This means, work done by or against a conservative force in
moving a body over any path between fixed initial and final If we assume an infinitely small displacement in the
positions will be the same. direction of the force, magnitude of the force is given by the
For example, gravitational force is a conservative force. following equation.
Properties of Conservative forces :
1. Work done by or against a conservative force, in moving dU
F=−
a body from one position to the other depends only on the dr
initial position and final position of the body.
Here minus sign suggest that the force acts in the direction
2. Work done by or against a conservative force does not of decreasing potential energy.
depend upon the trajecrory of the path followed by the body
in going from initial position to the final position.
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−U U U Wg = −mgh
Also, Fx = , Fy = , FZ = −
x y z
U = − Wg
U = mgh
4.2 Introduction to Potential Energy
U B − U A = mgh
The potential energy of a body is defined as the energy
possessed by the body by virtue of its position or Considering UA = 0, UB = U = mgh
configuration in some conservative field.
Thus, potential energy is the energy that can be associated 4.4. Spring Potential Energy
with the configuration (or arrangement) of a system of objects Potential energy of a spring is the energy associated with the
that exert forces on one another. Obviously, if configuration state of compression or expansion of an elastic spring.
of the system changes, then its potential energy changes.
To calculate it, consider an elastic spring OA of negligible
Two important types of potential energy are : mass. The end O of the spring is fixed to a rigid support and
1. Gravitational potential energy a body of mass m is attached to the free end A. Let the spring
2. Elastic potential energy. be oriented along x–axis and the body of mass m lies on a
perfectly frictionless horizontal table.
Also WC = −U
WC : Work done by conservative force

O
4.3. Gravitational Potential Energy A
Fig.5.7
Gravitational potential energy of a body is the energy
possessed by the body by virtue of its position above the The position of the body A, when spring is unstretched is
surface of the earth. chosen as the origin.
To calculate gravitational potential energy, suppose When the spring is compressed or elongated, it tends to regain
to its original length, on account of elasticity. The force trying
m = mass of a body
to bring the spring back to its original configuration is called
g = acceleration due to gravity on the surface of earth. restoring force or spring force.
h = height through which the body is raised, as shown in the For a small stretch or compression, spring obeys Hooke’s
figure. law.
Restoring Force  stretch or compression
F  − x, F = − kx
where k is a constant of the spring and is called spring
constant.
1
It is established that for a spring, k  ,
: Natural length of spring

i.e., smaller the length of the spring, greater will be the force
constant and vice-versa.
The negative sign in equation indicates that the restoring
Fig.5.6
force is directed always towards the equilibrium position.
If we assume that height h is not too large and the value of g Let the body be displaced further through an infinitesimally
is practically constant over this height, small distance dx, against the restoring force.
Wg = mg  cos180 Small amount of work done in increasing the length of the
spring by dx is
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dW = – F dx = kx dx only. Suppose a body undergoes a small displacement Dx

Total work done in giving displacement x to the body can be under the action of a conservative force F ( x ) . According to
obtained by integrating from x = 0 to x = x, i.e., work energy theorem,
x =x x =x
x 
2
x
2
 1 change in K.E. = work done
W=  k x dx = k  2  = k  − 0  = kx 2
 2  2
x =0 x =0 K = F ( x ) .x
This work done is stored in the spring at the point B in the
As the force is conservative, the potential energy function
form of P.E
U ( x ) is defined as
1 2
 P.E. at B = W = kx
−U = F ( x ) .x or U = −F ( x ).x
2
Adding, we get K = F ( x ) .dx
K = −U,  ( K + U ) = 0
which means ( K + U ) = E = constant
Fig.5.8 5.1 Illustration of the Law of

The variation of potential energy with distance x is shown in Conservation of Mechanical Energy
figure
P.E. To illustrate the law further, let us calculate kinetic energy
K.E., potential energy P.E. and total energy T.E. of a body
falling freely under gravity.
Let m be the mass of the body held at A, at a height h above
X' A X the ground, figure.
x
A
Fig.5.9
x
h
5. Mechanical Energy and Its B
(h–x)
Conservation C
Ground
The mechanical energy (E) of a body is the sum of kinetic Fig.5.10
energy (K) and potential energy (U) of the body
As the body is at rest at A, therefore,
i.e., E = K + U
At A : K. E. of the body = 0
Obviously, mechanical energy of a body is a scalar quantity
P.E. of the body = mgh where g is acceleration due to
measured in joule.
gravity at A.
We can show that the total mechanical energy of a system is
T.E. of the body = K.E + P.E = 0 + mgh
conserved if the force, doing work on the system are
conservative. E1 = mgh .... (1)
This is called the principle of conservation of total Let the body be allowed to fall freely under gravity, when it
mechanical energy. strikes the ground at C with a velocity v.
For simplicity, we assume the motion to be one dimensional
From v2 − u 2 = 2as
v2 − 0 = 2gh
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v2 = 2gh ... ( 2 ) At locations r = r1 , r = r2 , and in the region r  r3 , where

potential energy function assumes a minimum, a maximum,
1 1
At C : K.E. of the body = mv 2 = m(2 gh) = mgh and a constant value respectively, the force becomes zero and
2 2 the particle is in the state of equilibrium
P.E. of the body = mgh = mg (0) = 0
Total energy of the body = K.E. + P.E.
E2 = mgh + 0 = mgh ... (3)
In the free fall, let the body cross any point B with a velocity
v1 , where AB = x
2 2
From v – u = 2 as
v12 − 0 = 2(g)x .... ( 4)
1 1
At B : K.E. of the body = mv 2 = m(2gx) = mgx
2 2
Height of the body at B above the ground = CB = (h – x)
P.E. of the body at B = mg (h – x)
Total energy of the body at B = K.E. + P.E.
EB = mgx + mg ( h − x ) = mgx + mgh − mgx Fig.5.11
EB = mgh ... (5) Force is negative of the slope of the potential energy
From (1), (3), (5) we find that function
E A = E B = E C = mgh which proves conservation of
mechanical energy
6.1 Stable Equilibrium
At r = r1 the potential energy function is a minima and the
force on either side acts towards the point r = r1 . If the
6. Potential Energy and particle is displaced on either side and released, the force tries
to restore it at r = r1 . At this location the particle is in the state
Nature of Equilibrium
of stable equilibrium. The dip in the potential energy curve at
the location of stable equilibrium is known as potential well.
du
As we know f = − So, Force = negative of slope of u A particle when disturbed from the state of stable equilibrium
dr
starts oscillations about the location of stable equilibrium. At
versus r graph. the locations of stable equilibrium we have
The state of stable and unstable equilibrium is associated with U F 2 U
F(r) = − = 0; and  0; and 2  0
a point location, where the potential energy function assumes r r r
a minimum and maximum value respectively, and the neutral
equilibrium is associated with region of space, where the 6.2 Unstable Equilibrium
potential energy function assumes a constant value.
For the sake of simplicity, consider a one dimensional At r = r2 the potential energy function is a maxima, the force
potential energy function U of a central force F. Here r is the acts away from the point r = r2 . If the particle is displaced
radial coordinate of a particle. The central force F slightly on either side, it will not return to the location r = r2
experienced by the particle equals to the negative of the slope
. At this location, the particle is in the state of unstable
of the potential energy function. Variation in the force with r
equilibrium. At the locations of unstable equilibrium we have
is also shown in the figure.
U F 2 U
F(r) = − = 0; therefore  0; and 2  0
r r r
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6.3 Neutral Equilibrium dW

P=
In the region r = r3 , the potential energy function is constant dt
and the force is zero everywhere. In this region, the particle * Now, dW = F.ds, where F is the force applied and d s is
is in the state of neutral equilibrium. At the locations of the small displacement.
neutral equilibrium we have
F.d s
U F 2 U P=
F(r) = − = 0 therefore = 0 and 2 = 0 dt
r r r
F.d s
P=
dt
7. Power
ds
But = v, the instantaneous velocity.
Power of a person or machine is defined as the time rate at dt
which work is done by it. P = F.v
work done
i.e., Power = Rate of doing work = Dimensions of power can be deduced as :
time taken
Thus, power of a body measurement how fast it can do the W M1L2 T −2
work. P= = =  M1L2 T −3 
t T1
Units of power
The absolute unit of power in SI is watt, which is denoted by
W.
From P = W/t
1 joule
1 watt = , i.e., 1W = 1Js −1
1sec
Power of a body is said to be one watt, if it can do one joule
of work in one second.
1 h.p. = 746 W
NOTE:
Power is also described in terms of rate at which energy
is consumed.
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NCERT Corner the pseudo forces in the calculation of the net force
acting on the body under consideration.
Important Points to Remember
11. Every force encountered in mechanics does not have an
associated potential energy. For example, work done by
1. Work done is a scalar quantity. It can be positive or
friction over a closed path is not zero and no potential
negative unlike mass and kinetic energy which are
energy can be associated with friction.
positive scalar quantities. The work done by the friction
12. The principle of conservation of mechanical energy
or viscous force on a moving body is negative.
states that the total mechanical energy of a body remains
2. A force is conservative if (i) work done by it on an constant if the only forces that act on the body are
object is path independent and depends only on the conservative.
initial and final position, or (ii) the work done by the
force is zero for an arbitrary closed path taken by the
object such that it returns to its initial position.
3. The gravitational potential energy of a particle of mass
m at a height x about the earth’s surface is U(x) = m g x
where the variation of g with height is ignored.
4. The elastic potential energy of a spring of force constant
1
k and extension x is U(x) = kx 2
2
5. The potential energy of a body subjected to a
conservative force is always undetermined upto a
constant. For example, the point where the potential
energy is zero is a matter of choice. For the gravitational
potential energy mgh, the zero of the potential energy is
chosen to be the ground. For the spring potential energy
kx2/2, the zero of the potential energy is the equilibrium
position of the oscillating mass.
6. For a conservative force in one dimension, we may
define a potential energy function U(x) such that
dU(x)
F(x) = −
dx
xf
or U i − U f =  F(x)dx
xi
dU
7. For equilibrium F = − =0
dx
8. The work – energy theorem states that the change in
kinetic energy of a body is the work done by the net
force on the body.
Kf – Ki = Wnet
9. The work done by a force can be calculated sometimes
even if the exact nature of the force is not known. This is
calculated with the help of work energy theorem by
using change in kinetic energy
10. The WE theorem holds in all inertial frames. It can also
be applied in non internal frames provided we include
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Initial velocity, u = 0
Solved Examples Time, t = 10 s
Frictional force is given as:
Example 1
f = mg = 0.1 2  9.8 = 1.96N
The sign of work done by a force on a body is
important to understand. State carefully if the Total force = 7-1.96 = 5.04
following quantities are positive or negative: Total acceleration of the body:
(a) work done by a man in lifting a bucket out of a well a = 2.52ms−2
by means of a rope tied to the bucket. The distance travelled by the body is given by the
(b) work done by gravitational force in the above case, equation of motion:
(c) work done by friction on a body sliding down an 1 1
s = ut +   at 2 = 0 +    2.52  (10 ) = 126m
2
inclined plane, 2 2

(d) work done by an applied force on a body moving (a) Work done by the applied force,
on a rough horizontal plane with uniform velocity, Wa = F  s = 7 126 = 882 J
(e) work done by the resistive force of air on a (b) Work done by the frictional force.
vibrating pendulum in bringing it to rest. Wf = F  s = −1.96 126 = −247 J
Sol. (a) Positive In the given case, force and displacement
(c) Net force = 7 + (-1.96) = 5.04 N
are in the same direction. Hence, the sign of work done
Work done by the net force,
is positive. In this case, the work is done on the bucket.
Wnet = 5.04 126 = 635J
(b) Negative in the given case, the direction of force
(vertically downward) and displacement (vertically (d) From the first equation of motion, final velocity
upward) are opposite to each other. Hence, the sign of can be calculated as:
work done is negative. v = u + at = 0 + 2.52 10 = 25.2 m / s
(c) Negative since the direction of frictional force is Change in kinetic energy
opposite to the direction of motion, the work done by 1 1
frictional force is negative in this case. =   mv2 −   mu 2
 
2 2
(d) Positive Here the body is moving on a rough
1
horizontal plane. Frictional force opposes the motion
2
( )
=    2 v2 − u 2 = ( 25.2 ) − 02 = 635J
2
of the body. Therefore, in order to maintain a uniform

velocity, a uniform force must be applied to the body.
Example 3
Since the applied force acts in the direction of motion
The potential energy function for a particle executing
of the body, the work done is positive.
linear simple harmonic motion is given by
(e) Negative, the resistive force of air acts in the
kx 2
direction opposite to the direction of motion of the U(x) = . where k is the force constant of the
pendulum. Hence, the work done is negative in this 2
case. oscillator. For k = 0.5Nm−1 , the graph of V (x)
versus x is shown in fig. Show that a particle of total
Example 2 energy 1 J moving under this potential must ‘turn
A body of mass 2 kg initially at rest moves under the back when it reaches x = 2m .
action of an applied horizontal force of 7 N on a table Sol. Total energy of the particle, E = 1J
with coefficient of kinetic friction = 0.1. Compute the Force constant, k = 0.5Nm−1
(a) work done by the applied force in 10 s,
1
(b) work done by friction in 10 s, Kinetic energy of the particle, K =   mv2
2
(c) work done by the net force on the body in 10 s,
According to the conservation law:
(d) change in kinetic energy of the body in 10 s, and
interpret your results.
Sol. Mass of the body, m = 2 kg
Applied force, F = 7 N
Coefficient of kinetic friction,  = 0.1
Example 6
A body is initially at rest. It undergoes one-
dimensional motion with constant acceleration. The
power delivered to it at time t is proportional to
1
(a) t 2 (b) t
3
E = U+K (c) t 2 (d) t 2
1 1
1 = kx 2 + mv 2 Ans: (b)
2 2 Sol.
At the moment of ‘turn back’, velocity (and hence K) From v = u + at
becomes zero, v = 0 + at = at
1 As power, P = Fv
 1 = kx 2
2  P = ( ma ) at 2 = ma 2 t
x2 = 4
As m and a are constants, therefore, P  t
x = 2
Option (b) is correct.
Hence, the particle turns back when it reaches
x = 2 .
Example 7
A body is moving unidirectionally under the
Example 4
influence of a source of constant power. Its
Underline the correct alternative:
displacement in time t is proportional to
(a) When a conservative force does positive work on 1
a body, the potential energy of the body increases/ (a) t 2 (b) t
decreases/remains unaltered. 3
(b) Work done by a body against friction always (c) t 2 (d) t 2
results in a loss of its kinetic/potential energy. Ans: (c)
Sol. (a) Decreases, we know WC = −U dv P
Sol. m.v. .v = v2 dv = dx
As WC  0 dx m
Hence, U  0 As p and m are constant
(b) Kinetic energy, the work done against the v3  x
direction of friction reduces the velocity of a body. 1
Hence, there is a loss of kinetic energy of the body. v  x3

1
dx
= kx 3
Example 5 dt
State if each of the following statements is true or −1
false. Give reasons for your answer.  dx x 3 =  dt

(a) Total energy of a system is always conserved, no 2
matter what internal and external forces on the body x3  t
are present. 3
(b) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed x  t2

loop is zero for every force in nature.
Sol. (a) False Total energy of a system may change it  Example 8
ternal force acts or if on-conservative forces are A body constrained to move along the z-axis of a
acting. coordinate system is subject to a constant force F
(b) False The work done in the motion of a body over given by F = −i + 2j + 3k N . Where i, j, k are unit
a closed loop is zero for a conservation force only. vectors along the x-, y- and z-axis of the system
respectively. What is the work done by this force in
moving the body a distance of 4 m along the z-axis?
Sol. Force exerted on the body,
−1
F = −i + 2j + 3k N
3
v = ax 2 and a = 5m 2 s −1
ˆ
Displacement, S = 4km Initial velocity, u at (x = 0) = 0
Final velocity v at (x = 2m) = 10 2m / s
Work done, W = F.s
Work done, W = Change in kinetic energy
= (−i + 2j + 3k).(4k) = m ( v2 − u 2 )
1
= 0 + 0 + 3 4 2
= 12J
Hence, 12 J of work is done by the force on the body.
1
( 2
   0.5 10 2  − 0
 
2
2
)
1
=    0.5 10 10  2 = 50J
Example 9 2
A pump on the ground floor of a building can pump
Example 11
up water to fill a tank of volume 30m3 in 15 min. If
A man rowing a boat upstream is at rest with respect
the tank is 40 m above the ground, and the efficiency
to shore.
of the pump is 30%, how much electric power is
consumed by the pump? (a) Is he doing any work?
Sol. Volume of the tank, V = 30m 3 (b) If he stops rowing and moves down with the
stream, is any work being done on him?
Time of operation, t = 15 min = 15×60 = 900 s
Sol. (a) No work is being done by the net force because
Height of the tank, h = 40m displacement of boat relative to the shore is zero.
Efficiency of the pump,  = 30% (b) When he stops rowing, force of water flow will
Density of water,  = 103 kg/m3 produce displacement with respect to the shore.
Therefore, work is done by force of flowing water.
Mass of water, m = .v = 30 103 kg
KE of the person will increase
Output power can be obtained as:
Example 12
mgh
P0 = Work done/Time = A stone is dropped from the top of a high tower. Will
t
the mechanical energy of the stone be conserved or
40 not if the force of friction due to air is not neglected?
= 30 103  9.8  = 13.067 103 W
900 Sol. Mechanical energy is conserved only when forces
involved are conservative. As force of friction due to
For input power Pi , efficiency, is given by the
air is non-conservative, therefore, mechanical energy
relation: of the stone is not conserved.
P0
= = 30%
Pi Example 13
A man can jump higher on moon than on earth. With
103 same effort, can a runner improve his timing for 100
Pi = 13.067 100 
30 m race on moon as compared to that on earth ?
= 0.436 105 W = 43.6kW Sol. The man can jump higher on moon than on earth,
because the acceleration due to gravity on moon is
less than acceleration due to gravity on earth.
Example 10
However, acceleration due to gravity has no effect on
A body of mass 0.5 kg travels in a straight line with
3 −1
horizontal motion. Therefore, a runner cannot
velocity v = ax 2 where a 5m 2 s −1 . What is the work improve his timing on the moon for 100-meter race.
done by the net force during its displacement from
x = 0 to x = 2m? Example 14
Sol. Mass of the body, m = 0.5 kg Work done by external forces is always equal to the
Velocity of the body is governed by the equation, gain in kinetic energy. Is it always true ?
Sol. Yes. This is the universal work-energy theorem.
Example 15 Example 17
Assume that the Earth revolves around the Sun in a
A pump is required to lift 1000 kg of water per
perfectly circular orbit. Does the Sun do any work on
minute from a well 20 m deep and eject it at a rate
the Earth?
of 20 m/s.
Sol. While the force is along the radius, the displacement
is a along the tangent. Since radius and tangent are (a) How much work is done in lifting water?
perpendicular, therefore, F and S are also (b) How much work is done in giving it a KE?
perpendicular. Consequently, work done is zero. (c) What HP (horsepower) engine is required for the
purpose of lifting water?
Example 16
A block of mass 5 kg is being raised vertically Sol. (a) Work done in lifting water = gain in potential
upwards by the help of a string attached to it. It rises PE = 1000  g  20 = 1.96 105
2
with an acceleration of 2m / s . The block rises by
2.5 m. Match the correct choices: 1
(b) Work done (per minute) in giving it KE = mv 2
Column – I Column - II 2
(A) Work done by (P) 122.55
gravity 1
(1000 )( 20 ) = 2 105 J per minute
2
=
(B) Work done by (Q) 147.55 2
tension
(C) Net worm done on (R) – 122.55 (c) Power of the engine = Work done per second
the block (S) 25 J
1
Sol. Let us first calculate the tension. = (1.96 + 2)105 J = 6.6 103 W ( watts )
60
From force diagram: Since 1 HP = 746 W, HP required = 8.85
T − mh = 5aT = 5 (9.8 + 2) = 59N.
Example 18
As the T and displacement S are in same direction An object of mass 5 kg falls from rest through a
(upwards), work done by the tension T is : vertical distance of 20 m and attains a velocity of 10
m/s. How much work is done by the resistance of the
air on the object ?(g = 10 m/s2)
Sol. Applying work-energy theorem,

work done by all the force = change in kinetic energy
1
or Wg + Wair = mv 2
2
1
W = T s = 59 (2.5) = 147.5 J  Wair = mv 2 − Wg
2
Work done by the gravity
= −mgh = −5 (9.8)( 2.5) = −122.5J 1
= mv 2 − mgh
2
Net work done on block = work done by T + work
1
=  5  (10 ) − ( 5 )  (10 )  ( 20 )
2
done by mg
2
= 147.5 + (–122.5) = 25 J
= – 750 J
The answer is A → R;B → Q;C → S .
Example 19  r  1
 (mgr) + (2mg)   = ( m + 2m ) v 2
A rod of length 1.0 m and mass 0.5 kg fixed at one  2 2
end is initially hanging, vertical. The other end is
2
now raised until it makes an angle 60° with the or v = (1 +  ) gr
vertical. How much work is required? 3
Sol. For increase in gravitational potential energy of a rod

Example 21
we see the centre of the rod.
A small mass m starts from rest and slides down the
smooth spherical surface of R. Assume zero potential
energy at the top. Find :
(a) the change in potential energy
(b) the kinetic energy
(c) the speed of the mass as a function of the angle q
made by the radius through the mass with the
vertical.
W = change in potential energy
Sol. In the figure h = R (1 − cos )
= mg (1 − cos  )
2
Substituting the values, we have
 1.0 
W = ( 0.5)( 9.8)   (1 − cos 60 )
 2 
= 1.225 J
Example 20
A smooth narrow tube in the form of an arc AB of a (a) As the mass comes down, potential energy will
circle of centre O and radius r is fixed so that A is decrease. Hence, U = −mgh = −mgR (1 − cos )
vertically above O and OB is horizontal. Particles P
(b) Magnitude of decrease in potential energy =
 r 
of mass m and Q of mass 2 m with a light   increase in kinetic energy
 2 
inextensible string of length connecting them are  Kinetic energy = mgh
placed inside the tube with P at A and Q at B and K.E = mgR (1 − cos )
released from rest. Assuming the string remains taut
during motion, find the speed of particles when P 1
(c) mv 2 = mgR (1 − cos  )
reaches B. 2
 v = 2gR (1 − cos  )
Example 22
One end of a light spring of natural length d and
spring constant k is fixed on a rigid wall and the
other is attached to a smooth ring of mass m which
can slide without friction on a vertical rod fixed at a
Sol. All surfaces are smooth. Therefore, mechanical distance d from the wall. Initially the spring makes
energy of the system will remain conserved. an angle of 37° with the horizontal as shown in
figure. When the system is released from rest, find
 Decrease in PE of both the block the speed of the ring when the spring becomes
= increase in KE of both the blocks  3
horizontal sin 37 = 
 5
(a)What is the mechanical energy of the system ?

(b)The maximum kinetic energy of the particle, and
Sol. If l is the stretched length of the spring, then from (c)The value of x at which it occurs.
figure (d)Determine the equation for F (x) as a function of
x.
d 4 5
= cos37 = , i.e., = d (e) For what (finite) value of x does F (x) = 0?
5 4
Sol. (a) Potential energy at x = 5.0 m is
U = 20 + ( 5 − 2 ) = 29J
2
5 d
so the stretch y = − d = d−d=
4 4
Mechanical energy
5 3 3 E = K + U = 20 + 29 = 49 J
and h = sin 37 = d  = d
4 5 4
(b) and (c) :
Now taking point B as reference level and applying Maximum kinetic energy is at x = 2m, where the
law of conservation of mechanical energy between A potential energy is minimum and this maximum
and B, kinetic energy is,
EA = EB K max = E − Umin = 49 − 20 = 29 J
1 1 dU
or mgh + ky 2 = mv 2 [as for B, h = 0 and y = 0] (d) F = − = −2 ( x − 2 ) = 4 − 2x
2 2 dx
2
3 1 d 1 (e) F (x) = 0, at x = 2.0 m
or mgd + k   = mv2
4 2 4 2 where potential energy is minimum (the position of
 3 1  stable equilibrium).
 As for A, h = d and y = d 
 4 4 
Example 24
3g k A running man has half the kinetic energy of that of a
or v = d +
2d 16 m boy of half of his mass. The man speed up by 1 m/s
so as to have same kinetic energy as that of the boy,
the original speed of the man is:
( )
Example 23
(a) 2 −1 m / s (b) 2m/s
A single conservative force F (x) acts on a 1.0 kg
particle that moves along the x–axis. The potential 1 1
(c) m/s (d) m/s
energy U (x) is given by: U ( x ) = 20 + ( x − 2 ) where
2
( 2 −1) 2
x is in meters. At x = 5.0 m the particle has a kinetic
energy of 20 J. Ans: (c)
1
Sol. Initially, K man = K boy
2
1 11m 
mv 2 =    u 2 
2 22 2  
u
v=
2
Finally,
K man = K boy
1 1m 
m(v + 1) 2 =    u 2 
2 2 2  
u
v +1 =
2
2v
v +1 =
2
( )
 2− 2 v = 2
2 1
v= v= ms −1
2− 2 2 −1
Example 25
A kilowatt hour is equal to
(a) 3.6 106 J (b) 3.6 10 4 J
(c) 3.6 103 J (d) 3.6 10−4 J

Ans.(a)
Solution: 1kWh = 1000W  3600s = 3.6 106 J
EXERCISE – 1: Basic Objective Questions

Work
1. ( )
A force of 10iˆ − 3jˆ + 6kˆ N acts on a body of 5 kg and (a) + Mgd (b) − ( M + m) gd
displaces it form ( )
A 6iˆ + 5jˆ − 3kˆ m to B (c) − mgd (d) Zero
( )
B 10iˆ − 2jˆ + 7kˆ m. The work done is
5. The relationship between force and position is shown
(a) Zero (b) 121J in figure (in one dimensional case). The work done by
(c) 100J (d) 221J the force in displacing a body from x = 1cm to
x = 5cm is:
2. A body is under the action of two equal and opposite
forces, each of 3N. The body is displaced by 2m. The
work done is:
(a) + 6 J (b) – 6 J
(c) 0 (d) None of above
3. A particle is moved from (0, 0) to (a, a) under a force

(a) 20 erg (b) 60 erg
( )
F = 3iˆ + 4jˆ from two paths. Path 1 is OP and path 2
(c) 70 erg (d) 700 erg
is OQP. Let W1 and W2 be the work done by this force
in these two paths. Then:
6. A particle of mass 0.1 kg is subjected to a force which
varies with distance as shown in figure. If it starts its
journey from rest at x = 0, its velocity at x = 12m is
(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2

(c) W2 = 2W1 (d) W2 = 4W1
(a) 0 m/s (b) 40 m/s

4. The net work done by the tension in the figure when (c) 20 2m / s (d) 20 m/s
the bigger block of mass M touches the ground is:
7. Under the action of a force, a 2kg body moves such

that its position x as a function of time t is given by
t3
x= , where x is in metre and t in second. The work
3
done by the force in the first two second is:
(a) 1600J (b) 160J
(c) 16J (d) 1.6J
8. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 L L

(c) Mg (d) Mg
m under the influence of a force given by 9 18
F = 7 − 2x + 3x 2 . Work done in the process is:
(a) 70 (b) 270
13. ( )
A force F = 5iˆ + 3jˆ + 2kˆ N is applied over a particle
which displaces it from its origin to the point
(c) 35 (d) 137
( )
S = 2iˆ + ˆj m. The work done on the particle in joules
is
9. A mass M is lowered with the help of a string by a
g (a) – 7 (b) + 7
distance x at a constant acceleration . The
2 (c) + 10 (d) + 3
magnitude of work done by the string will be:
(a) Mgx (b)

1
Mgx 2 14. A spring of spring constant 5 103 N / m is stretched
2 initially by 5cm from the unstretched position. Then
1 the work required to stretch it further by another 5cm
(c) Mgx (d) Mgx 2
2 is
(a) 12.50 N-m (b) 18.75 N-m
10. The work done by Pseudo forces is (c) 25.00 N-m (d) 6.25 N-m
(a) Positive (b) Negative
(c) Zero (d) All of these 15. 300J of work is done in sliding a 2kg block up an
inclined plane of height 10 m. Taking g = 10m / s2 ,
11. A block of mass m is pulled along a horizontal surface work done against friction is:
by applying a force at an angle  with the horizontal.
(a) 200 J (b) 100 J
If the block travel with a uniform velocity and has a
displacement d and the coefficient of friction is , (c) Zero (d) 1000 J
then the work done by the applied force is
16. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as
shown here. The force is in Newton and x is in metre.
The work done by the force in moving the object from
x = 0 to x = 6m is:
(a) 4.5 J (b) 13.5 J
(c) 9.0 J (d) 18.0 J
mgd mgd cos  17. A position dependent force, F = 7 − 2x + 3x 2 N acts on

(a) (b)
cos  +  sin  cos  +  sin  a small body of mass 2kg and displaces it from x = 0
to x = 5m. The work done in joule is:
mgd sin  mgd cos 
(c) (d) (a) 35J (b) 70J
cos  +  sin  cos  −  sin 
(c) 135J (d) 270J
12. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a

smooth table and one third of its length is hanging 18. A body of mass 100 g is rotating in a circular path of
vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is radius r with constant speed. The work done in one
acceleration due to gravity, work required to pull the complete revolution is:
hanging part on the table is r 100
(a) J (b) J
L 100 r
(a) MgL (b) Mg
3 (c) 100 r J (d) Zero
19. A block of mass 60 kg just slides over a horizontal 25. A position dependent force F = 7 − 2x + 3x 2 newton
distance of 0.9 m. If the coefficient of friction between acts on a small body of mass 2kg and displaces it from
their surfaces is 0.15 then work done against friction x = 0 to x = 5m . The work done in joules is
(
will be: g = 9.8m / s 2 ) (a) 70 (b) 35
(a) 79.4 J (b) 97.54 J (c) 35 (d) 135
(c) 105.25 J (d) 81 J 26. A rigid body is acted upon by a horizontal force which
is inversely proportional to the distance covered ‘s’.
The work done by this force will be proportional to:
20. A body moves a distance of 10 m along a straight line
under the action of 5 N force. If work done is 25 J, then (a) s (b) s 2
angle between the force and direction of motion of the
(c) s (d) None of these
body will be:
(a) 75 (b) 60
27. Work done by static friction on an object:
(c) 45 (d) 30
(a) may be positive (b) must be negative
(c) Must be zero (d) None of these
21. ( )
A force F = 5iˆ + 3jˆ N is applied over a particle which
displaces it by S = ( 2iˆ − ˆj) . The work done on the 28. A block of mass m is suspended by a light thread from
an elevator is accelerating upward with uniform
particle is:
acceleration a. The work done by tension on the block
(a) + 11 J (b) + 7 J during t seconds is ( u = 0 ) :
(c) + 13 J (d) – 7 J
22. If the unit of force and length each be increased by four

times, then the unit of energy is increased by
(a) 16 times (b) 8 times
(c) 2 times (d) 6 times
m m
23. A 50 kg man with 20 kg load on his head climbs up 20 (a) ( g + a ) at 2 (b) ( g − a ) at 2
2 2
steps of 0.25 m height each. The work done by the man
on the block during climbing is m 2
(c) gat (d) 0
(a) 5 J (b) 350 J 2
(c) 1000 J (d) 3540 J

29. A force F = 5 + 2x acts on a body in x-direction where
x is in metres and F in newton. Find the work done in
24. A force acting on a particle varies with the
displacing the body from x = 0 to x = 2m .
displacement x as F = ax − bx 2 where a = 1N / m and
(a) 14 J (b) 18 J
b = 1N / m2 . The work done by this force for the first
(c) 16 J (d) None of these
one meter (F is Newtons, x is in meters) is:
1 2
(a) J (b) J 30. A particle moves under the effect of a force F = Cx
6 6
from x = 0 to x = x1 . The work done in the process is
3
(c) J (d) None of these 1 2
6 (a) Cx12 (b) Cx1
2
(c) Cx1 (d) Zero
31. A particle of mass m is moving with speed u. It is 35. 300 J of work is done in sliding a 2 kg block up an
stopped by a force F in distance x. If the stopping force inclined plane of height 10m. Taking g = 10m / s2 ,
is 4F then:
work done against friction is
(a) Work done by stopping force in second case will
(a) - 200 J (b) -100 J
be same as that in first case.
(c) zero (d) 1000 J
(b) Work done by stopping force in second case will
be 2 times of that in first case.
(c) Work done by stopping force in second case will 36. If force F = 5iˆ + 3jˆ + 4kˆ makes a displacement of
be ½ times of that in first case. s = 6iˆ − 5k,
ˆ work done by the force is:
(d) Work done by stopping force in second case will
(a) 10 unit (b) 122 5 unit
be ¼ times of that in first case.
(c) 5 122 unit (d) 20 unit
32. When work done by force of gravity is negative
(Assume only gravitational force to be acting) 37. A particle of mass 100 g is thrown vertically upwards
(a) KE increases (b) KE stays Constant with a speed of 5 m/s. The work done by the force of
(c) PE increases (d) PE stays constant gravity during the time the particle goes up is:
(a) – 0.5 J (b) – 1.25 J
33. A force F acting on an object varies with distance x as (c) – 1.25 J (d) 0.5 J
shown here. The force is in N and x is in m. The work
done by the force is moving the object from x = 0 to
Kinetic Energy
x = 6m is
38. The P.E and KE of a helicopter flying horizontally at a

height 400m are in the ratio 5: 2. The velocity of
helicopter (give the value of g as g = 10m / s2
(a) 28 m/s (b) 47 m/s
(c) 56 m/s (d) 30 m/s
39. ( )
A 120g mass has a velocity v = 2iˆ + 5jˆ ms−1 at a
certain instant K.E. of the body at that instant is
(a) 18.0 J (b) 13.5 J (a) 3.0J (b) 1.74J
(c) 4.5 J (d) 9.0 J (c) 4.48J (d) 5.84J
34. A body of mass 3kg is under a constant force which 40. A body is moving under the action of a force.
causes a displacement s in metres, given by the relation Suddenly, force is increased to such an extent that its
1 kinetic energy is increased by 100 %. The momentum
s = t 2 , where t is in seconds. Work done by the force
3 increases approximately by:
in first 2 seconds is: (a) 100 % (b) 60 %
5 3 (c) 40 % (d) 20 %
(a) J (b) J
19 8
8 19 41. A man has a box of weighing 10kg. The energy of the
(c) J (d) J
3 5 box, when the man runs with a constant velocity of
2 m / sec along with the box behind the bus, is
(a) 10 Joule (b) 30 Joule
(c) 20 Joule (d) 2 Joule
42. What is the shape of the graph between the speed and 49. A particle of mass m1 is moving with a velocity v1 and
kinetic energy of a body? another particle of mass m 2 is moving with a velocity
(a) Straight line (b) Hyperbola v 2 . Both of them have the same momentum but their
(c) Parabola (d) Exponential
different kinetic energies are E1 and E 2 respectively.
If m1  m2 , then are E1 and E 2 respectively. If
43. If the linear momentum is increased by 50%, then
m1  m2 , Then:
kinetic energy will be increased by:
(a) 50% (b) 100 % E1 m1
(a) E1  E 2 (b) =
(c) 125% (d) 25 % E 2 m2
(c) E1  E 2 (d) E1 = E 2
44. At time t = 0s particle starts moving after along x-
axis. If its kinetic energy increases uniformly with time 50. A stone is thrown at an angle of 45 to the horizontal
t, the net force acting on it must be proportion to
with kinetic energy K. The kinetic energy at the
(a) t (b) constant highest point is:
1 K K
(c) t (d) (a) (b)
t 2 2
(c)K (d) Zero
45. An Athlete in the Olympic games covers a distance of
100m in 10s. His Kinetic energy can be estimated to 51. The mass of two substances are 25g and 89g
be in the range the mass of athlete as 40kg. respectively. If their kinetic energies are same then
(a) 200J − 500J (b) 2 105 J − 3 105 J their ratio of their momenta is:
(c) 20000J − 50000J (d) 2000J − 5000J (a) 9: 5 (b) 7 : 3

(c) 5: 9 (d) None of these
46. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation
proportion to its displacement. Its loss of kinetic 52. If the kinetic energy of the body becomes four times of
energy for any displacement x is proportional to its initial value, then the new momentum will:
(a) x 2 (b) e x (a) Become twice its initial value
(c) x (d) log e x (b) Remain constant

(c) Become four times its initial value
(d) Becomes three times its initial value
47. A shell of mass 200gm is ejected from a gun of mass
4kg by an explosion that generates 1.05kJ of energy.
The initial velocity of the shell is 53. A body of mass 5kg has momentum of 10kg m/s.
−1 −1 When a force of 0.2N is applied on it for 10s in the
(a) 100ms (b) 80ms
direction of initial velocity, the change in its kinetic
(c) 40ms−1 (d) 120ms−1 energy is:
(a) 4.4J (b) 3.3J
48. A ball of mass 2kg and another of mass 2kg are (c) 5.5J (d) 1.1J
dropped together from a 60ft tall building. After a fall 54. If the momentum of a body is increased by 100% then
of 30ft each towards earth, their respective kinetic the percentage increase of kinetic energy will be
energies will be in the ratio of (a) 350% (b) 300%
(a) 2 :1 (b) 1: 4 (c) 200% (d) 225%
(c) 1: 1 (d) 1: 2
55. If the momentum of certain body be increased by 50%, 61. The work done in time t on a body of mass m which is
its kinetic energy will increase by; accelerated from rest to a speed v in time t1 as a
(a) 125 % (b) 150 % function of time t is given by:
(c) 50 % (d) 62.5 % 1 v 2 v 2
(a) m t (b) m t
2 t1 t1
56. The kinetic energy of a particle continuously increases 2
with time 1  mv  2 1 v2 2
(c)   t (d) m t
(a) The resultant force on the particle must be parallel 2  t1  2 t12
to the velocity at all instants,
(b) The resultant force on the particle must be at an 62. A body of mass 2kg moves down the quadrant of circle
angle greater than 90 with the velocity all the of radius 4m. The velocity on reaching the lowest point
time is 8m/s. What is work done against friction? (use
(c) Its height above the ground level must continuously g = 9.8m / s2 )
decrease
(a) 14.4J (b) 28.8J
(d) The magnitude of its linear momentum is
(c) 64J (d) zero
increasing continuously
63. The KE of a 500gram stone is 100J. Against a force of

57. If kinetic energy of a body is increased by 300% then
50 N, how long will it travel?
percentage change in momentum will be
(a) 0.2s (b) 0.1s
(a) 100% (b) 150%
(c) 0.3s (d) 0.4s
(c) 265% (d) 73.2 %
64. What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of

58. A block of mass 10kg, moving in x direction with a
mass 20gm and speed 250m/sec as it penetrates wood
constant speed of 10ms−1 , is subject to a retarding to a distance of 12cm:
force F = 0.1x J / m during its travel from x = 20m to
(a) 3.4 103 Newton (b) 5.2 103 Newton
30m. Its final KE wll be:
(c) 4.0 103 Newton (d) 3.6 103 Newton
(a) 450J (b) 275J
(c) 250J (d) 475J
65. A pendulum of length 2m left at A. When it reaches B,
it looses 10% of its total energy due to air resistance.
59. If kinetic energy is doubled, find fractional change in
The velocity at B is nearly:
momentum:
(a) 2 (b) 2 2
1 1
(c) (d)
2 2 2
(a) 6m/s (b) 1m/s
Work Energy Theorem (c) 2 m/s (d) 8 m/s
60. A truck weighting 1000kg changes its speed from 66. A particle at rest on a frictionless table is acted upon
36km/s to 72 km/h in 2 minutes. Thus, the work done by a horizontal force which is constant in magnitude
by the engine on the truck during this interval is: and direction. A graph is plotted of the work done on
the particle W, against the speed of particle v. If there
(a) 2.5 105 J (b) 3.5 105 J are no frictional forces acting on the particle, the graph
(c) 1.5 105 J (d) 5.5 105 J will look like:
71. A heavy stone is thrown from a cliff of height h with a

speed v. The stone will hit the ground with maximum
speed if it is thrown
(a)Vertically downward
(b) Vertically upward
(a) (b) (c) Horizontally
(d) The speed does not depend on the initial direction.
72. A body starts from rest with uniform acceleration and
acquired a velocity V in time T. The instantaneous
kinetic energy of the body after any time t is
proportional to:
(c) (d) V  V2  2
(a)  t (b)  t
T  T 
67. A 2kg block slides on a horizontal floor with a speed  V2   V2  2
of 4m/s. it strikes a uncompressed spring, and (c)  2 
t (d)  2 
t
T  T 
compresses it till the block is motionless. The kinetic
friction force is 15N and spring constant is 10000N/m.
The spring compresses by 73. The total work done on a particle is equal to the change
(a) 5.5cm (b) 2.5cm in its kinetic energy
(c) 11.0cm (d) 8.5cm (a) always
(b) Only if the forces acting on it are conservative
68. A force acts on a 3.0g particle in such a way that the (c) Only if gravitational force alone acts on it
position of the particle as a function of time is given (d) Only if elastic force alone acts on it.
by x = 3t − 4t 2 + t 3 , where x is in metre and t is in
second. The work done during the first 4s is: 74. The graph between the resistive force F acting on a
(a) 570mJ (b) 450mJ body and the distance covered by the body is shown in
(c) 490mJ (d) 528mJ the figure. The mass of the body is 25kg and initial
velocity is 2m/s. When the distance covered by the
body is 4m, its kinetic energy would be
69. A bullet of mass 10g leaves a riffle at an initial velocity
of 1000m/s and strikes the earth at the same level with
a velocity of 500m/s. The work in overcoming the
resistance of air will be:
(a) 500J (b) 5000J
(c) 3750J (d) 475J
70. A particle of mass m at rest is acted upon by a force F

for a time t. Its kinetic energy after an interval it is: (a) 50J (b) 40J
F2 t 2 F2 t 2 (c) 20J (d) 10J
(a) (b)
m 2m
F2 t 2 Ft 75. A body of mass 1kg is thrown upwards with a velocity

(c) (d)
3m 2m 20 ms−1. It momentarily comes to rest after attaining a
height of 18m. How much energy is lost due to air (c) U A  U B (d) U B  U A
friction? ( g = 10ms−2 )
81. A meter stick of mass 400g is pivoted at one end and
(a) 20J (b) 30J displaced through an angle 60°. The increases in its
(c) 40J (d) 10J potential energy is :
(a) 1J (b) 10J
76. A ball is released from certain height which looses (c) 100J (d) 1000J
50% of its kinetic energy on striking the ground it will
attain a height again: 82. A spring of spring constant 8N/cm has an extension of
1 1 5cm. The minimum work done in joule in increasing
(a) th of initial height (b) th of initial height the extension from 5cm to 15cm is
4 2
3 (a) 16J (b) 8J
(c) th of inital height (d) None of these
4 (c) 4J (d) 32J
77. The mass of ship is 2 107 kg. On applying a force of 83. The potential energy of a certain spring when stretched
through a distance ‘S’ is 10joule. The amount of work
25  105 N, it is displaced through 25m. After the
(in joule) that must be done on this spring to stretch it
displacement. The speed acquired by the ship will be: through an additional distance ‘S’ will be :
(a) 12.5m/s (b) 5m/s (a) 30J (b) 40J
(c) 5m/s (d) 2.5m/s (c) 10J (d) 20J
78. The velocity of bullet is reduced from 200m/s to 84. A rod of mass m and length is lying on a horizontal
100m/s while travelling through a wooden block of table. Work done in making it stand on one end will be:
thickness of 10cm. The retardation assuming to be mg
uniform, will be: (a) mg (b)
2
(a) 15 104 m / s2 (b) 13.5 104 m / s 2 mg
(c) (d) 2mg
4
(c) 12 104 m / s 2 (d) None of these
85. A uniform chain of length 2m is kept on a table such
that a length of 60cm hangs freely from the edge of the
Potential Energy table. The total mass of the chain is 4kg. What is the
work done in pulling the entire chain on the table ?
79. A body of mass 500g is taken up an inclined plane of (a) 7.2J (b) 3.6J
length 10m and height 5m, and then released to slide (c) 120J (d) 1200J
down to the bottom. The coefficient of friction between
the body and the plane is 0.1. What is the amount of 86. A spring of force constant 800N/m has an extension of
work done in the round trip ? 5cm. The work done in extending it from 5cm to15cm
is
(a) 5J (b) 15J
(a) 16J (b) 8J
5 (c) 32J (d) 24J
(c) 5 3J (d) J
3
87. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a
smooth table and one-third of its length is hanging
80. A particle is moving in a conservative force field from vertically down over the edge of the table. If g is
point A to point B. U A and U B are the potential acceleration due to gravity, the work required to pull
energies of the particle at point A and B and WC is the the hanging part on to the table is :
work done by conservative forces in the process of
(a) MgL (b) MgL
taking the particle from A and B: 3
(a) WC = UB − UA (b) WC = UA − UB
(c) MgL (d) MgL

9 18
88. If W1 , W2 and W3 represent the work done in moving

a particle from A to B along three different paths 1, 2
and 3 respectively (as shown) in the gravitational field
of a point mass m. Find the correct relation between
W1 , W2 and W3 : (a) C (b) B
(c) B and C (d) A and D
93. For the path PQR in a conservative force field (fig.), the
amount of work done in carrying a body from P to Q &
from Q to R are 5 J & 2 J respectively. The work done
in carrying the body from P to R will be –
(a) W1  W2  W3 (b) W1 = W2 = W3
(c) W1  W2  W3 (d) W2  W1  W3
(a) 7J (b) 3J
89. A particle is moving in a circular path of radius a under (c) 21 J (d) zero
the action of an attractive potential U = k 2 . Its total

2a
94. A rigid body of mass mkg is lifted uniformly by a man
energy is :
to a height of one metre in 30sec. Another man lifts the
(a) zero (b) 3 k2 same mass uniformly to the same height in 60sec. The
2a work done on the body against gravitation by them are
in ratio
(c) k 2 (d) k 2
4a 2a (a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
90. When a long spring is stretched by 2cm, its potential
energy is U. If the spring is stretched by 10 cm, the 95. A body is dropped from a certain height. When it loses
potential energy stored in it will be : the U amount of its energy it acquires a velocity ‘v’.
(a) 10U (b) 25U The mass of the body is :
(c) U (d) 5U (a) 2U / v
2
(b) 2V / U
2
(c) 2v/ U 2
(d) U / 2V
91. Two springs have force constants k A and k B such
that k B = 2k A . The four ends of the springs are
96. The potential energy function associated with the force
stretched by the same force. If energy stored in spring F = 4xyiˆ + 2x 2 ˆj is:
A is E, then energy stored in spring B is :
(a) U = −2x 2 y (b) U = −2x 2 y + constant
E
(a) (b) 2E
2 (c) U = 2x 2 y + constant (d) not defined
(c) E (d) 4E
92. The potential energy of a particle varies with distance 97. The potential energy of a long spring when stretched by
x as shown in the graph. The force acting on the 2cm is U, If the spring is stretched by 8cm the potential
particle is zero at energy stored in it is:
(a) 4U (b) 8U
U
(c) 16U (d)
4
98. A vertical spring with force constant k is fixed on a 104. A body is attached to the lower end of a vertical spiral
table. All ball of mass m at a height h above the free spring and it is gradually lowered to its equilibrium
upper end of the spring falls vertically on the spring, so position. This stretches the spring by a length d. If the
that the spring is compressed by a distance d. The net same body attached to the same spring is allowed to fall
work done in the process is : suddenly, what would be the maximum stretching in
1 1 this case ?
(a) mg  h  d   kd (b) mg  h  d   kd 2
2 2 (a) d (b) 2d
1 2 1 2
(c) mg  h  d   kd (d) mg  h  d   kd 1
2 2 (c) 3d (d)
2d
99. Two similar springs P and Q have spring constants K P
and K Q , such that K P  K Q . They are stretched, first
105. A coconut of mass 1.0kg falls to earth from a height of
by the same amount (case a), then by the same force 10m. The kinetic energy of the coconut, when it is 4m
(case b). The work done by the springs WP and WQ are above ground is :
related as, in case (a) and case (b), respectively: (a) 0.588J (b) 58.8J
(a) WP = WQ ;Q P = WQ (b) WP  WQ ; WQ  WP (c) 5.88J (d) 588J
(c) WP  WQ ; WQ  WP (d) WP = WQ ; WP  WQ
106. Calculate the K.E. and P.E. of the ball halfway up,
when a ball of mass 0.1kg is thrown vertically upwards
100. When a spring is stretched by a distance x, it exerts a
with an initial speed of 20 m / s−1.
( 3
)
force, given by F = −5x − 16x N . The work done,
(a) 10J, 20J (b) 10J, 10J
when the spring is stretched from 0.1m to 0.2m is :
−2 −2
(c) 15J, 8J (d) 8J, 16J
(a) 8.7 10 J (b) 12.2 10 J
−4 −1
(c) 8.7 10 J (d) 12.2 10 J
107. If a body of mass 3kg is dropped from top of a tower of
height 250m, then its kinetic energy after 3sec. will be
3
101. A spring of spring constant 5 10 N/m is stretched
(a) 1126 J (b) 1048J
initially by 5cm from the unstretched position. Then the
work required to stretch it further by another 5cm is : (c) 735J (d) 1296.5J
(a) 12.50N-m (b) 18.75N-m
(c) 25.00N-m (d) 6.25N-m 108. If water falls from a dam into a turbine wheel 19.6m
below, then velocity of water at turbine, is (Take g =
102. The potential energy of a body is given by 9.8m/s2)
U = A − Bx 2 (where x is the displacement). The (a) 9.8m / s (b) 19.6 m / s
magnitude of force acting on the particle is
(c) 39.2 m / s (d) 98.0 m / s
(a) constant (b) proportional to x
1
(c) proportional to x2 (d) proportional to 109. Three particles A, B and C are projected from the top
x
of a tower with the same speed. A is thrown straight
upwards, B straight down and C horizontally. They hit
Conservation of Mechanical Energy the ground with speeds vA , vB and v C , then which
of the following is correct:
103. A spring of spring constant 1000N/m is compressed (a) vA = vB  vC (b) vA = vB = vC
through 5cm and is used to push a metal ball of mass
0.1 g. The velocity with which the metal ball moves is (c) vA  vB = vC (d) vB  vC  vA
(a) 5m/s (b) 7.5m/s
(c) 10m/s (d) 2.5m/s
110. A body of mass m was slowly pulled up the hill by a

kL2
force F which at each point was directed along the (a) MkL (b)
tangent of the trajectory. All surfaces are smooth. Find 2M
the work performed by this force:
ML2
(c) zero (d)
k
114. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a

vertical circle with the other end of the string at the
centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is at its
lowest position, and has a speed u. The magnitude of
(a) mg (b) −mg the change in its velocity as it reaches a position where
(c) mgh (d) zero the string is horizontal is
(a) u 2 − 2gL (b) 2gL

111. The potential energy of a 1kg particle free to move
along the x -axis is given by (c) u 2 − gL (
2
(d) 2 u − gL )
 x4 x2 
U ( x ) =  − J
 4 2  115. For a simple pendulum, a graph is plotted between its
The total mechanical energy of the particle is 2J. Then, kinetic energy (KE) and potential energy (PE) against
its displacement d. Which one of the following
the maximum speed (in ms−1 ) is
represents these correctly?
3 (Graphs are schematic and not drawn to scale)
(a) (b) 2
2
1
(c) (d) 2
2
112. A spherical ball of mass 20kg is stationary at the top of

a hill of height 100m. It rolls down a smooth surface to
the ground, then climbs up another hill of height 30cm (a)
and finally rolls down to a horizontal base at a height
of 20m above the ground. The velocity attained by the
ball is
(a) 40 m / s (b) 20 m / s
(c) 10 m / s (d) 10 30m / s (b)
113. The block of mass M moving on the frictionless

horizontal surface collides with the spring of spring
constant k and compresses it by length L. The
maximum momentum of the block after collision is
(c)
(d)
116. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a 124. Potential energy v/s displacement curve for one
mass of 10kg upto a height of 1m 1000 times. Assume dimensional conservative field is shown in figure.
that the potential energy lost each time he lowers the Force at A and B is respectively.
mass is dissipated. How much fat will he use
considering the work done only when the weight is
lifted up? Fat supplies 3.8 107 J of energy per kg
which is converted to mechanical energy with a 20%
efficiency rate.
Take g = 9.8ms−2 :
(a) 6.4 10−3 kg (b) 9.89 10−3 kg

(a) Positive, Positive (b) Positive, Negative
(c) 12.89 10−3 kg (d) 2.45 10−3 kg (c) Negative, Positive (d) Negative, Negative
117. A body of mass 1kg is thrown upwards with a velocity 125. The potential energy of particle in a force field is ,
−1
20ms . It momentarily comes to rest after attaining a U=
A B
− where A and B are positive constants and
height of 18m. How much energy is lost due to air r2 r
(
friction? g = 10 ms−2 ) r is the distance of particle from the centre of the field.
For stable equilibrium, the distance of the particle is :
(a) 20J (b) 30J B 2A
(a) (b)
(c) 40J (d) 10J 2A B
A B
(c) (d)
118. A block of mass M is attached to the lower end of a B A
vertical spring. The spring is hung from a ceiling and Power
has force constant value k. The mass is released from
rest with the spring initially unstretched. The maximum
extension produced in the length of the spring will be 126. A man weighing 60kg lifts a body of mass 15kg to the
Mg 2Mg
top of a building 10m high in 3minute. His efficiency
(a) (b) is
k k
(a) 20% (b) 10%
4Mg Mg
(c) (d)
k k (c) 30% (d) 40%
127. A pump of 200W power is lifting 2 kg water from an
119. A child is swinging a swing. Minimum and the average depth of 10m per second. Velocity of water
maximum heights of swing from earth’s surface are
delivered by the pump is
0.75m and 2m respectively. The maximum velocity of
this swing is: (a) 3m / s (b) 2 m / s
( g = m/s ) 2
(c) 4 m / s (d) 1m / s
(a) 5m / s (b) 10 m / s
128. A machine gun fires 360 bullets per minute, with a
(c) 15m/ s (d) 20m / s velocity of 600m/s. If the power of the gun is 5.4kW,
the mass of each bullet is
120. If a body of mass 200g falls from a height 200m and
(a) 5kg (b) 0.5 kg
its total potential energy is converted into kinetic
energy, at the point of contact of the body with the (c) 5gm (d) 0.5gm
surface, then decrease in potential energy of the body
(
at the contact is: g = 10 m / s2 )
(a) 900J (b) 600J
(c) 400J (d) 200J
1 135. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of

129. A grinding machine whose wheel has radius metre
 constant radius r such that its centripetal acceleration ac
runs at 2.5 rps, when a tool to be sharpened is held
is varying with time t as a c  k 2 rt 2 , , where k is
against the wheel with a force of 40 N . If the
coefficient of friction between the tool and the wheel constant. The power delivered to the particle by the
is 0.2, power developed is force acting on it is :
(a) 4 W (b) 8 W (a) 2mk 2 r 2 (b) mk 2 r 2 t
(c) 20 W (d) 40 W
(c)
 mk r t 
4 2 5
(d) zero
3
130. A train of mass 100 ton is moving up an incline of 1 in
100 at a constant speed of 36 km / h. . If the friction per
136. Water falls from a height of 60 m at the rate of 15 kg/s
ton is 100 N, then power of the engine is to operate a turbine. The losses due to frictional forces
(a) 198kW (b) 96 kW are 10% of energy. How much power is generated by
the turbine? (Take g  10 m / s2 )
(c) 298kW (d) 398kW
(a) 8.1kW (b) 10.2 kW
131. The power of a water pump is 2 kW . If g  10m / s 2 , (c) 12.3 kW (d) 7.0 kW
the amount of water is can raise in one minute to a
height of 10m is 137. A car of mass m is driven with acceleration a along a
(a) 2000litre (b) 1000litre straight level road against constant external resistance
(c)100litre (d) 1200litre R. When the velocity is v, the power of the engine is :
(a) (R – ma) v (b) (R + ma )v
132. A man is riding on a cycle with velocity 7.2km/hr up a (c) mav (d) Rv
hill having a slope 1 in 20. Total mass of the man and
cycle is 100kg. The power of man is : 138. The power of pump, which can pump 200kg of water
(a) 98W (b) 49W to a height of 50m in 10s, will be :
(c) 196W (d) 147W (a) 10  103 W (b) 20 103 W
(c) 4  103 W (d) 6  103 W
133. Power applied to a particle varies with time as
 
P  3t 2  2t  1 W, where t is in second. Find the 139. If the force applied is F and the velocity gained is v,
change in its kinetic energy between time t  2s and t then the power developed is :
 4s. (a) Fv 3 (b) Fv
(a) 32J (b) 46J
F
(c) Fv 2 (d)
(c) 61J (d) 102J v
134. A body of mass m is accelerated uniformly from rest to 140. A motor drives a body along a straight line with a
a speed v in a time T. The instantaneous power constant force. The power P delivered by the motor
delivered to the body as a function of time, is given by must vary with time t according to :
mv 2 mv 2 (a) t (b) t1/ 2

2
(a) t (b) t
T2 T2 (c) t 3/ 2 (d) t 2
1 mv 2 1 mv 2 2
(c) t (d) t
2 T2 2 T2
141. The average power required to lift a 100kg mass 146. An engine pumps water through a hose pipe. Water
through a height of 50metres in approximately passes through the pipe and leaves it with a velocity of
50seconds would be 2m/s. The mass per unit length of water in the pipe is
(a) 50J/s (b) 5000J/s 100kg/m. What is the power of the engine?
(c) 100J/s (d) 980J/s (a) 400W (b) 200W
(c) 100W (d) 800W
142. A block of mass m is moving with a constant
acceleration 'a' on a rough horizontal plane. If the 147. A particle of mass M, starting from rest, undergoes
coefficient of friction between the block and plane is uniform acceleration. If the speed acquired in time T is
.The power delivered by the external agent at a time t V, the power delivered to the particle is
from the beginning is equal to: Mv 2 1 Mv 2
(a) (b)
(a) (b) mgat T 2 T2
(c) m ( a + g ) gt (d) m ( a + g ) at Mv 2 1 Mv 2
(c) (d)
T2 2 T

143. A man M1 of mass 80kg runs up a staircase in
148. A car of mass m starts from rest and accelerates so that
Another man M2 also of mass 80kg runs up the stair the instantaneous power delivered to the car has a
case in 220s. The ratio of the power developed by them constant magnitude P0 . The instantaneous velocity of
ma t
 P1  this car is proportional to :
  will be: (a) t 2 P (b) t1/ 2
 P2 
t
4 (c) t −1/ 2 (d)
(a) 1 (b) m
3 15s.
149. A particle of mass m is driven by a machine that
16
(c) (d) none of the above delivers a constant power kwatts. If the particle starts
9
from rest the force on the particle at time is :
(
144. An engine exerts a force F = 20iˆ − 3jˆ + 5kˆ N and ) (a) mkt
−1/ 2
(b) 2mkt
−1/ 2
( )
moves with velocity v = 6iˆ + 20jˆ − 3kˆ m / s . The
1 −1/ 2 mkt
−1/ 2
(c) mkt (d)

power of the engine (in watt) is : 2 2
(a) 45 (b) 75 150. An engine pumps up 100kg of water through a height
(c) 20 (d) 10 of 10m in 5s. Given that, the efficiency of engine is
60%. If g = 10ms −2 , the power of this engine is :
145. An engine pumps water continuously through a hose.
(a) 3.3kW (b) 3.33kW
Water leaves the hose with a velocity v and m is the
mass per unit length of the water jet. What is the rate at (c) 0.033kW (d) 33kW
which kinetic energy is imparted to water?
1
(a) mv3 (b) mv3
2
1 1 2 2
(c) mv 2 (d) m v
2 2
EXERCISE – 2: Previous Year Questions

1. A mass m moving horizontally (along the x–axis) (a) 100% (b) 68%
with velocity v collide and sticks to a mass of 3m (c) 41% (d) 200%
moving vertically upward (along the y–axis) with
velocity 2v. The final velocity of the combination is
5. A car of mass m starts from rest and accelerates so
[AIPMT 2011]
that the instantaneous power delivered to the car has a
2 1 3 1 constant magnitude Po . The instantaneous velocity of
(a) vî  vĵ (b) vî  vĵ
3 3 2 4 this car is proportional to [AIPMT 2012]
1 3 1 2 t
(c) vî  vĵ (d) vî  vĵ (a) (b) t 2 Po
4 2 3 3 m
(c) t1/ 2 (d) t1/ 2

2. A small mass attached to a string rotates on a
frictionless table top as shown. If the tension in the
6. A uniform force of (3î  ĵ)N acts on a particle of
string is increased by pulling the string causing the
mass 2 kg. Hence, the particle is displaced from
radius of the circular motion to decrease by a factor of
(2i  k )m position to position (4i  3j  k )m. The
2, the kinetic energy of the mass will
work done by the force on the particle is:
[AIPMT 2011]
[NEET 2013]
(a) 9 J (b) 6 J
(c) 13 J (d) 15 J
7. A body of mass ' m ' taken from the earth's surface to

(a) Increase by a factor of 4 the height equal to twice the radius (R) of the earth.
(b) Decrease by a factor of 2 The change in potential energy of body will be
(c) Remain constant [NEET 2013]
(d) Increase by a factor of 2 2
(a) mg2R (b) mgR
3
3. The potential energy of a particle in a force field is: 1
(c) 3mgR (d) mgR
A B 3
U  2  , where A and B are positive constants
r r
and r is the distance of particle from the centre of the
8. Infinite number of bodies, each of mass 2 kg is
field. For stable equilibrium the distance of the
situated on x-axis at distance 1m, 2m, 4m, 8m,
particle is [AIPMT 2012]
respectively, from the origin. The resulting
B B gravitational potential due to this system at the origin
(a) (b)
A 2A will be [NEET 2013]
2A A 8
(c) (d) (a) G (b)  G
B B 3
4
(c)  G (d) 4G
4. A stone is dropped from a height h. It hits the ground 3
with a certain momentum P. If the same stone is
dropped from a height 100 % more than the previous
9. Dependence of intensity of gravitational field (E) of
height, the momentum when it hits the ground will
earth is correctly represented by: [NEET 2014]
change by [AIPMT 2012]
The work done by the springs WP and WQ are related

as, in case (a) and case (b), respectively:
[NEET 2015]
(a) WP  WQ ; WP  WQ (b) WP  WQ ; WQ  WP
(a) (c) WP  WQ ; WQ  WP (d) WP  WQ ; WP  WQ
13. A particle of mass m is driven by a machine that

delivers a constant power k watt. If the particle starts
from rest of the force on the particle at time t is:
[NEET 2015]
(b)
mk 2mk
(a) (b)
t t
1 mk mk
(c) (d)
2 t 2t
(c) 14. A nucleus of uranium decays at rest into nuclei of

thorium and helium. Then [NEET 2015]
(a) the helium nucleus has less kinetic energy than the
thorium nucleus.
(b) the helium has more kinetic energy than the
thorium nucleus
(d) (c) the helium nucleus has less momentum than the
thorium nucleus
10. A black hole is an object whose gravitational field is (d) the helium nucleus has more momentum than the
strong that even light cannot escape from it. To what thorium nucleus
approximate radius would earth
(mass  5.981024 kg ) have to be compressed to be a 15. The heart of a man pumps 5 L of blood through the
arteries per minute at a pressure of 150 mm of
black hole? [NEET 2014]
mercury. If the density of mercury be
2
(a) 10 m (b) 100 m 13.6103 kg m 3 and g  10 ms 2 , then the power of
(c) 109 m (d) 106 m heart in watt is: [NEET 2015]
(a) 1.50 (b) 1.70
11. A block of mass 10 kg, moving in x-direction with a (c) 2.35 (d) 3.0
1
constant speed of 10 ms , is subjected to a retarding
force F  0.1xJm 1 during its travel from x  20 to 30 16. Kepler's third law states that square of period of
m. Its final K.E. will be: [NEET 2015] revolution (T) of a planet around the sun, is
(a) 450 J (b) 275 J proportional to third power to average distance r
between sun and planet i.e. T 2  Kr 3 here K is
(c) 250 J (d) 475 J
constant. If the masses of sun and planet are M and m
respectively then as per Newton's law of gravitation
12. Two similar springs P and Q have spring constant k p GMm
force of attraction between them is F  2 , here
and k 0 , such k p  k Q . They are stretched, first by the r
same amount (case a) then by the same force (case b).
G is Gravitational constant The relation between G per kg which is converted to mechanical energy with
and K is described as: a 20% efficiency rate. Take g  9.8 ms 2 :
[NEET 2015]
[NEET 2016]
1 3 3
(a) K  (b) GK  4 2
(a) 6.4510 kg (b) 9.8910 kg
G
(c) 12.89103 kg (d) 2.45103 kg
(c) GMK  42 (d) K  G
17. A bullet of mass 10 g moving horizontally with a 21. Starting from the centre of earth having radius R, the
1 variation of g (acceleration due to gravity) is shown
velocity of 400 ms strikes a wooden block of mass 2
by [NEET 2016]
kg which is suspended by a light inextensible string
of length 5 m. As a result, the centre of gravity of the
block is found to rise a vertical distance of 10 cm.
The speed of the bullet after it emerges out
horizontally from the block will be:
[NEET 2016]
(a) 80 ms 1 (b) 120 ms 1 (a)
(c) 160 ms 1 (d) 100 ms 1
18. A particle of mass 10 g moves along a circle of radius

6.4 cm with a constant tangential acceleration. What
is the magnitude of this acceleration if the kinetic
energy of the particle becomes equal to 8104 J by (b)
the end of the second revolution after the beginning
of the motion? [NEET 2016]
(a) 0.1m / s 2 (b) 0.15 m / s 2
(c) 0.18 m / s 2 (d) 0.2 m / s 2
(c)
19. A body of mass 1 kg begins to move under the action

 
of a time dependent force F  2tî  3t 2 ˆj N , where î
and ĵ are unit vectors along x and y axis. What

power will be developed by the force at the time t ?
[NEET 2016]

(a) 2t 2  3t 3 W  
(b) 2t 2  4t 4 W  (d)
22. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth (of radius

(c)  2t 3
 3t 4 W (d)  2t 3
 3t 5 W R) at a height h from its surface. The total energy of
the satellite in terms of g o (acceleration due to
20. A person trying to lose weight by burning fat lifts a gravity at surface of earth), the value of acceleration
mass of 10 kg upto a height of 1 m 1000 times. due to gravity at the earth's surface, is
Assume that the potential energy lost each time he [NEET 2016]
lowers the mass is dissipated. How much fat will he 2 2
mg 0 R 2mg0 R
use up considering the work done only when the (a)  (b)
2(R  h) Rh
weight is lifted up? Fat supplies 3.8 × 107 J of energy
2mg0 R 2 mg0 R 2
(c)  (d)
Rh 2(R  h)
23. At what height from the surface of the earth the 28. Two astronauts are floating in gravitational free space
gravitation potential and the value of g are after having lost contact with their spaceship. The
5.4 107 J kg 2 and 6.0 m s 2 respectively? Taken the two will [NEET 2017]
radius of earth as 6400 km [NEET 2016] (a) move away from each other
(a) 2600 km (b) 1600 km (b) will become stationary

(c) keep floating at the same distance between them.
(c) 1400 km (d) 2000 km
(d) move towards each other
24. The ratio of escape velocity at earth  ve  to the

29. The acceleration due to gravity at a height 1 km
escape velocity at a planet  v p  whose radius and above the earth is the same as at a depth d below the
mean density are twice as that of earth is surface of earth. Then [NEET 2017]
[NEET 2016] 3
(a) d  km (b) d  2 km
2
(a) 1: 2 (b) 1: 2 2
1
(c) 1: 4 (d) 1 : 2 (c) d  km (d) d  1km
2
25. A spring of force constant k is cut into lengths of 30. A body initially at rest and sliding along a frictionless
ratio 1: 2: 3. They are connected in series and the new track from a height h (as shown in the figure) just
force constant is k. Then, they are connected in completes a vertical circle of diameter AB  D . The
parallel and force constant is k  . . Then k  : k  is: height h is equal to: [NEET 2018]
[NEET 2017]
(a) 1: 9 (b) 1: 11
(c) 1: 14 (d) 1: 6
26. A particle moves from a point (2î  5 ĵ) to (4 ĵ  3k̂)
when a force of (4i  3j)N is applied. How much (a)

7
D (b) D
work has been done by the force? [NEET 2017] 5
(a) 11 J (b) 5 J 3 5
(c) D (d) D
(c) 2 J (d) 8 J 2 4
27. Consider a drop of rain water having mass 1 g falling 31. The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical orbit
from a height of 1 km. It hits the ground with a speed about the Sun, at positions A, B and C are K A , K B
of 50 m/s Take g constant with a value 10 m / s 2 . The and K C , respectively. A C is the major axis and S B
work done by the (i) gravitational force and the (ii) is perpendicular to A C at the position of the Sun S as
resistive force of air is: [NEET 2017] shown in the figure. Then [NEET 2018]
(a) (i) -10 J, (ii) -8.25 J (b) (i) 1.25 J, (ii) -8.25 J
(c) (i) 100 J, (ii) 8.75 J (d) (i) 10 J, (ii) -8.75 J
(a) K B  K A  K C (b) K A  K B  K C
(c) K A  K B  K C (d) K B  K A  K C
32. If the mass of the Sun were ten times smaller and the 38. A particle of mass ' m ' is projected with a velocity
universal gravitational constant were ten times larger u  kVe (k  1) from the surface of the earth.
in magnitude, which of the following is not correct?
 Ve  escape velocity). The maximum height above
[NEET 2018]
the surface reached by the particle is: [NEET 2021]
(a) Time period of a simple pendulum on the Earth
2
would decrease R k Rk 2
(a) (b)
(b) Walking on the ground would become more 1 k 1 k 2
difficult  k 
2
 k 
2
(c) R   (d) R  
(c) Raindrops will fall faster  1 k   1 k 
(d) ' g on the Earth will not change
33. A force F  20 10y acts on a particle in y-direction

where F is in newton and y in meter. Work done by
this force to move the particle from y  0 to y  1 m
is: [NEET 2019]
(a) 5 J (b) 25 J
(c) 20 J (d) 30 J
34. A body weighs 200 N on the surface of the earth.

How much will it weigh half way down to the centre
of the earth? [NEET 2019]
(a) 200 N (b) 250 N
(c) 100 N (d) 150 N
35. The work done to raise a mass m from the surface of

the earth to a height h, which is equal to the radius of
the earth, is: [NEET 2019]
1
(a) 2mgR (b) mgR
2
3
(c) mgR (d) mgR
2
36. A body weighs 72 N on the surface of the earth. What

is the gravitational force on it, at a height equal to
half the radius of the earth? [NEET 2020]
(a) 30 N (b) 24 N
(c) 48 N (d) 32 N
37. The escape velocity from the Earth's surface is v. The

escape velocity from the surface of another planet
having a radius, four times that of Earth and
same mass density is: [NEET 2021]
(a) 3 V (b) 4 V
(c) v (d) 2 V
EXERCISE – 3: Achiever’s Section

1. A particle of mass 0.5 kg is displaced from position
b(yiˆ − xj)
ˆ
r1 (2,3,1) to r2 (4,3, 2) by applying a force of 6. A force F = N (b is a constant) acts on a
x 2 + y2
magnitude 30 N which is acting along (iˆ + ˆj + k)
ˆ . The particle as it undergoes counterclockwise circular
work done by the force is motion in the circle: x 2 + y2 = 16 . The work done by
the force when the particle undergoes one complete
(a) 10 3J (b) 30 3J
revolution is (x, y are in m)
(c) 30 J (d) none of these (a) zero (b) 2bJ
(c) 2 b J (d) None of these.
2. What average force is necessary to stop a bullet of
mass 20 gm and speed 250 m / sec as it penetrates 7. The displacement of a body of mass 2 kg varies with
wood to a distance of 12 cm:
time t as s = t 2 + 2t , where s is in meters and t is in
(a) 3.4 103 newton (b) 5.2 103 newton seconds. The work done by all the forces acting on
the body during the time interval t=2s to t=4s is
(c) 4.0 103 newton (d) 3.6 103 newton
(a) 36 J (b) 64 J
(c) 100 J (d) 120 J
3. Forces acting on a particle is (2i + 3j)N . Work done
by this force is zero, when a particle is moved on the 8. A particle located in a one-dimensional potential field
line 3y + kx = 5 . Here, value of k is:
a b
has its potential energy function as U(x) = 4 − 2
(a) 2 (b) 4 x x
(c) 6 (d) 8 where a and b are positive constants. The position of
equilibrium x-corresponds to
4. A force of F = 2xiˆ + 2jˆ + 3z2 kN
ˆ is acting on a
(a)
b
(b)
2a
particle. Find the work done by this force in 2a b
displacing the body from (1,2,3) m to (3,6,1) m.
2b a
(a) -10 J (b) 100 J (c) (d)
a 2b
(c) 10 J (d) 1 J
9. The potential energy function associated with the

5. A force F = (3xy − 5z)j + 4zk is applied on a particle. force is F = 4xyi + 2x 2 j
The work done by the force when the particle moves
from point (0,0,0) to point (2,4,0) as shown in the (a) U = −2x 2 y (b) U = −4x 2 y + constant
figure is
(c) U = 2x 2 y + constant (d) not defined
10. The potential energy for a force field is given by

U(x, y) = cos(x + y) . The force acting on a particle at
 
position given by coordinates  0,  is
 4
1 ˆ ˆ 1 ˆ ˆ
(a) − (i + j) (b) (i + j)
2 2
280 140
(a) (b) 1
5 5 3  1 3 
(c)  i + j (d)  i − j
232 192 2 2  2 2 
(c) (d)
5 5
11. A ball is released from the top of a tower. The ratio of

work done by force of gravity in first, second and third
second of the motion of ball is
(a) 1: 2: 3 (b) 1: 4: 16
(c) 1: 3: 5 (d) 1: 9: 25
12. 32. A man throws the bricks to a height of 12 m

where it reach with a speed of 12 m/s. If he throws
the bricks such that it just reach that height, what
(
percentage of energy will be saved g = 9.8 m / s 2 ) (a) x 0 (b) 2x 0
(a) 29 % (b) 46 % (c) 3x 0 (d) 1.5x 0
(c) 38 % (d) 50 %
18. A spring of stiffness K is kept compressed by applying
13. A machine, which is 75 % efficient, uses 12 J of energy  mg 
horizontal force on m by a length  x 0 =  . If the
in lifting up a 1 kg mass through a certain distance. The  K 
mass is then allowed to fall through that distance. the force F is withdrawn suddenly, the block oscillates and
velocity at the end of its fall is (in ms −1 ) finally stops. In consequence, frictional loss is equal to
50 % of the initial potential energy stored in the spring.
(a) 24 (b) 32
The coefficient of friction the between block and the
(c) 18 (d) 9 ground is
14. The force acting on a body moving along x-axis varies

with the position of the particle as shown in the figure.
The body is in stable equilibrium at:
(a) x = x1 (b) x = x 2
1 2
(c) both x1 and x 2 (d) neither x1 nor x 2 (a) (b)
2 3
1 1
15. If the speed of a vehicle increases by 2 m/s, its K.E. is (c) (d)
2 3
doubled. The original speed of the vehicle was
(a) ( 2 + 1)m / s (b) 2( 2 + 1)m / s
19. Two springs have their force constants K1 and K 2 .
(c) 2( 2 + 1)m / s (d) 2m/s Both are stretched till their elastic energies are equal.
K
Then, ratio of stretching forces 1 is equal to:
16. A particle moves in a straight line with retardation K2
proportional to its displacement. Its loss of KE for any K1
displacement x is proportional to (a) (b) K 2 : K1
K2
(a) x (b) x 2
(c) K1 : K 2 (d) K12 : K22

(c) x 0
(d) e x
20. An elastic string of unstretched length L and force
constant k is stretched by a small length x. It is further
17. Two discs, each having mass m, are attached rigidly to
stretched by another small length y. The work done in
the ends of a vertical spring. One of the discs rests on
the second stretching is
a horizontal surface and the other produces a
1 2 1
compression x 0 on the spring when it is in (a)
2
ky (b)
2
(
k x 2 + y2 )
equilibrium. How much further must the spring be
compressed so that when the force causing 1 1
compression is removed, the extension of the spring (c) ky(2x + y) (d) k(x + y) 2
2 2
will be able to lift the lower disc off the table
21. A particle is released from a height H. At certain height of stable equilibrium for the system of the two atoms
its kinetic energy is two times its potential energy. is given
Height and speed of particle at that instant are
a a
H 2gH H gH (a) x = (b) x =
(a) , (b) , 2 b b
3 3 3 3
3a  2a 
2H 2gH H (c) x = (d) x = 6  
(c) , (d) , 2gH b  b 
3 3 3
27. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m. The
22. A body of mass 2 kg is moved from a point A to a point maximum speed at which a car can make a turn if the
B by an external agent in a conservative force field. If coefficient of static friction is 0.75 is:
the velocity of the body at the points A and B are
(a) 2.1m / s (b) 14 m / s
5 m / s and 3 m / s respectively and the work done by
the external agent is −10J, then the change in potential (c) 21m / s (d) 7 m / s
energy between points A and B is
(a) 6 J (b) 36 J
(c) 16 J (d) none of these 28. A motorcyclist wants to drive on the vertical surface
of wooden 'well' or radius 5 m, with a minimum speed
23. If v be the instantaneous velocity of the body dropped of 5 5 m / s . The minimum value of coefficient of
from the top of a tower, when it is located at height h, friction between the tires and the wall of the well must
then which of the following remains constant? be: (take g = 10 m / s2 )
v2 (a) 0.10 (b) 0.20
(a) gh + v2 (b) gh +
2 (c) 0.30 (d) 0.40
v2
(c) gh − (d) gh − v2
2 29. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical circular
path of radius 1 m. The difference between the kinetic
energies at its highest and lowest position is:
24. Power supplied to a particle of mass 2 kg varies with
(a) 20 J (b) 10 J
3t 2
time as P = watt, here t is in second. If velocity of (c) 4 5 J (d) 10( 5 −1)J
2
particle at t=0 is v=0. The velocity of particle at time
t = 2 s will be 30. A block of mass m slides down along the surface of a
(a) 1m / s (b) 4 m / s bowl (radius R) from the rim to the bottom. The
velocity of the block at the bottom will be:
(c) 2 m / s (d) 2 2 m / s
(a) Rg (b) 2 Rg
25. The potential energy of a particle of mass 1 kg is, U= (c) 2Rg (d) gR
10 + (x − 2)2 . Here, U is in joules and x in metres on
the positive x-axis. Particle travels upto x = +6 m .
Choose the correct statement:
(a) On negative x-axis particle travels upto x = −2m
(b) The maximum kinetic energy of the particle is 16 J
(c) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(d) Both (a) and (b) are wrong
26. The potential Energy as a function of the force

between two atoms in a diatomic molecule is given by
a b
U(x) = 12 − 6 , where a and b are positive constants
x x
and x is the distance between the atoms. The position
Notes:
Find Answer Key and Detailed Solutions at the end of this book.
WORK POWER & ENERGY

06
CIRCULAR MOTION
MOTION IN STRAIGHT LINE 1
Chapter 06
Circular Motion
1. Characteristics of Circular (b) Particle moving in a straight line
Motion
1.1 Circular motion
It is the movement of particles along the circumference of
the circle.
Fig. 6.3
(c) Particle moving in circular path
2. Various Parameters in i) Angular displacement is a vector quantity.
ii) Its direction is perpendicular to the plane of
Circular Motion rotation and is given by right hand screw rule.
NOTE:
2.1 Radius Vector Clockwise angular displacement is taken as negative and
anticlockwise displacement as positive.
The vector joining the centre of the circle and centre of the
particle performing circular motion is called radius vector. arc linear displacement
angle = =
It has constant magnitude and variable directions. radius radius
iii) For circular motion ΔS = r × Δθ

2.2 Angular Displacement
iv) Its unit is radian (in M.K.S)
Introduction: Angle subtended by position vectors of a
particle moving along any arbitrary path w.r.t. some fixed NOTE:
point is called angular displacement. Always change degree into radian, if it occurs in
numerical problems.
v) It is a dimensionless quantity, i.e. dimension is

[M0L0T0]
2.3 Angular Velocity

It is defined as the rate of change of angular displacement of
Fixed point a body or particle moving in a circular path.
i) It is a vector quantity.
Fig. 6.1 ii) Its direction is the same as that of angular displacement
(a) Particle moving in an arbitrary path i.e. perpendicular to the plane of rotation.
NOTE:
If the particle is revolving in the clockwise, direction then
the direction of angular velocity is perpendicular to the
revolutionary plane downwards. Whereas in case of
anticlockwise direction the direction will be upwards.
iii) Its unit is Radian/sec.

Fig. 6.2 iv) Its dimension is [M0L0T–1].
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
50 CIRCULAR MOTION
Types of Angular Velocity iii) Unit : rad/sec2

iv) Dimension : M0L0T–2
Average Angular Velocity
Total angular displacement
av = 3.1 Relation Between Angular
Total time taken
Acceleration And Linear
Instantaneous Angular Velocity Acceleration
The instantaneous angular velocity is defined as the angular Linear acceleration = Rate of change of linear
velocity at some particular instant of time. velocity
• Instantaneous angular velocity dv
a = ... ( i )
 d dt
 = lim =
t →0 t dt Angular acceleration = Rate of change of angular velocity
d
= ... ( ii )
NOTE: dt
Instantaneous angular velocity can also be called simply From (i) & (ii)
angular velocity. a dv d ( r) d
= = =  r  r is constant  = r
 d d d
2.4 Relation Between Linear Velocity  a = r
In vector form, a =  r
And Angular Velocity
d d ds 1
We have  = =  = v
dt ds dt r 4. Radial and Tangential
 
Acceleration
ds arc ds
 d = dr , angle = radius and v = dt = linear velocity 
 
In vector form, v =  r a) Radial Acceleration is the change in direction of linear
velocity and acts along the radius towards the centre of
circle. It is given by
NOTE:
v2
i) When a particle moves along a curved path, its linear r = = 2 r
r
velocity at a point is along the tangent drawn at that
It is also called centripetal acceleration.
point.
ii) When a particle moves along a curved path, its
b) Tangential acceleration is the change in magnitude of
velocity has two components. One along the radius,
linear velocity, that act along the tangent to the circular
which increases or decreases the radius and another
path. It is given by:
one perpendicular to the radius, which makes the
  = r
particle revolve about the point of observation.
 vsin 
iii)  = =
t r 5. Uniform & Non-Uniform
3. Angular Acceleration Circular Motion

• The rate of change of angular velocity is defined as • The uniform circular motion is that in which the
particle is moving at a constant speed on circular path.
angular acceleration.
• The non-uniform circular motion is that in which the
• If Δω be change in angular velocity in time Δt, then
particles move with variable speed on its circular path.
angular acceleration:
 d
 = lim =
t →0 t dt
i) It is a vector quantity
ii) Its direction is that of change in angular velocity
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Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 51
iii) Tangential, force Ft = 0

6. Kinematics of Circular
Motion
If,
m = mass of body,
r = radius of circular orbit, Fig. 6.6
v = magnitude of velocity iv) Total acceleration
ac = centripetal acceleration,
v2
at = tangential acceleration a = a c2 + a 2t = a c = (towards the centre)
r
In uniform circular motion : NOTE:
• Because Fc is always perpendicular to velocity or
i) v1 = v2 = v3 = constant i.e., speed is constant displacement, hence the work done by this force will
always be zero.
• Circular motion in a horizontal plane is usually
uniform circular motion.
• There is an important difference between projectile
motion and circular motion:
In projectile motion, both the magnitude and the
direction of acceleration (g) remain constant, while
in circular motion the magnitude remains constant
Fig 6.4
but the direction continuously changes.
ii) As v is constant, so tangential acceleration at = 0
Hence, equations of motion are not applicable for
circular motion.
• Remember that equations of motion remain valid
only when both the magnitude & direction of
acceleration are constant.
Fig. 6.5
6.1 Equations for Linear and Rotational Motion
S.No Condition Linear Motion Rotational Motion

a = 0, s = ut α = 0 , θ = ωt
(i) Average velocity (i) Average angular velocity
With constant
i. v+u  + 2
velocity vav = ωav = 1
2 2
(ii) Average acceleration (ii) Average angular acceleration

v−u  − 1
aav = aav = 2
t t
(iii) s = vav t (iii) θ = ωav. t
v+u  + 2
With constant = t = 1 t
ii. 2 2
acceleration
(iv) v = u + at (iv) 2 = 1 + t
1 1 2
(v) s = ut + at 2 (v) θ = ω1t + t
2 2
1 1
(vi) s = vt – at 2 (vi) θ = ω2t –  t 2
2 2
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
52 CIRCULAR MOTION
(vii) v2 = u2 + 2as (vii) 22 = 12 + 2

(viii) displacement in nth sec
(viii) Angular displacement in nth sec
1
Sn = u + ( 2n − 1) a 1
2 n = 1 + ( 2n − 1) 
2
(i) (i)  = d / dt
(ii)  ds =  v dt (ii)  d =   dt
With variable dv dv d d
iii. (iii) a = =v (iii)  = =
acceleration
dt ds dt d
(iv)  dv =  a dt (iv)  d =   dt
(v)  v dv =  a ds (v)   d =   d
7. Non-Uniform Circular F 
  = tan −1  t 
 Fc 
Motion Angle between F & Ft is (90º – θ)
i) In non-uniform circular motion :

v  constant,   constant
i.e. speed is not constant
& angular velocity is not constant
ii) If at any instant,
v = magnitude of velocity of particle,
r = radius of circular path,
ω = angular velocity of particle,
then Fig. 6.7
iii) Tangential acceleration:
dv vii) Net acceleration towards the centre = centripetal
at =
dt acceleration
ds v2 F
where, v = and s = arc (length)  ac = = 2 r = c
dt r m
iv) Tangential Force: Fnet
viii) Net Acceleration a = a c2 + a 2t =
Ft = mat m
v) Centripetal Force: a t Ft
The angle made by 'a' with ac, tan  = =
mv2 a c Fc
Fc = = m2 r
r
vi) Net Force on the particle
F = Fc + Ft
 F = Fc2 + Ft2 a
If θ is the angle made by [Note: angle between Fc and Ft
is 90º] F with Fc, then
F Fig. 6.8
tan  = t
Fc
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 53
NOTE: The triangle OP1P2 and the velocity triangle are similar
• In both uniform & non-uniform circular motion, Fc is PP AB
 1 2 =
perpendicular to velocity ; so work done by P1O AQ
centripetal force will be zero in both the cases. s AB
 =  v1 = v2 = v 
• In uniform circular motion, Ft = 0, as at = 0, so work r AQ 
done will be zero by tangential force.
v
• But in non-uniform circular motion Ft ≠ 0, thus there  v = s
r
will be work done by tangential force in this case.
v v s
• Rate of work done by net force in non-uniform  =
circular motion = Rate of work done by tangential t r t
force v v  s 
 lim = lim  
dW dx t → 0 t r t → 0
 t 
P= = Ft  v = Ft 
dt dt v v2
 ac = v= = r2
r r
8. Centripetal & Centrifugal a c = r 2

This is the magnitude of centripetal acceleration of particle
Force
i) It is a vector quantity. In vector form a c =  v
8.1 Centripetal ii) The direction of a c would be the same as that of v .
i) A body or particle moving in a curved path always
iii) Because the velocity vector at any point is tangential to
moves effectively in a circle at any instant.
the circular path at that point, the acceleration vector
ii) The velocity of the particle changes moving on the
acts along the radius of the circle at that point and is
curved path, this change in velocity is brought by a
directed towards the centre. This is the reason that it is
force, known as centripetal force and the acceleration
called centripetal acceleration.
produced in the body, is known as centripetal
acceleration.
iii) The direction of centripetal force or acceleration is 8.3 Expression for Centripetal Force
always towards the centre of the circular path.
8.2 Expression for Centripetal

Acceleration
Fig. 6.9
(a) Particle moving in circular path of radius r
Q
A
Fig. 6.10 Fig. 6.11
(b) Vector diagram of velocities If v = velocity of particle,
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
54 CIRCULAR MOTION
r = radius of path force acts along the radius and away from the centre
Then necessary centripetal force of the circle.
Fc = mass × acceleration
v2 NOTE:
Fc = m
r Both centripetal and centrifugal forces, being the forces
This is the expression for centripetal force of action and reaction, act always on different bodies. For
example, when a piece of stone tied to one end of a string
i) It is a vector quantity is rotated in a circle, centripetal force F1 is applied on the
ii) In vector form stone by the hand. In turn, the hand is pulled outwards by
mv2 centrifugal force F2 acting on it, due to the tendency of
Fc = −
r the stone to regain its natural straight line path. The
mv2 centripetal and centrifugal forces are shown in Fig.
Fc = − r
r2
Fc = −m2 r
Fc = −m ( v  )
Negative sign indicates direction only.
Fc = m ( v  )
iii) For circular motion:
Fig. 6.12
Fc = m ( v sin 90 ) = mv
NOTE:
• Centripetal force is not a real force. It is only the
9. Applications of Circular
requirement for circular motion.
• It is not a new kind of force. Any of the forces found
Motion
in nature such as gravitational force, electric friction 9.1 Hint to Solve Numerical Problem
force, tension in string, reaction force may act as
• Write down the required centripetal force.
centripetal force.
• Draw the free body diagram of each component of the
system.
8.4 Centrifugal Force • Resolve the forces acting on the rotating particle along
The natural tendency of a body is to move uniformly along a radius and perpendicular to radius.
straight line. When we apply centripetal force on the body, it • Calculate net radial force acting towards the centre of
is forced to move along a circle. While moving actually the circular path.
along a circle, the body has a constant tendency to regain its • Make it equal to required centripetal force.
natural straight line path. This tendency gives rise to a force • For remaining components see according to the
called centrifugal force. question.
Hence, Centrifugal force is a force that arises when a
body is moving actually along a circular path, by virtue
NOTE:
of the tendency of the body to regain its natural straight
When a system of particles rotates about an axis, the
line path.
angular velocity of all the particles will be the same, but
• Centrifugal forces can be regarded as the reaction of
their linear velocity will be different, because of different
centripetal force. As forces of action and reaction are
distances from the axis of rotation i.e. v = rω.
always equal and opposite, therefore, magnitude of
centrifugal force = m v2/r, which is same as that of
centripetal force. 9.2 Motion in Horizontal Circle :
• However, the direction of centrifugal force is opposite Conical Pendulum
to the direction of centripetal force i.e. centrifugal This is the best example of uniform circular motion. A
conical pendulum consists of a body attached to a string of
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 55
length , such that it can revolve in a horizontal circle with curved path and regain the straight line path. Force of
uniform speed. The string traces out a cone in space. friction between the wheels and the road opposes this
tendency of the wheels. This force (of friction)
i) The force acting on the bob are therefore, acts, towards the centre of the circular track
(a) Tension F (b) weight mg and provides the necessary centripetal force.
• Three forces are acting on the car, fig.
Fig. 6.14
i) The weight of the car, mg, acting vertically downwards,
ii) Normal reaction R of the road on the car, acting
vertically upwards,
iii) Frictional Force F, along the surface of the road,
towards the centre of the turn.
Fig. 6.13 • As there is no acceleration in the vertical direction,
ii) The horizontal component F sin θ of the tension F R–mg=0 or R=mg ...(1)
provides the centripetal force and the vertical The centripetal force required for circular motion is
component F cos θ balances the weight of bob along the surface of the road, towards the centre of the
mv2 turn.
 Fsin  = and Fcos  = mg As, it is the static friction that provides the necessary
r
From these equations centripetal force. Clearly,
mv2
v4 F …(2)
F = mg 1 + 2 2 ..... ( i ) r
r g
where v is the velocity of the car while turning and r is
v2 the radius of a circular track.
and tan  = .... ( ii )
rg As F = μsR = μs mg, [using (1)]
Also if h = height of conical pendulum where μs is the coefficient of static friction between the
OP r tyres and the road. Therefore, from (2),
tan  = = .... ( iii )
OS h mv 2
 s mg
From (ii) & (iii) r
v2 g or v  s rg
2 = =
r2 h
 v max = s rg ….(3)
The time period of revolution
2 Hence the maximum velocity with which a vehicle can
As, T =
 go round a level curve, without skidding is
h cos  v = s rg
T = 2 = 2  where OS = 
g g
• The value depends on the radius r of the curve and on
the coefficient of static friction (μs) between the tyres
9.3 Rounding a Level Curved Road and the road. Clearly, v is independent of the mass of
• When a vehicle goes round a curved road, it requires the car.
some centripetal force. While rounding the curve, the
wheels of the vehicle have a tendency to leave the
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
56 CIRCULAR MOTION
9.4 Banking of Roads • R sin θ, along the horizontal, towards the centre of the
curved road.
• The maximum permissible velocity with which a
vehicle can go around a level curved road without
F can also be resolved into two rectangular components :
skidding depends on μ, the coefficient of friction
between the tyres and the road. The value of μ • F cos θ, along the horizontal, towards the centre of
decreases when the road is smooth or tyres of the curved road.
vehicle are worn out or the road is wet. Thus, the force • F sin θ, along vertically downward direction.
of friction is not a reliable source for providing the
required centripetal force to the vehicle. As there is no acceleration along the vertical direction, the
• A safer course of action would be to raise the outer net force along this direction must be zero. Therefore,
edge of the curved road above the inner edge. By doing Rcosθ =mg+ F sin θ ...(1)
so, a component of normal reaction of the road shall be
spared to provide the centripetal force. The If v is the velocity of the vehicle over the banked circular
phenomenon of raising the outer edge of the curved road of radius r, then centripetal force required = mv 2/r. This
road above the inner edge is called banking of roads. is provided by the horizontal components of R and F as
shown in Fig.
• We can calculate the angle of banking θ, as detailed
below: mv2
 R sin  + Fcos  = ... ( 2 )
In Fig., OX is a horizontal line. OA is the level of r
banked curved road whose outer edge has been raised. But F < μs R, where μs is coefficient of static friction
∠XOA = θ = angle of banking. between the banked road and the tyres.
To obtain vmax, we put F = μs R in (1) and (2).

Rcosθ = mg + μs Rsinθ ...(3)
mv2
and R sin  + s R cos  = .... ( 4 )
r
From (3), R (cos θ – μs sin θ) = mg
mg
R= .... ( 5 )
cos  − s sin 
mv2
Fig. 6.15 From (4), R ( sin  + s cos ) =
r
mg ( sin  + s cos  ) mv2
Using (5), =
( cos  − s sin ) r
rg ( sin  + s cos  ) rg cos  ( tan  + s )
 v2 = =
( cos  − s sin ) cos  (1 − s tan )
1/ 2
 rg ( s + tan  ) 
v=  .... ( 6 )
 (1 − s tan  ) 
Fig. 6.16 This is the max. velocity of vehicle on a banked road.
Three forces are acting on the vehicle as shown in Fig. Special Case:
• Weight mg of the vehicle acting vertically downwards. If μs = 0, i.e., if banked road is perfectly smooth, then,
v0 = ( rg tan  ) .... ( 7 )
1/ 2
• Normal reaction R of the banked road acting upwards in
a direction perpendicular to OA.
This is the speed at which a banked road can be rounded
• Force of friction F between the banked road and the
even when there is no friction. Driving at this speed on a
tyres, acting along AO.
banked road will cause almost no wear and tear of the tyres.
R can be resolved into two rectangular components :- From (7), v 02 = rg tan 
• R cos θ, along vertically upward direction.
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Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 57
or tan  = v02 / rg .... (8)
• If the speed of the vehicle is less than v 0, frictional force

will be up the slope. Therefore, the vehicle can be
parked only if tan θ < μs.
• Roads are usually banked for the average speed of
vehicles passing over them. However, if the speed of a
vehicle is somewhat less or more than this, the self
adjusting static friction will operate between the tyres
and the road, and the vehicle will not skid. Fig. 6.17
• The speed limit at which the curve can be negotiated R can be resolved into two rectangular components:
safely is clearly indicated on the sign boards erected • R cos θ, along the vertical upward direction,
along the curved roads. • R sin θ, along the horizontal, towards the centre of the
NOTE: circular track.
The curved railway tracks are also banked for the same
reason. The level of outer rail is raised a little above the In equilibrium, R cos θ balances the weight of the cyclist i.e.
level of inner rail, while laying a curved railway track. R cos θ = mg ...(1)
and R sin θ provides the necessary centripetal force (m v 2/r)
mv2
9.5 Bending of a Cyclist  R sin  = .... ( 2 )
r
• When a cyclist takes a turn, he also requires some
Dividing (2) by (1), we get
centripetal force. If he keeps himself vertical while
R sin  mv2
turning, his weight is balanced by the normal reaction =
of the ground. R cos  r mg
• In that event, he has to depend upon force of friction v2
between the tyres and the road for obtaining the tan  =
rg
necessary centripetal force. As the force of friction is
small and uncertain, dependence on it is not safe. Clearly, θ would depend on v and r.
• To avoid dependence on force of friction for obtaining
centripetal force, the cyclist has to bend a little inwards • For a safe turn, θ should be small, for which v should be
from his vertical position, while turning. By doing so, a small and r should be large i.e. turning should be at a
component of normal reaction in the horizontal slow speed and along a track of larger radius. This
direction provides the necessary centripetal force. To means, a safe turn should neither be fast nor sharp.
calculate the angle of bending with vertical,
Let, 10. Motion in Vertical Circle
m = mass of the cyclist,
v = velocity of the cyclist while turning, Motion of a body suspended by string: This is the best
r = radius of the circular path, example of non-uniform circular motion.
θ = angle of bending with vertical. When the body rises from the bottom to the height h, a part
of its kinetic energy converts into potential energy
In Fig., we have shown weight of the cyclist (mg) acting
vertically downwards at the centre of gravity C. R is force of Total mechanical energy remains conserved
reaction of the ground on the cyclist. It acts at an angle θ Total (P.E. + K.E.) at A = Total (P.E. + K.E.) at P
with the vertical. 1 1
 0 + mu 2 = mgh + mv 2
2 2
 v = u 2 − 2gh
as h = − cos 
= (1 − cos )
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
58 CIRCULAR MOTION
 v = u 2 − 2g (1 − cos ) a) Tension at the lowest point A :

mv2A
TA = + mg
Here  = 0
mu 2
TA = + mg
b) Tension at point B :
mv2B
TB = − mg
Fig. 6.18 mu 2
TB = − 5mg (  = 180 )
[Where is length of the string]
c) Tension at point C :
10.1 Tension at a Point P TC =
mvC2
mv2
i) At point P, required centripetal force = mu 2
TC = − 2mg ( Here  = 90 )
a) Net force towards the centre :
T – mg cos θ, which provides required centripetal Thus, we conclude that
force. TA > TC > TB
and also
TA – TB = 6 mg
TA – TC = 3 mg
TC – TB = 3 mg
iii) Cases:
a) If u  5g
In this case tension in the string will not be zero at
any of the points, which implies that the particle will
Fig. 6.19 continue the circular motion.
b) If u = 5g
mv2 In this case the tension at the top most point (B)
 T − mg cos  =
will be zero, which implies that the particle will
 v2  just complete the circular motion.
T = m g cos  + 
  c) Critical Velocity: The minimum velocity at which
the circular motion is possible.
m
=  u 2 − g ( 2 − 3cos  )  The critical velocity at A = 5g
b) Tangential force for the motion The critical velocity at B = g
Ft = mg sin θ
The critical velocity at C = 3g
This force retards the motion
ii) Results: Also, TA = 6 mg, TB = 0, TC = 3 mg
d) If 2g  u  5g
In this case particles will not follow circular
motion. Tension in string becomes zero somewhere
between points C & B whereas velocity remains
positive. Particle leaves circular path and follow
parabolic trajectory
Fig 6.20
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 59
9. On a rotating platform, to avoid the skidding of an

object placed at a distance r from axis of rotation, the
maximum angular velocity of the platform,
= ( g / h ) , where  is the coefficient of friction
between the object and the platform.
10. If an inclined plane ends into a circular loop of radius r,
then the height from which a body should slide from the
inclined plane in the order to complete the motion in a
Fig. 6.21 circular track is h = 5r/2.
11. Minimum velocity that should be imparted to a
e) If u = 2g pendulum to complete the vertical circle is ( 5g )
In this case both velocity and tension in the string
where is the length of the pendulum.
becomes zero between A and C and the particle
will oscillate along a semi-circular path. 12. While describing a vertical circle when the stone is in its
lowest position, the tension in the string is six times the
f) If u  2g
weight of the stone.
The velocity of the particle remains zero between A 13. The total energy of the stone while revolving in a vertical
and C but tension will not be zero and the particle circle is (5/2) mgl .
will oscillate about the point A. 14. When the stone is in horizontal position then the tension
in the string is 3mg and the velocity of the stone is
( 3g ) .
11. Tips & Tricks 15. If the velocity of the stone at the highest point is X mg,
1. Centripetal force does not increase the kinetic energy of then the tension at the lowest point will be (X + 6)mg.
the particle moving in a circular path, hence the work 16. If a body of mass m is tied to a string of length and is
done by the force is zero. projected with a horizontal velocity u such that it does
2. Centrifuges are the apparatuses used to separate small not complete the motion in the vertical circle, then
and big particles from a liquid. u2
3. The physical quantities which remain constant for a (a) the height at which the velocity vanishes is h =
2g
particle moving in a circular path are speed, kinetic
(b) the height at which the tension vanishes is
energy and angular momentum.
4. If a body is moving on a curved road with speed greater u2 + g
h= .
than the speed limit, the reaction at the inner wheel 3g
disappears and it will leave the ground first. 17. The K.E. of a body moving in a horizontal circle is the
5. On unbanked curved roads the minimum radius of same throughout the path but the K.E. of the body
curvature of the curve for safe driving is r = v2/mg, moving in a vertical circle is different at different
where v is the speed of the vehicle and m is small. places.
6. If r is the radius of curvature of the speed breaker, then
the maximum speed with which the vehicle can run on
it without leaving contact with the ground is v = ( gr )
7. While taking a turn on the level road sometimes
vehicles overturned due to centrifugal force.
8. If h is the height of centre of gravity above the road, a is
half the wheel base distance, then for road safety
mv2
 h  mg  a,
r
Minimum safe speed for no overturning is v = gar / h
.
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
60 CIRCULAR MOTION
NCERT Corner Relation between angular acceleration (  ) and
Important Points to Remember linear velocity (v)

v2
=
r
1. Circular Motion
• It is the movement of particles along the circumference
3. Centripetal and Centrifugal Force
of a circle. • Centripetal force: In uniform circular motion the force
• The uniform circular motion is that in which the acting on the particle along the radius and towards the
particle is moving at a constant speed on circular path. centre keeps the body moving along the circular path.
This force is called centripetal force.
• The non-uniform circular motion is that in which the
particles move with variable speed on its circular path. • Centrifugal force: The pseudo force experienced by a
particle performing uniform circular motion due to
accelerated frame of reference which is along the radius
2. Variables in Circular Motion
and directed way from the centre is called centrifugal
• Angular Displacement: It is the angle subtended by
force.
the position vector at the centre of the circular path.
Angular displacement,  = s / r where, s is the arc
length and r is the radius
NOTE:
• Angular Velocity: The time rate of change of angular • Pseudo force acts in non inertial frame i.e. accelerated
frame of reference in which Neutron’s law’s of motion
displacement ( ) is called angular velocity.
do not hold good.
Angular velocity,  =  / t • When a car moving along a horizontal curve takes a
Angular velocity is a vector quantity turn, the person in the car experiences a push in the
outward direction.
Relation between linear velocity (v) and and angular • The coin placed slightly away from the centre of a
velocity ( ) is given by rotating gramophone disc slips towards the edge of the
v = r disc.
• A cyclist moving fast along a curved road has to lean
• Angular Acceleration: The rate of change of angular
inwards to keep his balance
velocity is called angular acceleration.
Angular acceleration,
 d d 2 
4. Difference Between Centripetal Force and
 = lim = = Its SI unit is rad/s2 and Centrifugal Force
t →0 t dt dt 2
dimensional formula is [T-2] Centripetal Force Centrifugal Force
Acceleration in a circular motion has two components • Centripetal force is • Centrifugal force is
as given below: directed along the directed along the
(a) Tangential acceleration is the change in magnitude radius. Towards the radius, away from the
of linear velocity and act along tangent to the circular centre of the circle. centre of the circle.
path. It is given by: • It is a real force. • It is a pseudo force.
 T = r
• It arises in both • It arises only in non-
(b) Radial Acceleration is the change in direction of inertial and non- inertial frame of
linear velocity and acts along the radius towards the inertial frame of reference or in rotating
reference. frame reference
v2
centre of circle. It is given by r = = 2 r •
r • Eg. when a satellite is Eg. along a curved road
revolving in circular the passenger in the
It is also called centripetal acceleration.
orbit around the earth, vehicle has a feeling of
the centripetal force is push in the outward
Relation between linear acceleration (a) and angular due to gravitational direction The push is
acceleration (  ) force of attraction. due to centrifugal force.
a = r , where r = radius
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
CIRCULAR MOTION 61
5. Equations of Motions: For completing the circular motion minimum speed at

For constant angular acceleration- the bottom vB = 5gr
(i)  = 0 + t Tension TB = 6mg
1
(ii)  = 0 t + t 2
2 10. Conical Pendulum (Motion in a horizontal
(iii) 2 = 02 + 2 circle)
mg
Tension in string =
( − r2 )
1/ 2
6. Motion of a car on a plane circular road- 2
For motion without skidding

Mv2max g
= Mg Angular velocity =
r cos 
 vmax rg cos  r

Periodic time = 2 = 2
g g tan 
7. Motion on a banked road
Angle of banking = 
h
tan  =
b
Maximum safe speed at the bend
1/ 2
 rg (  + tan  ) 
v max =  
 1 − (  tan  ) 
If friction is negligible
rhg v2
vmax = rg tan  = and tan  = max
b rg
8. Motion of cyclist on a curve

v2
In equilibrium angle with vertical is  , then tan  =
rg
Maximum safe speed = vmax = rg
9. Motion in a vertical circle (particle tied to

string)
 v2 
At the top position – Tension TA = m  A − g 
 r 
For TA = 0, critical speed = gr
 v2 
At the bottom – Tension TB = m  B + g 
 r 
SCAN CODE
Circular Motion
62 CIRCULAR MOTION
dv
Solved Examples but
dt
= 2 thus a t = 2m / s 2
Example 1 and a = a 2t + a 2r = 2m / s 2
A particle is moving in a circle of radius r centered at (b) At t = 3 sec, v = 6 m/s
O with constant speed v. What is the change in the
v2 ( 6 )
2
dv
velocity in moving from A to B? Given AOB = 40 so a r = = = 6m / s2 and a t = = 2m / s2 .
r 6 dt
Sol. v = 2vsin ( 40 / 2) = 2vsin 20
Therfore, a = 22 + 62 = 40m / s2
Example 2
Example 4
A road makes a 90 bend with a radius of 190 m. A
The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a circle
car enters the bend moving at 20 m/s. Finding this too
of radius r depends on distance covered as K = As2
fast, the driver decelerates at 0.92 m/s2. Determine the
where A is a constant. Find the force acting on the
acceleration of the car when its speed rounding the
particle as a function of s.
bend has dropped to 15 m/s.
Sol. According to given problem
Sol. Since it is rounding a curve, the car has a radial
acceleration associated with its changing direction, in 1 2A
mv 2 = As 2 or v = s …..(1)
addition to the tangential deceleration that changes its 2 m
speed. We are given that at = 0.92 m/s2; since the car is v2 2As2
So, a r = = …..(2)
slowing down, the tangential acceleration is directed r mr
opposite the velocity. Further, more as
dv dv ds dv
at = =  =v ….(3)
dt ds dt ds
From Eqn. (1),
dv 2A
v=s ( 2A / m )  = …..(4)
ds m
The radial acceleration is a Substitute values from Eqn. (1) & Eqn. (4) in Eqn. (3)
 2A   2A  2As
v2 (15m / s )
2
a t = s  =
ar = = = 1.2 m / s 2  m  m  m
r 190m
2
Magnitude of net acceleration,  2As 2   2As 
2
1/ 2 So, a = a 2r + a 2t =   + 
a = a 2r + a 2t = (1.2 ) + ( 0.92 )   mr   m 
2 2
 
2As
1 + s / r 
2
= 1.5m / s2 i.e. a =
m
and points at an angle
So, F = ma = 2As 1 + s / r 
2
a   1.2 
 = tan  r  = tan −1   = 53 relative to the
−1
 at   0.92 
tangent to the circle. Example 5
A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of
Example 3 constant radius r such that its centripetal acceleration
A particle is constrained to move in a circular path of is varying with time t as a c = k 2 rt 2 , where k is a
radius r = 6m. Its velocity varies with time according constant. Determine the power delivered to particle by
to the relation v = 2t (m/s). Determine its the forces acting on it.
(i) Centripetal acceleration Sol. If v is instantaneous velocity, centripetal acceleration
(ii) tangential acceleration v2 v2
(iii) instantaneous acceleration at: ac =  = k 2 rt 2  v = krt .
r r
(a) t = 0 sec. and In circular motion work done by centripetal force is
(b) t = 3 sec. always zero & work is done only by tangential force.
Sol. (a) At = 0, v = 0 Thus ar = 0
CIRCULAR MOTION 63
dv d  g 
Tangent acceleration a t = = ( krt ) = kr or  = cos −1  2 
dt dt  
 Tangential force F1 = ma1 = mkr
Power P = Ft v = ( mkr )( krt ) = mk 2 r 2 t Example 9
Two balls of equal masses are attached to a string at
distance 1 m and 2 m from one end as shown in fig.
Example 6 The string with masses is then moved in a horizontal
Stone of mass 1 kg is whirled in a circular path of circle with constant speed. Find the ratio of the tension
radius 1 m. Find out the tension in the string if the T1 and T2?
linear velocity is 10 m/s? Sol. Let the radius of the balls of the two circles are r1 and
mv 2 1 (10 )
2
r2. The linear speed of the two masses are
Sol. Tension = = 100N
R 1 v1 = r1 & v2 = r2 , where  is the angular speed of
the circular motion. The tension in the strings are such
Example 7 that
A satellite of mass 107 kg is revolving around the earth
with a time period of 30 days at a height of 1600 km.
Find out the force of attraction on satellite by earth?
2 2  3.14 6.28
Sol. Force = m2 R and = =
T 30  86400 2.59 106
Force = m2 r
2
 6.28 
= 6 
107  ( 6400 + 1600 ) 103
 2.59 10  m22
T2 = = m2 r2
= 2.34 106 N r2
mv12
Example 8 T1 − T2 = = m2 r1
r1
A vertical rod is rotating about its axis with a uniform
angular speed  . A simple pendulum of length is
attached to its upper end. What is its inclination with
the rod?
Sol. Let the radius of the circle in which the bob is rotating
is the tension in the string is T, weight of the bob mg,
and inclination of the string  . Then T cos  balances
the weight mg and Tsin  provides the centripetal
force necessary for circular motion. That is
T1 = m2 r1 + T2 = m2 ( r1 + r2 )
T1 r1 + r2 1 + 2 3
 = = =
T2 r2 2 2
Example 10
A circular loop has a small bead which can slide on it
without friction. The radius of the loop is r. Keeping
T cos  = mg and T sin  = m2 x the loop vertically it is rotated about a vertical
but x = sin  diameter at a constant angular speed  . What is the
 T = m2 value of angle  , when the bead is in dynamic
equilibrium?
mg mg
and cos  = = Sol. Centripetal force is provided by the horizontal
T m2
component of the normal reaction N. The vertical
component balances the weight. Thus,
64 CIRCULAR MOTION
Sol. Apparent weight of car = N (normal reaction)

(i) Convex bridge
The motion of the motor car over a convex bridge is
the motion along the segment of a circle. The
centripetal force is provided by the difference of
weight mg of the car and the normal reaction N of the
bridge.
mv2
 mg − N =
r
mv2
N sin  = m2 x and N cos  = mg or N = mg −
r
Also x = r sin   N = m2 r Clearly N < mg, i.e., the apparent weight of the
g  g  moving car is less than the weight of the stationary car.
cos  = or cos −1  2 
2 r  r  mv2
(ii) Concave bridge: N − mg =
r
Example 11 mv2
Apparent weight: N = mg +
A particle of mass m slides down from the vertex of r
semi-hemisphere, without any initial velocity. At what
height from horizontal will the particle leave the
sphere.
Sol. Let the particle leave the sphere at height h,
mv2
= mg cos  − N
R
When the particle leaves the sphere N = 0.
mv2
= mg cos   v2 gR cos  …(1)
R
According to law of conservation of energy
( K.E. + P.E.) at A = ( K.E. + P.E.) at B
1
 0 + mgR = mv 2 + mgh
2
 v2 = 2g ( R − h ) …(2)
2R
From (1) & (2) h = ,
3
Also cos  = 2 / 3 Example 13
A ball is released from height h as shown in fig. Find
the condition for the particle to complete the circular
path.
Example 12
Prove that as motor car moving over a (i) Convex
bridge is lighter than the same car resting on the same Sol. According to law of conservation of energy
bridge. (ii) Concave bridge is heavier than the same (K.E. + P.E.) at A = (K.E. + P.E.) at B
car resting on the same bridge.
CIRCULAR MOTION 65
1 Substituting the given values, we get

 0 + mgh = mv 2 + 0
0.1 ( 2 )
2
2  3
T = 0.1 9.8  cos 30 + = 0.98    + 0.4
 v = 2gh 1  2 
But velocity at the lowest point of circle, = 0.85 + 0.4 = 1.25N
5R
v  5gR  2gh  5gR  h 
2
Example 14
A body weighing 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical circle
making 2 revolutions per second. If the radius of the
circle is 1.2 m, find the tension in the string, when the
body is (a) at the top of the circle (b) at the bottom of
the circle. Given : g = 9.8 ms-2 and  = 1.2m . Example 17
1 A car is travelling at 30 km/h in a circle of radius 60
Sol. Mass m = 0.4 kg and time period = second and
2 m. What is the minimum value of s for the car to
radius, r = 1.2 m make the turn without skidding?
2 Sol. The minimum s should be that
Angular velocity,  = = 4 rad s−1 = 12.56 rad s −1
1/ 2 mv2 v2
(a) At the top of the circle, s mg = or s =
r rg
mv2
T= − mg = mr2 − mg = m ( r2 − g ) km 30 1000 25
r Here, v = 30 = = m/s
h 3600 3
= 0.4 (1.2 12.56 12.56 − 9.8) N = 71.8N
25 25 1
 s =   = 0.115
(b) At the lowest point, T = m ( r2 + g ) = 79.64m 3 3 60 10
For all values of s greater than or equal to the above
Example 15 value, the car can make the turn without skidding. If
A 4 kg ball is swung in a vertical circle at the end of a the speed of the car is high so that minimum s is
cord 1 m long. What is the maximum speed with greater than the standard value (rubber tyre on
which it can swing if the cord can sustain maximum
concrete s = 1 and on wet concrete s = 0.7 ), then
tension of 163.6 N?
the car will skid.
mv2
Sol. Maximum tension = T = + mg (at lowest point)
r
Example 18
mv2 At what angle should a highway be banked for cars
 = T − mg
r travelling at a speed of 100 km/h if the radius of the
4v2 road is 400 m and no frictional forces are involved?
or = 163.6 − 4  9.8
1 Sol. The banking should be done at an angle  such that
After, solving we get v = 6 m/sec. 250 250

v2 9 or tan  = 652 = 0.19
tan  = = 9
Example 16 rg 400 10 81 40
A small body of mass m = 0.1 kg swings in a vertical
or  = tan −1 0.19  0.19 radian
circle at the end of a cord of length 1m. Its speed is 2
m/s when the cord makes an angle  = 30 with the  0.19  57.3
vertical. Find the tension in the cord.  11
Sol. The equation of motion is
mv2
T − mg cos  =
r
mv2
or T = mg cos  +
r
66 CIRCULAR MOTION
Example 19 2
= rad h −1
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop at a speed of 720 12
km h-1 with its wing banked at 15o. Calculate the 2
radius of the loop. = rad s−1
12  60  60
720 1000 −1
Sol. Speed, v = 720km h −1 = ms = 200ms −1 
3600 = rad s−1
21600
and tan  = tan15 = 0.2679
v2 Example 22
tan  =
rg A stone tied to one end of spring 80 cm long is whirled
in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If stone
v2 200  200
or r = = m makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, the magnitude of
g tan  9.8  0.2679
acceleration of stone is
= 1523.7m = 15.24km (a) 850 cms-2
(b) 992 cms-2
Example 20 (c) 720 cms-2
What determines the nature of path followed by the (d) 650 cms-2
particle? Ans. (b)
(a) speed Sol. Given, radius of the horizontal circle
(b) Velocity r = 80 cm = 0.80 m, n = 14 and t = 25s
(c) Acceleration Angular speed of revolution of the stone,
(d) Both (b) and (c) 2n n
Ans. (d) = = 2  
t t
Sol. The nature of path is decided by velocity and
22  14  88
acceleration. Velocity is ratio of displacement to time.  = 2    = rads −1
It is a vector quantity possessing both magnitude and 7  25  25
direction. When velocity of a particle changes, the Magnitude of centripetal acceleration = r2
particle is said to undergo an acceleration. 2
 88 
The instantaneous acceleration is the derivative of the = 80    = 992cms−2
 25 
velocity with respect to time. Acceleration is also a
vector quantity possessing both magnitude and
Example 23
direction. Depending on variation of velocity and
A stone tied to the end of a string 80 cm long in
acceleration, the path could be a straight line, circle or
whirled in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If
a parabola.
the stone makes 14 revolutions in 25 s, what is the
magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone?
Example 21
(NCERT)
Angular velocity of hour hand of a watch is
Sol. r = 80 cm = 0.8 m;

(a) rads −1 14
43200 v = rev / s
25

(b) rads −1 22 14 88
30  = 2v = 2   rad / s = rad s−1
7 25 25

(c) rads −1 The centripetal acceleration
21600 2
 88 
 a = 2 r =    0.80 = 9.90ms−2
(d) rads−1  25 
1800
The direction of centripetal acceleration is along the
Ans. (c)
string directed towards the centre of circular path.
angled traced
Sol. As, angular velocity = by hour hand.
time taken
Time period of hour hand is 12 h in which it traced
2 angle, so
CIRCULAR MOTION 67
Example 24
An aircraft executes a horizontal loop of radius 1.00
km with a steady speed of 900 km/h. Compare its
centripetal acceleration with the acceleration due to
gravity.
(NCERT)
5
Sol. r = 1km = 103 m, v = 900km h −1 = 900  = 250ms −1
18
Centripetal acceleration
v2 ( 250)
2
= ac = = = 62.5ms−2
r 103
a 62.5
Now, c = = 6.38.
g 9.8
Example 25
Read each statement below carefully and state, with
reasons, if it is true or false:
(a) The net acceleration of a particle in circular
motion is always along the radius of the circle
towards the centre.
(b) The velocity vector of a particle at a point is
always along the tangent to the path of the particle
at that point.
(c) The acceleration vector of a particle in uniform
circular motion averaged over one cycle is a null
vector.
(NCERT)
Sol.
(a) False, the net acceleration of a particle in circular
motion is along the radius of the circle towards the
centre only in uniform circular motion.
(b) True, because while leaving the circular path, the
particle moves tangentially to the circular path.
(c) True, the direction of acceleration vector in a
uniform circular motion is directed towards the
centre of circular path. It is constantly changing
with time. The resultant of all these vectors will
be a zero vector.
68 CIRCULAR MOTION

Characteristics of Circular Motion (b) Both magnitude and direction of velocity change
(c) Velocity is directed towards the centre of the
1. If a particle moves in a circle describing equal angles
circle
in equal interval of times, its velocity vector – (d) Magnitude of velocity is constant but direction
(a) remains constant changes
(b) changes in magnitude
(c) changes in direction 8. The linear and angular acceleration of a particle are
(d) changes both in magnitude and direction
10 m/sec2 and 5 rad/sec2 respectively it will be at a
distance from the axis of rotation –
2. A particle is moving along a circular path with
1
uniform speed. Through what angle does its angular (a) 50 m (b) m
2
velocity change when it completes half of the circular
(c) 1 m (d) 2 m
path?
(a) 0° (b) 45°
9. A tachometer is a device to measure -
(c) 180° (d) 360°
(a) gravitational pull (b) speed of rotation
(c) surface tension (d) tension in a string
3. A particle covers equal distance around a circular
path, in equal intervals of time. Which of the
10. The ratio of angular speed of hours hand and seconds
following quantities connected with the motion of the
hand of a clock is-
particle remains constant with time?
(a) 1 : 1 (b) 1 : 60
(a) Displacement (b) Velocity
(c) 1 : 720 (d) 3600 : 1
(c) Speed (d) Acceleration
11. The ratio of angular speeds of minutes hand and hour

4. If the body is moving in a circle of radius r with a
hand of a watch is –
constant speed v, its angular velocity is
(a) 1 : 12 (b) 6 : 1
v2
(a) (b) vr (c) 12 : 1 (d) 1:6
r
v r A particle is acted upon by a constant force always
(c) (d) 12.
r v normal to the direction of motion of the particle. It is
5. When a body moves with a constant speed along a therefore inferred that-
circle (A) Its velocity is constant
(a) No work is done on it (B) It moves in a straight line
(b) No acceleration is produced in the body (C) Its speed is constant
(c) No force acts on the body (D) It moves in circular path
(d) Its velocity remains constant (a) A,D (b) C, D
(c) A, B (d) A, B, C
6. A particle comes round a circle of radius 1 m once.
The time taken by it is 10 sec. The average velocity 13. A ball is being rotated in a circle of radius 5 m with
of motion is constant tangential velocity of 20 m/s. A stone is also
(a) 0.2 m / s (b) 2 m / s being rotated in a circle of radius 4 m with a constant
(c) 2 m/s (d) zero tangential velocity of 16 m/s. Which one of the
following choices is true about both the circular
7. A car moves on a circular road. It describes equal motions?
angles about the centre in equal intervals of time. (a) Both have same angular velocity
Which of the following statement about the velocity (b) Both have difference angular velocity
of the car is true (c) Angular velocity of ball > angular velocity of
(a) Magnitude of velocity is not constant stone
CIRCULAR MOTION 69
(d) Angular velocity of stone > angular velocity of 21. A body is whirled in a horizontal circle of radius 20
ball cm. It has angular velocity of 10 rad/s. What is its
linear velocity at any point on circular path
14. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius (a) 10 m/s (b) 2 m/s
5m with a uniform speed 5 ms–1. What will be the (c) 20 m/s (d) 2m / s
magnitude of average acceleration when the particle
completes half revolution? 22. The angular speed of seconds needle in a mechanical
(a) Zero (b) 10 ms −1 watch is
10 −2 
(c) 10 ms −1 (d) ms (a) rad / s (b) 2 rad / s
 30
60
(c)  rad / s (d) rad / s
15. What is the angular velocity in rad/s of a fly wheel 
making 300 r.p.m.?
(a) 600 (b) 20 23. The angular velocity of a particle rotating in a
(c) 10 (d) 30 circular orbit 100 times per minute is
(a) 1.66 rad/s (b) 10.47 rad/s
16. The angular velocity of a particle moving in a circle (c) 10.47 deg/s (d) 60 deg/s
of radius 50 cm is increased in 5 min from 100
revolutions per minute to 400 revolutions per minute. 24. In 1.0 s, a particle goes from point A to point B,
Find tangential acceleration of the particle. moving in a semicircle of radius 1.0 m (see figure).
(a) 60 m/s2 (b) /30 m/s2 The magnitude of the average velocity is
(c) /15 m/s2 (d) /60 m/s2
17. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius

2m with uniform speed of 5 ms–1. What will be the
change in velocity when the particle completes half
of the revolution?
(a) zero (b) 10 ms-1
10
(c) 10 2ms −1 (d) ms −1
2 (a) 3.14m / s (b) 2.0 m / s
18. Two racing cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving in (c) 1.0 (d) Zero
circles of radii r1 and r2 respectively. Their speeds are
such that each makes a complete circle in the same 25. The angular velocity of earth about its axis of rotation
duration of time t . The ratio of the angular speed of is-
the first to the second car is 2
(a) rad / sec
(a) m1 : m2 (b) r1 : r2 ( 60  60  24)
(c) 1 : 1 (d) m1 r1 : m2 r2 2
(b) rad / sec
( 60  60)
19. The angular speed of a fly wheel making 120
revolutions/minute is 2
(c) rad / sec
(a) 2 rad / s (b) 42 rad / s 60
(c)  rad / s (d) 4 rad / s 2
(d) rad / sec
(365  24  60  60)
20. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two
revolutions per second. The acceleration of the 26. A bottle of soda water is grasped by the neck and
particle in m / s2 is swing briskly in a vertical circle. Near which portion
(a)  2 (b) 82 of the bottle do the bubbles collect?
(c) 42 (d) 22 (a) near the bottom
(b) in the middle of the bottle
70 CIRCULAR MOTION
(c) near the neck (a) 8 rad/sec (b) 12 rad/sec

(d) uniformly distributed in the bottle (c) 24 rad/sec (d) 36 rad/sec
27. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant 33. A particle moves in circular path with uniform speed
magnitude which is always perpendicular to the v. The magnitude of change in its velocity on rotating
velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle through 60º is –
takes place in a plane. it follows that– v
(a) v 2 (b)
(a) its velocity is constant 2
(b) its acceleration is constant (c) v (d) zero
(c) its kinetic energy changes with time
(d) it moves in circular path 34. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 6
m with uniform speed of 8 ms–1. The average
28. A body of mass m moves in a circular path with acceleration when the particle completes one half of
uniform angular velocity. The motion of the body has the revolution is –
constant
16 32
(a) Acceleration (b) Velocity (a) m / s2 (b) m / s2
3 3
(c) Momentum (d) Kinetic energy
64
(c) m / s2 (d) None of these
29. The length of second’s hand in a watch is 1 cm. The 3
change in velocity of its tip in 15 seconds is
 35. A body of mass 100 g is rotating in a circular path of
(a) zero (b) cm / sec radius r with constant speed. The work done in one
30 2
complete revolution is
  2
(c) cm / sec (d) cm / sec  r 
30 30 (a) 100 rJ (b)  J
 100 
 100 
30. A fan is making 600 revolutions per minute. If after (c)  J (d) Zero
some time it makes 1200 revolutions per minute, then  r 
increase in its angular velocity is
(a) 10  rad /sec (b) 20  rad /sec 36. A point P moves in counter–clockwise direction on a
(c) 40  rad /sec (d) 60  rad /sec circular path as shown in the figure. The movement
of P is such that it sweeps out a length s = t3 + 5,
31. Figure shows a body of mass m moving with a where s is in metre and t is in second. The radius of
uniform speed v along a circle of radius r. The the path is 20 m. The magnitude of acceleration of P
magnitude of change in velocity in going from A to B when t = 2 s is nearly
is
(a) v 2 (b) v 3 (a) 13 ms–2 (b) 12 ms–2

(c) v (d) zero (c) 7.2 ms–2 (d) 14 ms–2
32. If the equation for the angular displacement of a 37. Two moving particles P and Q are 10 m apart at a
particle moving on a circular path is given by : certain instant. The velocity of P is 8 m/s making 30º
 = 2t 3 + 0.5 with the line joining P and Q and that of Q is 6 m/ s
making an angle 30º with PQ as shown in the figure
where  is in radian and t in second, then the angular
.Then angular velocity of P with respect to Q is-
velocity of the particle at t = 2 sec
CIRCULAR MOTION 71
100
(c) (d) 6
15
43. A bead can slide on a smooth circular wire frame of
radius r which is fixed in a vertical plane. The bead is
displaced slightly from the highest point of the wire
frame. The speed of the bead subsequently as a
function of the angle  made by the bead with the
(a) 0 rad/s (b) 0.1 rad/s vertical line is :
(c) 0.4 rad/s (d) 0.7 rad/s (a) 2gr (b) 2gr (1 − sin  )
38. In uniform circular motion- (c) 2gr (1 − cos  ) (d) 2 gr

(a) both velocity and acceleration are constant
(b) acceleration and speed are constant but velocity 44. Two bodies of mass 10 kg and 5 kg moving in
changes concentric orbits of radii R and r such that their
(c) both acceleration and velocity change periods are the same. Then the ratio between their
(d) both acceleration and speed are constant centripetal acceleration is
R r
39. In uniform circular motion, the velocity vector and (a) (b)
r R
acceleration vector are
R2 r2
(a) Perpendicular to each other (c) (d)
r2 R2
(b) Same direction
(c) Opposite direction
45. If ar and at represent radial and tangential
(d) Not related to each other
accelerations, the motion of a particle will be
uniformly circular if
40. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration
about its axis. Initially its angular velocity is zero. In (a) a r = 0and a t = 0 (b) a r = 0and a t  0
the first 2 sec, it rotates through an angle ; in the (c) a r  0 but a t = 0 (d) None of these
next 2 sec, it rotates through an additional angle 2.
 46. A grinding wheel attained an angular velocity of 20
The ratio 2 of is-
1 rad/sec in 5 sec starting from rest. Find the number of
revolutions made by the wheel.
(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d) 5  1
(a) revolution (b) revolution
25 
Uniform & Non-Uniform Circular Motion 25
(c) revolution (d) None of these

41. In applying the equation for motion with uniform
angular acceleration  = 0 +  t, the radian measure 47. A wheel having a diameter of 3 m starts from rest and
– accelerates uniformly to an angular velocity of 210
(a) must be used for both  and  r.p.m. in 5 seconds. Angular acceleration of the wheel
(b) may be used for both  and  is –
(c) may be used for  but not  (a) 1.4 rad / s 2 (b) 3.3 rad / s 2
(d) cannot be used for both  and  (c) 2.2 rad / s 2 (d) 1.1 rad / s 2
42. A wheel starts rotating at 10 rad/sec and attains the 48. A particle is moving in a horizontal circle with
angular velocity of 100 rad/sec in 15 seconds. What constant speed. State whether, the-
is the angular acceleration in rad/sec2? (a) Only K.E. is constant
110 (b) Only P.E. is constant
(a) 10 (b)
15 (c) Both K.E. and P.E. are constant
72 CIRCULAR MOTION
49. A car is travelling with linear velocity v on a circular (c) Force of gravity (d) Reactions forces
road of radius r. If it is increasing it speed at the rate
of 'a' metre/sec2 , then the resultant acceleration will 55. In circular motion, the centripetal acceleration is
be- given by-
 v2 (a) a  r (b)  v
2  v4 2
(a)  2 −a  (b)  2 +a  (c) a  v (d)  r
r  r 
 v4 2  v2 2 A stone of mass m is tied to a string of length and
(c)  2 −a  (d)  2 +a 
56.
 r   r  rotated in a circle with a constant speed v. If the
string is released, the stone flies-
50. A car is moving with speed 30 m/s on a circular path (a) radially outward
of radius 500 m. Its speed is increasing at the rate of 2 (b) radially inward
m/s2. The net acceleration of the car is- (c) tangentially
(a) 3.7 m/s2 (b) 2.7 m/s2 (d) with an acceleration mv2 /
(c) 1.8 m/s 2
(d) 2 m/s2
57. A particle completes 3 revolutions per second on a
51. A particle of mass M is moving in a horizontal circle circular path of radius 8 cm. Find the values of
of radius R with uniform speed V. When it moves angular velocity and centripetal acceleration of the
from one point to a diametrically opposite point, its particle –
MV 2 (a) 6 rad / s; 2882 cm / s 2
(a) Kinetic energy changes by
4 (b)  rad / s; 2752 cm / s 2
(b) Momentum does not change
(c) Momentum changes by 2MV (c) 6 rad / s; 288cm / s 2
(d) Kinetic energy changes by MV2 (d) None
52. If the equation for the angular displacement of a 58. A particle moves in a circular orbit under the action
particle moving on a circular path is given by of a central attractive force inversely proportional to
( ) = 2t3 + 0.5, where  is in radians and t in the distance 'r'. The speed of the particle is
(a) Proportional to r2 (b) Independent of r
seconds, then the angular velocity of the particle after
(c) Proportional to r-2 (d) Proportional to r-1
2 sec from its start is
(a) 8 rad/sec (b) 12 rad/sec
59. The magnitude of the centripetal force acting on a
(c) 24 rad/sec (d) 36 rad/sec
body of mass m executing uniform motion in a circle
of radius r with speed v is
53. For a particle in a non-uniform accelerated circular
mv2
motion (a) mvr (b)
(a) Velocity is radial and acceleration is transverse r
only v v
(c) 2
(d)
(b) Velocity is transverse and acceleration is radial r m rm
only
(c) Velocity is radial and acceleration has both radial 60. A point mass m is suspended from a light thread of
and transverse components length l, fixed at O, is whirled in a horizontal circle at
(d) Velocity is transverse and acceleration has both constant speed as shown. From your point of view,
radial and transverse components stationary with respect to the mass, the forces on the
mass are
Centripetal & Centrifugal Force
54. The force that keeps the body moving in circular

motion is_____
(a) Centripetal force (b) Centrifugal force
CIRCULAR MOTION 73
work done by this force in moving the body over half

the circumference of the circle?
mv2
(a)  r (b) zero
r
mv2 r 2
(c) (d)
r mv 2
65. The centrifugal force always acts_____

(a) Towards the center
(b) Away from the center
(c) In tangential direction
(d) Outside of the plane of motion.
66. Centrifugal force is considered as pseudo force when

(a) (b) (a) An observer is at the centre of circular motion
(b) An observer is outside
(c) An observer who is moving with the particle and
experiencing the force
(d) None of the above
67. A stone of mass 0.5 kg tied with a string of length 1

(c) (d) metre is moving in a horizontal circular path with a
speed of 4 m/ sec. The tension acting on the string in
61. A particle moves in a circle of radius 25 cm at two Newton is-
revolutions per second. The acceleration of particle in (a) 2 (b) 8
m/s2 is – (c) 0.2 (d) 0.8
(a) 2 (b) 82
(c) 4 2
(d) 22 68. The breaking tension of a string is 10 N. A particle of
mass 0.1 kg tied to it is rotated along a horizontal
62. Two bodies of masses 10 kg and 5 kg moving on circle of radius 0.5 metre. The maximum speed with
concentric orbits of radii R and r such that their which the particle can be rotated without breaking the
period of revolution are same. The ratio of their string is-
centripetal acceleration is –
(a) 5 m / sec (b) ( 50 ) m / sec
R r
(a) (b)
r R (c) ( 500 ) m / sec (d) (1000 ) m / sec
2 2
R r
(c) (d)
r2 R2 69. A body is moving with a constant speed v in a circle
of radius r. Its angular acceleration is-
63. What happens to the centripetal acceleration of a v
revolving body if you double the orbital speed v and (a) zero (b)
r
halved the angular velocity  ?
v2 v2
(a) the centripetal acceleration remains unchanged (c) (d)
r2 r
(b) the centripetal acceleration is halved
(c) the centripetal acceleration is doubled
70. If both the speed and radius of circular path of a
(d) the centripetal acceleration is quadrupled
revolving body are doubled, the magnitude of
centripetal force will be
64. A body of mass m is moving in a circle of radius r
(a) equal to the former
with a constant speed v. The force on the body is
(b) twice the former
mv2 (c) 4 times the former
and is directed towards the centre. What is the
r
(d) 8 times the former
74 CIRCULAR MOTION
71. A body is revolving with a uniform speed V in a 78. A stone of mass 0.1 kg tied to one end of a string 1.0
circle of radius r. The angular acceleration of the m long is revolved in a horizontal circle at the rate of
body is - 10
revolution per second. Calculate the tension of
V 
(a)
r the string ?
(b) zero (a) 30 N (b) 40 N
V2 (c) 50 N (d) 60 N
(c) along the radius and towards the centre
r
V2 Applications of Circular Motion
(d) along the radius and away from the centre
r 79. A cyclist turns around a curve at 15 miles/hour. If he
turns at double the speed, the tendency to overturn is-
72. The force required to keep a body in uniform circular (a) doubled (b) quadrupled
motion is (c) halved (d) unchanged
(a) Centripetal force (b) Centrifugal force
(c) Resistance (d) None of the above 80. A car sometimes overturns while taking a turn. When
it overturns, it is
73. A body of mass 5 kg is moving in a circle of radius (a) The inner wheel which leaves the ground first
1m with an angular velocity of 2 radian/sec. The (b) The outer wheel which leaves the ground first
centripetal force is (c) Both the wheels leave the ground simultaneously
(a) 10 N (b) 20 N (d) Either wheel leaves the ground first
(c) 30 N (d) 40 N
81. Find the maximum speed for skidding of a car moved
74. A sphere of mass m is tied to end of a string of length on a circular track of radius 100 m. The coefficient of
l and rotated through the other end along a horizontal friction between the road and tyre is 0.2
circular path with speed v . The work done in full (a) 0.14 m/s (b) 140 m/s
horizontal circle is (c) 1.4 km/s (d) 14 m/s
 mv 2 
(a) 0 (b)    2l
 l  82. An unbanked curve has a radius of 60 m . The
maximum speed at which a car can make a turn if the
 mv 2 
(c) mg  2l (d)    (l) coefficient of static friction is 0.75, is
 l  (a) 2.1 (b) 14
(c) 21 (d) 7
75. The earth, radius 6400 km, makes one revolution
about its own axis in 24 hours. The centripetal 83. If a cyclist moving with a speed of 4.9 m/s on a level
acceleration of a point on its equator is nearly – road can take a sharp circular turn of radius 4 m, then
(a) 340 cm/sec2 (b) 3.4 cm/sec2 coefficient of friction between the cycle tyres and
(c) 34 cm/sec 2
(d) 0.34 cm/sec2 road is
(a) 0.41 (b) 0.51
76. A mass of 2 kg is whirled in a horizontal circle by (c) 0.61 (d) 0.31
means of a string at an initial speed of 5 revolutions
per minute. Keeping the radius constant the tension in 84. A ball of mass 0.1 kg. is whirled in a horizontal circle
the string is doubled. The new speed is nearly of radius 1 m. by means of a string at an initial speed
(a) 14 rpm (b) 10 rpm of 10 rpm. Keeping the radius constant, the tension in
(c) 2.25 rpm (d) 7 rpm the string is reduced to one quarter of its initial value.
The new speed is
77. A string of length 1 m is fixed at one end and carries
a mass of 100 gm at the other end. The string makes (a) 5 r.p.m. (b) 10 r.p.m.
(2/) revolutions per second around vertical axis (c) 20 r.p.m. (d) 14 r.p.m
through the fixed end. Calculate the tension in the
string-
(a) 1.0 N (b) 1.6 N
(c) 2 N (d) 4 N
CIRCULAR MOTION 75
85. The maximum velocity (in ms–1) with which a car 92. A coin placed on a rotating turn table just slips if it is
driver must traverse a flat curve of radius 150 m and at a distance of 40 cm from the centre if the angular
coefficient of friction 0.6 to avoid skidding is velocity of the turntable is doubled, it will just slip at
(a) 60 (b) 30 a distance of
(c) 15 (d) 25 (a) 10 cm (b) 20 cm
(c) 40 cm (d) 80 cm
86. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a
velocity of 36 km/hr. The centripetal force is 93. A gramophone record is revolving with an angular
(a) 250 N (b) 750 N velocity  A coin is placed at a distance r from the
(c) 1000 N (d) 1200 N centre of the record. The static coefficient of friction
is . The coin will revolve with the record if-
87. A ball of mass 0.25 kg attached to the end of a string
g
of length 1.96 m is moving in a horizontal circle. The (a) r  g2 (b) r = 2 only

string will break if the tension is more than 25 N.
What is the maximum speed with which the ball can g g
(c) r  only (d) r 
be moved 2 2
(a) 14 m/s (b) 3 m/s
(c) 3.92 m/s (d) 5 m/s 94. A circular turn table of radius 0.5 m has a smooth
groove as shown in fig. A ball of mass 90 g is placed
88. A car of mass m is taking a circular turn of radius 'r' inside the groove along with a spring of spring
on a frictional level road with a speed v. In order that constant 102 N/cm. The ball is at a distance of 0.1 m
the car does not skid- from the centre when the turn table is at rest. On
rotating the turn table with a constant angular
mv2 mv2
(a)  mg (b)  mg velocity of 102 rad-sec–1 the ball moves away from
r r
the initial position by a distance nearly equal to-
mv2 v
(c) = mg (d) = mg
r r
89. A body of mass 10 kg is rotated in vertical circle of

radius 4 cm at constant angular velocity of 5 rad/ sec.
The maximum tension in the string is-
(a) 100 N (b) 600 N (a) 10–1 m (b) 10–2 m
(c) 110 N (d) 1100 N (c) 10–3 m (d) 2 × 10–1 m
90. A car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular track of 95. A smooth table is placed horizontally and an ideal
radius 20 m. if the coefficient of friction is 0.64, what spring of spring constant k = 1000 N/m and
is the maximum velocity with which the car can be unextended length of 0.5 m has one end fixed to its
moved? centre. The other end is attached to a mass of 5 kg
(a) 1.12 m/s (b) 11.2 m/s which is moving in a circle with constant speed 20
0.64  20 m/s. Then the tension in the spring and the extension
(c) m/s (d) v of this spring beyond its normal length are-
1000
(a) 500 N, 0.5 m (b) 600 N, 0.6 m
91. A string can bear a maximum tension of 100 Newton (c) 700 N, 0.7 m (d) 800 N, 0.8 m
without breaking. A body of mass 1 kg is attached to
one end of 1 m length of thin string and it is revolved 96. A stone tied to the end of a string 1m long is whirled
in a horizontal plane. The maximum linear velocity in a horizontal circle with a constant speed. If the
which can be imparted to the body without breaking stone makes 22 revolution in 44 seconds, what is the
the string, will be – magnitude and direction of acceleration of the stone
(a) 10 m/s (b) 1 m/s
(c) 100 m/s (d) 1000 m/s
76 CIRCULAR MOTION
2 −1
(a) ms and direction along the radius towards the 102. A car is moving with a speed of 30 m/sec on a
4
centre circular path of radius 500 m. it is accelerating at the
rate of 2 m/sec2. What is the acceleration of the car?
(b) 2 ms−2 and direction along the radius away from
(a) 9.8 m/sec2 (b) 2.7 m/sec2
the centre
(c) 2.4 m/sec2 (d) 1.8 m/sec2
(c) 2 ms−2 and direction along the radius towards the
centre 103. When the road is dry and the coefficient of friction is
(d) 2 ms−2 and direction along the tangent to the , the maximum speed of a car in a circular path is 10
circle 
m/s, if the road becomes wet and  ' = . What is the
2
97. The roadway of a bridge over a canal is in the form of maximum speed permitted?
a circular arc of radius 18 m. What is the greatest (a) 5 m/s (b) 10 m/s
speed with which a motor cycle can cross the bridge (c) 10 2 m / s (d) 5 2 m / s
without leaving ground.
(a) 98 m / s (b) 18  9.8 m / s 104. A person with a mass of M kg stands in contact
against the wall of the cylindrical drum of radius r
18
(c) 18  9.8m / s (d) m/s rotating with an angular velocity . The coefficient
9.8
of friction between the wall and the clothing is . The
98. The maximum speed with which a car can cross a
minimum rotational speed of the cylinder which
convex bridge over a river with radius of curvature 9
enables the person to remain stuck to the wall when
m is : (given that the centre of gravity of car is 1m
the floor is suddenly removed is –
above the road)
(a) 50 m/s (b) 30 m/s g r
(a) min = (b) min =
(c) 20 m/s (d) 10 m/s r g
2g gr
99. A cyclist is moving on a circular track of radius 80 m (c) min = (d) min =
r 
with a velocity of 72 km/hr. He has to lean from the
vertical approximately through an angle
1 105. On an unbanked road, a cyclist negotiating a bend of
(a) tan −1   (b) tan −1 (1) radius r at velocity v must lean inwards by an angle 
4
equal to –
1
(c) tan −1   (d) tan −1 ( 2)  v2  g
2 (a) tan −1   (b) tan −1  
 g  v
100. Keeping the banking angle same to increase the  v2   rg 
(c) tan −1   (d) tan −1  2 
maximum speed with which a vehicle can travel on a  gr  v 
curved road by 10%, the radius of curvature of road
has to be changed from 20 m to-
106. If the banking angle of curved road is given by
(a) 16 m (b) 18 m
3
(c) 24.25 m (d) 30.5 m tan −1 and the radius of curvature of the road is 6 m,
5
101. A motor cyclist moving with a velocity of 72 km per then the safe driving speed is : (g = 10 m/s2)
hour on a flat road takes a turn on the road at a point (a) 86.4 km/h (b) 43.2 km/h
where the radius of curvature of the road is 20 metres. (c) 21.6 km/h (d) 30.4 km/h
The acceleration due to gravity is 10 m/s2 . In order to
avoid skidding, he must bend with respect to the 107. A circular road of radius 1000 m has banking angle
vertical plane by an angle- 45°. The maximum safe speed of a car having mass
200 kg will be, if the coefficient of friction between
(a)  = tan −1 6 (b)  = tan −1 2
tyres and road is 0.5 :
(c)  = tan −1 25.92 (d)  = tan −1 4 (a) 172 m/s (b) 124 m/s
CIRCULAR MOTION 77
(c) 99 m/s (d) 86 m/s (c) Normal reaction force (d) Centrifugal force
108. A car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular path with 114. A body of mass 2 kg is moving in a vertical circle of
constant speed of 16 m/s. It is turned by 90º after radius 2 m. The work done when it moves from the
travelling 628 m on the road. The centripetal force lowest point to the highest point is-
acting on the car is- (a) 80 J (b) 40 J
(a) 160 N (b) 320 N (c) 20 J (d) 0
(c) 640 N (d) 1280 N
115. A motor - cycle is moving in a vertical circular path.
109. A car when passes through a convex bridge exerts a At what stage will the speed of the motor cycle be
force on it which is equal to maximum ?
Mv2 Mv 2 (a) At the highest point of the path
(a) Mg + (b) (b) At the lowest point of the path
r r
(c) Mg (d) None of these (c) At the mid height of the path
(d) At all the points in the path
110. A motorcyclist wants to drive on the vertical surface
116. What should be the minimum velocity at the highest
of wooden ‘well’ of radius 5 m, with a minimum
point of a body tied to a string, so that the string just
speed of 5 5 m / s . The minimum value of does not slack?
coefficient of friction between the tyres and the wall (a) Rg (b) 5Rg
of the well must be : (take g = 10 m/s2) 3/ 2
(a) 0.10 (b) 0.20 R
(c)   (d) 2Rg
(c) 0.30 (d) 0.40 g
111. A car while travelling at a speed of 72 km/hr. Passes 117. The tension in the string revolving in a vertical circle
through a curved portion of road in the form of an arc with a mass m at the end which is at the lowest
of a radius 10 m. If the mass of the car is 500 kg the position is:
reaction on the car at the lowest point P is mv2 mv2
(a) (b) − mg
r r
mv2
(c) + mg (d) mg
r
118. A simple pendulum 1 metre long has a bob of 10 kg.

(a) 25 KN (b) 50 KN If the pendulum swings from a horizontal position,
(c) 75 KN (d) None of these the K.E. of the bob, at the instant it passes through
the lowest position of its path is
Vertical Circular Motion (a) 89 joule (b) 95 joule
(c) 98 joule (d) 85 joule
112. A sphere is suspended by a thread of length . What
minimum horizontal velocity is to be imparted to the 119. A particle is projected so as to just move along a
sphere for it to reach the height of suspension? vertical circle of radius r. The ratio of the tension in
(a) g (b) g the string when the particle is at the lowest and
highest point on the circle is –
(c) 2g (d) (a) 1 (b) finite but large
g (c) zero (d) Infinite
113. A body is moving in a vertical circular motion. 120. A block of mass m slides down along the surface of
Which one of the following forces does it not the bowl from the rim to the bottom as shown in fig.
experience? The velocity of the block at the bottom will be-
(a) Force of gravity (b) Centripetal force
78 CIRCULAR MOTION
R
(c) (d) Rg
g
126. A 1 kg stone at the end of 1 m long string is whirled

in a vertical circle at constant speed of 4 m/sec. The
tension in the string is 6 N, when the stone is at (g =
(a) Rg (b) 2 Rg 10 m/sec2)
(a) Top of the circle
(c) 2Rg (d) gR
(b) Bottom of the circle
(c) Half way down
121. A particle rests on the top of the hemisphere of radius (d) None of the above
R. The small horizontal velocity that must be
imparted to the particle if it is to leave the hemisphere 127. The string of pendulum of length is displaced
without sliding down. is-
through 90o from the vertical and released. Then the
1
1
 R 2 minimum strength of the string in order to withstand
(a) v = ( 2gR ) 2 (b) v =  g  the tension, as the pendulum passes through the mean
 2
1
position is
1
 2g  2 (a) mg (b) 3mg
(c) v = ( gR ) 2 (d) v =  
R (c) 5 mg (d) 6 mg
122. A can filled with water is revolved in a vertical circle 128. The maximum velocity at the lowest point, so that the
of radius 4 metre and the water just does not fall string just slack at the highest point in a vertical circle
down. The time period of revolution will be – of radius is:
(a) 1 sec (b) 10 sec (a) g (b) 3g
(c) 8 sec (d) 4 sec
(c) 5g (d) 7g
123. A 2 kg stone at the end of a string 1 m long is whirled
in a vertical circle at a constant speed. The speed of 129. A ball is moving to and fro about the lowest point A
the stone is 4 m /sec. The tension in the string will be of a smooth hemispherical bowl. If it is able to rise up
52 N when the stone is- to a height of 20 cm on either side of A, its speed at A
(a) at the top of the circle must be (Take = 10 m/s2 , mass of the body 5 g)
(b) at the bottom of the circle (a) 0.2 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(c) half way down (c) 4 m/s (d) 4.5 m/s
(d) none of the above
130. A bucket full of water is revolved in vertical circle of
124. In a circus stuntman rides a motorbike in a circular radius 2m. What should be the maximum time-period
track of radius R in the vertical plane. The minimum of revolution so that the water doesn’t fall off the
speed at highest point of track will be bucket
(a) 2gR (b) 2gR (a) 1 sec (b) 2 sec
(c) 3 sec (d) 4 sec
(c) 3gR (d) gR
131. A mass m is revolving in a vertical circle at the end
125. A block of mass m at the end of a string is whirled of a string of length 20 cm. By how much does the
round in a vertical circle of radius R. The critical tension of the string at the lowest point exceed the
speed of the block at the top of its swing below which tension at the top most point?
the string would slacken before the block reaches the (a) 2 m g (b) 4 m g
top is (c) 6 m g (d) 8 m g
(b) ( Rg )
2
(a) Rg
CIRCULAR MOTION 79
132. A body of mass m crosses the top most point of a 138. A rubber band of length has a stone of mass m tied
vertical circle with critical speed. What will be to its one end. It is whirled with speed v so that the
tension in string when it is horizontal- stone describes a horizontal circular path. The tension
(a) mg (b) 2 mg T in the rubber band is –
(c) 3 mg (d) 6 mg mv2
(a) zero (b)
133. A stone tied with a string, is rotated in a vertical
circle. The minimum speed with which the string has (c) 
( mv ) 2
(d) 
mv2
to be rotated
(a) Is independent of the mass of the stone
(b) Is independent of the length of the string 139. A heavy small sized sphere is suspended by a string
(c) Decreases with increasing mass of the stone of length . The sphere rotates uniformly in a
(d) Decreases with increase in length of the string horizontal circle with the string making an angle 
with the vertical. Then the time period of this conical
134. A body of mass 0.4 kg is whirled in a vertical circle pendulum is-
making 2 rev/sec. If the radius of the circle is 2 m,
 sin  
then tension in the string when the body is at the top (a) T = 2 (b) T = 2  
of the circle, is  use g = 9.81m / s 2   g 
(a) 41.56 N (b) 89.86 N  cos    

(c) T = 2   (d) T = 2  
(c) 109.86 N (d) 122.27 N  g   g cos  
135. A particle is given an initial speed u inside a smooth 140. A small body of mass m slides without friction from
spherical shell of radius R = 1 m that it is just able to the top of a hemispherical cup. If it leaves the surface
complete the circle. Acceleration of the particle when of the cup at a vertical distance 'h' below the highest
its velocity is vertical is point, then-
r
(a) g 10 (b) g (a) h = r (b) h =
3
(c) g 2 (d) 3g r 2r
(c) h = (d) h =
2 3
136. A body of mass 1 kg is moving in a vertical circular
path of radius 1 m. The difference between the 141. A body of mass 2 kg is tied at one end of a string 1 m
kinetic energies at its highest and lowest position is : long. The other end is fixed and the body revolves in
(a) 20 J (b) 10 J a horizontal circle. The maximum tension which the
(c) 4 5 J (d) 10 ( )
5 −1 J string can withstand is 2000 N. Calculate the
maximum number of revolutions per minute the body
will make and its linear velocity when the string just
137. A block of mass m, slides down along the surface of breaks-
a bowl (radius R) from the rim to the bottom. The (a) 203 rpm, 13.6 m/sec (b) 32 rpm, 16.3 m/sec
velocity of the block at the bottom will be : (c) 300 rpm, 61.3 m/sec (d) 300 rpm, 31.4 m/sec
(a) Rg (b) 2 Rg
142. An aeroplane flying at 100 m/sec dives in a vertical
(c) 2Rg (d) gR
plane along the circle of radius 200 m. The mass of
the pilot is 75 kg. What will be the force exerted by
80 CIRCULAR MOTION
the pilot on his seat when the aeroplane is at the displacement      , the tension in the string and
maximum height
the velocity of the bob are T and v respectively. The
(a) 300 kg wt (b) 200 kg wt
following relation holds good under the above
(c) 450 kg wt (d) 100 kg wt
conditions-
(a) T = Mg cos  (b) T cos  = Mg
143. A block follows the path as shown in the figure from
height h . If radius of circular path is r , then relation Mv2 Mv2
(c) T − Mg cos  = (d) T + Mg cos  =
that holds good to complete full circle is L L
148. A body is rotated in the vertical plane by means of a

thread of length with minimum possible velocity.
When the body is moving up and reaches at the
highest point b of this path, the thread breaks and the
5r 5r body moves on a parabolic path under the influence
(a) h  (b) h 
2 2 the gravitational field as shown in the diagram. The
5r 5r horizontal range AC in the plane of A would be-
(c) h = (d) h 
2 2
144. A pendulum bob on a 2 m string is displaced 60 o

from the vertical and then released. What is the speed
of the bob as it passes through the lowest point in its
path
(a) x = (b) x = 2
(a) 2m / s (b) 9.8m / s
1 (c) x = 2 (d) x = 2 2
(c) 4.43m / s (d) m/s
2
149. A mass of 2.9 kg, is suspended from a string of
length 50 cm, and is at rest. Another body of mass
145. A particle is kept at rest at the top of a sphere of
100 gm moving horizontally with a velocity of 150
diameter 42 m. When disturbed slightly, it slides
m/ sec, strikes and sticks to it. What is the tension in
down. At what height ‘h’ from the bottom, the
the string when it makes an angle of 60º with the
particle will leave the sphere
vertical
(a) 14 m (b) 28 m
(a) 153.3 N (b) 135.3 N
(c) 35 m (d) 7 m
(c) 513.3 N (d) 351.3 N
146. A ball of mass m is attached to one end of a light rod
150. The vertical section of a road over a canal bridge in
of length , the other end of which is hinged. What
the direction of its length is in the form of circle of
minimum velocity v should be imparted to the ball
radius 8.9 metre. Then the greatest speed at which the
downwards, so that it can complete the circle.
car can cross this bridge without losing contact with
the road at its highest point, the centre of gravity of
the car being at a height h = 1.1 metre from the
ground. Take g = 10 m/sec2 –
(a) 5 m/sec (b) 10 m/sec
(c) 15 m/sec (d) 20 m/sec
(a) g (b) 5g
(c) 3g (d) 2g
147. A simple pendulum of length L and mass M is

oscillating in a plane about a vertical line between
angular limits − and + For an angular
CIRCULAR MOTION 81

(a) zero (b) v0
1. A particle moves in a circle of radius 5 cm with (c) 2v0 (d) 2v0
constant speed and time period 0.2s. The
acceleration of the particle is 7. The motor of an engine is rotating about its axis with
[AIPMT 2011] an angular velocity of 100 rev min-1. It comes to rest
(a) 25 ms -2
(b) 36 ms -2
in 15 s after being switched off, assuming constant
(c) 5 ms-2 (d) 15 ms-2 angular deceleration. What is the number of
revolutions made by it before coming to rest?
2. Assertion: A body of mass 1 kg is making 1 rps in a [VITEEE 2011]
circle of radius 1 m. Centrifugal force acting on it is (a) 12.5 (b) 40
42 N. (c) 32.6 (d) 15.6
mv2
Reason: is given by F = .
r 8. The acceleration of an object moving with speed v in
[AIIMS 2011] a circle of radius r is
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason [Kerala CEE 2011]
is correct explanation of Assertion. v2
(a) , towards the centre
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason r
is not correct explanation of Assertion. v
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect. (b) , away from the centre
r
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect. v
(c) 2 , away from the centre
r
3. A wheel is rotating at 900 rpm about its axis. When
v
the power is cut off, it comes to rest in 1 min. The (d) , towards the centre
r
angular retardation (in rads-2) is
[AFMC 2011]
9. A car is moving in a circular horizontal track of
(a)  / 2 (b)  / 4
radius 10.0 m with a constant speed of 10.0 ms-1. A
(c)  / 6 (d)  / 8 plumb bob is suspended from the roof of the car by a
light rigid rod of length 10.0 m. The angle made by
4. The angular speed of flywheel making 360 rev/min the rod with the track is (take, g = 10 ms-2):
is: [AFMC 2011]
[UP CPMT 2011] (a) zero (b) 30
−1
(a) 12 rads (b) 6 rads −1
(c) 45 (d) 60
(c) 3 rads −1 (d) 2 rads −1
10. A cyclist is travelling with velocity 
v on a banked
5. A particle with constant speed v in a circle. What is curved road of radius R. The angle through which
the magnitude of average velocity after half rotation? the cyclist leans inwards is given by
[WB JEE 2011] [J&K CET 2011]
v Rg
(a) 2 v (b) 2 (a) tan  = 2 (b) tan  = v 2 Rg
 v
v v v2 R v2
(c) (d) (c) tan  = (d) tan  =
2 2 R Rg
6. The centre of wheel rolling on a plane surface moves 11. Assertion (A) A ball connected to a string is in
with a speed v0. A particle on the rim of the wheel at circular motion on a frictionless horizontal table and
the same level as the centre will be moving at speed is in equilibrium.
[VITEEE 2011]
82 CIRCULAR MOTION
Reason (R) Magnitude of the centripetal force is qual (c) Velocity is directed towards the circle.
to the magnitude of the tension in the string. (d) Magnitude of velocity is constant but direction
[EAMCET 2011] changes.
(a) Both A and R are correct and R is the correct
explanation of A 17. Two cars of masses m1 and m2 are moving in circles
(b) Both A and R are correct but R is not the correct of radii r1 and r2 respectively. Their speeds are such
explanation of A that they make complete circles in the same time t.
(c) A is correct but R is incorrect The ratio of their centripetal acceleration is:
(d) A is incorrect but R is correct [AIPMT 2012]
(a) m1 r1 : m2 r2 (b) m1 : m2
12. A 500 kg car takes a round turn of radius 50 m with a (c) r1 : r2 (d) 1 : 1
velocity of 36 kmh-1. The centripetal force is
[MHT CET 2011] 18. Assertion: Two similar trains are moving along the
(a) 250 N (b) 750 N equatorial line with the speed but in opposite
(c) 1000 N (d) 1200 N directions. They will exert equal pressure on the rails.
Reason: In a uniform circular motion, the magnitude
13. A motorcycle is going on an over bridge of radius R. of acceleration remains constant but the direction
The driver maintains a constant speed. As the continuously changes
motorcycle is ascending on the over bridge, the [AIIMS 2012]
normal force it (a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and
[JCECE 2011] Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(a) increases (b) decreases (b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(c) remains the same (d) fluctuates erratically is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
14. A small boy of mass m slides without friction from (d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
the top of a hemisphere of radius r. The point at
which the body will be detached from the surface of 19. A circular race track of radius 300 m is banked at an
hemisphere is angle of 15o. If the coefficient of friction between the
[Haryana PMT 2011] wheels of the race car and the road is 0.2. Find
r r optimum speed of the race car to avoid wear and tear
(a) (b)
3 2 on its tyres and maximum permissible speed to avoid
2 slipping.
(c) r (d) 2r [AMU 2012]
3
(a) v 0 = 48ms −1 and v max = 60ms −1
15. A ball of mass 0.25 kg attached to the ends of a string (b) v 0 = 28.1ms −1 and v max = 38.1ms −1
of length 1.96 m is rotating in a horizontal circle. The (c) v 0 = 62.2ms −1 and v max = 73.4ms −1
string will break, if tension is more than 25 N. What
(d) None of the above
is the maximum velocity with which the ball can be
rotated?
20. Angle of banking for a vehicle speed of 10 ms-1 for a
[AMU 2011]
radius of curvature 10 m is (assume, g = 10 ms-2)
(a) 3 ms -1
(b) 5 ms -1
[J&K CET 2012]
(c) 9 ms-1 (d) 14 ms-1
1
(a) 30o (b) tan −1  
16. A car moves on a circular road. It describes equal 2
angles about the centre in equal intervals of time. (c) 60 (d) 45
Which of the following statements about the velocity
of the car is true? 21. A coin placed on a rotating turn table just slips, if it is
[Punjab PMET 2011] placed at a distance of 8 cm from the centre. If
(a) Magnitude of velocity is not constant. angular speed of the turn table is doubled, then it will
(b) Both magnitude and direction of velocity change. just slip at a distance of [DUMET 2012]
CIRCULAR MOTION 83
(a) 1 cm (b) 2 cm (a) twice as great as before

(c) 4 cm (d) 8 cm (b) half
(c) one-fourth
22. A car is racing on a circular track of 180 m radius (d) remains constant
with a speed of 32 ms-1. What should be the banking
angle of the road to avoid chances of skidding of the 28. A particle is acted upon by a force of constant
vehicle at this speed without taking into consideration magnitude which is always perpendicular to the
the friction between the tyres and the road? velocity of the particle. The motion of the particle
[JCECE 2012] takes place in a plane, it follows that
(a) 45 (b) 60 [KCET 2013]
(c) 30 (d) 15 (a) its velocity is constant
(b) its acceleration is constant
23. A ball is moving in a circular path of radius 5 m. If (c) its kinetic energy is constant
tangential acceleration at any instant is 10 ms-2 and (d) it moves in a straight line
the net acceleration makes an angle 30o with the
centripetal acceleration, then the instantaneous speed 29. Two stones of masses m and 2m are whirled in
is r
horizontal circles, the heavier one in a radius and
[AIIMS 2013] 2
the lighter one is radius r. The tangential speed of
(a) 50 3 ms−1 (b) 9.3 ms −1
lighter stone is n times that of the value of heavier
(c) 6.6 ms −1 (d) 5.4 ms −1 stone when they experience same centripetal forces.
The value of n is
24. A car is travelling with linear velocity v on a circular [AIPMT 2014]
road of radius R. If its speed is increasing at the rate (a) 2 (b) 3
of a ms-2, then the net acceleration will be (c) 4 (d) 1
[AIIMS 2013]
v2 v2 30. A person is driving a vehicle at a uniform speed of 5
(a) +a (b) −a
R R ms-1 on a level curved track of radius 5 m. The
coefficient of static friction between tyres and road is
(v / R ) + a2 (v / R ) − a2
2 2 2 2
(c) (d) 0.1. Will the person slip while taking the turn with
the same speed? (Take, g = 10 ms-2)
25. A car of mass 1000 kg moves on a circular track of [KCET 2014]
radius 20 m. If the coefficient of friction of 0.64, then (a) A person will slip, if v2 = 5m2s−2
the maximum velocity with which the car can move (b) A person will slip, if v2  5m2s−2
is
(c) A person will slip, if v2  5m2s−2
[WB JEE 2013]
(d) A person will not slip, if v2  5m2s−2
(a) 22.4 m/s (b) 5.6 m/s
(c) 11.2 m/s (d) None of these
31. If the length of second’s hand of a clock is 10 cm, the
26. The angle of banking is independent of speed of its tip (in cm s-1) is nearly
[MHT CET 2013] [Kearala CEE 2014]
(a) speed of vehicle (a) 2 (b) 0.5
(b) radius of curvature of road (c) 1.5 (d) 1
(c) height of inclination
(d) None of the above 32. A particle describes a horizontal circle in a conical
funnel whose inner surface is smooth with speed of
27. A particle is moving in a circle of radius R with 0.5 ms-1. What is the height of the plane of circle
constant speed v. If radius is doubled, then its from vertex of the funnel?
centripetal force to keep the same speed gets [J&K CET 2014]
[BCECE 2013]
84 CIRCULAR MOTION
(a) 0.25 m (b) 2 cm

(c) 4 cm (d) 2.5 cm
33. A mass m moves in a circle on a smooth horizontal
plane with velocity v0 at a radius R0. The mass is
attached to a string which passes through a smooth
hole in the plane as shown.
(a) 5.0 m/s (b) 5.7 m/s

(c) 6.2 m/s (d) 4.5 m/s
37. What is the minimum velocity with which a body of

mass m must enter a vertical loop of a radius R so
that it can complete the loop?
The tension in the string is increased gradually and
[NEET 2016]
R
finally m moves in a circle of radius 0 . The final (a) 3gR (b) 5gR
2
value of the kinetic energy is: (c) gR (d) 2gR
[AIPMT 2015]
1 38. A particle moving uniformly in a circular path of
(a) mv 02 (b) mv02
2 radius r. When it moves through an angular
1 displacement  , then the magnitude of the
(c) mv 02 (d) 2mv 02
4 corresponding linear displacement will be
[WB JEE 2016]
34. Two stones of mass m and 2 m are whirled in (a) 2r cos (  / 2) (b) 2r cot (  / 2)
r
horizontal circles, the heavier one in the radius and (c) 2r tan (  / 2) (d) 2r sin (  / 2)
2
the lighter one in the radius r. The tangential speed of
lighter stone is n times that of the value of heavier 39. A rotating wheel changes angular velocity from 1800
stone when they experience same centripetal forces. rpm to 3000 rpm in 20 s. What is the angular
The value of n is acceleration assuming to be uniform?
[AIPMT 2015] [KCET 2016]
(a) 1 (b) 2 (a) 60 rad s −2 (b) 90 rad s −2
(c)3 (d) 4 (c) 2 rad s −2 (d) 40 rad s −2
35. A car is negotiating a curved road of radius R. The

40. A rope is wound around a hollow cylinder of mass
road is banked at an angle The coefficient of friction
3kg and radius 40cm. What is the angular
between the tyres of the car and the road is s . The
acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled with
maximum safe velocity on this road is: a force of 30N?
[NEET 2016] [NEET 2017]
g  s + tan     + tan   (a) 0.25 rad s –2
(b) 25 rad s –2
(a)   (b) gR 2  s  (c) 5 ms–2 (d) 25 ms–2
R 2  1 − s tan    1 − s tan  
  + tan   g  s + tan   41. The wheel of a car is rotating at the rate of 1200
(c) gR  s  (d)  
 1 − s tan   R  1 − s tan   revolutions per minute. On pressing the accelerator
for 10 seconds it starts rotating at 4500 revolutions
per minute. The angular acceleration of the wheel is:
36. In the given figure, a = 15 m/s2 represents the total
[NEET 2017]
acceleration of a particle moving in the clockwise
(a) 30 radian/second2 (b) 1880 degrees/ second2
direction in a circle of radius R = 2.5 m at a given
(c) 40 radian/ second2 (d) 1980 degree/second2
instant of time. The speed of the particle is
[NEET 2016]
CIRCULAR MOTION 85
42. A bucket tied at the end of a 1.6 m long string is 46. Two particle A and B are moving in uniform circular
whirled in a vertical circle with constant speed. What motion in concentric circles of radii rA and rB with
should be the minimum speed so that the water from speed vA and vB respectively. Their time period of
the bucket does not spill when the bucket is at the rotation is the same. The ratio of angular speed of A
highest position? that of B will be
[AIIMS 2017] [NEET 2019]
(a) 4 m/sec (b) 6.25 m/sec (a) vA : vB (b) rB : rA
(c) 16 m/sec (d) None of the above (c) 1 : 1 (d) rA : rB
43. Two particles A and B are moving in uniform circular 47. A mass m is attached to a thin wire and whirled in a
motion in concentric circles of radii rA and rB with vertical circle. The wire is most likely to break when :
speed vA and vB respectively. The time period of [NEET 2019]
rotation is the same. The ratio of angular speed of A (a) the wire is horizontal
to that of B will be (b) the mass is at the lowest point
[NEET 2019] (c) inclined at an angle of 60° from vertical
(a) vA : vB (b) rB : rA (d) the mass is at the highest point
(c) 1 : 1 (d) rA : rB
48. An electron is moving in a circle of radius 2 m with
44. The radius of circle, the period of revolution, initial speed of 4 ms-1. Find the acceleration of the electron.
position and sense of revolution are indicated in the [AIIMS 2019]
below figure. (a) 8 ms-1 (b) 4 ms-1
[NEET 2019] (c) 16 ms-1 (d) 10 ms-1
49. One end of string of length l is connected to a particle

of mass ‘m’ and the other end is connected to a small
peg on a smooth horizontal table. If the particle
moves in circle with speed ‘v’, the net force on the
particle (directed towards center) will be (T
represents the tension in the string):
y-projection of the radius vector of rotating particle P [KCET 2021]
is mv2
 t  (a) T − (b) zero
(a) y ( t ) = 4sin   , where y is in meter l
2 mv2
(c) T (d) T +
 3t  l
(b) y ( t ) = 3cos   , where y is in meter
 2 
 t  50. Particle moving in a circle of radius R with a uniform
(c) y ( t ) = 3cos   , where y is in meter speed takes a time T to complete one revolution. I
2
this particle were projected with the same speed at an
(d) y ( t ) == 3cos 2t, where y is in meter
angle '  ' to the horizontal, the maximum height
attained by it equal 4R. The angle of projection,  , is
45. A particle starting from rest, moves in a circle of
then given by:
radius r. It attains a velocity of v0 ms-1 in the nth
[NEET 2021]
round. Its angular acceleration will be 1/ 2 1/ 2
[NEET 2019]  2 R   2gT 2 
(a)  = sin −1  2  (b)  = sin −1  2 
v0 v02  gT   R 
(a) rads −2 (b) rads −2
n 2nr 2  gT 2 
1/ 2
 2 R 
1/ 2
−1 −1
(c)  = cos  2  (d)  = cos  2 
v02 v02
(c) rads −2 (d) rads −2  R  gT 
4nr 2 4nr
86 CIRCULAR MOTION

1. A stone of mass m, tied to the end of a string, is  3
(c)  (d) 
whirled around in a horizontal circle (neglect the 2 4
force due to gravity). The length of the string is
reduced gradually keeping the angular momentum of 5. A stone tied to a string of length L is whirled in a
the stone about the centre of the circle constant. Then, vertical circle with the other end of the string at the
the tension in the string is given by T = Arn , where A centre. At a certain instant of time, the stone is at its
is a constant, r is the instantaneous radius of the lowest position, and has a speed u. The magnitude of
circle, and n = ...... the change in its velocity as it reaches a position
(a) –3 (b) –5 where the string is horizontal is :
(c) 3 (d) 5
(a) u 2 − 2gL (b) 2gL
2. A particle of mass m is moving in a circular path of (c) u 2 − gL (d) 2 ( u 2 − gL )
constant radius r such that its centripetal acceleration
ac is varying with time t as ac = k2 rt2, where k is a
6. The work done on a particle of mass m by a force,
constant . The power delivered to the particle by the
forces acting on it is –  
x î + y ˆj (K being a constant
K
(a) 2mk2 r2 t (b) mk2 r2 t  ( x 2 + y 2 )3/ 2 ( x 2 + y2 ) 
3/ 2
(c) (mk r t ) /3
4 2 5
(d) zero 
of appropriate dimensions), when the particle is taken
3. A small block is shot into each of the four tracks as from the point (a, 0) to the point (0, a) along a
shown below. Each of the tracks rises to the same circular path of radius a about the origin in the x-y
height. The speed with which the block enters the plane is
track is the same in all cases. At the highest point of 2K K
(a) (b)
the track, the normal reaction is maximum in – a a
K
(c) (d) 0
2a
(a) (b)
7. Three small balls each of mass 100 gm are attached at
distance of 1 m, 2 m and 3 m from end D of a 3 m
(c) (d) length of string. The string is rotated with uniform
angular velocity in a horizontal plane about D. If the
4. A bob of mass M is suspended by a massless string of outside ball is moving at a speed of 6 m/ s, the ratio
length L. The horizontal velocity V at position A is of tension in the three parts of the string from inside-
just sufficient to make it reach the point B. The angle (a) 6 : 5 : 4 (b) 3 : 2 :1
 at which the speed of the bob is half of that at A (c) 3 : 5 : 6 (d) 6 : 5 : 3
satisfies –
8. A stone of mass 1 kg tied to a light inextensible string
of length 10/3 metre is whirling in a vertical circle. If
the ratio of maximum tension to minimum tension in
the string is 4, then speed of stone at highest point of
the circle is- [g = 10 m/s2]
(a) 20 m/s (b) 10 3m / s
(c) 5 2m / s (d) 10 m/s
   9. A particle is moving along a circular path of radius 3

(a)  = (b)  meter in such a way that the distance travelled
4 4 2
measured along the circumference is given by
CIRCULAR MOTION 87
t 2 t3
S= + . The acceleration of particle when t = 2
3 3
sec is-
(a) 1.3 m/s2 (b) 13 m/s2
(c) 3 m/s2
(d) 10 m/s2
10. A particle P will be in equilibrium inside a

hemispherical bowl of radius 0.5 m at a height 0.2 m
from the bottom when the bowl is rotated at an
(a) E and E (b) E and 4E
angular speed (g = 10 m/ sec2)
(c) 4E and E (d) E and 3E
Q14. A bob is suspended from a crane by a cable of length

= 5 m. The crane and load are moving at a constant
speed v0 . The crane is stopped by a bumper and the
bob on the cable swings out an angle of 60°. The
initial speed v0 is (g = 9.8 m/s2)
10
(a) rad / sec (b) 10 3 rad / sec
3
(c) 10 rad / sec (d) 20 rad / sec
11. A wet, open umbrella is held vertical and is twirled (a) 10 m/s (b) 7 m/s
about the handle at a uniform rate of 21 revolutions in (c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s
44 second. If the rim of the umbrella is a circle of 1
metre in diameter and the height of the rim above the 15. A particle suspended from a fixed point, by a light
floor is 4.9 metre, then the angular speed of the inextensible thread of length L is projected
umbrella is : horizontally from its lowest position with velocity
(a) 3 radian/sec (b) 1.5 radian/sec 7gL
. The string will slack after swinging through
(c) 1 radian/sec (d) 2.5 radian / sec 2
an angle , such that  equals :
12. In the above question, the locus of the drops is a (a) 30° (b) 135°
circle of radius : (c) 120° (d) 150°
(a) 3 m (b) 1.5 m
16. A simple pendulum is released from rest from the
(c) 1 m (d) 2.5 m
point A at an angle 30° with vertical. Then :
13. Two identical particles, A and B, are attached to a

string of length 2l, A to middle and B to one of the
ends. The string is whirled in a horizontal circle, with
the end O fixed. If the kinetic energy of B relative to
A is E, then the absolute kinetic energies of A and B
are (a) vertical component of velocity of the bob is
always less than its, horizontal component.
(b) vertical component of velocity is less than, equal
to or more than the horizontal component on
different position.
(c) vertical component of velocity is always more
than the horizontal component.
88 CIRCULAR MOTION
(d) acceleration of the bob is constant throughout.

17. With what minimum speed v must a small ball should
be pushed inside a smooth vertical tube from a height
h so that it may reach the top of the tube? Radius of
the tube is R.
(a) 0 = 30°
(b) 0 = 60°
(c) At maximum deflection, tension in string is equal
to mg.
5 (d) At maximum deflection, tension in string is equal
(a) 2g ( h + 2R ) (b) R to 2mg.
2
(c) g ( 5R − 2h ) (d) 2g ( 2R − h ) 21. A smooth wire is bent into a vertical circle of radius
a. A bead P can slide smoothly on the wire. The circle
18. A small body of mass m slides without friction from is rotated about diameter AB as axis with a speed 
the top of a hemisphere of radius r. At what height as shown in figure. The bead P is at rest with respect
will the body be detached from the centre of to the circular ring in the position shown. Then 2 is
hemisphere ? equal to-
r r
(a) h = (b) h =
2 3
2r r
(c) h = (d) h =
3 4
2g 2g
(a) (b)
19. A particle moves from rest at A on the surface of a a (a 3 )
smooth circular cylinder of radius r as shown. At B it
leaves the cylinder. The equation relation  and  is : g 3g 2a
(c) (d)
a 3g
22. The kinetic energy of a particle moving along a circle

of radius R depends on the distance covered s as T =
KS2 where K is a constant. Find the force acting on
(a) 3 sin  = 2 cos  (b) 2 sin  = 3 cos 
the particle as a function of S –
(c) 3 sin  = 2 cos  (d) 2 sin  = 3 cos  2 2
2K S R
(a) 1+   (b) 2KS 1 +  
20. The ring shown in the figure is given a constant S R S
 g  S
2
2S R
2
horizontal acceleration  a 0 =  . Maximum (c) 2KS 1 +   (d) 1+  
 3 R K S
deflection of the string from the vertical is 0, then
23. A point moves along a circle with velocity v = at
where a 0.5 m/sec2. Then the total acceleration of the
point at the moment when it covered (1/10) th of the
circle after beginning of motion –
(a) 0.5 m/sec2 (b) 0.6 m/sec2
(c) 0.7 m/sec2 (d) 0.8 m/sec2
CIRCULAR MOTION 89
24. A solid body rotates about a stationary axis so that its 28. A boy revolves two balls each of mass 100 gm and
angular velocity depends on the rotation angle  as tied with strings of 1 metre length in horizontal circle
 = 0 − k, where  0 and k are positive constants. as shown in figure. If the speed of outermost ball is 6
At the moment t = 0, angle  = 0 . Find the time m/s , then tension in string-1 is-
dependence of rotation angle-

0 − kt
(a) k  0 e− kt (b)  e 
k 
0 k − kt
(c) 1 − e − k.t  (d) e − 1
k  0 
(a) 2.4 N (b) 2.7 N
(c) 2 N (d) 1.2 N
25. A heavy particle hanging from a fixed point by a light
inextensible string of length l is projected 29. A particle P is moving in a circle of radius 'a' with a
horizontally with speed ( gl ) . Then the speed of the uniform speed v. C is the centre of the circle and AP
is diameter. The angular velocity of P about A and C
particle and the inclination of the string to the vertical
are in the ratio-
at the instant of the motion when the tension in the
(a) 1 :1 (b) 1 : 2
string equal the weight of the particle-
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1
3l 3 lg 2
(a) ,cos −1   (b) ,cos−1  
g 2 3 3 30. A racing car is travelling along a track at a constant
speed of 40 m/s. A T.V. camera men is recording the
3g 2 gl 2
(c) ,cos−1   (d) ,sin −1   event from a distance of 30 m directly away from the
l 3 3 3
track as shown in figure. In order to keep the car
under view in the position shown, the angular speed
26. A body is allowed to slide on a frictionless track from with which the camera should be rotated, is-
rest position under gravity. The track ends into a
circular loop of diameter D. What should be the
minimum height of the body in terms of D so that it
may complete successfully the loop?
4 5
(a) D (b) D
5 4
(c) 1 D (d) 2 D
4 3
(a) rad/sec (b) rad/sec
27. A particle describing circular motion as shown in 3 4
figure. The velocity of particle in m/s is- 8
(c) rad/sec (d) 1 rad/sec
3 3
(a) 2.82 (b) 2.8

(c) 1.42 (d) 1.4
90 CIRCULAR MOTION
Notes:
CIRCULAR MOTION
07
CENTRE OF MASS,
MOMENTUM AND COLLISION
ELECTROSTATICS 1
Chapter 07
Centre of Mass, Momentum & Collisions
M2c
1. Centre of Mass a=
M1 + M 2
In the first part of mechanics, we have discussed all about M1c
point objects. In this chapter, we shall deal with the cases of b=
M1 + M 2
large objects or systems of point objects. To deal with such
COM will be towards the heavier mass.
scenarios, we need to know about the centre of mass of an
object or a system.
(b) For multiple systems of point objects
1.1 Definition
Centre of mass is a hypothetical point where the whole mass
of the object is assumed to be concentrated mathematically.
It is the weighted mean of the positions of all the point
objects with masses M1, M2, M3, ......,Mn respectively
Example :
Fig. 7.1
then Fig 7.3
M x + M 2 x 2 + .....M n x n Consider three systems, where total mass and position
X cm = 1 1
M1 + M 2 .... + M n of COM mass of all the particles in system 1, is M 1
Similarly : and (x1, y1) respectively in system 2 is M2 and (x2, y2)
and in system 3 is M3 and (x3, y3) respectively.
rcm =
M r i i
Then COM of all particles in all combined systems is
M i
M x + M 2 x 2 + M3 x 3
X cm = 1 1 and
 X cm =
M x i i
and Ycm =
M y i i M1 + M 2 + M 3
M i M i M y + M 2 y 2 + M 3 y3
Ycm = 1 1
M1 + M 2 + M3
(c) For objects with continuous mass distributions:
1.2 Location of Centre of Mass
(a) For 2 point objects COM of objects with continuous mass distribution can
be found with help of integration. Presently we shall
focus on the location of COM for some objects whose
mass is continuously distributed.
S.No Shapes COM
Fig 7.2
L
1. x=
Uniform Rod 2
SCAN CODE
CENTRE OF MASS, MOMENTUM & COLLISION 93
1.3 Motion of Centre of Mass

We know
2R M r + M 2 r2 + M 3 r3 + ......M n rn
2. y= rcm = 1 1
 M1 + M 2 + ......M n
Differentiating both sides with respect to time,
Semicircular ring M v + M 2 v 2 + ......M n v n
Vcm = 1 1
M1 + M 2 + .....M n
Again, differentiating both sides w.r.t. time
M a + M 2 a 2 + ....M n a n
4R A cm = 1 1
3. y= M1 + M 2 + ....M n
3
1.4 Properties and Application of COM

Semicircular disk
(a) Entire mass is supposed to be concentrated at COM.
(b) If some force is applied on a free object, the body does
not rotate if line of action of force passes through
centre of mass.
R We know
4. y=
2 M a + M 2 a 2 + ....M n a n
A cm = 1 1
M1 + M 2 + ....M n
Hollow hemisphere  MAcm = M1a1 + M2 a 2 + Mn a n
By Newton’s 2nd law.
M1a1 = F1 and similarly for all objects, with terms
having the obvious meanings.
3R
5. y=  F1 + F2 + ....Fn = MAcm
8
  Fext = MAcm
Solid hemisphere The above relation is very useful in solving
complicated problems.
(c) We know
M v + M 2 v 2 + ....M n v n
Vcm = 1 1
M1 + M 2 + ....M n
h  Mvcm = M1v1 + M 2 v2 + ....Mn vn
6. y=
4
Psys = P1 + P2 + .....Pn
Total momentum of system of all particles is total
mass times Vcm .
Solid right circular cone
Above relation helps us in applying momentum related
equations in complex problems.
1.5 Example of Motion of COM and its

2h Applications
7. y=
3 (a) Trajectory of COM remains unchanged on
disintegration of an unstable nucleus or a bomb till the
time F ext on the system does not change.
Hollow right circular cone (b) Motion of binary stars.
SCAN CODE
94 CENTRE OF MASS, MOMENTUM & COLLISION
(c) Conservation of momentum during disintegration of an

unstable nucleus.
(d) Motion of earth-moon system about sun.
2. Linear Momentum
The total linear momentum of a system of particles is equal
to the product of the total mass of the system and the
velocity of its centre of mass P = Mvcm .
Fig. 7.4
2.1 Linear Momentum Conservation in
Presence of External Force 3.1 Instantaneous Impulse
dP There are many cases when a force acts for such a short time
Fext =  Fext dt = dP that the effect is instantaneous, e.g., a bat striking a ball. In
dt
such cases, although the magnitude of the force and the time
( )
 dP = Fext
impulsive
dt for which it acts may each be unknow but the value of their
product (i.e., impulse) can be known by measuring the
If ( F ) ext =0
impulsive initial and final momenta. Thus, we can write.
 dP = 0 or Pis constant I =  Fdt = P = Pf − Pi
NOTE:
Momentum is conserved if the external force present is 3.1.1 Important Points
non-impulsive. Eg. Gravitation or spring force.
• It is a vector quantity.
• Dimensions = [MLT-1]
When the vector sum of the external forces acting on a
• SI unit = kg m/s
system is zero, the total linear momentum of the system
• Direction is along change in momentum.
remains constant.
• Magnitude is equal to area under the F-t graph.
P1 + P2 + P3 + ....... + Pn = constant
• I =  Fdt = Fav  dt = Ft
• It is not a property of a particle, but it a measure of the
3. Impulse degree to which an external force changes the
momentum of the particle.
Impulse of a force F acting on a body for the time interval
t = t1 to t = t 2 is defined as :-
t2
3.2 Average Force
I =  Fdt We can now define the average force which acts on a
t1
v2 particle during a time interval  t . It is:
dv
I =  Fdt =  m dt =  mdv
dt p I
v1 F= =
t t
I = m ( v2 − v1 ) = P = change in momentum due to force F
The value of the average force depends on the time chosen.
.
NOTE:
Impulse applied to an object in a given time interval can
also be calculated from the area under force time (F-t)
graph in the same time interval.
SCAN CODE
4. Collisions 4.2 Coefficient of Restitution or

We define a collision as an isolated event in which two or
Coefficient of Resilience
more colliding bodies exert relatively strong forces on each Coefficient of restitution or coefficient of resilience of a
other for a relatively short time. collision is defined as the ratio of relative velocity of
Two key rules of the collision game are : separation after collision to the relative velocity of approach
(i) Law of conservation of linear momentum, and before collision. It is represented by ‘e’.
(ii) Law of conservation of energy. relative velocity of separation (after collision)
e=
relative velocity of approach (before collision)
4.1 Types of Collision v 2 – v1
e=
Collisions between particles have been divided broadly into u1 – u 2
two types :
where u1, u2 are velocities of two bodies before collision,
and v1, v2 are their respective velocities after collision.
(a) Elastic collision : A collision in which there is
absolutely no loss of kinetic energy is called an elastic
collision. For example, collisions between atomic and • For a perfectly elastic collision, relative velocity of
subatomic particles are elastic collisions. Practically a separation after collision is equal to relative velocity of
collision between two ivory balls can also be taken as approach before collision.
an elastic collision.  e =1
• For a perfectly inelastic collision, relative velocity of
The basic characteristics of an elastic collision are:
separation after collision = 0
(i) The linear momentum is conserved,
(ii) Total energy of the system is conserved, e=0
(iii) The kinetic energy is conserved. • For all other collisions, e lies between 0 and 1, i.e.
(iv) The forces involved during elastic collisions must 0 < e < 1.
be conservative forces.
4.3 Elastic Collision in One Dimension
(b) Inelastic collision : A collision in which there occurs It involves two bodies moving initially along the same
some loss of kinetic energy is called an inelastic straight line, striking against each other without loss of
collision. As there is always some loss of kinetic energy kinetic energy and continuing to move along the same
in most of the collisions, therefore, collisions we come straight line after collision.
across in daily life are generally inelastic. Suppose two balls A and B of masses m1 and m2 are moving
initially along the same straight line with velocities u1 and u2
The basic characteristics of an inelastic collision are : respectively, figure (a).
(i) The linear momentum is conserved
(ii) Total energy is conserved.
(iii) Kinetic energy is NOT conserved. Obviously, a
part of kinetic energy is converted into some other form
of energy e.g., heat energy, sound energy etc.
(iv) Some or all the forces involved in an inelastic
collision may be non-conservative in nature.
NOTE:
A perfectly inelastic collision is one in which maximum
amount of kinetic energy is lost.
Fig 7.5
SCAN CODE
When u1 > u2, v 2 − v1

From (7), =1
Relative velocity of approach before collision, = u 1 – u2 u1 − u 2
v 2 − v1
Therefore, two balls collide, as shown in figure (b). Let the By definition, = e = 1 (For perfectly elastic collision)
u1 − u 2
collision be perfectly elastic. After collision, suppose v 1 is
Hence, the coefficient of restitution/resilience of a perfectly
the velocity of A and v2 is the velocity of B along the same
elastic collision in one dimension is unity.
straight line, as shown in figure (c).
When v2 > v1, the bodies separate after collision.
Relative velocity of separation after collision = v 2 – v1 4.3.1 Calculation of velocities after collision
Linear momentum of the two balls before collision Velocity of A:
= m1u1 + m2u2 ..(1) From (7), v2 = u1 – u2 + v1
Linear momentum of the two balls after collision Putting in (3),
= m1v1 + m2v2 ..(2) we get m1v1 + m2 (u1 – u2 + v1) = m1u1 + m2 u2
 m1v1 + m2u1 – m2u2 + m2v1 = m1u1 + m2u2
As linear momentum is conserved in an elastic collision,  v1 (m1 + m2) = (m1 – m2) u1 + 2 m2 u2
therefore from equations (1) and (2) ( m1 − m2 ) u1 2m2 u 2
m1v1 + m2v2 = m1u1 + m2u2  v1 = + ...(8)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
or, m2 (v2 – u2) = m1 (u1 – v1) ...(3)
( m1 − m2 ) u1 2m2 u 2
General equation, v1 = +
Total K.E. of the two balls before collision m1 + m2 m1 + m2
1 1
= m1u12 + m 2 u 22 ...(4)
2 2 Velocity of B :
Total K.E. of the two balls after collision Put this value of v1 from (6) in (3),
1 1 ( m − m2 ) u1 2m2 u 2
= m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 ...(5) v2 = u1 − u 2 + 1 +
2 2 m1 + m2 m1 + m2
 m − m2   2m 2 
As K.E. is also conserved in an elastic collision, therefore = u1 1 + 1  + u2  − 1
from equations (4) and (5),  m1 + m 2   m1 + m 2 
1 1 1 1  m + m 2 + m1 − m 2   2m 2 − m1 − m 2 
m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 = m1u12 + m 2 u 22 = u1  1  + u2  
2 2 2 2  m1 + m 2   m1 + m 2 
1 1
Or, m 2 ( v 22 − u 22 ) = m1 ( u12 − v12 ) 2m1u1 ( m2 − m1 ) u 2
2 2  v2 = + ...(9)
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Or, m 2 ( v 22 − u 22 ) = m1 ( u12 − v12 ) ...(6)
2m1u1 ( m2 − m1 ) u 2
General equation, v2 = +
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
Dividing, (6) by (3) we get
m2 ( v22 − u 22 ) m1 ( u12 − v12 )
= NOTE:
m2 ( v 2 − u 2 ) m1 ( u1 − v1 )
The expression for v2 can be obtained from the expression
Or,
( v2 + u 2 )( v2 − u 2 ) ( u1 + v1 )( u1 − v1 ) for v1, by replacing m1 by m2 and u1 by u2. The reverse is
=
( v2 − u 2 ) ( u1 − v1 ) also true, i.e., v1 can also be obtained from v2 similarly.
Or, v2 + u2 = u1 + v1
Or, v 2 − v1 = u1 − u 2 ...(7) 4.3.2 Special Cases
General equation, v 2 − v1 = u1 − u 2 1. When masses of two bodies are equal,
i.e., m1 = m2 = m, say
Hence, in one dimensional elastic collision, relative velocity 2 mu 2
From (8), v1 = = u2 ,
of separation after collision is equal to relative velocity of 2m
approach before collision. i.e., velocity of A after collision = velocity of B before
collision.
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2 m1u1
From (9), v 2 = = u1 ,
2m1 (c) When body B at rest has negligible mass,
i.e., m2 << m1; i.e., m2 can be ignored compared to m1
i.e., velocity of B after collision = velocity of A before
Putting m2 = 0, in equation (8),
collision.
m 2m1u1
we get v1 = 1 u1 = u1 . ; v 2 = = 2u1
Hence, when two bodies of equal masses undergo a m1 m1
perfectly elastic collision in one dimension, their Hence, when a heavy body A undergoes an elastic
velocities are just interchanged. collision with a light body B at rest, the body A keeps
on moving with the same velocity of its own and the
body B starts moving with double the initial velocity of
A.
4.4 Inelastic Collision in One Dimension

Figure below shows two bodies of masses m1 and m2
moving with velocities, u1 and u2 respectively, along a single
axis. They collide involving some loss of kinetic energy.
Therefore, the collision is inelastic. Let v1 and v2 be the
velocities of the two bodies after collision.
Fig 7.6
2. When the target body B is initially at rest, i.e., u2 = 0

( m − m2 ) u1
From (8), v1 = 1 ...(10)
m1 + m2
2m1u1 Fig 7.7
From (9), v 2 = ...(11) As the two bodies form one system, which is closed and
m1 + m 2
isolated, we can write the law of conservation of linear
Three cases arises further :
momentum for the two body system as :
Total momentum before collision (Pi) = Total momentum
(a) When masses of two bodies are equal, i.e., m1 = m2
after collision (Pf)
using equation (10),
m1 u1 + m2 u2 = m1 v1 + m 2 v2 ...(12)
From, v1 = 0
2m1u1
From, v 2 = = u1 (The overhead arrows for vectors have been avoided as the
2m1 collision is one dimensional and velocity components along
i.e., body A comes to rest and body B starts moving one axis are used.)
with the initial velocity of A. Obviously, in such a
collision, 100% K.E. of A is transferred to the body B. If we know masses m1, m2, initial velocities u1, u2 and one of
This is shown in figure above. the final velocities, we can calculate the other final velocity
from the equation.
(b) When body B at rest is very heavy, i.e., m2 >> m1, i.e.,
m1 can be ignored compared to m2 Figure shows perfectly inelastic collision between two
Putting m1 = 0 in equation (8), we obtain bodies of masses m1 and m2. The body of mass m2 happens
m to be initially at rest (u2 = 0), we refer to this body as the
v1 = − 2 u1 = − u1 ; v 2 = 0
m2 target. The incoming body of mass m1, moving with initial
velocity u1 is referred to as the projectile. After the
Hence, when a light body A collides against a heavy
collision, the two bodies move together with a common
body B at rest; A rebounds with its own velocity and B
velocity V. The collision is perfectly inelastic.
continues to be at rest. This is what happens when a ball
rebounds to the same height from which it was thrown,
on striking a floor.
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 Total K.E. after collision = Total K.E. before collision

1 1 1 1
Or m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 = m1u12 + m 2 u 22 ...(13)
2 2 2 2
Or m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 = m1u12 + m 2 u 22 ...(14)
Fig 7.8
As linear momentum is conserved in elastic collision,
As the total linear momentum of the system remains
therefore, along the X–axis, total linear momentum after
constant, therefore Pi = Pf
collision = total linear momentum before collision.
i.e., m1u2 + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) V
m1v1 cos θ + m2v2 cos φ = m1u1 + m2u2 ...(15)
or, m1u1 = (m1 + m2) ( u 2 = 0)
m1u1 Now, along Y–axis, linear momentum before collision is
or, V =
m1 + m 2 zero (as both the bodies are moving along X–axis). And
after collision, total linear momentum along Y–axis is
m1u1
General equation, V = (m1v1 sin θ – m2v2 sin φ)
m1 + m 2
 m1v1sin θ – m2v2 sin φ = 0 ...(16)
4.5 Oblique Collision From three equations (14), (15) and (16), we have to
If the initial velocities and final velocities of both the bodies calculate four variables v1, v2, θ and φ, which is not
are along the same straight line, then it is called a one- possible. We have, therefore, to measure experimentally any
dimensional collision or head-on collision. one parameter, i.e., final velocities v1,v2 of A, B or their
In the case of small spherical bodies, this is possible if the direction θ and φ. The rest of the three parameters can then
direction of travel of body 1 passes through the centre of be calculated from the three equations.
body 2.
When two bodies travelling initially along the same straight
When two bodies travelling initially along the same straight line collide involving some loss of kinetic energy, and move
line collide without loss of kinetic energy and move along after collision, along different directions in a plane, the
different directions in a plane after collision, the collision is collision is said to be inelastic collision in two dimensions.
said to be an elastic collision in two dimensions.
4.5.1 Perfectly inelastic collision in two
Suppose m1, m2 are the masses of two bodies A and B dimensions
moving initially along the X–axis with velocities u1 and u2 Figure shows perfectly inelastic collision between two
respectively. When u1 > u2, the two bodies collide. After bodies of masses m1 and m2. The body of mass m2 is moving
collision, let the body A move with a velocity v 1 at an angle initially with velocity u2 along X–axis. The body of mass m1
θ with X–axis. Let the body B move with a velocity v2 at an
is moving with velocity u1 at an angle θ with X–axis as
angle φ with X–axis as shown in figure. shown.
Fig 7.9 Fig 7.10

As the collision is elastic, kinetic energy is conserved.
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After the collision at O, the two bodies stick to each other

and move with a common velocity V at an angle φ with X–
axis as shown in figure.
As the system is closed and isolated, the total linear
momentum of the system remains constant.
Referring to figure, and equating initial momentum along
X–axis to final momentum along the same axis, we get
m1u1 cos θ + m2u2 = (m1 + m2) V cos φ ...(17)
Again, applying the law of conservation of linear

momentum along y–axis, we get.
m1u1 sin θ + 0 = (m1 + m2) V sin φ ...(18)
Knowing m1, m2 ; u1, u2 and θ, we can calculate final

velocity V and its direction, i.e., ∠φ from equations (17) and
(18).
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NCERT Corner
4. Conservation of Linear Momentum
According to law of conservation of linear momentum,
total linear momentum of a system of particles remain
Important Points to Remember constant or conserved in the absence of any external
force.
1. Centre of Mass i.e, When Fext = 0
Centre of mass of a system is the point that behaves as
dp
whole mass of the system is concentrated on it. For  =0
dt
rigid bodies, centre of mass is independent of the state
of the body, i.e. whether it is in rest or in accelerated  p = constant
motion, centre of mass will remain same. i.e. pinitial = pfinal
• Centre of mass of two particles system, Also, for n number of particles

m x + m2 x 2 p1 + p2 + p3 + ...pn = constant
x CM = 1 1
m1 + m 2
Similarly, x CM for n particle system. • For collision of two bodies, the total momentum before
n collision remains the same as the total momentum after
m1 x1 + m 2 x 2 + ........ + mn x n m x i i the collision.
x CM = = i =1
n i.e., m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2
m1 + m 2 + ........ + m n
m i m1 v1
i =1 • Recoil velocity of gun is calculated by, v 2 = −
• Velocity of centre of mass (n-particles system). m2
m v + m 2 v 2 + .... + m n v n where, m2 = mass of the gun, m1 = mass of bullet
VCM = 1 1 and v1 = velocity of the bullet.
m1 + m 2 + .... + m n
• Acceleration of centre of mass,

5. Collision
• It is an isolated event, in which two or more colliding
m a + m 2 a 2 + .... + m n a n
A CM = 1 1 bodies exert strong forces on each other for a short
m1 + m 2 + .... + m n
duration of time.
• It is mainly of two types: elastic and inelastic collision.
• Momentum of centre of mass. • For every type of collision, linear momentum of
m p + m 2 p 2 + ... + m n p n colliding body or system is conserved.
PCM = 1 1
m1 + m 2 + .... + m n i.e m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2
where, m1 and m2 = masses of the body which undergo
2. Linear Momentum collision.
The total linear momentum of a system of particles is u1 = initial velocity of the body of mass m1,
equal to the product of the total mass of the system and u2 = initial velocity of the body of mass m2,
the velocity of its centre of mass. P = Mvcm v1 = final velocity of the body of mass m 1, and
v2 = final velocity of the body of mass m 2.
3. Impulse
• But kinetic energy of the colliding body and system is
Impulse of a force F acting on a body for the time conserved in elastic collision only.
t2
interval t = t1 to t = t 2 as: I =  F  dt
t1 6. Coefficient of Restitution (e)
And also, It is the ratio of relative velocity of separation after
collision to the relative velocity of approach before
I = m ( v2 − v1 ) = P
v − v1
= Change in momentum due to force F . collision. It is expressed as e = 2 , where
u1 − u 2
0  e  1.
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(i) For perfectly inelastic collision, e = 0.

(ii) For perfectly elastic collision, e = 1 and for inelastic
collision 0 < e < 1.
(iii) For other collisions, it can be 0 < e < 1.
7. Head-on Collision
• For bodies with masses m1 and m2 respectively
following are the important relations for head-on
collision.
(i) When collision is elastic, final velocities for m1 i.e,
( m − m2 ) 2m2 u 2 • If two bodies of equal masses undergo perfect elastic
v1 = 1 u1 +
m1 + m2 m1 + m2 
oblique collision then scattering angle  +  = and
2
2m1u1 ( m2 − m1 )
and for m2, v2 = + u12 = v12 + v 22 .
m1 + m2 m1 + m2
(ii) When collision is inelastic 9. Rebounding of a Ball on collision with

Final velocities for m1, Floor.
 m − em 2   (1 + e ) m 2 
v1 =  1  u1 +   u2 • Speed of the ball after nth rebound,
 m1 + m 2   m1 + m 2 
and for m2, vn = en v0 = en 2gh
 (1 + e ) m1   m 2 − em1  • Height covered by the ball after nth rebound, h n = e 2n h

v2 =   u1 +   u2
 m1 + m 2   m1 + m 2  • Total distance s covered by the ball before it stops
 1 + e2 
bouncing , s = h  2 
• If after collision, approaching bodies move with a  1− e 
common velocity, i.e. e = 0 (get stuck with one where, h = height of the ball dropped from ground and e
another). then collision is said to be perfectly inelastic. = coefficient of restitution
8. For perfectly elastic oblique collision

Along X-axis, m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 cos  + m2 v2 cos 
Along Y-axis, 0 = m1v2 sin  − m2 v2 sin 
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Thus, the COM of the two particles is located at x =

Solved Examples 2m.
Example 1
Example 4
Give the location of the centre of mass of a (i) sphere,
The position vector of three particles of masses
(ii) cylinder, (iii) ring, and (iv) cube, each of uniformly
m1 = 1kg, m2 = 2 kg and m3 = 3kg are
mass density. Does the centre of mass of a body
necessarily lie inside the body? ( ) ( )
r1 = î + 4jˆ + kˆ m, r2 = î + ˆj + kˆ m and
r = ( 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ ) m respectively. Find the position

[NCERT]
Sol. In all four cases, as the mass density is uniform, centre 3
of mass is located at their respective geometrical vector of their centre of mass.

centres. No, its is not necessary that the centre of mass Sol. The position vector of COM of the three particles will
of a body should lie on the body. For example, in case be given by
of a circular ring, centre of mass is at the centre of the m r + m 2 r2 + m3 r3
ring, where there is no mass. rCOM = 1 1
m1 + m 2 + m3
Substituting the values, we get
Example 2
A child sits stationary at one end of a long trolley
rCOM =
( ) ( ) (
(1) î + 4ˆj + kˆ + ( 2 ) î + ˆj + kˆ + ( 3) 2iˆ − ˆj − 2kˆ )
moving uniformly with a speed V on a smooth 1+ 2 + 3
horizontal floor. If the child gets up and runs about on 1 ˆ ˆ ˆ
the trolley in any manner, what is the speed of the CM =
2
( )
3i + j − k m
of the (trolley + child) system?
[NCERT] Example 5
Sol. When the child gets up and runs about on the trolley, Four particles of mass 1 kg, 2 kg, 3 kg and 3 kg are
the speed of the centre of mass of the trolley and child placed at the four vertices A, B, C and D of a square of
remains unchanged irrespective of the manner of side 1 m. Find the position of centre of mass of the
motion of child. It is because here child and trolley particles.
constitute one single system and forces involved are
purely internal forces. As there is no external force,
there is no change in momentum of the system and
velocity remains unchanged.
Example 3
Two particles of mass 1 kg and 2 kg are located at x =
0 and x = 3 m. Find the position of their centre of
mass.
Sol. Since both the particles lies on x-axis, the COM will
also lie on x-axis. Let the COM is
r1 = distance of COM from the particle of mass
1kg = x
Sol. Assuming D as the origin, DC as x-axis and DA as y-

axis, we have
m1 = 1 kg, (x1, y1) = (0, 1m)
m2 = 2 kg, (x2, y2) = (1m, 1m)
m3 = 3 kg, (x3, y3) = (1m, 0)
and r2 = distance of COM from the particle of mass and m4 = 4 kg, (x4, y4) = (0, 0)
2kg = (3 – x) Co-ordinates of their COM are
r m x 2 m x + m 2 x 2 + m3 x 3 + m 4 x 4
Using 1 = 2 or = or x = 2 m x COM = 1 1
r2 m1 3− x 1 m1 + m 2 + m3 + m 4
(1)( 0 ) + 2 (1) + 3 (1) + 4 ( 0 ) 5 1  = Rx. Here, R is a positive constant. Find the

= = = m = 0.5m
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 10 2 position of centre of mass of this rod.
m1 y1 + m 2 y 2 + m3 y3 + m 4 y 4 Sol. Mass of element dx situated at x = x is
Similarly, yCOM = dm =  dx
m1 + m 2 + m3 + m 4
 dm = Rxdx
(1)(1) + 2 (1) + 3 ( 0 ) + 4 ( 0 ) 3
= = = 0.3m The COM of the element has coordinates (x, 0, 0).
1+ 2 + 3 + 4 10
Therefore, x-coordinate of COM of the rod will be
( x COM , yCOM ) = ( 0.5m,0.3m) L
Thus, position of COM of the four particles is as x COM =

 0
xdm
shown in figure.  dm
L
L
 x3 
L R  x 2 dx 3
=
 ( x )( Rx ) dx
0
= 0
=
 0
=
2L
L
L L
3
 ( Rx ) dx
0 R  xdx
 x2 
2
0  0
The y-coordinate of COM of the rod is
yCOM =
 ydm = 0 (as y = 0)
 dm
Similarly, z COM = 0
 2L 
Hence, the centre of mass of the rod lies at  , 0, 0  .
Example 6  3 
Consider a two-particle system with the particles
having masses m1 and m2. If the first particle is pushed Example 8
towards the centre of mass through a distance d, by A uniform this rod is bent in the form of closed loop
what distance should the second particle be moved so ABCDEFA as shown in the figure. The y-coordinate
as to keep the centre of mass at the same position? of the centre of mass of the system is
Sol. Consider figure. Suppose the distance of m 1 from the
centre of mass C is x1 and half of m2 from C is x2.
Suppose the mass m2 is moved through a distance d’
towards C so as to keep the centre of mass at C.
Then , m1 x1 = m2 x 2 ….(i)
and m1 ( x1 − d ) = m2 ( x 2 − d ') . …(ii)
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
m1d = m 2 d ' 2r 6r
(a) (b) −
 3 + 2
m1
or, d ' = d. 2r
m2 (c) − (d) Zero

Ans. (b)
Example 7
Sol. The centre of mass of semicircular ring is at a distance
A rod of length L is placed along the x-axis between x
2r
= 0 and x = L. The linear density (mass/length)  of from its centre.

the rod varies with the distance x from the origin as
(Let  = mass/length)
2r 4r
r  −   2r 
 Ycm =   = − 6r
r + r + r + 2r 3 + 2
Example 9
A projectile is fired at a speed of 100 m/s at an angle
37o above the horizontal. At the highest point, the
projectile breaks into two parts of mass ratio 1 : 3, the Suppose the man moves at a speed w towards the right
lighter piece coming to rest. Find the distance from the and the platform recoils at a speed V towards left, both
launching point to the point where the heavier piece relative to the ice. Hence, the speed of the man with
lands. respect to platform:
Sol. Internal force do note effect the motion of the centre of V + W = v,
mass, the centre of mass hits the ground at the position or W = v − V ….(i)
where the original projectile would have landed. The
Taking the platform and the man to be the system,
range of the original projectile is,
there is no external horizontal force on the system. The
3 4
2  104   linear momentum of the system remains constant.
2u 2 sin  cos  5 5m
x COM = = Initially both the man and the platform were at rest.
g 10
Thus,
= 960 m 0 = MV – mW or, MV = m (v – V) [Using (i)]
mv
or, V =
M + m.
Example 11
The centre of mass of two masses m & m ' moves by
x
distance when mass m is moved by distance x and
5
The centre of mass will hit the ground at this position. m'
m’ is kept fixed. The ratio is
As the smallest block comes to rest after breaking. It m
falls down vertically and hits the ground at half of the (a) 2 (b) 4
range, i.e., at (c) ¼ (d) None of these
m x + m2 x 2 Ans: (b)
x COM = 1 1
m1 + m 2 x
Sol: ( m + m') = mx + m'O
( m )( 480) + ( 3m )( x 2 ) 5
960 =
( m + 3m ) m + m' = 5m; m' = 4m;
m'
=4
m
x 2 = 1120m .
Example 12
Example 10 A person P of mass 50 kg stands at the middle of a
A man of mass m is standing on a platform of mass M boat of mass 100 kg moving at a constant velocity 10
kept on smooth ice. If the man starts moving on the m/s with no friction between water and boat and also
platform with a speed v relative to the platform, with the engine of the boat is shut off. With what velocity
what velocity relative to the ice does the platform (relative to the boat surface) should the person move
recoil? so that the boat comes to rest. (Neglect friction
Sol. Consider the situation shown in figure. between water and boat)
5 14 + 2  0
vcm = = 10m / s .
5+ 2
Example 15
The two blocks A and B of same mass connected to a
spring and placed on a smooth surface. They are given
(a) 30 m/s towards right velocities (as shown in the figure) when the spring is
(b) 20 m/s towards right in its natural length:
(c) 30 m/s towards left
(d) 20 m/s towards left
Ans: (a)
Sol: Momentum of the system remains conserved as no
external force is acting on the system in horizontal
(a) The maximum velocity of B will be 10m/s
direction.
(b) The maximum velocity of B will be greater than
(50 + 100)10 = 50  V + 100  0  V = 30m / s 10m/s
towards right. (c) The spring will have maximum extension when A
As boat is at rest: VPboat = 30m / s and B both stop
(d) The spring will have maximum extension when
Example 13 both move towards left.
Two men of masses 80 kg and 60 kg are standing on a Ans: (a)
wood plank of mass 100 kg, that has been placed over Sol. Suppose B moves with a velocity more than 10 m/s a
a smooth surface. If both the men start moving toward should move at a velocity greater than 5 m/s and
each other with speeds 1 m/s and 2 m/s respectively increases the overall energy which is not possible since
then find the velocity of the plank by which its starts there is no external force acting on the system. Hence
moving. B should move with a maximum velocity 10 m/s. Also
both A and B can never stop so as to keep the
momentum constant. Also both A and B can never
move towards left simultaneously for momentum
remaining conserved.
Hence only (a) is correct.
Example 16
Sol: Applying momentum conservation; The hero of a stunt film fires 50 g bullets from a
machine gun, each at a speed of 1.0 km/s. If he fires 20
(80)1 + 60 ( −2) = (80 + 60 + 100) v
bullets in 4 seconds, what average force does he exert
−40 1 against the machine gun during this period.
v= = − m / sec.
240 6 Sol. The momentum of each bullet
= ( 0.050kg )(1000m / s ) = 50kg − m / s.
Example 14
The gun has been imparted this much amount of
Figure shows two blocks of masses 5 kg and 2 kg
momentum by each bullet fired. Thus, the rate of
placed on a frictionless surface and connected with a
change of momentum of the gun
spring. An external kick gives a velocity 14 m/s to the
heavier block towards the lighter one. Find the
( 50kg − m / s )  20
= = 250N.
velocity gained by the centre of mass. 4s
In order to hold the gun, the hero must exert a force of
250 N against the gun.
Example 17
Two identical balls are approaching towards each
other on a straight line with velocity 2 m/s and 4 m/s
Sol. Velocity of mass is
respectively. Find the final velocities, after elastic By using conservation of linear momentum and
collision between them. equation of e, we get,
 1+ e  1− e 
v1 ' =   v and v 2 ' =  v
 2   2 
3
Given that K f = K i or
4
Sol. The two velocities will be exchanged and the final
motion is reverse of initial motion for both. 1 1 31 
mv2 '2 + mv2 '2 =  mv2 
2 2 42 
Substituting the value, we get
2 2
 1+ e   1− e  3 1
  +  = or e = .
 2   2  4 2
Example 18
Three balls A, B and C of same mass ‘m’ are placed
Example 20
on a frictionless horizontal plane in a straight line as
A block of mass 2 kg is pushed towards a very heavy
shown. Ball A is moved with velocity u towards the
object moving with 2 m/s closer to the block (as
middle ball B. If all the collisions are elastic then, find
shown). Assuming elastic collision and frictionless
the final velocities of all the balls.
surfaces, find the final velocities of the blocks.
Sol. A collides elastically with B and comes to rest but, B

starts moving with velocity u
Sol. Let v1 and v2 be the final velocities of 2 kg block and

heavy object respectively then,
As, Pi = Pf
After a while B collides elastically with C and comes m1u1 + m2 u 2 = m1v1 + m2 v2
to rest but C start moving with velocity u
 m2 ( −2) = m2 v2
( as m1  m2 )
 v2 = −2m / s
 Final velocities as v2 − v1 = e ( u1 − u 2 )
VA = 0; Here, e = 1
VB = 0 and VC = u v 2 − v1 = u1 − u 2
v1 = v2 − u1 + u 2
Example 19 = −2 − 10 − 2
On a frictionless surface, a ball of mass m moving at a
= −14m / s
speed v makes a head on collision with an identical
ball at rest. The kinetic energy of the balls after the
collision is 3/4th of the original. Find the coefficient of
restitution.
Sol. As we have seen in the above discussion, that under
the given conditions:
Example 21
A ball is moving with velocity 2 m/s towards a heavy
wall moving towards the ball with speed 1 m/s as
shown in fig. Assuming collision to be elastic, find the
velocity of the ball immediately after the collision
Component along Component along

Ball common tangent common normal
direction direction
Before After Before After
Collision Collision Collision Collision
1. vsin  vsin  v cos  0
2. 0 0 0 v cos 
Sol. The speed of wall will not change after the collision. From the above table and figure, we see that both the
So, let v be the velocity of the ball after collision in the balls move at right angles after collision with
direction shown in figure. Since collision is elastic velocities v sin θ and v cos θ.
(e=1),
Example 23
Two balls are moving towards each other on a vertical
line collides with each other as shown. Find their
velocities just after collision.
separate speed = approach speed

or v – 1 = 2 + 1 or v = 4 m/s.
Example 22
A ball of mass m makes an elastic collision with
another identical ball at rest. Show that if the collision
is oblique, the bodies go at right angles to each other
Sol.
after collision.
Sol.
Linear momentum is conserved

In head on elastic collision between two particles, they − ( 2)( 3) + 4 ( 4) = 2 ( V1 ) + 4 ( −V2 )
exchange their velocities. In this case, the component  10 = 2V1 − 4V2
of ball 1 along common normal direction, v  V1 − 2V2 = 5
cos θ becomes zero after collision, while that of 2
 V1 = 5 + 2V2 .... (1)
becomes v cos θ. While the components along
common tangent direction of both the particles remain Kinetic energy is conserved:-
unchanged. Thus, the components along common 1 1 1 1
 2  9 +  4  16 =  2V12 +  4  V22
tangent and common normal direction of both the balls 2 2 2 2
in tabular form are given a head : 41 = V12 + 2V22
From eq. (i)
41 = 4V22 + 25 + 20V2 + 2V22 Therefore, coordinates of Com of the lamina shown in

6V22 + 20V2 − 16 = 0  a 
figure are  − , 0  .
 6 
3V22 + 10V2 − 8 = 10
−10  100 + 4 ( 3)(8 ) Example 25

V2 = A shell if fired from a cannon with a speed of 100 m/s
2 ( 3)
at an angle 60o with the horizontal (positive x-
−10  14 2 direction). At the highest point of its trajectory, the
 V2 = = m/s
6 3 shell explodes into two equal fragments. One of the
2 fragments moves along the negative x-direction with a
V1 = 5 + 2  
3 speed of 50 m/s. What is the speed of the other
19 fragment at the time of explosion.
= m/s Sol. As we know in absence of external force the motion of
3
centre of mass of a body remains unaffected, Thus,
here the centre of the two fragments will continue to
Example 24
follow the original projectile path. The velocity of the
Find the position of centre of mass of the uniform
shell at the highest point of trajectory is
lamina shown in figure.
vM = u cos  = 100  cos 60 = 50m / s
Let v1 be the speed of the fragment which moves along
the negative x-direction and the other fragment has
speed v2,. which must be along positive x-direction.
Now from momentum conservation, we have
−m m
mv = v1 + v 2 or 2v = v 2 − v1
2 2
or v2 = 2v + v1 = ( 2  50) + 50 = 50m / s .
Sol. Here,
A1 = area of complete circle = a 2
2
a a 2
A2 = area of small circle =    =
2 4
(x1, y1) = coordinates of centre of mass of large circle
= (0, 0)
and (x2, y2) = coordinates of centre of mass of small
a 
circle =  , 0 
2 
A1 x1 − A 2 x 2
Using x COM =
A1 − A 2
a 2  a  1
−   − 
4 2 8 a
We get x COM = =  a =−
a 2
 3  6
a 2 −  
4 4
and yCOM = 0 as y1 and y2 both are zero.

Centre of Mass 7. A hollow sphere is held suspended. Sand is now
1. A cart of mass M is tied to one end of a massless rope poured into it in stages. The centre of gravity of the
of length 10 m. The other end of the rope is in the sphere:
hands of a man of the same mass M. The entire (a) first falls and then rises to the original position
system is on a smooth horizontal surface. The man is (b) first rises and then falls to the original position
at x = 0 and the cart at x = 10 m. If the man pulls the (c) remains unchanged in the process
cart by the rope, the man and the cart will meet at the (d) rises continuously
point :
(a) they will never meet (b) x = 10 m 8. A system consists of mass M and m (<< M). The
(c) x = 5m (d) x = 0 centre of mass of the system is :
(a) at the middle
2. The centre of mass of the system of the particles does (b) nearer to M
not depend on : (c) nearer to m
(a) relative distance between the particles (d) at the position of larger mass
(b) position of the particle
(c) forces on the particle 9. Three rods of the same mass are placed as shown in
(d) masses of the particle the figure. What will be the coordinate of the centre
of mass of the system?
3. The position of centre of mass of a system consisting
of two particles of masses m1 and m2 separated by a
distance L apart, from m1 will be :
m1L m2 L
(a) (b)
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
m2 L L
(c) (d)
m1 2
4. Four identical spheres each of radius 10 cm and mass

1 kg are placed on a horizontal surface touching one
another so that their centres are located at the corners
of the square of side 20 cm. What is the distance of a a  a a 
their centre of mass from the centre of either sphere? (a)  ,  (b)  , 
2 2  2 2
(a) 5 cm (b) 10 cm
(c) 20 cm (d) none of these  2a 2a  a a
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
 3 3  3 3
5. All the particles of a body are situated at a distance R
from the origin. The distance of centre of mass of the 10. A rod is of length 3 m and its mass per unit length is
body from the origin is : directly proportional to the distance x from its one
(a) = R (b) < R end. The centre of gravity of the rod from that end
(c) > R (d) > R will be at:
(a) 1.5m (b) 2m
6. In a carbon monoxide molecule, the carbon and the (c) 2.5m (d) 3.0m
oxygen atoms are separated by a distance 1.12 × 10–10
m. The distance of the centre of mass, from the 11. Two bodies of mass 1 kg and 3 kg have position
carbon atom is : vectors î + 2jˆ + kˆ and − 3iˆ − 2jˆ + kˆ , respectively. The
(a) 0.64 × 10–10 m (b) 0.56 × 10–10 m centre of mass of this system has a position vector
(c) 0.51 × 10–10 m (d) 0.48 × 10–10 m (a) −2iˆ + 2kˆ (b) −2iˆ − ˆj + kˆ
(c) 2î − ĵ − 2k̂ (d) −î + ĵ + k̂
12. Four bodies of masses 2, 3, 5 and 8 kg are placed at

the four corners of a square of side 2 m. The position
of CM will be:
(a) 2 m (b) 8 m
(c) 6 m (d) 4 m
 8 13   7 11 
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
9 9  9 9  15. A uniform metal disc of radius R is taken and out of
it, a disc of diameter R is cut-off from the end. The
centre of mass of the remaining part will be :
 11 13   11 8 
(c)  ,  (d)  ,  (a) R/4 from the centre (b) R/3 from the centre
9 9  9 9
(c) R/5 from the centre (d) R/6 from the centre
13. Masses of 2 kg each are placed at the corners B and

16. A uniform metal rod of length 1 m is bent at 90° so as
A of a rectangular plate ABCD as shown in the
to form two arms of equal length. The centre of mass
figure. A mass of 8 kg to be placed on the plate so
of this bent rod is :
that the centre of mass of the system should be at the
centre O. Then the mass should be placed at :  1 
(a) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex
 2
 1 
(b) on the bisector of the angle,   m from
2 2
vertex
1
(c) on the bisector of the angle,   m from vertex
2
 1 
(d) on the bisector of the angle,   m from
4 2
vertex
(a) 1 m from O on OE (b) 2 m from O on OF
(c) 2 m from O on OG (d) 2 m from O on OH
17. Three identical metal balls each of radius r are placed
touching each other on a horizontal surface such that
14. Four particles of mass m1 = 2m, m2 = 4m, m3 = m
an equilateral triangle is formed with centres of three
and m4 are placed at four corners of a square. What
balls joined. The centre of mass of the system is
should be the value of m4 so that the centre of mass
located at :
of all the four particles are exactly at the centre of the
(a) horizontal surface
square?
(b) centre of one of the balls
(c) line joining the centres of any two balls
(d) point of intersection of the medians
18. A uniform square plate ABCD has a mass of 10 kg. If

two points masses of 5 kg each are placed at the
corners C and D as shown in the adjoining figure,
then the centre of mass lies on:
(c) depends on the speeds of the two balls

(d) is equal to g
22. Two particles A and B initially at rest, move towards

each other under a mutual force of attraction. At the
instant when the speed of A is v and the speed of B is
2v, the speed of centre of mass of the system is :
(a) zero (b) v
(c) 1.5 v (d) 3 v
23. Statement–1 : Centre of mass of a body will

continue to move with constant velocity, if external
(a) OH (b) DH
forces acting on it are zero.
(c) OG (d) OF
Statement–2 : Centre of mass of a moving car is
achieved to come to rest by applying brakes as the
19. Distance of the centre of mass of a solid uniform
internal forces of the brakes bring the required
cone from its vertex is z0. If the radius of its base is R
change.
and its height is h then z0 is equal to :
(a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and
5h 3h 3 Statement-2 is the correct explanation for
(a) (b)
8 8R Statement-1.
h2 3h (b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but
(c) (d)
4R 4 Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
Statement 1.
20. A uniform circular disc of radius a is taken. A (c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false.
circular portion of radius b has been removed from its (d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
as shown in the figure. If the centre of hole is at a
distance c from the centre of the disc, the distance x 2 24. Statement – 1: If no external force acts on a system
of the centre of mass of the remaining part from the of particles, then the centre of mass will not move in
initial centre of mass O is given by any direction.
Statement – 2: If net external force is zero, then the
linear momentum of the system remains constant.
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
Statement 1.
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false.
b 2 cb 2 (d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
(a) (b)
(a 2
− c2 ) (a 2
− b2 )
25. Statement–1: If net force acting on a system is zero
c 2 ca 2 then the centre of mass of the system always remains
(c) (d)
(a 2
− b2 ) (c 2
− b2 ) at rest.
Statement–2: If net force acting on a system is zero
then acceleration of centre of mass is zero.
Motion of Centre of Mass (a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and
21. Two balls are thrown simultaneously in air. The
acceleration of the centre of mass of the two balls
Statement-1.
while in air :
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but
(a) depends on the direction of the motion of the balls
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
(b) depends on the masses of the two balls
Statement 1.
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false. 31. Two particles are shown in the figure. At t = 0 a
(d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true. constant force F = 6 N starts acting on the 3 kg
particle. Find the velocity of the centre of mass of
26. Two blocks of mass 10 kg and 4 kg are connected by these particles at t = 5 s.
a spring of negligible mass and placed on a
frictionless horizontal surface. An impulse gives a
velocity of 14 m/s to the heavier block in the
direction of the lighter block. The velocity of the
(a) 5 m/s (b) 4 m/s
centre of mass is :
(c) 6 m/s (d) 3 m/s
(a) 30 m/s (b) 20 m/s
(c) 10 m/s (d) 5 m/s
32. A meter stick is placed vertically at the origin on a
frictionless surface. A gentle push in +x direction is
27. Consider a system of two identical particles. One of
given to the top most point of the rod, when it has
the particles is at rest and the other has an
fallen completely x coordinate of centre of rod is at :
acceleration a . The centre of mass has an (a) origin (b) – 0.5 m
acceleration. (c) – 1 m (d) + 0.5 m
1
(a) zero (b) a
2 33. Two stones of masses 4 kg and 8 kg are moving with
(c) a (d) 2 velocities 4 m/s and 10 m/s towards each other due to
mutual gravitational attraction. The velocity of their
28. Two bodies A and B are attracted towards each other centre of mass will be :
due to gravitation. Given that A is much heavier than (a) 24.9 m/s (b) 28.14 m/s
B, which of the following correctly describes the (c) 14.7 m/s (d) 5.3 m/s
motion of the centre of mass of the bodies?
(a) It moves towards A 34. Block A and B are resting on a smooth horizontal
(b) It remains at rest surface given equal speeds of 2 m/s in opposite sense
(c) It moves towards B as shown in the figure. At t = 0, the position of block
(d) It moves perpendicular to the line joining the are shown, then the coordinates of centre of mass at
particles t = 3 s will be :
29. Consider a system of two particles having masses m1

and m2 . If the particle of mass ml is pushed towards
the mass centre of particles through a distance d, by
what distance would the particle of mass m2 move so
as to keep the mass centre of particles at the original (a) (1, 0) (b) (3, 0)
position ? (c) (5, 0) (d) (2.25, 0)
m1 m
(a) d (b) 1 d
m1 + m 2 m2 35. Two persons A and B having masses 50 kg and 60 kg
m2 respectively are sitting at the two extremes to a 4 m
(d) d (d) d long boat of mass 40 kg kept on smooth ice. If they
m1
come to the middle of the boat then how
(approximately) far does the boat move on the ice
30. Two particles of equal mass have coordinates (2m,
during the process:
4m, 6m) and (6m, 2m, 8m). One of these particles has
(a) 10 cm (b) 18 cm
1 ( )
a velocity v = 2 î m/s and another particle has (c) 16 cm (d) 13 cm
velocity v2 = ( 2 ˆj) m/s at time t = 0. The coordinate of
36. Two balls of equal mass are projected from a tower
their centre of mass at time t = 1s will be : simultaneously with equal speeds. One at angle 
(a) (4m, 4m, 7m) (b) (5m, 4m, 7m) above the horizontal and the other at the same angle
(c) (2m, 4m, 6m) (d) (4m, 5m, 4m)
 below the horizontal. The path of the centre of

mass of the two balls is:
(a) a vertical straight line
(b) a horizontal straight line
(c) a straight line at angle α (< θ) with horizontal
(d) a parabola
37. Two particles of masses 4 kg and 8 kg are separated (b)

by a distance of 12 m. If they are moving towards
each other under the influence of a mutual force of
attraction, then the two particles will meet each other
at a distance of :
(a) 6 m from 8 kg mass (b) 2 m from 8 kg mass
(c) 4 m from 8 kg mass (d) 8 m from 8 kg mass
38. Two particles A and B start moving due to their

(c)
mutual interaction only. If at any time ‘t’ a A and a B
are their respective accelerations, v A and v B are their
respective velocities, and up to that time WA and WB
are the work done on A and B, respectively by the
mutual force, mA and mB are their masses,
respectively, then which of the following is always
correct.
(a) v A + v B = 0 (b) mA vA + mB vB = 0 (d)
(c) WA + WB = 0 (d) a A + a B = 0
41. In the arrangement as shown, the mass of block A is
m. What should be the mass of the block B so that
39. A projectile of mass 3 m explodes at the highest point magnitude of acceleration of centre of mass of both
of its path. It breaks into three equal parts. One part the blocks is zero :
follows the original path of the projectile, the second
one comes to rest. The range of the projectile was 100
m if no explosion would have taken place. The
distance of the third part from the point of projection
when it finally lands on the ground is :
(a) 100 m (b) 150 m
(c) 250 m (d) 300 m
40. A ladder is leaned against a smooth wall and it is m m 3

(a) (b)
allowed to slip on a frictionless floor. Which figure 2 2
represents the tracks of its centre of mass? m
(c) m 2 (d)
3
Linear Momentum
42. The kinetic energy of a body becomes four times its
initial value. The new linear momentum will be :
(a) eight times that of initial value
(b) four times that of initial value
(a) (c) twice the initial value
(d) remain as the initial value
43. If a player catches a ball of mass 200 g moving with (c) 2 mu (d) zero
the velocity 40 ms–1, then he experiences a force of 50. One projectile moving with velocity v in space, gets
(time taken to catch the ball is 0.1 s) burst into 2 parts of masses in the ratio 1 : 3. The
(a) 20 N (b) 40 N smaller part becomes stationary. What is the velocity
(c) 80 N (d) 100 N of the other part ?
(a) 4 v (b) v
44. Statement–1 : Internal forces can change the 4v 3v
(c) (d)
momentum of the system. 3 4
Statement–2 : Internal forces can change the kinetic
energy of the system. 51. Consider the following two statements :
(a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and (A) Linear momentum of the system remains constant
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for (B) Centre of mass of the system remains at rest
Statement-1.
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but (a) A implies B and B implies A
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for (b) A does not imply B and B does not imply A
Statement 1. (c) A implies B but B does not imply A
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false. (d) B implies A but A does not imply B
(d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
52. Consider the following two statements :
45. A 4 kg mass and a 1 kg mass are moving with equal (A) Linear momentum of a system of particles is zero
kinetic energies. The ratio of their momenta is (B) Kinetic energy of a system of particles is zero
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 1
(c) 2 : 1 (d) 4 : 1 (a) A implies B and B implies A
(b) A does not imply B and B does not imply A
46. A shell of mass m moving with velocity v suddenly (c) A implies B but B does not imply A
breaks into 2 pieces. The part having mass m/4 (d) B implies A but A does not imply B
remains stationary. The velocity of other part will be
(a) v (b) 2v 53. A machine gun fires a steady stream of bullets at the
3 4 rate of n per minute into a stationary target in which
(c) v (d) v the bullets get embedded. If each bullet has a mass m
4 3
and arrives at the target with a velocity v, the average
force on the target is :
47. A spacecraft of mass M moves with velocity V in
60 v
free space at first, then it explodes, breaking into two (a) 60 mnv (b)
pieces. If after explosion a piece of mass m comes to mn
rest, the other piece of spacecraft will have a velocity mnv mv
(c) (d)
MV MV 60 60 n
(a) (b)
M−m M+m
mV mV 54. A particle is projected from a point at an angle with
(c) (d) the horizontal. At any instant t, if P is the linear
M−m M+m
momentum and E the kinetic energy, then which of
48. A bullet of mass 5 g is fired at a velocity 900 ms–1 the following graphs is/are correct ?
from A rifle of mass 2.5 kg. What is recoil velocity of
the rifle ?
(a) 0.9 ms–1 (b) 180 ms–1
(c) 900 ms –1
(d) 1.8 ms–1
49. A mass m with velocity u strikes a wall normally and (a) (b)
returns with the same speed. What is magnitude of
the change in momentum of the body when it returns
(a) 4 mu (b) mu
60. A batsman hits a 150 g ball moving horizontally at 20

m/s back to the bowler at 12 m/s. If the contact of bat
and ball lasted for 0.04 s, then the average force
exerted by the bat on the ball is :
(a) 30 N (b) 120 N
(c) 150 N (d) 120 × l03 N
(c) (d)
61. A body is accelerated from rest by applying a force of
55. A ball hits the floor and rebounds after an inelastic 30 N. The momentum of the body after 2 s will be :
collision. in this case : (a) 60 kg-m/s (b) 120 kg-m/s
(a) the momentum of the ball just after the collision is (c) 67.5 kg-m/s (d) 30 kg-m/s
the same as that just before the collision
(b) the mechanical energy of the ball remains the 62. A boat of mass 40 kg is at rest. A dog of mass 4 kg
same in the collision moves in the boat with a velocity of 10 m/s. What is
(c) the total momentum of the ball and the earth is the velocity of a boat ?
conserved (a) 4 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(d) the total energy of the ball and the earth is (c) 8 m/s (d) 1 m/s
conserved
63. Assertion : A quick collision between two bodies is
56. A projectile is moving at 20 ms at its highest point
–1
more violent than a slow collision; even when the
where it breaks into equal parts due to an internal initial and final velocities are identical.
explosion. One part moves vertically up at 30 ms–1 Reason : The momentum is greater in the first case.
with respect to the ground. Then the other part will (a) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason
move at is the correct explanation of assertion.
(a) 20 m/s (b) 10 13 m / s (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(c) 50 m/s (d) 30 m/s not the correct explanation of assertion.
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false.
57. A bullet is fired from a gun. The force on the bullet is (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
given by :
F = 600 – 2 × l05 t 64. The Diwali rocket is ejecting 50 g of gases s–1 at a
where F is in newton and t in second. The force on velocity of 400 ms–1. The accelerating force on the
the bullet becomes zero as soon as it leaves the barrel. rocket will be :
What is the average impulse imparted to the bullet ? (a) 22 dyne (b) 20 N
(a) 8 Ns (b) zero (c) 20 dyne (d) 100 N
(c) 0.9 Ns (d) l.8 Ns
65. Statement–1 : It is not possible to know details of
58. A particle of mass 1 kg is thrown vertically upward final motion just by knowing details of initial motion
with speed 100 m/s. After 5 s, it explodes into two and without knowing the forces which are changing
parts. One part of mass 400 g comes back with speed the motion of the system.
25 m/s, what is the speed of the other part just after dP
Statement–2 : Fext =
the explosion? dt
(a) 100 m/s upward (b) 600 m/s upward (a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and
(c) 100 m/s downward (d) 300 m/s upward Statement-2 is the correct explanation for
Statement-1.
59. A player takes 0.1 s in catching a ball of mass 150 g (b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but
moving with velocity of 20 m/s. The force imparted Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
by the ball on the hands of the player is : Statement 1.
(a) 0.3 N (b) 3 N (c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false.
(c) 30 N (d) 300 N (d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
66. Two bodies A and B having masses in the ratio 3 : 1

possess the same kinetic energy. The ratio of linear
momentum of B to A is :
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
67. A block of mass 2 kg collides with a horizontal

massless spring of force constant 2 Nm –1. The block
compresses the spring 4 m from the initial position. (a) 0.2 kg ms–1 (b) – 0.2 kg ms–1
Speed of the block at the instant of collision is (c) 0.l kg ms–1 (d) –0.4 kg ms–1
(a) 16 m/s (b) 4 m/s
(c) 8 m/s (d) 12 m/s 73. A ball of mass 150 g is moving with an acceleration
20 m/s 2. The force acts on it for 0.1 s. The impulse
68. In a gravity free space, a man of mass M standing at a during the interval is
height h above the floor, throws a ball of mass m (a) 0.5 N-s (b) 0.1 N-s
straight down with a speed u. When the ball reaches (c) 0.3 N-s (d) 1.2 N-s
the floor, the distance of the man above the floor will
be : 74. A body of mass 1 kg initially at rest, explodes and
 m  M breaks into three fragments of masses in the ratio 1 :
(a) h 1 +  (b) 1 +  h
 M  m 1 : 3. The two pieces of equal mass fly off
m perpendicular to each other, with a speed of 15 m/s
(c) h (d) h each. The speed of the heavier fragment is :
M
(a) 5 2 ms−1 (b) 45 ms–1
69. A particle of mass m moving towards the east with (c) 5 ms–1 (d) 15 ms–1
speed v collides with another particle of the same
mass and same speed v moving towards the north. If 75. A particle of mass 15 kg an initial velocity
the two particles stick to each other, the new particle v = î − 2 ˆj m/s. It collides with another body and the
i
of mass 2m will have a speed of impact interval is 0.1 s, resulting in a velocity
(a) v (b) v/2
v = 6iˆ + 4 ˆj + 5kˆ m/s after impact. The average force
f
v
(c) (d) v 2 of impact on the particle is :
2
(
(a) 15 5iˆ + 6jˆ + 5kˆ) (
(b) 15 5iˆ + 6 ˆj − 5kˆ )
70. If kinetic energy of a body is increased by 300%, then
percentage change in momentum will be:
(
(c) 150 5iˆ − 6 ˆj + 5kˆ ) (
(d) 150 5iˆ + 6 ˆj + 5kˆ )
(a) 100% (b) 150%
(c) 265% (d) 73.2% 76. A shell of mass m is moving horizontally with
velocityv0 and collides with a wedge of mass M just
71. A bullet is fired and gets embedded in a block kept on above point A, as shown in the figure. As a
the table. If table is frictionless then : consequence, wedge starts to move towards left and
(a) potential energy gets conserved the shell returns with a velocity in x–y plane. The
(b) kinetic energy gets conserved principle of conservation of momentum can be
(c) momentum gets conserved applied for :
(d) both (a) and (b)
72. In the figure given the position-time graph of a

particle of mass 0.1 kg is shown. The impulse at t = 2
s is :
? Assume that the marble strikes the disc normally

and rebound downwards with the same speed:
(a) 2.98 m/s (b) 0.98 m/s
(c) 0.49 m/s (d) 1.96 m/s
82. The mass of a hydrogen molecule is 3.32  10−27 kg .

If 1023 hydrogen molecules strike, per second, a fixed
wall of area 2cm2 at an angle of 450 to the normal,
and rebound elastically with a speed of 103m/s, then
(a) system (m + M) along any direction the pressure on the wall is nearly :
(b) system (m + M) along vertical (a) 2.35 102 N / m2 (b) 4.70 102 N / m2
(c) system (m + M) horizontally
(c) 2.35 103 N / m2 (d) 4.70 103 N / m2
(d) none of the above
77. An explosion blows a rock into three parts. Two parts Collisions
go off at right angles to each other. These two are, 1 83. Two particles collide and move jointly together after
kg first part moving with a velocity of 12 ms–1 and 2 the inelastic collision. During such a collision, for the
kg second part moving with a velocity of 8 ms–1. If total system :
the third part flies off with a velocity of 4 ms–1, its (a) neither the kinetic energy nor the linear
mass would be momentum are conserved
(a) 5 kg (b) 7 kg (b) both the kinetic energy and the linear momentum
(c)17 kg (d) 3 kg are conserved
(c) linear momentum is conserved but not the kinetic
78. A particle of mass m is projected with velocity v energy
making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. When the (d) kinetic energy is conserved but not the linear
particle lands on the level ground the magnitude of momentum
the change in its momentum will be
(a) 2 mv (b) mv / 2 84. Which one of the following is true ?
(a) Momentum is not conserved in all collisions but
(c) 2mv (d) zero
kinetic energy is conserved in elastic collisions
(b) Momentum is conserved in all collisions but not
79. A 50-gram bullet moving with a velocity of 10 ms–1 kinetic energy
gets embedded into a 950 g stationary body. The loss (c) Both momentum and kinetic energy are
in K.E. of the system will be
conserved in all collisions
(a) 95% (b) 100%
(d) Neither momentum nor kinetic energy is
(c) 5% (d) 50%
conserved in elastic collisions
80. A 5000 kg rocket is set for vertical firing. The 85. A body of mass m moving with velocity u collides
exhaust speed is 800 m/s. To give an initial upward
inelastically with a stationary body of mass 2 m. The
acceleration of 20 m/s 2. The amount of gas ejected
speed of the system after collision, is :
per second to supply the needed thrust will be :
(a) 3 u (b) u/3
(a) 137.5 kg/s along horizontal direction (c) 2u (d) u/4
(b) 145.5 kg/s along horizontal direction
(c) 127.5 kg/s
86. Which of the following is not an example of perfectly
(d) 187.5 kg/s
inelastic collision ?
(a) A bullet fired into a block if bullet gets embedded
81. A disc of mass 10 g is kept floating horizontally by into the block
throwing 10 marbles per second against it from (b) Capture of electrons by an atom
below. If the mass of each marble is 5 g. What will be
(c) A man jumping on to a moving boat
the velocity with which the marble is striking the disc
(d) A ball bearing striking another ball bearing
87. Statement–1 : In one dimensional elastic collision 90. Statement–1: A quick collision between two bodies
between an incoming body A and body B which is at is more violent than slow collision, even when initial
rest, mass of body B should be quite lesser than mass and final velocities are identical.
of body A so that body B recoils with greatest speed. Statement–2: The rate of change of momentum
Statement–2 : Linear momentum and energy is determines that the impulsive force is small or large.
conserved in elastic collision. (a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and
(a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and Statement-2 is the correct explanation for
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for Statement-1.
Statement-1. (b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for Statement 1.
Statement 1. (c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false.
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false. (d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
(d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true.
91. The quantities remaining constant in a collision are
88. Statement–1: A particle strikes head–on with another (a) momentum, kinetic energy and temperature
stationary particle such that the first particle comes to (b) momentum and kinetic energy but not
rest after collision. The collision should necessarily temperature
be elastic. (c) momentum and temperature but not kinetic energy
Statement–2: In elastic collision there is no loss of (d) momentum, but neither kinetic energy nor
momentum of the system of both the particles. temperature
Statement-2 is the correct explanation for 92. When a ball of mass = 5 kg hits a bat with a velocity
Statement-1. =3 m/s, in positive direction and it moves back with a
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but velocity = 4 m/s, find the impulse in SI units:
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for (a) 5 (b) 15
Statement 1. (c) 25 (d) 35
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false.
(d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true. 93. A block of mass m moving at a velocity v collides
with another block of mass 2 m at rest. The lighter
89. Statement–1: If a sphere of mass m moving with block comes to rest after collision. Find the
speed u undergoes a perfectly elastic head–on coefficient of restitution:
collision with another sphere of heavier mass M at (a) 1/2 (b) 1
rest (M > m), then direction of velocity of sphere of (c) 1/3 (d) 1/4
mass m is reversed due to collision (no external force
acts on system of two spheres). 94. Two balls of equal mass have a head on collision with
Statement–2: During a collision of spheres of 1
speed 6 m/s each. If the coefficient of restitution is
unequal masses, the heavier mass exerts more force 3
on the lighter mass in comparison to the force which , the speed of each ball after impact will be :
lighter mass exerts on the heavier one. (a) 18 m/s (b) 2 m/s
(a) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true and (c) 6 m/s (d) data insufficient
Statement-1. 95. A body of mass m1 moving with a uniform velocity
(b) Both Statement-1 and Statement-2 are true but of 40 m/s. collides with another of mass m 2 at rest
Statement-2 is not the correct explanation for and then the two together begin to move with a
Statement 1. uniform velocity of 30 m/s. The ratio of their masses
(c) Statement-1 is true and the Statement-2 is false. (m1/m2) is
(d) Statement-1 is false and the Statement-2 is true. (a) 0.75 (b) 4.0
(c) 3 (d) 1.33
96. Two perfectly elastic particles A and B of equal mass 102. An object of mass 3M at rest splits into three equal
travelling along the line joining them with velocities fragments. Two fragments have velocities v î and –v
15 m/s and 10 m/s. After collision, their velocities ˆj . The velocity of third fragment will be :
will be:
A B (
(a) v ˆj − î ) ( )
(b) v î − ˆj
(a) 0 25
v ( î − ˆj)
(b) 5
(c) 10
20
15
(
(c) v î + ˆj ) (d)
2
(d) 20 5
103. A ball moving horizontally towards the left with
97. A metal ball of mass 2 kg moving with a velocity of speed 5 m/s collides elastically with a vertical wall
36 km/h has a head on collision with a stationary ball which is moving to the right with a speed of 5 m/s
of mass 3 kg. If after the collision, the two balls move and rebounds. After rebounding the speed of the ball
together, the loss in kinetic energy due to collision is : relative to ground will be :
(a) 140 J (b) 100J (a) 5 ms-1 (b) 10 ms-1
(c) 60 J (d) 40 J (c) 15 ms-1 (d) 20 ms-1
98. A body of mass ‘a’ moving with a velocity b strikes a 104. A projectile is moving at 20 ms–1 at its highest point,
body of mass c and gets embedded into it. The where it breaks into equal parts due to an internal
velocity of the system after collision is : explosion. One part moves vertically up at 30 ms–1
a+c ab with respect to the ground. Then the other part will
(a) (b)
ab a+c move at :
a a (a) 20 ms –1 (b) 10 31ms−1
(c) (d)
b+c a+b (c) 50 ms –1 (d) 30 ms –1
99. A ball of mass 10 kg is moving with a velocity of 10 105. A ball of mass 250 g moving with velocity 20 m/s is
m/s. It strikes another ball of mass 5 kg, which is stopped by a force, which acts on it for 0.l s the
moving in the same direction with a velocity of 4 m/s. impulsive force will be :
If the collision is elastic their velocities after collision (a) 0.3 N (b) 0.6 N
will be respectively : (c) 0.5 N (d) none of these
(a) 12 m/s, 6 m/s (b) 12 m/s, 25 m/s
(c) 6 m/s, 12 m/s (d) 8 m/s, 20 m/s 106. A body of mass 5 kg moving with velocity 10 m/s
collides with another body of the mass 20 kg at rest
100. A gun fires a bullet of mass 50 g with a velocity of 30 and comes to rest. The velocity of second body after
m/s. Due to this, the gun is pushed back with a collision will be :
velocity of 1 m/s, then the mass of the gun is : (a) 10 m/s (b) 8.5 m/s
(a) 1.5 kg (b) 5.5 kg (c) 2.5 m/s (d) none of these
(c) 0.5 kg (d) 3.5 kg
107. Two identical balls A and B collide head on
101. Assertion : In an elastic collision of two billiard elastically. If velocity of A and B before the collision
balls, the total KE is conserved during the short time are + 0.5 m/s and – 0.3 m/s respectively, then their
of collision of the balls (i.e., when they are in contact) velocities after the collision will be :
Reason : Energy spent against friction does not (a) + 0.5 m/s and + 0.3 m/s
follow the law of conservation of energy : (b) – 0.5 m/s and + 0.3 m/s
(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason (c) + 0.3 m/s and – 0.5 m/s
is the correct explanation of assertion. (d) – 0.3 m/s and + 0.5 m/s
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
not the correct explanation of assertion. 108. An object A of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false. 3 m/s and collides head-on with an object B of mass 1
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. kg moving in opposite direction with a velocity of 4
m/s. After collision both object coalesce so that they 114. A ball is dropped from a height of 1 m. If coefficient
move with a common velocity equal to : of restitution between the surface and the ball is 0.6,
(a) 3 m/s (b) 2 m/s the ball rebounds to a height of
(c) 1 m/s (d) 2/3 m/s (a) 0.6 m (b) 0.4 m
(c) 1 m (d) 0.36 m
109. Which of the following is not a perfectly inelastic
collision ? 115. The magnitude of the impulse developed by a mass of
(a) A man jumps on a cart 0.2 kg which changes its velocity from 5iˆ − 3 ˆj + 7 kˆ
(b) A bullet embedded in a block
m/s to 2 î + 3 ˆj + kˆ m/s is:
(c) Collision of two glass ball
(d) None of the above (a) 2.7 N–s (b) 1.8 N–s
(c) 0.9 N–s (d) 3.6 N–s
110. A ball of mass m elastically collides with a wall with
velocity v, then change in its momentum is equal to : 116. P and Q are two identical masses at rest suspended by
(a) 2m (b) 2 mv an inextensible string passing over a smooth
(c) 8 mv (d) zero frictionless pulley. Mass P is given a downward push
with a speed v as shown in figure. It collides with the
111. A particle of mass m moving with velocity v collides floor and rebounds. What happens immediately after
perfectly inelastically with a stationary particle of collision?
mass 2m. The speed of the system will be :
(a) 3v (b) v/2
(c) v/3 (d) 2v
112. The bob A of a simple pendulum is released when the

string makes an angle of 45° with the vertical. It hits
another bob B of the same material and same mass
kept at rest on a table. If the collision is elastic :
(a) P and Q both move upwards with equal speeds

(b) P and Q both move upwards with different speeds
(c) P moves upwards & Q moves downwards with
equal speed
(d) Both P and Q are at rest.
(a) both A and B rise to the same height
(b) both A and B come to rest at B
117. A body of mass m strikes a stationary body of mass
(c) both A and B move with the same velocity of A
M and undergoes an elastic collision. After collision,
(d) A comes to rest and B moves with the velocity of
m has a speed one-third its initial speed. The ratio
A
M/m is
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 2 : 1
113. Two bodies having masses m1 and m2 and velocity
(c) 1 : 3 (d) 3 : 1
u1 and u 2 collide and form a composite system. If
m1u1 + m2 u 2 = 0 ( m1  m2 ) , the velocity of 118. An object of mass 2 kg is moving with a velocity of 3
composite system will be : m/s and collides head on with an object B of mass 1
(a) u1 − u 2 (b) u1 + u 2 kg moving in the opposite direction with a velocity of
4 m/s. After collision, both objects coalesce so that
u1 + u 2
(c) (d) zero they move with a common velocity v equal to
2
2 −1 goes at a speed of 80 m/s. The total energy imparted

(a) ms (b) 1 m/s
3 to the two fragments is :
(c) 2 m/s (d) 3 m/s (a) l.07 kJ (b) 2.14kJ
(c) 2.4 kJ (d) 4.8 kJ
119. Two ice skaters A and B approach each other at right
angles. Skater A has a mass 30 kg and velocity 1 m/s 125. A body of mass m is moving towards east and
skater B has mass 20 kg and velocity 2 m/s. They another body of equal mass is moving towards north.
meet and cling together. The final velocity of the If after collision both stick together, their speed after
couple is : collision would be :
(a) 2 m/s (b) 1.5 m/s (a) v (b) v/2
(c) 1 m/s (d) 2.5 m/s (c) 2v (d) v / 2
120. The collision of two balls of equal mass takes place at 126. A bullet of mass 20 g and moving with 600 m/s
the origin of coordinates. Before collision, the collides with a block of mass 4 kg hanging with the
components of velocities are (vx = 50 cm/s, vy = 0) string. What is the velocity of the bullet when it
and (vx = –40 cm/s and vy = 30 cm/s). The first ball comes out of the block, if the block rises to height 0.2
comes to rest after a collision. The velocity m after collision ?
components (vx and vy respectively) of the second (a) 200 m/s (b) 150 m/s
ball are : (c) 400 m/s (d) 300 m/s
(a) 10 and 30 cm/s
(b) 30 and 10 cm/s 127. A lump of clay of mass 10 g travelling with a velocity
(c) 5 and 15 cm/s of 10 cm–1 towards east collides head on with another
(d) 15 and 5 cm/s lump of clay of mass 10 g travelling with velocity of
20 cm–1 towards west. If the two lumps coalesce after
121. A stationary particle explodes into two particles of collision, what is its velocity, if no external forces act
masses m1 and m2 which move in opposite directions on the system ?
with velocities v1 and v2. The ratio of their kinetic (a) 15 m–1 towards west (b) 15 m–1 towards east
energies E1/E2 is : (c) 5 m–1 towards west (d) 5 m–1 towards east
mv
(a) 1 (b) 1 2
m 2 v1 128. A shell of mass 20 kg at rest explodes into two
m2 m1 fragments whose masses are in the ratio 2 : 3. The
(c) (d) smaller fragment moves with a velocity of 6 ms–1.
m1 m2
The kinetic energy of the larger fragment is
(a) 96 J (b) 216 J
122. If two balls, each of mass 0.06 kg, moving in (c) 144 J (d) 360 J
opposite direction with speed 4 m/s collide and
rebound with the same speed, then the impulse 129. A bomb of mass 3.0 kg explodes in air into two
imparted to each ball due to the other is : pieces of masses 2.0 kg and 1.0 kg. The smaller mass
(a) 0.92 kg m/s (b) 0.80 kg m/s goes at a speed of 80 m/s. The total energy imparted
(c) 0.48 kg m/s (d) 0.52 kg m/s to the two fragments is :
(a) 1.07 kJ (b) 2.14 kJ
123. An object of mass 40 kg and having the velocity 4 (c) 2.4 kJ (d) 4.8 kJ
m/s collides with another object m = 60 kg having
velocity 2 m/s in the same direction. The collision is 130. A particle A of mass m initially at rest slides down a
perfectly inelastic. The loss in energy is : height of 1.25 m on a frictionless ramp, collides with
(a) 110 J (b) 48 J and sticks to an identical particle B of mass m at rest
(c) 392 J (d) 440 J as shown in the figure. Then particles A and B
together collide elastically with particle C of mass 2
124. A bomb of mass 3.0 kg explodes in air into two m at rest. The speed of particle A after the collision
pieces of masses 2.0 kg and 1.0 kg. The smaller mass with particle B would be : (g = 10 m/s2)
(c) 220 m/s (d) 280 m/s
136. A bag of mass M hangs by a long thread and a bullet

of mass m comes horizontally with velocity v and
gets caught in the bag. Then for the combined (bag
+bullet) system,
mvM 1
(a) Momentum = (b) KE = mv 2
m+M 2
(a) 2.0 m/s (b) 1.25 m/s
1 m2 v2
(c) 2.5 m/s (d) 5 m/s (c) KE = ( m + M ) v 2 (d) KE =
2 2(M + m)
131. A body at rest breaks into two pieces of equal masses.
The parts will move 137. A bullet of mass m moving with velocity v strikes a
(a) in same direction suspended wooden block of mass M. If the block
(b) along different lines rises to a height h, the initial velocity of the bullet
(c) in opposite directions with equal speeds will be :
(d) in opposite directions with unequal speeds M+m
(a) 2 gh (b) 2 gh
m
132. A bullet hits a block kept at rest on a smooth m M−m
horizontal surface and gets embedded into it. Which (c) 2 gh (d) 2 gh
M+m m
of the following does not change ?
(a) linear momentum of the block 138. A particle is projected with 200 m/s at an angle of
(b) kinetic energy of the block 60°. At the highest point, it explodes into three
(c) gravitational potential energy of the block particles of equal masses. One goes vertically
(d) temperature of the block upwards with velocity 100 m/s, the second particle
goes vertically downwards with same speed. Then the
133. A moving particle of mass m, makes a head on elastic velocity of the third particle will be :
collision with a particle of mass 2m, which is initially (a) 200 m/s
at rest. The fraction of energy lost by colliding (b) 300 m/s
particle is : (c) 120 m/s with 60° angle
1 2 (d) 200 m/s with 30° angle
(a) (b)
9 3
8 139. A body of mass M at rest explodes into three masses
(c) (d) no loss
9 two of which of mass M/4 each are thrown off in
perpendicular directions with velocity of 3 m/s and 4
134. A 2kg of block of wood rests on a long table top. A 5 m/s respectively. The third piece will be thrown off
g bullet moving horizontally with a speed of 150 m/s with a velocity of :
is shot into the block and sticks to it. The block then (a) 3 m/s (b) 2.5 m/s
slides 2.7 m along the table top and comes to a stop. (c) 2.0 m/s (d) 1.5 m/s
The force of friction between the block and the table
is: 140. Two masses mA and mB moving with velocities vA and
(a) 0.052 N (b) 3.63 N vB in opposite directions collide elastically. After that
(c) 2.50 N (d) 1.04 N the masses mA and mB move with velocity vB and vA
m
respectively. Then the ratio A is :
135. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg and travelling at a speed of mB
500 ms–1 strikes a block of 2 kg, which is suspended vA − vB vA + vB
by a string of length 5 m. The centre of gravity of the (a) (b)
vA + vB vA
block is found to rise through a vertical height of 0.1
m. The speed of the bullet after it emerges from the vA
(c) (d) 1
block is vB
(a) 200 m/s (b) 240 m/s
141. A neutron makes a head-on elastic collision with a 1 1

(c) (d)
stationary deuteron. The fractional energy loss of the 2 2 4
neutron in the collision is :
16 8 148. A sphere of mass m moving with a constant velocity
(a) (b)
81 9 u hits another stationary sphere of same mass. If e is
8 2 the coefficient of restitution, then ratio of velocities
(c) (d)
27 3 v
of the two spheres 1 after collision will be :
v2
142. A ball falling freely from a height of 4.9 m/s, hits a
horizontal surface. If e = 3/4 ,then the ball will hit the
surface, for second time after : [Use g = 9.8 m/s2]
(a) 0.5 s (b) 1.5 s 1− e 1+ e
(a) (b)
(c) 3.5 s (d) 3.4 s 1+ e 1− e
e +1 e −1
(c) (d)
143. A shell of mass 200 g is ejected from a gun of mass 4 e −1 e +1
kg by an explosion that generates 1.05 kJ of energy.
The initial velocity of the shell is : 149. A mass m moves with a velocity v and collides
(a) 100 ms–1 (b) 80 ms–1 inelastically with another identical mass. After
(c) 40 ms –1
(d) 120 ms–1 v
collision the first mass moves with velocity in a
3
144. A body from height h is dropped. If the coefficient of
direction perpendicular to the initial direction of
restitution is e, then calculate the height achieved
motion. Find the speed of the 2nd mass after
after one bounce.
collision:
(a) h1 = e2h (b) h1 = e4h
(c) h1 = eh (d) h1 = h/e
145. A body of mass M1 collides elastically with another

body of mass M2 at rest. There is maximum transfer
of energy when:
(a) M1 > M2
(b) M1 < M2
2 v
(c) M1 = M2 (a) v (b)
(d) same for all values of M1 and M2 3 3
(c) v (d) 3v
146. A smooth sphere of mass M moving with velocity u
directly collides elastically with another sphere of 150. A nucleus moving with a velocity v emits an α–
mass m at rest. After collision their final velocities particle. Let the velocities of the α–particle and the
are V and v respectively. The value of v is : remaining nucleus be v1 and v2 and their masses be
2uM 2um
(a) (b) m1 and m2.
m M
(a) v, v1 and v 2 must be parallel to each other.
2u 2u
(c) (d) (b) None of the two of v, v1 and v 2 should be
m M
1+ 1+ parallel to each other.
M m
(c) v1 + v 2 must be parallel to v .
147. A ball strikes a horizontal floor at 45°, 25% of its (d) m1v1 + m2 v2 must be parallel to v .
kinetic energy is lost in collision. Find the coefficient
of restitution : 151. In a two block system an initial velocity v0 with
1 1 respect to ground is given to block A :
(a) (b)
2 2
1
(b) kinetic energy = mv 2
2
(c) momentum =
( M + m ) mv
M
(a) the momentum of block A is not conserved m2 v2
(d) kinetic energy =
(b) the momentum of system of block A and B is 2 (M + m)
conserved
(c) the increase in momentum of B is equal to the 157. A mass of 100 g strikes the wall with speed 5 m/s at
decrease in momentum of block A an angle as shown in figure and it rebounds with the
(d) all the above same speed. If the contact time is 2 × 10–3 s, what is
the force applied on the mass by the wall ?
152. A steel ball strikes a steel plate at an angle θ with the
vertical. If the coefficient of restitution is e, the angle
at which the rebound will take place is :
 tan  
(a) θ (b) tan −1  
 e 
 e 
(c) e tan θ (d) tan −1  
 tan  
153. A sphere A of mass m moving with a velocity hits (a) 250 3 N to right (b) 250 N to right
another stationary sphere B of same mass. If the ratio (c) 250 3 N to left (d) 250 N to left
of the velocities of the spheres after collision is
VA 1 − e 158. 10,000 small balls, each weighing 1 g, strike one
= where e is the coefficient of restitution,
VB 1 + e square cm of area per second with a velocity 100 m/s
what is the initial velocity of sphere A with which it in a normal direction and rebound with the same
strikes: speed. The value of pressure on the surface will be :
(a) VA + VB (b) VA – VB (a) 2 × 103 N/m2 (b) 2 × 105 N/m2
( VA + VB ) (c) 10 N/m
7 2
(d) 2 × 107 N/m2
(c) VB – VA (d)
2
159. A pendulum consists of a wooden bob of mass m and
154. A 50 g bullet moving with a velocity of 10 ms–1 gets
of length l. A bullet of mass m1 is fired towards the
embedded into a 950g stationary body. The loss in
pendulum with a speed v1. The bullet emerges out of
KE of the system will be
the bob with a speed v1/3 and the bob just completes
(a) 95% (b) 100%
motion along a vertical circle. Then v1 is
(c) 5% (d) 50%
155. A body of mass 5 kg explodes at rest into three m 3 m 
(a)   5g (b)   5g
fragments with masses in the ratio 1 : 1 : 3. The  m1  2  m1 
fragments with equal masses fly in mutually 2  m1  m 
perpendicular directions with speeds of 21 m/s. The (c) 5g (d)  1  g
3  m  m
velocity of the heaviest fragment will be :
(a) 11.5 m/s (b) 14.0 m/s
(c) 7.0 m/s (d) 9.87 m/s 160. The sphere A of mass m1 moves with velocity V on a
frictionless horizontal surface and strikes with sphere
156. A body of mass M is hung by a long thread and a B of mass m2 at rest. The sphere A comes back with
bullet of mass m hits it horizontally with a velocity v speed V/10. Find the correct option:
and gets embedded in the body. Then for the body
and the bullet system.
 Mm 
(a) momentum =  v (a) m1 > m2 (b) m1 = m2
M+m (c) m1 < m2 (d) none of these

1. A stationary bomb explodes into three pieces. One 5. A 0.5 kg ball moving with a speed of 12 m/s strikes a
piece of 2 kg mass moves with a velocity of 8 ms–1 at hard wall at an angle of 30° with the wall. It is
right angles to the other piece of mass 1 kg moving reflected with the same speed and at the same angle.
with a velocity of 12 ms–1. If the mass of the third If the ball is in contact with the wall for 0.25 s, the
piece is 0.5 kg, then its velocity is : average force acting on the wall is :
(AIPMT 2011) (BHU 2011)
(a) 10 ms–1 (b) 20 ms–1
(c) 30 ms–1 (d) 40 ms–1
2. A cricket ball of mass 0.25 kg with speed 10 m/s

collides with a bat and returns with the same speed
within 0.01s. The force acted on bat is
(AIPMT 2011)
(a) 25 N (b) 50 N
(c) 250 N (d) 500 N
3. A mass m moving horizontally (along the x-axis)

(a) 48 N (b) 24 N
with velocity v collides and sticks to mass of 3m
(c) 12 N (d) 96 N
moving vertically upward (along the y-axis) with
velocity 2v. The final velocity of the combination is:
6. In the diagram shown below, m1 and m2 are the
(AIPMT 2011)
masses of two particles and X1 and X2 are their
1 ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ 2 ˆ
(a) v i + v j (b) v i + v j respective distances from the origin O. The centre of
4 2 3 3 mass of the system is
2 ˆ 1 ˆ 3 ˆ 1 ˆ
(c) vi + v j (d) vi + v j (J&K CET 2011)
3 3 2 4
4. A ball of mass 0.2 kg rests on a vertical post of height

5 m. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg, travelling with a
velocity v m/s in a horizontal direction, hits the centre
of the ball. After the collision, the ball and bullet m1X 2 + m 2 X 2 m1 + m 2
(a) (b)
travel independently. The ball hits the ground at a m1 + m 2 2
distance of 20 m and the bullet at a distance of 100 m
m1X1 + m 2 X 2 m1m 2 + X1X 2
from the foot of the post. The initial velocity v of the (c) (d)
m1 + m 2 m1 + m 2
bullet is
(AIIMS 2011)
7. A particle of mass 2 kg is initially at rest. A force acts
on it whose magnitude changes with the time. The
force-time graph is shown below.
(Kerala CEE 2011)
(a) 250 m/s (b) 250 2 m / s

(c) 400 m/s (d) 500 m/s
The velocity of the particle after 10 s is

(a) 20 ms-1 (b) 10 ms-1

(c) 75 ms-1 (d) 50 ms-1
8. The object at rest suddenly explodes into three parts

with the mass ratio 2 : 1 : 1. The parts of equal
masses move at right angles to each other with equal
speeds. The speed of the third part after the explosion
will be
(EAMCET 2011)
(a) 2v (b) v / 2 (a) 8 N-s (b) 4N − s
(c) 2 N − s (d) 8 N − s
(c) v / 2 (d) 2v
9. Three masses are placed on the X-axis, 300g at origin 13. Two persons of masses 55 kg and 65 kg respectively,
500g at x = 40 cm and 400g at x = 70 cm. The are at the opposite ends of a boat. The length of the
distance of the centre of mass from the origin is boat is 3.0 m and weights 100 kg. The 55 kg man
(AIPMT 2012) walks up to the 65 kg man and sits with him. If the
(a) 40 cm (b) 45 cm boat is in still water the centre of mass of the system
(c) 50 cm (d) 30 cm shifts by:
(AIPMT 2012)
10. Two persons of masses 55 kg and 65 kg respectively, (a) 3.0 m (b) 2.3 m
are at the opposite ends of a boat. The length of the (c) zero (d) 0.75 m
boat is 3.0 m and weighs 100 kg. The 55 kg mas
walks up to the 65 kg man and sits with him. If the 14. Two spheres A and B of masses m1 and m2
boat is in still water, the centre of mass of the system respectively collide. A is at rest initially and B is
shifts by moving with velocity v along x-axis. After collision
v
(AIPMT 2012) B has a velocity in a direction perpendicular to the
(a) 3.0 m (b) 2.3 m 2
(c) zero (d) 0.75 m original direction. The mass A moves after collision
in the direction.
11. A stone is dropped from a height h. It hits the ground (AIPMT 2012)
with a certain momentum p. If the same stone is (a) Same as that of B
dropped from a height 100% more than previous (b) Opposite to that of B
height, the momentum when it hits the ground will (c)  = tan −1 (1/ 2) to the x-axis
change by (d)  = tan −1 ( −1/ 2) to the x-axis
(AIPMT 2012)
(a) 68% (b) 41%
15. Three masses are placed on the x-axis: 300 g at
(c) 200% (d) 100%
origin, 500g at origin, 500g at x = 40 cm and 400 g at
x = 70 cm. The distance of the centre of mass from
12. The force-time (F-t) graph for linear motion of a body
the origin is:
initially at rest is shown in figure. The segments
(AIPMT 2012)
shown are circular, the linear momentum gained in 4s
(a) 40 cm (b) 45 cm
is
(c) 50 cm (d) 30 cm
(AIPMT 2012)
16. A bullet of mass 10 g is fired from a gun of mass 1 kg

with recoil velocity of gun 5 m/s. The muzzle
velocity will be
(Manipal 2012)
(a) 30 km/min (b) 600 km/min
(c) 30 m/s (d) 500 m/s
17. An explosion breaks a rock into three parts in a 1− e 1+ e

(a) (b)
horizontal plane. Two of them go off at right angles 1+ e 1− e
to each other. The first part of mass 1 kg moves with 1+ e 1− e
a speed of 12 ms-1 and the second mass 2 kg moves (c) (d)
2 2
with 8 ms-1 speed. If the third part flies off with 4ms-
1 speed, then its mass is:
22. Three particles of masses 1 kg, 2 kg and 3 kg are
(NEET 2013)
placed at the corners of an equilateral triangle of side
(a) 5 kg (b) 7 kg
1.0 m as shown in fig. The coordinates of the centre
(c) 17 kg (d) 3 kg
of masses of the system are
(RPMT 2014)
18. A body of mass (4m) is lying in an xy-plane at rest. It
suddenly explodes into three pieces. Two pieces, each
of mass (m) move perpendicular to each other with
equal speeds (v). The total kinetic energy generated
due to explosion is :
(AIPMT 2014)
3
(a) mv2 (b) mv 2
2
(c) 2 mv2 (d) 4 mv2
19. The force F acting on a particle of mass m is

indicated by the force-time graph shown below. The 7 3  1 3 
(a)  m, m (b)  m, m
change in momentum of the particle over the time  12 4  2 4 
interval from zero to 8 s is 3
 3 1  3 
(AIPMT 2014) (c)  m, m  (d)  m, m
 12 4   12 4 
23. A particle of mass m moving in the x direction with

speed 2v is hit by another particle of mass 2m
moving in the y direction with speed v. If the
collision is perfectly inelastic, the percentage loss in
the energy during the collision is close to:
(NEET 2015)
(a) 56% (b) 62%
(a) 24 N-s (b) 20 N-s (c) 44% (d) 50%
(c) 12 N-s (d) 6 N-s
24. A ball is thrown vertically downwards from a height
20. The position of centre of mass of a system of particle of 20m with an initial velocity v0. It collides with the
does not depend upon the ground, loses 50 percent of its energy in collision and
(Kerala CEE 2014) rebounds to the same height. The initial velocity v0 is
(a) mass of particles (Take g = 10 ms–2)
(b) symmetry of the body (AIPMT 2015)
(c) nature of particles (a) 10 ms –1
(b) 14 ms –1
(d) relative distance between the particles (c) 20 ms–1 (d) 28 ms–1
21. A ball of mass ‘m’ moving with the velocity v 25. On a frictionless surface, a block of mass M moving
collides head on with another ball of mass m at rest. at speed v collides elastically with another block of
If the coefficient of restitution is e, then the ratio of same mass M which is initially at rest. After collision
the velocities of the first and the second ball after the the first block moves at an angle θ to its initial
collision is direction and has a speed v/3. The second block’s
(RPMT 2014) speed after the collision is:
(AIPMT 2015) h2 3h
(c) (d)
3 2 2 4R 4
(a) v (b) v
2 3
3 3 30. A block of mass 0.50 kg is moving with a speed of
(c) v (d) v 2.00 m/s on a smooth surface. It strikes another mass
4 2
of 1.00 kg and then they move together as a single
body. The energy loss during the collision is
26. A rod of weight W is supported by two parallel knife
(UP CMT 2015)
edges A and B and is in equilibrium in a horizontal
(a) 0.16 J (b) 1.00 J
position. The knives are at a distance d from each
(c) 0.67 J (d) 0.34 J
other. The centre of mass of the rod is at distance x
from A. The normal reaction on A is :
31. A rigid ball of mass m strikes a rigid wall at 60 o and
(AIPMT 2015)
gets reflected without loss of speed as shown in the
W(d-x) Wx
(a) (b) figure. The value of impulse imparted by the wall on
d d the ball will be
Wd W(d-x) (NEET 2016)
(c) (d)
x x
27. Two particles of masses m1, m2 move with initial

velocities u1 and u2. On collision, one of the particles
get excited to higher level, after absorbing energy  .
If final velocities of particles be x v1 and v2 then we
must have:
(AIPMT 2015)
1 1 1 1
(a) m1u12 + m 2 u 22 = m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 − 
2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1
(b) m1u12 + m 2 u 22 −  = m1 v12 + m 2 v 22
2 2 2 2
1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 (a) mv (b) 2mv
(c) m1 u1 + m 2 u 2 +  = m1 v1 + m 2 v 2
2 2 2 2 (c) mv/2 (d) mv/3
(d) m12 u1 + + m 22 u 2 −  = m12 v1 + m 22 v 2
32. Two identical balls A and B having velocities of 0.5
28. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5 M and radii R ms-1 and –0.3 ms-1, respectively, collide elastically in
and 2R released in free space with initial separation one dimension. The velocities of B and A after the
between their centres equal to 12 R. If they attract collision, respectively, will be :
each other due to gravitational force only, then the (AIPMT 2016)
distance covered by the smaller body before collision (a) 0.5 ms–1 and –0.3 ms–1 (b) –0.3 ms–1 and 0.5 ms–1
is: (c) 0.3 ms–1 and 0.5 ms–1 (c) –0.5 ms–1 and 0.3 ms–1
(AIPMT 2015)
(a) 4.5 R (b) 7.5 R 33. Which of the following statements are correct?
(c) 1.5 R (d) 2.5 R (A) Centre of mass of a body always coincides with
the centre of gravity of the body.
29. Distance of the centre of mass of a solid uniform (B) Centre of mass of a body is the point at which the
cone from its vertex is z 0 . If the radius of its base is total gravitational torque on the body is zero
(C) A couple on a body produces both translational
R and its height is h then z 0 is equal to :
and rotational motion in a body.
(AIIMS 2015) (D) Mechanical advantage greater than one means
2
5h 3h that small effort can be used to lift a large load.
(a) (b)
8 8R (NEET 2017)
(a) (B) and (D) (b) (A) and (B)
(c) (B) and (C) (d) (C) and (D) 38. Five masses are placed in a plane as shown in figure.
The coordinates of the centre of mass are nearest to:
34. Hail storms are observed to strike the surface of the (AIIMS 2017)
frozen lake at 30° with the vertical and rebound at
60° with the vertical. Assume contact to be smooth, 2
3kg 4kg
the coefficient of restitution is:
(NEET 2017)
1 1 5kg
(a) e = (b) e = 1
3 3
(c) e = 3 (d) e = 3
1kg 2kg
35. Assertion : A bullet is fired from a rifle. If the rifle 0
0 1 2
recoils freely, the kinetic energy of the rifle is more
than that of the bullet. (a) 1.2, 1.4 (b) 1.3, 1.1
Reason : In the case of the rifle bullet system, the (c) 1.1, 1.3 (d) 1.0, 1.0
law of conservation of momentum violates.
(NEET 2017) 39. (
Two masses of 6 and 2 unit are at positions 6iˆ − 7ˆj )
(a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion. ( )
and 2iˆ + 5jˆ − 8kˆ , respectively. The coordinates of
(b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is the centre of mass are
not a correct explanation for assertion. (JIPMER 2017)
(c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect. (a) (2, -5, 3) (b) (5, -5, -3)
(d) Both assertion and reason are incorrect (c) (5, -4, -2) (d) (5, -4, -4)
36. Which of the following statements are correct? 40. Assertion: Collision between two billiard's ball are
(A) Centre of mass of a body always coincides with inelastic
the centre of gravity of the body Reason: Momentum remains conserved during the
(B) Centre of mass of a body is the point at which the collision
total gravitational torque on the body is zero (AIIMS 2018)
(C) A couple on a body produce both translational (a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is
and rotational motion in a body the correct explanation of assertion.
(D) Mechanical advantage greater than one means (b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is
that small effort can be used to lift a large load. not the correct explanation of assertion.
(NEET 2017) (c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false.
(a) (B) and (C) (b) (C) and (D) (d) If both assertion and reason are false.
(c) (B) and (D) (d) (A) and (B)
41. Three bodies having masses 5 kg, 4 kg and 2 kg is
37. Assertion : Even though net external force on a body moving at the speed of 5 ms-1, 4 ms-1 and 2 ms-1
is zero, momentum need not be conserved. respectively along X-axis. The magnitude of velocity
Reason : The internal interaction between particles of of centre of mass is
a body cancels out momentum of each other. (AIIMS 2018)
(AIIMS 2017) (a) 1.0 ms-1 (b) 4 ms-1
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is (c) 0.9 ms-1 (d) 1.3 ms-1
the correct explanation of assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is 42. A force of 10 N acts on a body of mass 0.5 kg for
not the correct explanation of assertion. 0.25s starting from rest. What is its impulse?
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false. (JIPMER 2018)
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. (a) 0.25 N-s (b) 2.5 N-s
(c) 0.5 N-s (d) 0.75 N-s
43. A sphere of mass ‘m’ moving with velocity ‘v’ (AIIMS 2019)
collides head-on on another sphere of same mass (a) Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason
which is at rest. The ratio of final velocity of second is the correct explanation of Assertion
sphere to the initial velocity of the first sphere is (e is (b) Both Assertion and Reason are true, but Reason
coefficient of restitution and collision is inelastic) is not the correct explanation of Assertion.
(MHT CET 2018) (c) Assertion is true, but Reason is false.
e −1 e (d) Both Assertion and Reason are false.
(a) (b)
2 2
e +1 48. A moving block having mass m, collides with
(c) (d) e another stationary block having mass 4m. The lighter
2
block comes to rest after collision. When the initial
44. Body A of mass 4m moving with speed u collides velocity of the lighter block is v, then the value of
with another body B of mass 2m, at rest. The coefficient of restitution (e) will be :
collision is head on and elastic in nature. After the (J & K CET 2019)
collision the fraction of energy lost by the colliding (a) 0.8 (b) 0.25
body A is: (c) 0.5 (d) 0.4
(NEET 2019)
49. Two particles of mass 5 kg and 10 kg respectively are
8 4
(a) (b) attached to the two ends of a rigid rod of length 1 m
9 9
with negligible mass. The centre of mass of the
5 1 system from the 5 kg particle is nearly at a distance
(c) (d)
9 9 of:
(NEET 2020)
45. Assertion: There is no loss in energy in elastic (a) 67 cm (b) 80 cm
collision (c) 33 cm (d) 50 cm
Reason: Linear momentum is conserved in elastic
collision 50. A ball of mass 0.15 kg is dropped from a height 10
(AIIMS 2019) m, strikes the ground and rebounds to the same
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and reason is height. The magnitude of impulse imparted to the
the correct explanation of assertion. bulb is (g = 10 m/s2) nearly:
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is (NEET 2021)
not the correct explanation of assertion. (a) 21 kg m/s (b) 1.4 kg m/s
(c) If the assertion is true but the reason is false. (c) 0 kg m/s (d) 4.2 kg m/s
(d) If both assertion and reason are false.
46. A gun applies a force F on a bullet which is given by

F = (100 − 0.5  105 t ) N. The bullet emerges out with
speed 400 m/s. Then, find out the impulse exerted till
force on bullet becomes zero.
(AIIMS 2019)
(a) 0.2 N-s (b) 0.3 N-s
(c) 0.1 N-s (d) 0.4 N-s
47. Assertion: Even though net external force on a body
is zero, momentum need not to conserved.
Reason: The internal interaction between particles of
a body cancels out momentum of each other.

1. Three identical spheres, each of mass 1 kg are placed
touching each other with their centres on a straight
line. Their centers are marked P, Q and R
respectively. The distance of centre of mass of the
system from P is :
PQ + PR + QR PQ + PR
(a) (b)
3 3 (a) 5 cm (b) 9 cm
PQ + QR (c) 4.5 cm (d) 5.5 cm
(c) (d) none of these
3
5. A cracker is thrown into air with a velocity of 10 m/s
2. A circular ring of mass 6 kg and radius a is placed at an angle of 45° with the vertical. When it is at a
such that its centre lies at the origin. Two particles of height of 1m from the ground, it explodes into a
masses 2kg each are placed at the intersecting points number of pieces which follow different parabolic
of the circle with +ve x–axis and +ve y–axis. Then, paths. What is the velocity of the centre of mass,
the angle made by the position vector of centre of when it is at a height of 1 m from the ground ? (g =
mass of entire system with x–axis is : 10 m/s–2)
(a) 45° (b) 60° (a) 4 5 ms−1 (b) 2 5 ms−1
4 (c) 5 4 ms−1 (d) 5 ms–1
(c) tan −1   (d) 30°
5
6. Two bodies with masses, m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) are
3. You are supplied with three identical rods of same joined by a string passing over a fixed pulley. The
length and mass. If the length of each rod is 2 . Two centres of gravity of the two masses are initially at the
of them are converted into rings and then placed over same height. Assume masses of pulley and weight of
the third rod as shown in figure. If points A is the thread are negligible. The acceleration of the
considered as origin of the coordinate system the co- centre of mass of m1 and m2, is :
ordinate of the centre of mass will be (you may
 m − m2  m1g
assume AB as x–axis of the coordinate system) : (a)  1 g (b)
 m1 + m 2  ( m1 + m2 )
2
 m − m2  m2 g
(c)  1  g (d)
 m1 + m2  ( m1 + m2 )
7. The spring constant of both the springs is K. The

  1  2 masses are held at the same horizontal level at rest
(a)  ,  (b)  , 
 2 3  2 3 and then released. Find the time in which centre of
1 mass will move by 90 metres : (g = 10m/s2)
  2
(c)  ,  (d)  , 
 3  3
4. A circular plate of uniform thickness has a diameter

of 28 cm. A circular portion of diameter 21 cm is
removed from the plate as shown. O is the centre of
mass of the complete plate. The position of centre of
mass of remaining portion will shift towards left from
‘O’ by
(a) 7 (b) 7 2
(c) 5 (d) 5 2
8. Two blocks m1 and m2 are pulled on a smooth

horizontal surface, and are joined together with a
spring of stiffness k as shown. Suddenly, block m 2
receives a horizontal velocity v0, then the maximum
extension xm in the spring is
g
(a) g (b)
2
(c) 2 g (d) zero
m1m2 2m1m 2
(a) v0 (b) v 0 12. A man of mass m moves with a constant speed on a
m1 + m2 ( m1 + m 2 ) k plank of mass M and length l kept initially at rest on a
m1m 2 m1m 2 frictionless horizontal surface, from one end to the
(c) v 0 (d) v 0 other in time t. The speed of the plank relative to
2 ( m1 + m 2 ) k ( 1 + m2 ) k
m
ground while man is moving, is :
M  m 
9. A 50 kg man is standing on a flat boat at rest in a (a)   (b)  
tm t m+M
river. He moves 5 m to the north and halts. If the boat
has a mass of 450 kg, then the boat moves through :  M 
(c)   (d) none of these
(a) 0.5 m to the south (b) 0.25 m to the south t M+m
(c) 0.5 m to the north (d) 0 m
13. A block of mass M is tied to one end of a massless
10. A boy of mass m is standing on a block of mass M rope. The other end of the rope is in the hands of a
kept on a rough surface. When the boy walks from man of mass 2M as shown. The block and the man
left to right on the block, the centre of mass (boy + are resting on a rough wedge of mass M. The whole
block) of system : system is resting on a smooth horizontal surface. The
(a) remains stationary man starts walking towards the right while holding
(b) shift towards left the rope in his hands. Pulley is massless and
(c) shifts towards right frictionless. Find the displacement of the wedge when
(d) shifts towards right if M > m and towards left if M the block meets the pulley? Assume the wedge is
<m sufficiently long so that man does not fall down.
11. Block A and B shown in the figure are having equal

masses m. The system is released from rest with the
spring unstretched. The string between A and ground
is cut when there is maximum extension in the spring.
The acceleration of centre of mass of the two blocks
(a) 1/2 m towards right
at this instant is :
(b) 1/2 m towards left
(c) the wedge does not move at all
(d) 1 m towards left
14. In a vertical plane inside a smooth hollow thin tube, a

block of same mass as that of tube is released as
shown. When it is slightly disturbed it moves towards
the right. By the time the block reaches the right end
of the tube, the displacement of the tube will be
(where ‘R’ is the mean radius of tube the assume that (a) 2.5 cm (b) 6.0 cm
the tube remains in vertical plane) (c) 4 m (d) 4 cm
19. A bob of mass m is suspended by a string of length l

from a train of mass M free to move on a smooth
horizontal surface. The bob is given a horizontal
velocity v0. The maximum height attained by the bob
is :
2R 4R
(a) (b)
 
R
(c) (d) R
2
15. Two bodies of masses m1 and m2 have equal

momenta. If E1 and E2 be their respective K.E., the
ratio E1 : E2 is equal :
(a) m1 : m2 (b) m2 : m1
(c) m1 : m2 (d) m12 : m 22
16. Two vehicles of equal masses are moving with same v02  M + m  v02  m 
speed v on two roads inclined at an angle θ. They (a)   (b)  
2g  M  2g  M + m 
collide inelastically at the junction and then move
together. The speed of the combination is : v02  M  v02  M + m 
(c)   (d)  
2g  M + m  2g  m 
20. At high altitude, a body explodes at rest into two

equal fragments with one fragment receiving
horizontal velocity of 10 m/s. Time taken by the two
radius vectors connecting point of explosion of
fragments to make 90° is :
(g = 10 m/s2)
(a) v cos θ (b) 2 v cos θ (a) 10 s (b) 4 s
3 v  (c) 2 s (d) 1 s
(c) v cos θ (d) cos
2 2 2
21. A particle of mass m moving with velocity u makes
17. A bullet of mass 0.01 kg and travelling at a speed of an elastic one-dimensional collision with a stationary
500 m/s strikes a block of mass 2 kg, which is particle of mass m. They are in contact for a brief
suspended by a string of length 5 m. The centre of time T. Their force of interaction increases from zero
gravity of the block is found to rise a vertical distance T
to F0 linearly in time and decreases linearly to
of 0.1 m. What is the speed of the bullet after it 2
emerges from the block : T
zero in further time . The magnitude of F0 is :
(a) 780 m/s (b) 220 m/s 2
(c) 1.4 m/s (d) 7.8 m/s mu 2 mu
(a) (b)
T T
18. A gun is attached to a trolley that can move freely on
mu
a smooth level road. The total mass of the gun and the (c) (d) none of these
2T
trolley is 10 kg. A bullet of mass 0.005 kg is shot
horizontally to the right and is observed to have
travelled a distance of 50 m in 0.2 s. In this interval of
time, the trolley has moved a distance:
22. A girl throws a ball with initial velocity v at an (a) (1 + e)N u (b) u(1 + e)N–1
inclination of 45°. The ball strikes the smooth vertical u (1 + e )
N –1
wall at a horizontal distance d from the girl and after (c) (d) uN (1 + e)N
2 N –1
rebouncing return to her hand. What is the coefficient
of restitution between wall and the ball ?
26. A bullet of mass m is fired with velocity u 2
gd
(a) v2 – gd (b) 2 relative to the gun at an angle of 45° from a gun of
v − gd
mass M placed on a smooth floor, towards a wall
gd v2 which is moving with half the velocity of the gun
(c) (d)
v2 gd towards it. The coefficient of restitution between
bullet and wall is e. Find the horizontal velocity of
23. Two blocks A and B each of mass m are connected the bullet after collision with the wall.
by a massless spring of spring constant k. The blocks mu (1– e ) mu e
(a) eu + (b) eu +
are initially resting on a smooth horizontal floor with 2 ( M + m) 2 ( M + m)
the spring at its natural length as shown in figure. A mu (1 + e ) 2mu e
third identical block C also of mass m moving on the (c) eu + (d) eu +
floor with a speed v along the line joining A and B
2 ( M + m) ( M + m)
collides elastically with A then :
27. Two identical balls are connected with a spring of
natural length l0 at a height h from the ground. The
spring undergoes the same amount of maximum
(a) the kinetic energy of the (A + B) system at compression and expansion. Find the time in which
maximum compression of the spring is zero spring will undergo maximum expansion after the
(b) the kinetic energy of the (A + B) system at collision of the lower ball with the ground. All
1 collisions are elastic :
maximum compression of the spring is mv 2 and
4
that of C is zero
(c) the total kinetic energy of (A + B + C) system is
1 2
  mv at maximum compression.
2
1
(d)
2
( PEspring ) = kinetic energy of (A + B) system at
maximum compression
24. A ball thrown with velocity 30 m/s and making an 2

(a) 0
(b) 0
angle 370° horizontal. The ball strikes a vertical wall gh 2gh
at a distance of 12 m from the point of projection and
2
the coefficient of restitution between wall and the ball (c) 0
(d) 0
is equal to 0.5. What is the velocity of the ball just 2gh 2 2 gh

after impact on the wall ?
(a) 17.7 m/s (b) 15.6 m/s 28. Ball A strikes with velocity u elastically with
(c) 20.4 m/s (d) 19.4 m/s identical ball B at rest, inclined at an angle of 60°
with line joining the centres of two balls. What will
25. N identical balls are placed on a smooth horizontal be the speed of ball B after collision:
surface. Another ball of the same mass collides u 3
(a) u (b)
elastically with velocity u with the first ball of N 2
balls. A process of collision is thus started in which u u
the first ball collides with the second ball and the (c) (d)
2 2
second ball with the third ball and so on. The
coefficient of restitution for each collision is e. Find
speed of Nth ball :
29. Particles P and Q of masses 20 g and 40 g

respectively are projected from positions A and B on
the ground. The initial velocities of P and Q make
angles of 45° and 135°, respectively with the
horizontal as shown. Each particle has an initial speed
of 49 m/s. The separation AB is 245 m. Both particles
travel in the same vertical plane and undergo a
collision. After the collision P retraces its path. The
position of Q when it hits the ground is
245
(a) 245 m (b) m
3
245 245
(c) m (d) m
2 2
30. A ball falls on an inclined plane as shown. The ball is

dropped from height h. Coefficient of restitution for
collision is e and the surface is frictionless. If h 1, h2 ...
hn are height of h projectiles and t1, t2, ...tn are their
corresponding time of flights, then
i. t1, t2, ..., tn form a geometric progression of

common ratio e.
ii. h1 > h2 > h3 > ... > hn.
iii. t1, t2, ..., tn form a geometric progression of
common ratio e2.
iv. h1, h2, ..., h3 form a geometric progression of
common ratio e.
Evaluate the above statement and choose the correct
option from the following
(a) Statements i, ii are true and iii, iv are false.
(b) Statements i, ii are false and iii, iv are true.
(c) All statements are true.
(d) All statements are false.
Notes:
CENTRE OF MASS, MOMENTUM &

COLLISION
7 ROTATIONAL MOTION
08
ROTATIONAL MOTION
ROTATIONAL MONTION 1
Chapter 08
Rotational Motion
Angular velocity is a vector quantity whose direction

1. Kinematic of the System of is given by right hand thumb rule.
Particles According to right hand thumb rule, if we curl the
fingers of right hand along the direction of angular
System of particles can move in different ways as observed
displacement then the right-hand thumb gives us the
by us in daily life. To understand this, we need to understand
direction of angular velocity. It is always along the
few new parameters.
axis of the rotation.
Rigid body: A body in which distance between any two
particles remain same regardless of any external changes.
(iii) Angular Acceleration
Angular acceleration of an object about any point is
1.1 Kinematic of Rotational Motion rate of change of angular velocity about that point.
(i) Angular Displacement

Consider a particle moving from A to B in the
following figures.
Fig.8.3
d d 2 
= =
dt dt 2
d d d
Fig. 8.1 = . =
dt d d
Angle  is the angular displacement of the particle
about O. 
 avg =
Unit: radian (rad). t
Unit → Rad/s2.
(ii) Angular Velocity Angular acceleration is also a vector quantity.
The rate of change of angular displacement is called If  is constant, then like equations of translatory
as angular velocity. motion we can also write relations between   
and t.
 = 0 + t
1
 = 0 t + t 2
2
2 − 02 = 2
Here, 0 is initial angular velocity and  is final
angular velocity.
Fig. 8.2
Instantaneous Angular Velocity 1.2 Various Types of Motion
d (i) Translational Motion
=
dt A system is said to be in translational motion, if all the
Average Angular Velocity particles within the system have same linear velocity

=
t
Unit → Rad/s.
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Rotational Motion
ROTATIONAL MOTION 139
Example: Motion of a rod as shown below. 1.3 Relationship Between Kinematics

Variables
In general, if a body is rotating about any axis (fixed or
movable), with angular velocity  and angular acceleration
, then velocity of any point p with respect to axis is
v p =  r
a = at + ar
Fig. 8.4
at =   r
Example: Motion of body of car on a straight rod. a r =  v
Fig.8.5
In both the above examples, velocity of all the Fig.8.8

particles is same as they all have equal displacements
in equal intervals of time. Example
(ii) Rotational Motion

An object is said to be in pure rotational motion, when
all the points lying on the system are in circular
motion about one common fixed axis.
Fig.8.9
L
v B = L and v A = , with directions as shown in
2
Fig.8.6 the figure above.
In pure rotational motion, angular velocity of all the Now in rotational + translational motion, we just
points is same about the fixed axis. superimpose velocity and acceleration of axis on the
velocity and acceleration of any point about the axis
(iii) Rotational + Translational motion of rotation. (i.e.)
An object is said to be in rotational + translational
motion, when the particle is rotating with some
angular velocity about a movable axis.
For Example
Fig.8.10
v PO = Ri
vO = vi
Fig.8.7
v P − vO = v PO
v = velocity of axis.  v P = v PO + vO = ( R + v ) i
 = Angular velocity of system about O.
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Rotational Motion
140 ROTATIONAL MOTION
Similarly, vQO = R j When there are multiple forces, the net torque
needs to be calculated. i.e., all torque about same
vO = vi point/axis.
 vQ = vi + R j net = F1 + F2 + ...Fn
• If   = 0 , then the body is said to be in rotational
equilibrium.
2. Rotational Dynamics • If  F = 0 along with   = 0 , then body is said to
be in mechanical equilibrium (Translation and
2.1 Torque rotational equilibrium).
Similar to force, the cause of rotational motion is a physical • If two forces of equal magnitude, opposite direction
quantity called a torque/moment of force/angular force. and do not share a line of action act to produce same
Torque incorporates the following factors. torque, then they constitute a couple. It does not
• Amount of force. produce any translation, only rotation.
• Point of application of force. • For calculating torque, it is very important to know
• Direction of application of force. the effective point of application of force.
Combining all the above,
Torque about point O,
2.2 Newton's Law in Rotation
 = r F  = I
 = r.Fsin  Where, I = moment of Inertia
Where,
r = distance from the point O to point of application of force.  = Angular Acceleration
F = force
 = angle between r and F 3. Moment of Inertia
Moment of inertia gives the measure of mass distribution
about an axis.
I =  mi ri2
Where ri = Perpendicular distance of the i th mass from the
axis of rotation.
Moment of inertia is always defined about an axis.
Fig. 8.11
Magnitude of torque can also be rewritten as

 = rF⊥ or  = r⊥ F
Where,
F⊥ = component of force in the direction perpendicular to r.
r⊥ = component of distance in the direction perpendicular to
F.
(i) Direction of Torque:
Direction of torque is given by right hand thumb
rule. If we curl the fingers of right hand from first
( )
vector ( r ) to the second vector F then right- Fig.8.12
hand thumb gives us direction of their cross For example, moment of inertia for above case,
product, i.e., the torque.
I = M1r12 + M 2 r22 + M3 r32 + M 4 r42
(ii) Some Important Points about Torque: • SI unit → kg-m2
Torque is always defined about a point or about an • Gives the measure of rotational inertia and is
axis. analogous to mass in linear motion.
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Rotational Motion
3.1 Moment of Inertia of a Discreet (ii) Hollow Cylinder

I = MR2
Particle System :
Fig.8.16
(iii) Solid Cylinder and a Disc
About its geometrical axis as shown below
1
I = MR 2
Fig.8.13 2
I = M r + M r + M 3 r32
11
2 2
2 2
3.2 Moment of Inertia of Continuous

Bodies
When the distribution of mass of a system of particle is Fig.8.17
continuous, the discrete sum I =  m1r12 is replaced by an
integral. The moment of inertia of the whole body takes the (iv) Sphere
form Solid Sphere: Axis passing through the centre of
mass
I =  r 2 dm 2
I= MR 2
5
Fig.8.18
Fig.8.14 Hollow Sphere :
Axis passing through the centre of mass,
Keep in mind that here the quantity r is the perpendicular
2
distance of point mass from axis of rotation, not the distance I= MR 2
to the origin. To evaluate this integral, we must express m in 3
terms of r. (v) Thin Rod of length l :
• Axis passing through midpoint and perpendicular to
length :
3.5 Moment of Inertia of Some
Important Bodies
(i) Circular Ring Fig.8.19
Axis passing through the centre and perpendicular to
M 2
the plane of ring. I=
I = MR2 12
• Axis passing through an end and perpendicular to
the rod:
Fig.8.15
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Rotational Motion
3.5 Radius of Gyration

If M is the mass and I is the moment of inertia of a rigid body
about a given axis then the radius of gyration (K) of the body
about that axis is given by :
Fig.8.20 I
K=
M 2 M
I= R
3 e.g. K ring = R, K disc = (About an axis passing through
2
3.4 Theorems on Moment of Inertia the com and perpendicular to the plane of body)
(i) Parallel Axis Theorem: Let ICM be the moment of
inertia of a body about an axis through its centre of 4. Angular Momentum
mass and let I P be the moment of inertia of the same
body about another axis which is parallel to the
first one. If d is the distance between these two
and Angular Impulse
parallel axes and M is the mass of the body then
according to the parallel axis theorem :
4.1 Angular Momentum
(i) For a particle
Angular momentum about a point (O) is given as
( )
L = r  p = r  mv = m r  v ( )
where r is position vector of the particle w.r.t. O
and v is velocity of particle
(ii) For a particle moving in a circle
For a particle moving in a circle of radius r with a
speed v, its linear momentum is mv, magnitude of
angular momentum (L) is given as :
Fig.8.21
2 L = mvr⊥ = mvr
I P = Icm + Md
As  being 90, sin 90 = 1
(ii) Perpendicular Axis Theorem :
Consider a planar body (i.e., a body of zero Direction of L is out of the plane of circle.
thickness) of mass M. Let X and Y axes be two
mutually perpendicular lines in the plane of the body.
The axes intersect at origin O.
Fig.8.23
(iii) For a rigid body (about a fixed axis)
L = sum of angular momentum of all particles about
that axis
 L = m1 v1r1 + m 2 v 2 r2 + m3 v3 r3 + ....
Fig.8.22
Let I x = moment of inertia of the body about X–axis.
 L = m1r12  + m 2 r22  + m3 r32  + .... ( v = r)
Let I y = moment of inertia of the body about Y–axis.  L = ( m1r12 + m 2 r22 + m3 r32 + ....) 
Then the moment of inertia of the body about Z– axis  L = I
(Passing through O and perpendicular to the plane of Angular momentum is also a vector and its direction
the body) is given by : is same as that of 
Iz = Ix + I y We know that,
The above result is known as the perpendicular axis L = I
theorem.
dL d
=I = I = net (Considering I constant)
dt dt
Similar to the definition of linear force in linear
motion, Torque can be defined as the rate of change
of angular momentum.
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Rotational Motion
4.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum VCM = speed of the centre of mass

ICM = moment of inertia about axis passing through CM.
If net = 0  = angular velocity of rotation
dL
 =0
dt
6. Rolling
 L = constant
Rolling motion is a combination of rotation and translation
 L f = Li In case of rolling all point of a rigid body have same angular
4.2 Angular Impulse speed but different linear speed.
J =  dt = L
5. Work and Energy

5.1 Work Done by a Torque
Consider a rigid body acted upon by a force F at perpendicular
distance r from the axis of rotation. Suppose that under this Fig.8.24
force, the body rotates through an angle d. 6.1 Pure Rolling (without Slipping)
Work done = force × displacement For a rolling motion to be pure rolling the velocity of point of
contact of body with platform should be equal for both rolling
dW = F(rd) body and platform.
 dW = d
 Work done = (torque) × (angular displacement)
 W =  d ( Where  is function of  )

dW d
Power = = = 
dt dt
Fig.8.25
5.2 Kinetic Energy (i) General case (when surface is moving)
Rotational kinetic energy of the system rotating about a VA = VB
fixed axis
1 1  Vcm − R = VB
= m1 v12 + m 2 v 22 + ....
2 2 In terms of acceleration: a cm − R = a B
1 1
= m1r12 2 + m 2 r22 2 + .... (ii) special case (when VB = 0)
2 2
Vcm − R = 0
1
( )
= m1r22 + mr22 + m3 r32 + .... 2
2  Vcm = R
1
Hence rotational kinetic energy of the system = I2 6.2 Total KE of Rolling Body
2
Where I = Moment of inertia about the axis.
NOTE:
Comparing the expression of rotational kinetic energy
with 1/2 mv2, we can say that the role of moment of
inertia (I) is same in rotational motion as that of mass in Fig. 8.26
linear motion. It is a measure of the resistance offered
1
by a body to a change its rotational motion. (i) K= I P 2
2
The total kinetic energy of a body which is translating as Or

well as rotating is given by : 1 1
(ii) K= Icm 2 + MVcm
2
K = K translational + K rotational 2 2
1 2 1 Here, (a) I P = Icm + MR 2 (parallel axes theorem)
K = MVCM + ICM 2
2 2
Where,
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Rotational Motion
(b) Vcm = R (condition for pure rolling) g sin 

aR =
I
NOTE: 1+
mR 2
Friction is responsible for the motion, but work done or
If initial velocity of body is zero then by using equation
dissipation of energy against friction is zero in pure
of motion,
rolling motion as point of application has zero velocity.
2g sin  h
VR2 − 02 =
I sin 
1+
6.3 Forward Slipping MR 2
2gh
 VR =
I
1+
MR 2
1 2h  I 
Also, t R = 1 + 
sin  g  MR 2 
Where, VR = Final velocity of com of rolling body,
Fig.8.27
tR = Time taken by body to reach the ground,
The bottom most point slides in the forward direction w.r.t.
ground, so friction force acts opposite to velocity at lowest (ii) Sliding on an incline plane
point i.e., opposite to direction of motion.
Example: When sudden brakes are applied to car its ‘v’
remain same while ‘r’ decreases so it slides on the ground.
6.4 Backward Slipping
Fig.8.30
Using energy conservation,
1
Fig.8.28 mVs2 = mgh
2
The bottom most point slides in the backward direction w.r.t.  Vs = 2gh
ground, so friction force acts opposite to velocity i.e.,
friction will act in the direction of motion. Component of acceleration along incline is g sin.
Example: When car starts on a slippery ground, its wheels
Time taken by body to reach ground by sliding:
have small ‘v’ but large ‘ωr’ so wheels slips on the ground
h 1
and friction acts against slipping. = g sin  t s2
sin  2
6.5 Rolling and Sliding Motion on an  ts =
1
.
2h
sin  g
Inclined Plane
(i) Pure rolling on an incline plane
Fig.8.29
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Rotational Motion
NCERT Corner
1. Ideally a rigid body is one for which the distances 9. A rigid body is in mechanical equilibrium if
between different particles of the body do not change, (1) It is in translational equilibrium, i.e., the total external
even though there are forces acting on them. force on it is zero: F t = 0, and
(2) It is in rotational equilibrium, i.e., the total external

2. A rigid body fixed at one point or along a line can have
only rotational motion. A rigid body not fixed in some
torque on it is zero:  = r t t  Ft = 0.
way can have either pure translational motion or a
combination of translational and rotational motions.
10. The centre of gravity of an extended body is that point
about which the total gravitational torque on the body
3. In rotation about a fixed axis, every particle of the rigid is zero.
body moves in a circle which lies in a plane
perpendicular to the axis and has its centre on the axis.
11. The moment of inertia of a rigid body about an axis is
Every point in the rotating rigid body has the same
angular velocity at any instant of time. defined by the formula I = m r i i
2
where ri is the
perpendicular distance of the ith point of the body from
the axis.
4. In pure translation, every particle of the body moves
with the same velocity at any instant of time. 12. The theorem of parallel axes: I ' = I com + Ma 2 , allows
us to determine the moment of inertia of a rigid body
about an axis as the sum of the moment of inertia of the
5. Angular velocity is a vector quantity. Its magnitude is
body about a parallel axis through its centre of mass
d
= and it is directed along the axis of rotation. For and the product of mass and square of the perpendicular
dt
distance between these two axes.
rotation about a fixed axis this vector  has a fixed
13. Rotation about a fixed axis is directly analogous to
direction. linear motion in respect of kinematics and dynamics.
14. The kinetic energy of rotation about an axis is
6. The linear velocity of a particle of a rigid body rotating 1
K = I2 .
about a fixed axis is given by v =  r, where r is 2
the position vector of the particle with respect to an 15. For a rigid body rotating about a fixed axis of rotation,
origin along the fixed axis. The relation applies even to L = I, where I is the moment of inertia about that axis.
more general rotation of a rigid body with one point
16. The angular acceleration of a rigid body rotating about
fixed. In that case r is the position vector of the a fixed axis is given by I = .
particle with respect to the fixed point taken as the
17. If the external torque  acting on the body about the axis
origin.
is zero, then angular momentum about the axis (L = I)
of such a rotating body is constant.
7. The angular momentum of a system of n particles about
18. For rolling motion without slipping on ground vcm =
the origin is
R, where vcm is the velocity of translation (i.e., of the
n
L =  r t  pt centre of mass), R is the radius and m is the mass of the
t =1 body. The kinetic energy of such a rolling body is the
8. The torque or moment of force on a system of n sum of kinetic energies of translation and rotation:
particles about the origin is 1 2 1
K= mv cm + Icm 2
n 2 2
 =  r t  Ft
t =1
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Rotational Motion
Solved Example  v = i ( −18 ) − j (13) + k ( 2 )

Example 1  v = −18i − 13j + 2k
Two particles of masses m and 2m are place at Example 3

separation L. Find the moment of inertia about an axis
passing through the center of mass and perpendicular to From a thin uniform disc of radius 2R, another disc of
the line joining the point masses. diameter 2R is removed. The mass of the remaining
portion is m. Find the M.I. of the shaded portion about
Sol. an axis passing through O and perpendicular to the
plane.
First, locate the center of mass (c.m.)
Sol.
m  0 + 2mL 2L
x c.m. = =
m + 2m 3
+ 2m ( L − x c.m. )
2 2
I = mx c.m.
2 2
 2L  L Mass of disc  area
= m  + 2m  
 3  3
m A   ( 2R )  m A = 4M
2
4 mL 2mL 2mL2
2 2
= + =
9 9 3 m B  R 2  m B = M
1
( I A )O =  4M ( 2R ) = 8MR 2
2
Example 2
2
What is the value of linear velocity, if  = 3i − 4j + k 2
1  3MR
and r = 5i − 6j + 6k ?
( IB )O =   MR 2 + MR 2  =
2  2
(a) 4i − 13j + 6k M.I. of the shaded portion
13MR 2
(b) −18i − 13j + 2k I O = ( I A )O − ( I B )O =
2
(c) 6i + 2j + 3k m
4M − M = m  M =
3
(d) 6i − 2j + 8k 13MR 2 13mR 2
IO = =
2 6
Sol. (b)
Example 4
i j k
Calculate the torque (magnitude and direction) about
v =  r = 3 −4 1 point O due to the force as shown. In each case forces
5 −6 6 and rod lie in the plane of the paper.
The force 10 cos 37 produces no torque, as it is passing

through O.
3
O = 10sin 37 3 = 10   3 = 18 Nm, the rod rotates
(a) 5
anticlockwise.
Torque is outside the plane of paper.
(c)
(b)
(c)
5 N and 10 sin 37 both rotate the rod anticlockwise.
O = 5 1 + 10sin 37 3
(d) 3
= 5 1 + 10   3 = 23 Nm
5
Torque is outside the plane of paper.

Sol.
(d)
Torque = force  perpendicular distance of line of action
of force from O
If the body rotates clockwise, torque is inside the plane

of the paper and if the body rotates anticlockwise,
torque is outside the plane of paper.
Anticlockwise torque is considered positive.
(a) 10 N produces no torque, 5 N rotates the rod

anticlockwise,
10 sin 37 rotates the rod clockwise.
O = 5 1 − 10sin 37 2
O = 10  3 = 30 Nm, 3
= 5 − 10   2 = 5 − 12 = −7 Nm
5
rod rotates clockwise
Negative sign, i.e., the rod rotates clockwise.
Torque is inside the plane of paper.
Torque is inside the plane of paper.
(b)
Example 5
Find the magnitude of torque of a force

F = 3i + 4j + 5k N about a point O, applied at a point P
whose position vector is r = i + j + k m.
Sol.
i j k
O = r  F = 1 1 1
3 4 5
 O = i − 2 j + k Nm
 O = O = 6 Nm Sol.
Example 6
A pulley has the shape of uniform solid disc of mass 2

kg and radius 0.5 m. A string is wrapped over its rim
and is pulled by a force of 2.5 N. The pulley is free to
rotate about its axis. Initially, the pulley is at rest. Find
the angular velocity and angle rotated by pulley in 10 s. Since the rod is in equilibrium
4Mg
 Fy = 0  R A + R B = Mg + mg = …(i)
3
Taking torque about B
L L L
 B = 0  R A = Mg + mg …(ii)
2 4 8
Sol.
Mg mg Mg Mg 7Mg
RA = + = + =
2 4 2 12 12
4Mg 7Mg 9Mg 3
RB = − = = Mg
3 12 12 4
The reactions at supports are
7Mg 3Mg
and
Moment of inertia of pulley 12 4
1 1
mR 2 =  2  ( 0.5 ) = 0.25 kg m 2
2
I=
2 2 Example 8
Torque produced by force about O
A cubical block of side a and of mass m rests on a
O = 2.5  0.5 = I = 0.25 rough horizontal surface. A horizontal force F is applied
to normal to one of the faces at height h above the base
 = 5 rad/s2 (constant) a
h  . What is the minimum value of F for which the
 = o + t = 0 + 5  10 = 50 rad/s 2
cube begins to tip about an edge? (Assume friction is
1 1 sufficient to stop sliding)
 = o t + t 2 = 0 + 5  (10 ) = 250 rad
2
2 2
Sol.
Example 7
A uniform rod of mass M and length L rests on two

supports A and B as shown.. A ball of mass m = M/3 is
placed at distance L/8 from the centre as shown. Find
reactions at supports.
The direction of angular momentum is inside the plane

of paper, i.e., along the -z direction.
Example 10
A solid cylinder of mass 20 kg rotates about its axis with

angular speed 100 rad s-1. The radius of the cylinder is
In the absence of any external force the normal contact 0.25 m. What is the kinetic energy associated with the
force passes through the center of mass. When the rotation of the cylinder? What is the magnitude of
external force is applied, normal contact force shifts in angular momentum of the cylinder about its axis?
the direction of the applied force to counteract the [NCERT]
deflecting torque due to the applied force. At the instant
of tipping over about the edge the normal contact force Sol. Mass of the cylinder, m = 20 kg
passes through the edge. If it is not able to counter to
Angular speed,  = 100 rad s-1
deflecting torque, toppling takes place.
Radius of the cylinder r = 0.25 m
The cube will tip about A if the deflecting torque due to
F  the restoring torque due to mg The moment of inertia of the solid cylinder:
a mr 2
Fh  mg I=
2 2
mga 1
F =  20  ( 0.25 )
2
2h 2
mga = 0.625 kgm 2
Fmin =
2h
1 2
Example 9 Kinetic energy = I
2
Find the angular momentum of the particle about O if a
1
particle of mass m moving with velocity v parallel to  0.625  (100 ) = 3125 J
2
=
the x-axis at distance d from it. 2
Angular momentum, L = I
= 0.625  100
= 62.5 Js
Example 11
(a) A child stands at the centre of a turntable with his

Sol.
two arms outstretched. The turntable is set rotating with
Angular momentum of particle about O an angular speed of 40 rev/min. How much is the
angular speed of the child if he folds his hands back and
= linear momentum of particle  perpendicular distance thereby reduces his moment of inertia to 2/5 time of the
of particle from O initial value? Assume that the turntable rotates without
= mvd friction.
In the vector form (b) Show that the child’s new kinetic energy of rotation
is more than the initial kinetic energy of rotation. How
L = r  p = r  mv do you account for this increase in kinetic energy?
( ) ( )
= d j  mvi [NCERT]
= − mvdk Sol. (a) Initial angular velocity, 1 = 40 rev/min
Final angular velocity = 2 Example 12
The moment of inertia of the child with stretched hands A rope of negligible mass would round a hollow
= I1 cylinder of mass 3 kg and radius 40 cm. What is the
angular acceleration of the cylinder if the rope is pulled
The moment of inertia of the child with folded hands =
with a force of 30N?
I2
What is the linear acceleration of the rope? Assume that
The two moments of inertia are related as:
there is no slipping.
2
I2 = I1 [NCERT]
5
Sol. Mass of the hollow cylinder, m = 3 kg
Since no external force acts on the child, the angular
momentum L is constant. Radius of the hollow cylinder, r = 40 cm = 0.4 m
Hence, for the two situations, we can write: Applied force, F = 30 N
The moment of inertia of the hollow cylinder about its

I 2  2 = I 1 1
geometric axis:
I1
2 = 1 I = mr2
I2
= 3  (0.4)2 = 0.48 kgm2
I 5
= 1  40 =  40
2 2 Torque,  = r  F
I1
5
= 100 rev/min  = 30  0.4 = 12 Nm
For angular acceleration , torque is also given by the

1
(b) Initial Kinetic energy of rotation E I = I112 relation:
2
 = I
1
Final kinetic energy of rotation, E F = I 2 22
2  12
= =
I 0.48
1
I 2 = 25 rad s −2
EF 2 2 2
=
EI 1 2 Linear acceleration = r = 0.4  25 = 10 ms-2
I11
2
Example 13
1 2 2
 I A metre stick is pivoted about its centre. A piece of wax
EF 2 5 1 2
=
EI 1 2 of mass 20 g travelling horizontally and perpendicular
I11
2 to the metre stick at 5 m/s strikes and adheres to one end
of the stick so that the stick starts to rotate in a horizontal
E F 2 22 circle. Given the moment of inertia of the stick and wax
= 
E I 5 12 about the pivot is 0.02 kg m-2, the initial angular velocity
E F 2 (100 )
2
of the stick is
= 
E I 5 ( 40 )2 (a) 1.58 rad/s
EF
= 2.5 (b) 2.24 rad/s
EI
E F = 2.5  E I (c) 2.5 rad/s
(d) 5.0 rad/s

Increase in the rotational kinetic energy is attributed to
the internal energy of the boy. Sol. (c)
Conserving angular momentum about O we have, 2

v net = v cm 2
+ v cm
mvr = I = vcm 2
20 1
  5  = 0.02  Example 16
1000 2
  = 2.5 rad / s A solid cylinder of mass m and radius R rolls down an
inclined plane of height h without slipping. The speed
Example 14 of its centre of mass when it reaches the bottom is
A circular disc of mass 2 kg and radius 10 cm rolls
(a) 2gh
without slipping with a speed 2 m/s. The total kinetic
energy of disc is
4
(b) gh
(a) 10 J 3
(b) 6 J 3
(c) gh
(c) 2 J 4
(d) 4 J 4g
(d)
Sol. (b) h
1 1 Sol. (b)
K= mv 2cm + Icm 2
2 2 By energy conservation
1 1 mr 2 v 2
= mv 2 + . 1 1
2 2 2 r2 mgh = mv 2 + I2
3 2 2
= ( 2 )( 2 )
2
4 1 1 mR 2 v 2
 mgh = mv 2 + .
= 6J 2 2 2 R2
Example 15 Solving,
In case of pure rolling, what will be the magnitude of 4gh

v=
velocity of point A of the ring of radius R? 3
Example 17
A point P is the contact point of a wheel on ground

which rolls on ground without slipping. The value of
(a) vcm
displacement of the point P when wheel completes half
(b) 2 v cm of rotation (If radius of wheel is 1 m)
(a) 2 m
v cm
(c)
2 (b) 2 + 4 m
(d) 2vcm
(c)  m
Sol. (b)
(d) 2 + 2 m 1 1 
K =  mv02 + I2 
2 2 
Sol. (b) 1 1 1
( ) ( ) 
2 2
+  m 2v0 + m ( 2v0 ) + m
2
2v 0 + 0
2 2 2 
For pure rolling v = R
v0
For half rotation, Also  = , I = mR 2
R
 R
t= = K = mv02  + mv02 + 2mv02 + mv02 
 v
Linear distance covered = vt = R  K = 5mv02
Example 19
A spool is pulled vertically by a constant force F(<Mg)

as shown in figure. The frictional force is best
represented in
By using pythagoras theorem
r 2 = (R) 2 + (2R) 2
 r = R 2 + 4
 r = 2 + 4 m
Example 18
A ring of mass m and radius R has four particles each

of mass m attached to the ring as shown in figure. The
centre of ring has a speed v0. The kinetic energy of the
system is (a)
(b)
(a) mv 02
(b) 3mv 02
(c)
2
(c) 5mv 0
(d) 6mv 02 (d) None
Sol. (c) Sol. (a)
K = Kring + Kparticles Due to the applied torque the spool will move
anticlockwise that means bottom part of the spool which
is in touch with the ground will move towards right.
So, to oppose this tendency of sliding of contact point
towards rightward, frictional force will act leftward.
Example 20 Example 21
Figures shows four rotating disks that are sliding across A hollow sphere and a solid sphere having same mass
a frictionless floor. Three forces act on each disk, either and same radii are rolled down a rough inclined plane:
at the rim, at the centre, or halfway between rim and
(a) The hollow sphere reaches the bottom first
centre. Which disks are in equilibrium:
(b) The solid sphere reaches the bottom with greater
speed
(c) The solid sphere reaches the bottom with greater

kinetic energy
(d) The two spheres will reach the bottom with same
linear momentum
Sol. (b)
Acceleration of a body when it is rolling down an

incline plane is given by
g sin 
(a) A, D a=
 K2 
(b) A, B 1 + 2 
 R 
(c) C, D
For Hollow sphere
(d) A, C
2 2
IH = mR 2 = mK 2  K 2 = R 2
Sol. (d) 3 3
For the equlibrium,  F = 0 and   = 0 g sin  3

aH = = g sin  = 0.6g sin 
 2 5
For Disk A 1 + 
 3
 F = 3F − 2F − F = 0 For Solid sphere
R
  = 3F  0 + F  R − 2F  = 0 2 2
2 IS = mR 2 = mK 2  K 2 = R 2
5 5
For Disk B
g sin  5
 F = 2F + F + F = 4F aS = = g sin  = 0.71g sin 
 2 7
 1 + 
  = 2F  0 + F  R − F  R = 0  5
For Disk C Acceleration of solid sphere will be greater and so its

speed will be greater at the bottom.
 F = F + F − 2F = 0
Option (c) is not correct, since both the spheres are
  = 2F  0 + F  R − F  R = 0 released from the same position, their initial potential
energy will be the same. So, when they reach the
For Disk D
bottom, they lose same amount of potential energy, and
 F = 2F − F − F = 0 this loss of potential energy will be the gain in kinetic
energy. So, both the spheres will have same kinetic
  = F  0 + F  R + 2F  R = 3FR energy at the bottom.
We can clearly see that only disk A and C are in Since the solid sphere reaches the bottom with a greater
equilibrium. speed and both have same mass, they can not have the
same linear momentum. Thus option (d) is not correct.
Example 22
A string is wrapped over the edge of a uniform disk and

its free end is fixed to the ceiling, the disk moves down
unwinding the string with an acceleration equal to
2 (a) VP < VQ < VC

(a) g
3
(b) VQ < VC < VP
3
(b) g (c) VQ > VC > VP
2
1
2 (d) VQ = VC , VP = VC
(c) g 2
7
Sol. (c)
(d)
Considering pure rotation about O, in figure OQ > OC
> OP, VQ > VC > VP
Sol. (a)
Example 24
A uniform sphere is placed on a smooth horizontal

surface and a horizontal force F is applied on it at a
a cm = R ...(i) distance h above the surface. The acceleration of the
mg − T = ma cm ...(ii) centre of mass
mR 2 a cm (a) is maximum when h = 0

TR = 
2 R
(b) is maximum when h = R
ma cm
T= ...(iii)
2 (c) is maximum when h = 2R
From eq.(ii) and (iii) (d) is independent of h
2 Sol. (d)
a cm = g
3 F
a cm = = constant
Example 23 m
A disk rolls without slipping on a horizontal surface

with constant angular velocity . P and Q are two points
such that their distance from center C is same. If VC, VQ
and VP are the respective magnitude of velocities of C,
Q and P then
Example 25
A disk of mass m and radius R moves in the plane of

paper as shown in the figure. The centre of mass moves
along the x-axis with a velocity v = 3R where  is the
angular velocity about the center of the disk, then the y-

coordinate of the instantaneous center of rotation is
(a) (0, 3R)
(b) (0, -3R)
(c) (R, -R)
(d) (-R, 0)
Sol. (a)
We know that at instantaneous center of rotation v p = 0
v − y = 0,
v
 y = = 3R


Introduction to Rotational Motion and 7. The radius of gyration of a body depends upon :
Moment of Inertia (a) translation motion
(b) axis of rotation
1. A fan is moving around its axis. What will be its (c) area of the body
motion regarded as?
(d) all of these
(a) pure rolling (b) rolling with slipping
8. A circular disc X of radius R is made from an iron
(c) skidding (d) pure rotation plate of thickness t, and another disc Y of radius 4R is
2. A body is rotating with angular velocity made from an iron plate of thickness t/4. Then the
(
 = 3 iˆ − 4 ˆj + kˆ ) . The linear velocity of a point
relation between the moment of inertia IX and IY
about a axis passing through their center of mass and
(
having position vector r = 5 iˆ − 6 ˆj + 6kˆ is: ) perpendicular to the plane of disk is :
(a) IY = 32 IX (b) IY = 16 IX
(a) 6 iˆ + 2 ˆj − 3kˆ (b) 18 iˆ + 13 ˆj − 2kˆ
(c) IY = IX (d) IY = 64 IX
(c) −18 iˆ − 13 ˆj + 2kˆ (d) 6 iˆ − 2 ˆj + 8kˆ 9. Moment of inertia of a uniform annular disc of
3. The moment of inertia of a body does not depend on: internal radius r and external radius R and mass M
about an axis through its centre and perpendicular to
(a) the mass of the body
its plane is:
(b) the angular velocity of the body
1
(c) the axis of rotation of the body (a) M (R2 − r 2 )
2
(d) the distribution of the mass in the body 1
(b) M (R2 + r 2 )
4. Three point masses m1, m2 and m3 are located at the 2
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side ‘a’. What is
M (R4 + r 4 )
the moment of inertia of the system about an axis (c)
2( R 2 + r 2 )
along the altitude of the triangle passing through m 1?
a2 a2 1 M (R4 + r 4 )
(a) ( m1 + m2 ) (b) ( m2 + m3 ) (d)
4 4 2 (R2 − r 2 )
a2 a2 If the radius of a solid sphere is 35 cm, calculate the
(c) ( m1 + m3 ) (d) ( m1 + m2 + m3 ) 10.
4 4 radius of gyration when the axis is along a tangent:
5. The ratio of the squares of radii of gyration of a (a) 7 10 cm (b) 7 35 cm
circular disc and a circular ring of the same radius
about a tangential axis in the plane of bodies is: 7 2
(c) cm (d) cm
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 5 : 6 5 5
(c) 2 : 3 (d) 2 : 1 11. The moment of inertia of a straight thin rod of mass
M, length L about an axis perpendicular to its length
6. For the same total mass which of the following will
and passing through its one end is:
have the largest moment of inertia about an axis
passing through the centre of mass and perpendicular 1 1
(a) ML2 (b) ML2
to the plane of the body? 12 3
(a) A disc of radius a 1 2 2
(c) ML (d) ML
(b) A ring of radius a 2
(c) A square lamina of side 2a
(d) Four roads forming square of side 2a
12. What is the moment of inertia I of a uniform hollow (c) IAC = IEF (d) I AC = 2 I EF
sphere of mass M and radius R, pivoted about an axis
17. Moment of inertia of a circular wire of mass M and
that is tangent to the surface of the sphere?
radius R about its diameter is :
(a) MR2/2 (b) MR2
(c) 2 MR2 (d) MR2/4
18. One solid sphere A and another hollow sphere B are
of same mass and same outer radii. Their moments of
inertia about their diameters are respectively I A and IB
such that
2 3
(a) MR 2 (b) MR 2 (a) IA = IB (b) IA > IB
3 5
6 5 IA d A
(c) MR 2 (d) MR 2 (b) IA < IB (d) =
5 3 IB d B
13. The moment of inertia of a metre stick of mass 300 19. Three point masses, each of mass m, are placed at the
gm, about an axis at right angles to the stick and corners of an equilateral triangle of side L. Then the
located at 30 cm mark, is: moment of inertia of this system about an axis along
one side of the triangle is:
(a) 8.3  105 g − cm 2 (b) 5.8 g − cm 2
(a) 3mL2 (b) mL2
(c) 3.7  105 g − cm 2 (d) none of these
3 2 3 2
moment of inertia of a solid sphere about an axis (c) mL (d) mL
14. 4 2
2
passing through centre of gravity is MR 2 ; then its 20. Moment of inertia of a uniform circular disc about a
5 diameter is I. Its moment of inertia about an axis
radius of gyration about a parallel axis at a distance perpendicular to its plane and passing through a point
2R from first axis is: on its rim will be:
(a) 5R (b) 22 / 5 R (a) 5I (b) 3I
5 (c) 6I (d) 4I
(c) R (d) 12 / 5 R
2 21. Locus of all the points in a plane on which the
15. Four spheres of diameter 2a and mass M are placed moment of inertia about all mutually parallel axes of
with their centres on the four corners of a square of a rigid body is same throughout is
side b. Then the moment of inertia of the system (a) a straight line (b) a circle
about an axis along one of the sides of the square is: (c) a parabola (d) an ellipse
4 8 22. A wheel comprises of a ring of radius R and mass M
(a) Ma 2 + 2Mb2 (b) Ma 2 + 2Mb2
5 5 and three spokes of mass m each. The moment of
8 4 inertia of the wheel about its axis is :
(c) Ma 2 (d) Ma 2 + 4Mb2
5 5
16. For the given uniform square lamina ABCD, whose
centre is O R
F
D C
 m 2
O (a)  M +  R (b) (M + m) R2
 4
M+m 2
A B (c) (M + 3m) R2 (d)  R
E  2 
(a) 2 I AC = I EF (b) IAD = 3IEF
23. Four identical rods of length L are joined end to end point and perpendicular to its length is I o. Its moment
to form a square. The mass of each rod is M. The of inertia about an axis passing through one of its
moment of inertia of the square about the median line ends and perpendicular to its length is :
is:
ML2 2
ML 2
ML 2 (a) I o + (b) Io + 2ML
(a) (b) 4
3 4
2 ML2
(c) Io + ML (d) I o +
ML2
2ML 2
2
(c) (d)
6 3
29. A solid cylinder of 500 g and radius 10 cm has
24. ABC is a right-angled triangular plate of uniform moment of inertia : (about its natural axis)
thickness. The sides are such that AB > BC as shown
(a) 3.5 kg– m2 (b) 5 × 10-3 kg–m2
in figure. I1, I2, I3 are moments of inertia about AB,
BC and AC respectively. Then which of the following (c) 2 × 10-3 kg– m2 (d) 2.5 10−3 kg − m2
relation is correct ? 30. The moment of inertia of a regular circular disc of
A mass 0.4 kg and radius 100 cm about the axis
perpendicular to the plane of the disc and passing
through its centre is:
I1 I3
(a) 0.002 kg–m2 (b) 0.02 kg–m2
(c) 2 kg–m2 (d) 0.2 kg–m2
B C
I2 31. Five particles of mass 2 kg are attached to the rim of
(a) I1 = I2 = I3 (b) I2 > I1 > I3 a circular disc of radius 0.1 m and negligible mass.
Moment of inertia of the system about the axis
(c) I2 > I1 > I3 (d) I2 > I1 > I3 passing through the centre of the disc and
25. A circular disc is to be made using iron and perpendicular to its plane is :
aluminum. To keep its moment of inertia maximum (a) 1 kg m2 (b) 0.1 kg m2
about a geometrical axis, it should be so prepared that
(c) 2 kg m2 (d) 0.2 mg m2
(a) aluminum at interior and iron surround it
32. Two identical spherical balls of mass M and radius R
(b) iron at interior and aluminum surrounds it each are stuck on two ends of a rod of length 2R and
(c) aluminum and iron layers in alternate order mass M (see figure). The moment of inertia of the
system about the axis passing perpendicularly
(d) Sheet of iron is used at both external surfaces and
through the centre of the rod is:
aluminum sheets as inner material
26. Four identical thin rods each of mass M and length l,
form a square frame. Moment of inertia of this frame
about an axis through the centre of the square and
perpendicular to its plane is
4 2 2 2
(a) Ml (b) Ml
3 3
13 2 1 2 137 17
(c) Ml (d) Ml (a) MR 2 (b) MR 2
3 3 15 15
27. The ratio of the radii of gyration of a circular disc to 209 152
(c) MR 2 (d) MR 2
that of a circular ring, each of same mass and radius, 15 15
around their respective axis is
33. A closed tube partly filled with water lies in a
(a) 3: 2 (b) 1 : 2 horizontal plane. If the tube is rotated about
perpendicular bisector, the moment of inertia of the
(c) 2:1 (d) 2: 3
system:
28. The moment of inertia of a thin uniform rod of mass (a) increases
M and length L about an axis passing through its mid-
(b) decreases ML2 ML2

(a) (b)
(c) remains constant 24 12
(d) depends on sense of rotation
ML2 2 ML2
34. Two rings of same radius and mass are placed such (c) (d)
6 24
that their centres are at a common point and their
planes are perpendicular to each other. The moment 39. The moment of inertia of a rod about an axis through
of inertia of the system about an axis passing through 1
its centre and perpendicular to it is ML2 (where M
the centre and perpendicular to the plane of one of the 12
rings is (mass of the ring = m, radius = r) is the mass and L the length of the rod). The rod is
bent in the middle so that the two halves make an
1 2
(a) mr (b) mr2 angle of 60°. The moment of inertia of the bent rod
2
about the same axis would be :
3 2
(c) mr (d) 2mr2 1 1
2 (a) ML2 (b) ML2
48 12
35. The moment of inertia of a solid cylinder of mass M,
radius R and Length L about its axis 1 ML2
(c) ML2 (d)
24 8 3
(a) ML2 (b) MR2
40. The radius of gyration of a disc of mass 100 gm and
MR 2 MR 2
(c) (d) radius 5 cm about an axis passing through its centre
L 2
of gravity and perpendicular to plane is:
36. The ratio of the radii of gyration of circular disc about
(a) 6.54 cm (b) 3.54 cm
a tangential axis in the plane of the disc and of a
circular ring of the same radius about a tangential axis (c) 1.52 cm (d) 2.57 cm
in the plane of the ring is: 41. Radius of gyration of disc of mass 50 gm and radius
(a) 2 : 3 (b) 2 : 1 2.5 cm about an axis passing through its centre of
gravity and perpendicular to the plane is
(c) 5: 6 (d) 1 : 2
(a) 6.54 cm (b) 3.64 cm
37. Three particles, each of mass m situated at the
(c) 1.77 cm (d) 0.88 cm
vertices of an equilateral triangle ABC of side l (as
shown in the figure). The moment of inertia of the 42. Four-point masses, each of value m are placed at the
system about a line AX perpendicular to AB and in corners of square ABCD of side l. The moment of
the plane of ABC will be : inertia of this system about an axis passing through A
and parallel to BD is
X m
C
l l
A B
m l m
3 2
(a)   ml (b) 2 ml 2
4
5 2 3 2
(c)   ml (d)   ml
4 2
38. A thin rod of length L and mass m is bent at its
midpoint into two halves so that the angle between (a) 2 ml2 (b) 3 ml 2
them is 90°. The moment of inertia of the bent rod (c) 3 ml2 (d) ml2
about an axis passing through the bending point and
43. The moment of inertia of a triangular lamina of mass
perpendicular to the plane defined by the two halves
M about edge AB is equal to
of the rod is
(a) 6iˆ − 6 ˆj + 12kˆ (b) −6iˆ + 6 ˆj − 12kˆ
(c) 17iˆ − 6 ˆj − 13kˆ (d) −17iˆ + 6 ˆj + 13kˆ

49. The angular velocity of a wheel increases from 100
rps to 300 rps in 10 s. The number of revolutions
M 2
(a)
12
(a + b2 + c2 ) made during that time is:
(a) 600 (b) 1500
2
Ma (c) 1000 (d) 2000
(b)
24 50. When a ceiling fan is switched off, its angular
velocity falls to half while it makes 36 rotations. How
(c) M c 2 + a 2 − b 2
( )
12 many more rotations will it make before coming to
rest?
Mb 2 (a) 24 (b) 36
(d)
12
(c) 18 (d) 12
44. Statement 1 : If two different axes are at same
distance from centre of mass of a rigid body, then 51. A wheel is subjected to uniform angular acceleration
moment of inertia of the given rigid body about both about its axis. Initially, its angular velocity is zero. In
axes will always be same. the first 2s, it rotates through an angle 1 , in the next
Statement 2 : From parallel axis is theorem I = Icm + 2
md2, where all terms have usual meaning. 2s, it rotates through an angle 2 . The ratio of is:
1
(a) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True;
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1. (a) 1 (b) 2
(b) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; (c) 3 (d) 5
Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for 52. A mechanic can open a nut by applying a force of
Statement–1. 150N while using a lever handle of length 40 cm.
(c) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False. How long is the handle required if he wants to open it
(d) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True. by applying a force of only 50 N?
(a) 1.2 m (b) 0.7 m
Torque (c) 1.6 m (d) 2.3 m
53. A flywheel of mass 50 kg and radius of gyration
45. When a steady torque or couple acts on a body, the about its axis of rotation of 0.25 m is acted upon by a
body: constant torque of 12.5 Nm. Its angular velocity at t =
(a) continues in a state of rest or of uniform motion 5 sec is:
by Newton’s 1st law (a) 2.5 rad/sec (b) 5 rad/sec
(b) gets linear acceleration by Newton’s 2nd law
(c) 7.5 rad/sec (d) 10 rad/sec
(c) gets an angular acceleration
(d) continues to rotate at a steady rate. 54. A uniform metre stick of mass M is hinged at one end
46. The linear velocity of a particle on the equator is and supported in a horizontal direction by a string
nearly (radius of the earth is 4000 miles): attached to the other end. What should be the initial
(a) zero (b) 10 miles/hr angular acceleration (in rad/sec2) of the stick if the
(c) 100 miles/hr (d) 1000 miles/hr string is cut?
47. A Couple produces : 3
(a) g (b) g
(a) no motion 2
(b) linear and rotational motion (c) 3g (d) 4g
(c) purely rotational motion
55. A thin hollow cylinder is free to rotate about its
(d) purely linear motion
geometrical axis. It has a mass of 8 kg and a radius of
48. What is the torque of force F = 2iˆ − 3 ˆj + 4kˆ acting at 20 cm. A rope is wrapped around the cylinder. What
a point r = 3iˆ + 2 ˆj + 3kˆ about the origin?
force must be exerted along the rope to produce an A

angular acceleration of 3 rad/sec2?
(a) 8.4 N (b) 5.8 N (a) 9.82 rad/s2 (b) 9.38 rad/s2
(c) 4.8 N (d) None of these (c) 5.65 rad/s2 (d) 12.24 rad/s2
56. In the pulley system shown, if radii of the bigger and 60. A constant torque of 31.4 Nm is exerted on a pivoted
smaller pulley are 2 m and 1 m respectively and the wheel. If the angular acceleration of the wheel is 4
acceleration of block A is 5 m/s2 in the downward rad/s2, then the moment of inertia, will be :
direction, then the acceleration of block B will be: (a) 4.8 kg–m2 (b) 6.2 kg–m2
(c) 5.6 kg–m2 (d) 2.5 kg–m2
61. An automobile engine develops 100 kW when
rotating at a speed of 1800 rev/min then the torque
produced is:
(a) 628 Nm (b) 531 Nm
(c) 330 Nm (d) none of these
(a) 0 m/s2 (b) 5 m/s2 62. A door 1.6 m wide requires a force of 1 N to be
applied at the free end to open or close it. The force
(c) 10 m/s2 (d) 5/2 m/s2
that is required at a point 0.4 m distance from the
57. Figure shows a uniform rod of length l and mass M hinges for opening or closing the door is
which is pivoted at end A such that it can rotate in a (a) 1.2 N (b) 3.6 N
vertical plane. The free end of the rod ‘B’ is initially
(c) 2.4 N (d) 4 N
vertically above the pivot and then released. As the
rod rotates about A, its angular acceleration when it is 63. A cubical block of mass m and edge a slides down a
inclined to horizontal at angle  is rough inclined plane of inclination  with a uniform
velocity. The torque of the normal force on the block
about its centre has a magnitude:
(a) zero (b) mga
mga cos  mga sin 
(c) (d)
2 2
64. A T-shaped object with dimensions shown in the
figure, is lying on a smooth floor. A force F is
3g g
(a) cos  (b) tan  applied at the point P parallel to AB, such that the
2l l object has only the translational motion without
5g g rotation. Find the location of P with respect to C:
(c) sin  (d) sin 
4l l
58. A wheel having moment of inertia 2 kg–m2 about its
vertical axis, rotates at the rate of 60 rev/min about its
axis. The torque which can stop the wheel’s rotation
in 1 min would be :
2 
(a) N −m (b) N −m
15 12
 
(c) N −m (d) N −m
15 18
4l
59. A uniform rod of length 1.6 m and mass 20 kg is free (a) (b) l
3
to rotate in a vertical plane about A. The rod initially
in horizontal position is released. The initial angular 2l 3l
(c) (d)
acceleration of the rod is : 3 2
65. A rigid body rotates about a fixed axis with variable 69. A uniform rod is kept on a frictionless horizontal
angular velocity equal to  −t at time t where  table and two forces F1 and F2 are acted as shown in
and  are constants. The angle through which it figure. The line of action of force FR1 (which
rotates before it comes to rest is: produces same torque) is at a perpendicular distance
‘C’ from O. Now F1 and F2 are interchanged and F1 is
2  2 − 2 reversed. The new forces FR2 (which produces same
(a) (b)
2 2
torque in the present case) has its line of action at a
 2 − 2 ( − ) C
(c) (d) distance from O. If the FR1 : FR2 in the ratio 2:1,
2 2 2
66. O is the centre of an equilateral triangle ABC. F1, F2 then a:b is ( assume F2 a  F1b) :
and F3 are three forces acting along the sides AB, BC
F1
and AC as shown in figure. What should be the O
magnitude of F3 so that the total torque about O is
a b
zero ? F2
A
2 F2 − F1 F2 + 4 F1
(a) (b)
4 F3 − F1 4 F2 − F1
F3
O
F2 − 3F1 F2 + F1
(c) (d)
B F2 F1 + F2 2 F2 + 3F1
F1 C
(a) 2(F1 – F2) (b) (F1 – F2) 70. An equilateral prism of mass m rests on a rough
(c) (F1 + F2) (d) 2 (F1 + F2) horizontal surface with coefficient of friction  . A
horizontal force F is applied on the prism as shown in
67. If F is the force acting on a particle having position
the figure. If the coefficient of friction is sufficiently
vector r and  be the torque of this force about the high so that the prism does not slide before toppling,
origin, then then the minimum force required to topple the prism
(a) r .   0 and F.  = 0 is:
(b) r .   0 and F.   0
(c) r .  = 0 and F.  = 0
(d) F.  = 0 and F.   0
68. A force of − Fk acts on O, the origin of the

coordinate system. The torque of this force about the
point (1, –1) is mg mg
z (a) (b)
3 4
mg mg
(c) (d)
3 4
O y
71. The driving side belt has a tension of 1600 N and the
slack side has 500 N tension. The belt turns a pulley
x 40 cm in radius at a rate of 300 rpm. This pulley
drives a dynamo having 90% efficiency. How many
( )
(a) F î − ˆj (
(b) − F iˆ + ˆj ) kilowatts are being delivered by the dynamo ?
(
(c) F iˆ + ˆj ) ( )
(d) −F î − ˆj (a) 12.4 (b) 6.2
(c) 24.8 (d) 13.77
72. A uniform rod of length L and mass 18 kg is made to centre of the disc. Then the kinetic energy of the rod
rest on two measuring scale at its two ends. A is :
uniform block of mass 2.7 kg is placed on the rod at a
distance L/4 from the left end. The force experienced
by the measuring scale on the right end is nearly:
L
(a) 18 N (b) 97 N R
(c) 29 N (d) 45 N
73. Statement-I: A uniform thin rod of length L is
hinged about one of its ends and is free to rotate about
the hinge without friction. Neglect the effect of
1  L2  1
gravity. A force F is applied at a distance x from the (a) m2  R 2 +  (b) m2 R 2
hinge on the rod such that force always is 2  12  2
perpendicular to the rod. As the value of x is 1
increased from zero to L, the component of reaction (c) m2 L2 (d) none of these
24
by hinge on the rod perpendicular to length of rod
76. The moment of inertia of a body about a given axis is
increases.
1.2 kg–m2. To produce a rotational kinetic energy of
Statement-II : Under the conditions given in 1500 J an angular acceleration of 25 rad/s2 must be
statement 1 as x is increased from zero to L, the applied for :
angular acceleration of rod increases.
(a) 8.5 s (b) 5 s
(a) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True;
(c) 2 s (d) 1 s
Statement–II is a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(b) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True; 77. A body of moment of inertia 3 kg-m2 rotating with an
Statement–II is NOT a correct explanation for angular velocity of 2 rad/s has the same kinetic
Statement–I. energy as the mass of 12 kg moving with a speed of :
(c) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False. (a) 1 m/s (b) 1.41 m/s
(d) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True. (c) 2 m/s (d) 4 m/s
74. Statement–I: A ladder is more apt to slip when you 78. A uniform rod of length L is free to rotate in a
are high up on it than when you just begin to climb. vertical plane about a fixed horizontal axis through B.
Statement–II: At the high up on a ladder, the torque The rod begins rotating from rest from its unstable
is large and on climbing up the torque is small. equilibrium position. When it has turned through an
(a)If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true; angle  its average angular velocity  is given as :
Statement–II is the correct explanation for Statement–
I.
(b) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true;
Statement–II is not a correct explanation for
Statement–I.
(c) If Statement–I is true; Statement–II is false.
(d) If Statement–I is false; Statement–II is true.
6g 6g 
(a) sin  (b) sin
L L 2
6g  6g
Rotational Kinetic Energy (c) cos (d) cos 
L 2 L
75. A uniform rod of mass m and length L lies radially on

a disc rotating with angular speed  in a horizontal
plane about its axis. The rod does not slip on the disc
and the centre of the rod is at a distance R from the
Angular Momentum (a) zero (b) 60 unit

(c) 7.5 unit (d) 40 2 unit
79. A particle is moving along a straight line parallel to
x–axis with constant velocity. Its angular momentum 87. A particle moves in a force field given by F = r̂F ( r ) ,
about the origin :
where r̂ is a unit vector along the position vector,
(a) decreases with time (b) increases with time r, then which is true?
(c) remains constant (d) is zero
(a) The torque acting on the particle is not zero
80. If a particle moves in the X–Y plane, the resultant (b) The torque acting on the particle produces an
angular momentum has : angular acceleration in it
(a) only x–component (b) only y–component (c) The angular momentum of the particle is
(c) both x & y component (d) only z–component conserved
81. The position of a particle is given by : r = î + 2 ĵ − k̂ (d) The angular momentum of the particle increases
and its linear momentum is given by : 88. A rigid body rotates with an angular momentum L. If
P = 3î + 4 ĵ − 2k̂ . Then its angular momentum, about its rotational kinetic energy is made 4 times, its
the origin is perpendicular to : angular momentum will become :
(a) YZ plane (b) z–axis (a) 4 L (b) 16 L
(c) y–axis (d) x–axis (c) 2L (d) 2 L
82. Angular momentum of a body with moment of inertia
89. The diameter of a flywheel (Disk) is 1 m. It has a
I and angular velocity  is equal to :
mass of 20 kg. It is rotating about its axis with a
I speed of 120 rotations is one minute. Its angular
(a) (b) I2
 momentum (in kg–m2/s) is :
(c) I (d) none of these (a) 13.4 (b) 31.4
83. What is moment of inertia in terms of angular (c) 41.4 (d) 43.4
momentum (L) and rotational kinetic energy (K) ?:
90. A disc of moment of inertia I1 is rotating freely with
2
angular velocity 1 when a second, non-rotating disc
2
L L
(a) (b)
K 2K with moment of inertia I2 is dropped on it gently the
L L two then rotate as a unit. Then the total angular speed
(c) (d)
2K2 2K is :
84. A diver in a swimming pool bends his head before I11 I2 1
(a) (b)
diving because it : I2 I1
(a) decreases his moment of inertia
I11 ( I1 + I2 ) 1
(b) decreases his angular velocity (c) (d)
I 2 + I1 I2
(c) increases his moment of inertia
91. If a gymnast, sitting on a rotating stool with his arms
(d) increases his linear velocity
outstretched, suddenly lowers his arms:
85. What is the angular momentum of a body whose
(a) the angular velocity increases
rotational kinetic energy is 10 J, if the angular
momentum vector coincides with the axis of rotation (b) his moment of inertia increases
and its moment of inertia is 8 g–cm2: (c) the angular velocity remains same
-3 2 3 2
(a) 4 × 10 kg–m /s (b) 8 × 10 kg–m /s (d) the angular momentum increases
3 2
(c) 2 × 10 kg–m /s (d) none of thes 92. A disc is rotating with angular velocity . If a child
86. A particle of mass m = 5 units is moving with a sits on it, what is conserved ?
uniform speed v = 3 2 units in the XOY plane (a) Linear momentum (b) Angular momentum
along the line y = x + 4. The magnitude of the (c) Kinetic energy (d) Moment of inertia
angular momentum of the particle about the origin is
93. A particle undergoes uniform circular motion. About
:
which point in the plane of the circle, will the angular
momentum of the particle remain conserved?
(a) Centre of the circle 4 3

(c)  (d) 
(b) Any point on the circumference of the circle 5 2
(c) Any point inside the circle 100. If radius of earth is reduced
(d) Any point outside the circle (a) time period of earth increases
94. A particle performs uniform circular motion with an (b) earth rotates slower
angular momentum L. If the frequency of the particle
motion is doubled and its kinetic energy is halved the (c) time period of earth decreases
angular momentum becomes : (d) Can’t be said
L L 101. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v
(a) (b)
4 2 making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The
(c) 2 L (d) 4 L magnitude of angular momentum of the projectile
about an axis of projection when the particle is at
95. A circular disc is rotating with angular velocity . If
maximum height h is :
a man standing at the edge of the disc walks towards
its centre, then the angular velocity of the disc : mv3
(a) zero (b)
(a) is not changed (b) be halved 4 2g
(c) decreases (d) increases mv 2
96. The angular momentum of a system of particles is not (c) (d) m 2gh 3
2g
conserved :
(a) when a net external force acts upon the system 102. A constant torque acting on a uniform circular wheel
changes its angular momentum from A0 to 4A0 in 4
(b) when a net external torque is acting upon the
seconds. The magnitude of this torque is :
system
(c) when a net external impulse is acting upon the
3 A0
(a) (b) A0
system 4
(d) none of the above (c) 4A0 (d) 12A0
97. A disc of mass 2 kg and radius 0.2 m is rotating with 1
angular velocity 30 rad/s. What is angular velocity, if 103. If the radius of earth contracts of its present-day
n
a mass of 0.25 kg is put on periphery of the disc ?
value, the length of the day will be approximately :
(a) 24 rad/s (b) 36 rad/s
24 24
(c) 15 rad/s (d) 26 rad/s (a) h (b) h
n n2
98. A particle of mass 0.5 kg is moving in the X–Y plane
with uniform speed of 3 m/s parallel of Y–axis and (c) 24n h (d) 24n2 h
crosses the X–axis at 2 m from origin. The angular 104. A thin circular ring of mass M and radius R is
momentum about origin is : rotating about its axis with a constant angular
(a) zero (b) 3 kg m2/s velocity . Two objects, each of mass m, are attached
gently to the opposite ends of a diameter of the ring.
(c) 1.5 kg m2/s (d) changing with time
The ring rotates now with an angular velocity :
99. A thin and circular disc of mass M and radius R is
rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing M  ( M − 2m )
(a) (b)
through its centre and perpendicular to its plane with M+m M + 2m
an angular velocity . If another disc of same M ( M + m)
dimensions but of mass M/4 is placed gently on the (c) (d)
M + 2m M
first disc co–axially, then the new angular velocity of
the system is 105. A thin uniform circular disc of mass M and radius R
is rotating in a horizontal plane about an axis passing
5 2 through its centre and perpendicular to the plane with
(a)  (b) 
4 3 angular velocity . Another disc of same mass but
half the radius is gently placed over it coaxially. The (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
angular speed of the composite disc will be :
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
5 4
(a)  (b) 
4 5 109. A horizontal platform is rotating with uniform
angular velocity around the vertical axis passing
2 5 through its centre. At some instant of time a viscous
(c)  (d) 
5 2 fluid of mass m is dropped at the centre and is
106. A mass m is moving at speed v perpendicular to a rod allowed to spread out and finally fall. The angular
of length d and mass M = 6m which pivots around a velocity during this period
frictionless axle running through its center. It strikes (a) decreases continuously
and sticks to the end of the rod. The moment of
(b) decreases initially & increases again
md 2
inertia of the rod about its center is .Then the (c) remain unaltered
12
angular speed of the system just after the collision is: (d) increases continuously
110: A solid sphere is rotating about a diameter at an
angular velocity . If it cools so that its radius
reduces to 1/n of its original value, its angular
velocity becomes :
(a) n (b) 
(c) n (d) n
111. A long frictionless horizontal rod is set into rotation
about a vertical axis passing through its centre. Two
beads placed on the rod on either side of the axis, are
2v 2v released from rest.
(a) (b)
3d d The angular speed of the rod :
v 3v (a) decreases with time
(c) (d)
d 2d
(b) increases with time due to work done by the beads
107. A particle of mass m moves in the XY plane with a (c) increases with time due to work done by
velocity v along the straight-line AB. If the angular centrifugal force
momentum of the particle with respect to origin O is
LA when it is at A and LB when it is at B, then (d) remain unchanged
112. Assertion: A satellite is orbiting around a planet then
its angular momentum is conserved about the planet.
Reason: Linear momentum conservation leads to
angular momentum conservation.
(a) LA > LB (a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion
(b) LA = LB
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is
(c) the relationship between LA and LB depends upon not the correct explanation of assertion
the slope of the line AB (c) Assertion is true but reason is false
(d) LA < LB (d) Assertion is false and reason is also false
108. The angular speed of a body changes from 1 to 2 113. Assertion : The speed of whirlwind in a tornado is
alarmingly high.
without applying a torque but due to change in its
moment of inertia. The ratio of radii of gyration in the Reason : If no external torque acts on a body, its
two cases is : angular velocity remains conserved.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is (d) r
the correct explanation of assertion 117. A string of negligible thickness is wrapped several
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is times around a cylinder kept on a rough horizontal
not the correct explanation of assertion surface. A man standing at a distance d from the
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false cylinder holds one end of the string and pulls the
cylinder towards him. There is no slipping anywhere.
(d) Assertion is false and reason is also false The length of the string passed through the hand of
114. Assertion : Angular momentum of a system of the man while the cylinder reaches his hands is:
particles is always conserved.
Reason : Torque = time rate of change of angular
momentum.
(a) Both assertion and reason are true and reason is
the correct explanation of assertion (a) 1d (b) 2d
(b) Both assertion and reason are true but reason is (c) 3d (d) 4d
not the correct explanation of assertion
118. A solid sphere of radius R is placed on a smooth
(c) Assertion is true but reason is false horizontal surface. A horizontal force F is applied at
(d) Assertion is false and reason is also false height h from the lowest point. For the maximum
acceleration of the centre of mass :
(a) h = R
Combined Translational and Rotational
(b) h = 2 R
Motion (c) h = 0
(d) the acceleration will be same whatever h may be
115. A sphere cannot roll on : 119. P is the point of contact of a wheel and the ground.
(a) a smooth horizontal surface The radius of wheel is 1 m. The wheel rolls on the
(b) a rough horizontal surface ground without slipping. The displacement of point P
when wheel completes half rotation is :
(c) a smooth inclined surface
(d) a rough inclined surface (a) 2m (b) 2 +4m
116. A disc of radius R rolls on a horizontal ground with
linear acceleration a and angular acceleration  as (c)  m (d) 2 +2m
shown in figure. The magnitude of acceleration of 120. A solid sphere of mass M and radius R is placed on a
point P at a distance r from the center of mass shown rough horizontal surface. It is pulled by a horizontal
in figure at an instant when its linear velocity is v and force F acting through its centre of mass as a result of
angular velocity is  will be: which it begins to roll without slipping. Angular
acceleration of the sphere can be expressed as:
3F 5F
(a) 4 MR (b)
7 MR
7F 5F
(c) 11MR (d)
2 MR
121. A hoop rolls on a horizontal ground without slipping
(a) (a + r )2 + (r 2 )2 with linear speed v. Speed of a particle P on the
ar circumference of the hoop at angle  is :
(b)
R
(c) r 2  2 + r 2 4
v cm vcm
B
P
(a) The velocity of point A is 2 vcm and velocity of
point B is zero
(b) The velocity of point A is zero and velocity of
 
(a) 2 v sin (b) v sin point B is 2 vcm
2 2
(c) The velocity of point A is 2 vcm and velocity of
  point B is – vcm
(c) 2 v cos (d) v cos
2 2
(d) The velocities of both A and B are vcm
122. A solid sphere of mass M rolls without slipping on
127. A thin uniform circular disk is rolling down an
an inclined plane of inclination . The linear inclined plane of inclination 30° without slipping. Its
acceleration of the sphere is: linear acceleration along the inclined plane is :
1 2
(a) g sin  (b) g sin  (a)
2g
(b)
g
7 7 3 4
3 5
(c) g sin  (d) g sin  (c)
g
(d)
g
7 7 3 2
123. In the above question, the force of friction on the 128. A solid sphere of diameter 0.2 m and mass 2 kg is
sphere is: rolling on an inclined plane with velocity v = 0.5
1 2 m/s. The kinetic energy of the sphere is :
(a) Mg sin  (b) Mg sin 
7 7 (a) 0.10 J (b) 0.35 J
(c) 3 Mg sin  5 (c) 0.50 J (d) 0.42 J

(d) Mg sin 
7 7 129. A solid cylinder is rolling down an inclined plane of
124. In the above question, the minimum value of inclination 60°. What is its acceleration ?
coefficient of friction so that sphere may roll without g
slipping is : (a) g 3 (b)
3
2 2
(a) sin  (b) cos  2g
7 7 (c) (d) None of these
3
2 2
(c) tan  (d) cot  130. Two solid spheres of unequal mass but same radius
7 7
are released on inclined plane. They roll down
125. A hoop rolls without slipping down an incline of without slipping. Which one will reach the ground
slope 30°. Linear acceleration of its centre of mass is first?
g g (a) Light sphere
(a) (b)
2 3 (b) Heavier sphere
g g (c) Both will reach at the same time
(c) (d)
4 6 (d) None of the above
126. A wheel of bicycle is rolling without slipping on a 131. A solid sphere and a spherical shell both of same
level road. The velocity of the centre of mass is v cm; radius and mass roll down from rest without slipping
then true statement is : on an inclined plane from the same height . The time
taken to reach the bottom of the inclined plane is :
(a) more for spherical shell
(b) more for solid sphere 2 3

(c) (d)
(c) same for both 5 7
(d) depends on coefficient of friction 137. A ball rolls without slipping. The radius of gyration
132. Statement 1 : A rigid disc rolls without slipping on a of the ball about an axis passing through its centre of
fixed rough horizontal surface with uniform angular mass is K. If radius of the ball be R, then the fraction
velocity. Then the acceleration of lowest point on the of total energy associated with its rotational energy
disc is zero. will be :
Statement 2 : For a rigid disc rolling without K2 R2

(a) (b)
slipping on a fixed rough horizontal surface, the 2
K + R2 2
K + R2
velocity of the lowest point on the disc is always
K 2 + R2 K2
zero. (c) (d)
R2 R2
(a) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True;
138. A solid cylinder of mass M and radius R rolls
Statement–2 is a correct explanation for Statement–1.
without slipping down an inclined plane of length L
(b) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is True; and height h. What is the speed of its centre of mass
Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for when the cylinder reaches at bottom of the incline
Statement–1. plane ?
(c) Statement–1 is True, Statement–2 is False.
4
(d) Statement–1 is False, Statement–2 is True. (a) gh (b) 4 gh
3
3
Miscellaneous Problems in Rotation (c) 2 gh (d) gh
4
139. A drum of radius R and mass M, rolls down without
133. A 6 kg ball starts from rest and rolls down a rough slipping along an inclined plane of angle . The
gradual slope until it reaches a point 80 cm lower frictional force
than its starting point. Then the speed of the ball is :
(a) converts part of potential energy to rotational
(a) 1.95 ms-1 (b) 2.5 ms-1 energy
(c) 3.35 ms-1 (d) 4.8 ms-1 (b) dissipates energy as heat
134. A uniform solid sphere rolls on a horizonal surface at (c) decreases the rotational motion
20 ms–1. It then rolls up an incline having an angle of
(d) decreases the rotational and translational motion
inclination at 30° with the horizontal. If the friction
losses are negligible, the value of height h above the 140. A solid iron sphere A rolls down an inclined plane
ground where the sphere stops is: (Use g = 9.8 ms-2) while an identical hollow sphere B of same mass
slides down the plane in a frictionless manner. At the
(a) 14.3 m (b) 28.6 m
bottom of the inclined plane, the total kinetic energy
(c) 57.2 m (d) 9.8 m of sphere A is.
135. A disc is rolling on an inclined plane. What is the (a) less than that of B
ratio of its rotational K.E. to the total K. E. ?
(b) equal to that of B
(a) 1 : 3 (b) 3 : 1
(c) more than that of B
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 1
(d) sometimes more and sometimes less.
136. If a spherical ball rolls on a table without slipping,
141. A meter stick is held vertically with one end on the
the fraction of its total energy associated with
floor and is the other end is allowed to fall.
rotation is
Assuming that the end on the floor of the stick does
3 2 not slip, the velocity of the other end when it hits the
(a) (b)
5 7 floor, will be:
(a) 10.8 m/s (b) 5.4 m/s
(c) 2.5 m/s (d) none of these weight mg is attached to the cord at the end. The
142. A solid sphere is rolling on a frictionless surface, weight falls from rest after falling through a distance
shown in figure with a translational velocity v m/s. If h, the angular velocity of the wheel at that instant
it is to climb the inclined surface, then v should be : will be :
2m gh
(a) 2 gh (b)
h I + mr 2
v
2m gh 2 gh
(c) (d)
10 I − 2mr 2 I + 2mr 2
(a)  gh (b)  2gh
7 147. A solid sphere is rolling on a rough surface, shown in
figure with a translational velocity v m/s. If it is to
10
(c) 2 gh (d) gh climb the inclined surface, then v should be :
7
143. A spherical ball of mass 20 kg is stationary at the top
of a hill of height 100 m. It rolls down a smooth
surface to the ground, then climbs up another hill of
height 30 m and finally rolls down to a horizontal
10
(a)  gh (b)  2gh
base at a height of 20 m above the ground. The 7
velocity attained by the ball is : 10
(c) 2gh (d) gh
(a) 40 m/s (b) 20 m/s 7
(c) 10 m/s (d) 10 30 m/s 148. A solid sphere rolls down two different inclined
planes of same height, but of different inclinations.
144. Figure shows a hemisphere of radius 4R. A ball of
In both cases :
radius R is released from position P. It rolls without
slipping along the inner surface of the hemisphere. (a) speed and time of descent will be same
Linear speed of its centre of mass when the ball is at (b) speed will be same, but time of descent will be
position Q is : different
(c) speed will be different, but time of descent will be
same
(d) speed and time of descent both are different
149. A uniform cylinder of mass M and radius R is
released from rest on a rough inclined surface of
inclination  with the horizontal as shown in figure.
As the cylinder rolls down the inclined surface, the
30 gR 24 gR maximum elongation in the spring of stiffness k is
(a) (b)
7 5
40 gR
(c) (d) 6 gR
9
145. A body rolls down an inclined plane. If its kinetic
energy of rotational motion is 40% of its kinetic
energy of translation motion, then the body is a :
(a) solid sphere (b) spherical shell 3 Mg sin  2Mg sin 
(a) (b)
(c) cylinder (d) ring 4 k k
146. A cord is wound round the circumference of the Mg sin 
(c) (d) None of this
wheel of radius r. The axis of the wheel is horizontal k
and the moment of inertia about its centre is I. A
150. Statement–I: The velocity of a body at the bottom of

an inclined plane of given height is more when it
slides down the plane, compared to, when it is rolling
down the same plane.
Statement–II: In rolling down a body acquires both
kinetic energy of translation and rotation.
(a) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true;
Statement–II is the correct explanation for
Statement–I.
(b) If Statement–I is true, Statement–II is true;
Statement–II is not a correct explanation for
Statement–I.
(c) If Statement–I is true; Statement–II is false.
(d) If Statement–I is false; Statement–II is true.

5. Moment of inertia of a disc about an axis which is
1. When a mass is rotating in a plane about a fixed tangent and parallel to its plane is I. Then, the
point, its angular momentum is directed along : moment of inertia of disc about a tangent but
[AIPMT 2012] perpendicular to its plane will be
(a) the tangent to the orbit [MHT CET 2013]
(b) a line perpendicular to the plane of rotation 3I 5I

(a) (b)
(c) the line making an angle of 45° to the plane of 4 6
rotation 3I 6I
(c) (d)
(d) the radius 2 5
2. The moment of inertia of uniform circular disc is 6. Assertion Two circular discs of equal mass and
maximum about an axis perpendicular to the disc and thickness made of different materials, will have same
passing through moment of inertia about their central axes of rotation.
C
Reason Moment of inertia depends upon the
distribution of mass in the body
B
A D [AIIMS 2013]
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
is the correct explanation of Assertion.
[AIPMT 2012]
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(a) A (b) B
is not correct explanation of Assertion
(b) C (d) D
(c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
3. A rod PQ of mass M and Length L is hinged at end P.
(d) Assertion is incorrect but Reason is correct.
The rod is kept horizontal by a massless string tied to
point Q as shown in figure. When string is cut, the 7. A solid cylinder of mass 50 kg and radius 0.5 m is
initial angular acceleration of the rod is : free to rotate about the horizontal axis. A massless
string is wound round the cylinder with one end
attached to it and other hanging freely. Tension in the
P string required to produce an angular acceleration of
Q 2 revolution-s-2 is:
L [NEET 2014]
[NEET 2013] (a) 78.5 N (b) 157 N
(c) 25 N (d) 50 N
2g 3g 8. The ratio of the accelerations for a solid sphere (mass
(a) (b)
3L 2L ‘m’ and radius ‘R’) rolling down an incline of angle
′θ′ without slipping and slipping down the incline
g 2g
(c) (d) without rolling is:
L L
[NEET 2014]
4. A small object of uniform density rolls up a curved
(a) 2 : 5 (b) 7 : 5
surface with an initial velocity ‘v’. It reaches upto a
(c) 5 : 7 (d) 2 : 3
3v 2
maximum height of h = with respect to the Moment of inertia of a ring about its diameter is I.
4g 9.
The moment of inertia of the same ring about that
initial position. The object is
axis perpendicular to its plane and passing through
[NEET 2013] center is
(a) Disc (b) Ring [KCET 2014]
(c) Solid sphere (d) Hollow sphere
I
(a) (b) 2I
2
I
(c) (d) 4I
4
10. Two bodies have their moments of inertia I and 2I,
respectively about their axis of rotation. If their
kinetic energies of rotation are equal, their angular
velocity will be in the ratio 11 2
(a) 4mr 2 (b) mr
[UK PMT 2014] 5
(a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 2
16 2
(c) 2 :1 (d) 1: 2 (c) 3mr 2 (d) mr
5
11. A body having a moment of inertia about its axis of 15. Two rotating bodies A and B of mass m and 2m with
rotation equal to 3 kg-m2 is rotating with angular moments of inertia Ia and Ib (Ib > Ia) have equal
velocity of 3 rad s–1. Kinetic energy of this rotating kinetic energy of rotation. If La and Lb be their
body is same as that of a body of mass 27 kg moving angular momentum respectively, then :
with a velocity v. The value of v is
[NEET 2016]
[KCET 2014]
(a) La = 2Lb (b) Lb > La
(a) 1 ms-1 (b) 0.5 ms-1
Lb
(c) 2 ms-1 (d) 1.5 ms-1 (c) La > Lb (d) La =
2
12. A rotating wheel changes angular speed from 1800
rpm to 3000 rpm in 20 s. What is the angular 16. A light rod of length l has two masses m1 and m2
acceleration assuming it to be uniform? attached to its two ends. The moment of inertia of the
system about an axis perpendicular to the rod and
[KCET 2014]
passing through the centre of mass is :
(a) 60π rad s -2
(b) 90π rad s-2
[NEET 2016]
(c) 2π rad s-2 (d) 40π rad s-2
m1 + m2 2
13. A rod of weight W is supported by two parallel knife (a) l (b) (m1 + m2 )l 2
m1m2
edges A and B and is in equilibrium in a horizontal
position. The knives are at a distance d from each m1m2 2
(c) m1m2 l 2 (d) l
other. The centre of mass of the rod is at distance x m1 + m2
from A. The normal reaction on A is:
17. A solid sphere of mass m and radius R is rotating
[NEET 2015] about its diameter. A solid cylinder of the same mass
W (d − x) Wx and same radius is also rotating about its geometrical
(a) (b)
d d axis with an angular speed twice that of the sphere.
The ratio of their kinetic energies of rotation (E s : Ec)
Wd W (d − x) will be:
(c) (d)
x x [NEET 2016]
14. Three identical spherical shells, each of mass m and (a) 1 : 5 (b) 1 : 4
radius r are placed as shown in figure. Consider an
(b) 3 : 1 (d) 2 : 3
axis XX’ which is touching to two shells and passing
through diameter of third shell. Moment of inertia of 18. A uniform circular disc of radius 50 cm at rest is free
the system consisting of these three spherical shells to turn about an axis which is perpendicular to its
about XX’ axis is: plane and passes through its centre. It is subjected to a
torque which produces a constant angular
[NEET 2015]
acceleration of 2.0 rad s–2. Its net acceleration in ms–2
at the end of 2.0 s is approximately:
[NEET 2016]
(a) 6.0 (b) 3.0

(c) 8.0 (d) 7.
19. A disc and a solid sphere of same radius but different
masses roll off on two inclined planes of the same
altitude and length. Which one of the two objects gets
to the bottom of the plane first ?
[NEET 2016] [JIPMER 2017]
(a) Both reach at the same time (a) I1 = I2 = I3 (b) I2 > I1 > I3
(b) Depends on their masses (c) I3 < I2 < I1 (d) I3 > I1 > I2
(c) Disc 24. Assertion: The total kinetic energy of a rolling solid
(d) Sphere sphere is the sum of translational and rotational
20. A force F = 5i + 2j − 5k acts on a particle whose kinetic energies.
Reason: For all solid bodies, total kinetic energy is
position vector is r = i − 2j + k. What is the torque
always twice of translational kinetic energy.
about the origin ?
[AIIMS 2017]
[KCET 2016]
(a) Both Assertion and Reason are correct and Reason
(a) 8i + 10j + 12k (b) 8i + 10j − 12k is the correct explanation of Assertion.
(b) Both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason
(c) 8i − 10j − 8k (d) 10i − 10j − k
is not the correct explanation of Assertion
21. Two discs of same moment of inertia I rotating about (c) Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
their regular axis passing through centre and
(d) Both Assertion and Reason are incorrect.
perpendicular to the plane of disc with angular
velocities 1 and 2 . They are brought into contact 25. A cylinder rolls up an inclined plane, reaches some
height and then rolls down (without slipping
face to face coinciding the axis of rotation. The
throughout these motions). The directions of the
expression for loss of energy during this process is :
frictional force acting on the cylinder are
[NEET 2017]
[JIPMER 2017]
1 2 1 2
(a) I ( 1 + 2 ) (b) I ( 1 − 2 ) (a) up the incline while ascending and down the
2 4 incline while descending
1 2 (b) up the incline while ascending as well as
(c) I ( 1 − 2 )
2
(d) I ( 1 − 2 )
8 descending
22. A constant torque of 3.14 N-m is exerted on a pivoted (c) down the incline while ascending and up the
wheel. If the angular acceleration of the wheel is 4π incline while descending
rad s−2, then the moment of inertia of the wheel is (d) down the incline while ascending as well as
[J&K CET 2017] descending
→
(a) 0.25 kg-m 2
(b) 2.5 kg-m2
26. The moment of the force F = 4 î + 5 ˆj− 6 kˆ , at (2, 0, -
(c) 4.5 kg-m2 (d) 25 kg-m2
3), about the point (2, -2, -2), is given by:
23. ABC is right angled triangular plane of uniform
[NEET 2018]
thickness. The sides are such that AB > BC as shown
in figure. I1, I2, I3 are moments of inertia about AB, (a) −7 î − 8 ˆj− 4 kˆ (b) −4 î − ˆj− 8 kˆ
BC and AC, respectively. Then, which of the (b) − 8iˆ − 4ˆj − 7 kˆ (d) −7 î − 4 ˆj− 8 kˆ
following relations is correct?
27. A thin horizontal circular disc is rotating about a
vertical axis passing through its centre. An insect is at
rest at a point near the rim of disc. The insect now
moves along a diameter of the disc to reach its other
end. During the journey of the insect, the angular

speed of the disc
[AIIMS 2018]
(a) continuously decreases
[AIIMS 2019]
(b) continuously increases
(a) 2.74 m (b) 5.48
(c) first increases and then decreases
(c) 1.09 m (d) 3.2 m
(d) remains unchanged
32. Two discs having mass ratio 1 : 2 and diameter ratio 2
28. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 4 cm is
: 1, then find the ratio of moment of inertia.
rotating about its axis at the rate of 3 rpm. The torque
required to stop it after 2 revolutions is : [JIPMER 2019]
[NEET 2019] (a) 2 : 1 (b) 1 : 1
(a) 2 × 10–3 N m (b) 12 × 10–4 N m (c) 1 : 2 (d) 2 : 3
(c) 2 × 106 N m (d) 2 × 10–6 N m 33. A solid cylinder of mass 2 kg and radius 50 cm rolls
up an inclined plane of angle inclination 30°. The
29. A disc of radius 2 m and mass 100 kg rolls on a
centre of mass of cylinder has speed of 4 ms −1. The
horizontal floor. Its centre of mass has speed of 20
distance travelled by the cylinder on the inclined
cm/s. How much work is needed to stop it ?
surface will be (take, g = 10ms−2)
[NEET 2019]
[NEET (Odisha) 2019]
(a) 30 kJ (b) 2 J
(a) 2.2 m (b) 1.6 m
(c) 1 J (d) 3 J
(c) 1.2 m (d) 2.4 m
30. A disc of radius 20 cm and mass half kg is rolling on
34. Find the torque about the origin when a force of
an inclined plane. Find out friction force so that disc
performs pure rolling. 3j N acts on a particle whose position vector is
2k m.
[NEET 2020]
(a) −6i Nm (b) 6k Nm
(c) 6i Nm (d) 6j Nm
[AIIMS 2019] 35. From a circular ring of mass ‘M’ and radius ‘R’ an
arc corresponding to a 90 sector is removed. The
moment of inertia of the remaining part of the ring
5 2 5
(a) N (b) N about an axis passing through the centre of the ring
3 3 2 and perpendicular to the plane of the ring is ‘K’ times
5 5 ‘MR2’. Then the value of ‘K’ is:
(c) N (d) N
2 2 3 [NEET 2021]
31. A sphere pure rolls on a rough inclined plane with 1 1

(a) (b)
initial velocity 2.8 ms−1. Find the maximum distance 4 8
on the inclined plane
3 7
(c) (d)
4 8

I
1. A uniform solid cylinder has a radius R and length L.
r
If the moment of inertia of this cylinder about an axis
passing through its centre and normal to its circular
face is equal to the moment of inertia of the same
cylinder about an axis passing through its centre and
2 2
normal to its length, then (a) R (b) R
15 5
(a) L = R (b) L = 3 R
3 3
(c) R (d) R
(c) L = R/ 3 (d) L = 0 15 15
2. A thin rod of length 4l and mass 4m is bent at the 5. A uniform beam of length L whose mass ‘m’ is 1.8
points as shown in the figure. What is the moment of kg rests with its ends on two digital scales, as in
inertia of the rod about the axis passing through point figure. A uniform block whose mass M is 2.7 kg rests
O and perpendicular to the plane of the paper? on the beam, its centre is at a distance L/4 from the
beam’s left end. What do the scales read?
M 2 10M 2
(a) (b)
3 3
M 2 M 2
(c) (d)
12 24
3. From a circular disc of radius R and mass 9M, a small (a) 29 N on right scale and 15 N on left scale
disc of radius R/3 is removed. The moment of inertia (b) 15 N on right scale and 29 N on left scale
of the remaining disc about an axis perpendicular to
(c) 10 N on right scale and 20 N on left scale
the plane of the disc and passing through O is:
(d) 2.25 N on right scale and 7 N on left scale
R/3
6. Each pulley shown in the given figure below has
radius r and moment of inertia I. The acceleration of
the blocks is: (Given M > m)
R O
(a) 4 MR2 (b) MR2

(c) 10 MR2 (d) MR2
A solid sphere of radius R has moment of inertia I
4.
(a)
(M − m) g (b)
( M − m) g
about its geometrical axis, it is melted into a disc of
 2I   2I 
radius r and thickness t. If it’s moment of inertia M + m + 2  M + m− 2 
 r   r 
about the tangential axis (which is perpendicular to
plane of the disc), is also equal to I, then the value of (c)
( M − m )g (d) ( M − m) g
r is equal to :  I   I 
M + m+ 2  M + m− 2 
 r   r 
7. A uniform rod of length 2l is placed with one end in

contact with the horizontal table and is then inclined
at an angle  to the horizontal and allowed to fall.
When it becomes horizontal, its angular velocity will
be
3g sin  2
(a) (b)
2 3g sin 
g sin 
(c) (d)
g sin  12. A constant horizontal force F is applied on the top of
8. A cylindrical rod of mass M, length L and radius R a solid sphere and a hollow sphere of same mass and
has two cords wound around it whose ends are radius both kept on a sufficiently rough surface. Let
attached to the ceiling. The rod is held horizontally a1 and a2 be their linear accelerations respectively,
with the two cords vertical. When the rod is released, then:
the cords unwind and the rod rotates, the linear F F
acceleration of the cylinders as it falls, is :
(a) g (b) g/3
(c) 2g/3 (d) g/2 Solid sphere Hollow sphere
9. A solid sphere of radius 1 m and mass 2 kg is rolling (a) a1 = a2 (b) a1 > a2

with a linear speed of 2 m/s. What is the speed of
(c) a1 < a2 (d) data sufficient
point A
13. A disc of radius R and mass M is rolling horizontally
(a) 2 m/s (b) 2 2 m / s without slipping with speed v. It then moves up an
A
incline as shown.
(c) 4 m/s (d) 2 m/s
The maximum height upto which it can reach is
10. A wheel of radius r rolls without slipping with a
speed v on a horizontal road. When it is at a point A
on the road, a small blob of mud separates from the
wheel at its highest point and lands at point B on the v
road.
(a) AB = v r / g
(a) v2/g (b) v2/2g
(b) AB = 2v r / g (c) v2/3g (d) 3v2/4g
(c) AB = 4v r / g 14. A particle performs uniform circular motion with an
angular momentum L. If the frequency of particle’s
(d) If v  4 rg , the blob of mud will land on the
motion is doubled and its kinetic energy is halved, the
wheel and not on the road angular momentum becomes :
11. A solid sphere and a hollow sphere of equal mass and (a) 2L (b) 4L
radius are placed over a rough horizontal surface after (c) L/2 (d) L/4
rotating it about its centre of mass with same angular 15. A rigid horizontal smooth rod AB of mass 0.75 kg
velocity o . Once the pure rolling starts let v1 and and length 40 cm can rotate freely about a fixed
v 2 be the linear speeds of their centre of mass vertical axis through its midpoint O. Two rings each
of mass 1 kg initially at rest at a distance of 10 cm
respectively, then :
from O on either side of the rod. The rod is set in
(a) v1 = v2 (b) v1 > v2 rotation with an angular velocity of 30 radians per
(c) v1 < v2 (d) data is insufficient sec. When the rings reach the ends of the rod, the
angular velocity in rad/sec is
(a) 5 (b) 10 (a) v0 = 0 (b)  = (3v/5a)

(c) 15 (d) 20 (c)  = v/5a (d) E = 3mv2/5
16. A rigid spherical body is spinning around an axis 20. A tube of length L is filled completely with an
without any external torque. Due to changes in incompressible liquid of mass M and closed at both
temperature, the volume increases by 1%. Its angular the ends. The tube is then rotated in a horizontal plane
speed will about one of its ends with a uniform angular velocity
(a) increase approximately by 1% . The force exerted by the liquid at the other end is:
(b) decrease approximately by 1% M2 L
(a) (b) M L
(c) decrease approximately by 0.67% 2
(d) decrease approximately by 0.33%
M2 L M2 L2
A cubical block of side a is moving with velocity v on (c) (d)
17. 4 2
a horizontal smooth plane as shown in figure. It hits a
21. A disc of mass M and radius R is rolling with angular
ridge at point O. The angular speed of the block after
speed  on a horizontal plane as shown. The
it hits O is:
magnitude of angular momentum of the disc about
a the origin O is:
a v
M O
3v 3v
(a) (b)
( 4a ) ( 2a )
(c) 3v ( 2a ) (d) Zero
18. A meter rule is freely pivoted about its centre. A 1 2

piece of putty of mass 20g travelling at 5 ms –1 strikes (a)   MR  (b) MR2 
2
and adheres to one end of the rule so that the rule
starts to rotate in a horizontal circle. Given that the 3 2
(c)   MR  (d) 2 MR2 
moment of inertia of the rule and putty about pivot is 2
0.02 kg m2, the initial angular velocity of the meter
22. An equilateral triangle ABC formed from a uniform
rule is
wire has two small identical beads initially located at
(a) 1.58 rad s–1 (b) 2.24 rad s–1
A. The triangle is set rotating about the vertical axis
(c) 2.50 rad s–1 (d) 5.00 rad s–1 AO. Then the beads are released from rest
19. A uniform bar of length 6a and mass 8m lies on a simultaneously and allowed to slide down, one along
smooth horizontal table. Two point masses m and 2m, AB and other along AC as shown. Neglecting
moving in the same horizontal plane with speed 2v frictional effects, the quantities that are conserved as
and v respectively, strike the bar (as shown in figure) beads slides down are:
and stick to the bar after collision. Denoting angular A
velocity (about centre of mass), total energy and
g
velocity of centre of mass by , E and v0
respectively, after the collision which of the
following is incorrect
B C
O
(a) angular velocity and total energy (kinetic and

potential
(b) total angular momentum and total energy
(c) angular velocity and moment of inertia about the (c) more than 9
axis of rotation
(d) less than 3
(d) total angular momentum and moment of inertia
26. A particle of mass m is projected with a velocity v
about the axis of rotation.
making an angle of 45° with the horizontal. The
23. A thin wire of length L and uniform linear mass magnitude of the angular momentum of the projectile
density  is bent into a circular loop with centre at O
about the point of projection when the particle is at its
as shown. The moment of inertia of the loop about the maximum height h is:
axis XX’ is:
mv3
(a) zero (b)
X X' (4 2g )
90°
mv3 3
O (c) (d) m 2 gh
( 2g )
27. A mass ‘m’ is supported by a massless string wound
L 3
L 3 around a uniform hollow cylinder of mass m and
(a) (b) radius R. If the string does not slip on the cylinder,
8 2 16 2
with what acceleration will the mass fall on release?
5 L3 3 L3
(c) (d)
16 2 8 2
24. A circular platform is free to rotate in a horizontal

plane about a vertical axis passing through its centre.
A tortoise is sitting at the edge of the platform. Now
the platform is given an angular velocity 0. When
the tortoise moves along a chord of the platform with
a constant velocity (with respect to the platform). The
angular velocity of the platform (t) will vary with
5g
time t as: (a) (b)
6
2g
(c) g (d)
3
28. A uniform ladder of mass 10 kg leans against a
smooth vertical wall making an angle of 53° with it.
(a) (b) The other end rest on a rough horizontal floor. The
normal force and frictional force that the floor exerts
on the ladder are respectively
(a) 98 N, 65 N (b) 98 N, 0
(c) 0, 65 N (d) 65 N, 98 N
(c) (d) 29. A projectile is projected at certain angle. The angular
momentum about origin will
25. A pulley of radius 2 m is rotated about its axis by a
2
force F = (20t – 5t ) N (where t is measured in (a) always increase
seconds) applied tangentially. If the moment of (b) always decrease
inertia of the pulley about its axis of rotation is 10 (c) will first increase then decrease
2
kg–m the number of rotations made by the pulley (d) remain constant
before its direction of motion is reversed, is
(a) more than 3 but less than 6
(b) more than 6 but less than 9
u
y
α
x
30. Statement-I : The hardboiled egg and raw egg can be

distinguished on the basis of spinning of both.
Statement - II : The moment of inertia of hardboiled
egg is more as compared to raw egg.
(a) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True;
Statement–II is a correct explanation for Statement–I.
(b) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is True;
Statement–2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement–I.
(c) Statement–I is True, Statement–II is False.
(d) Statement–I is False, Statement–II is True
Notes:
ROTATIONAL MOTION
09
GRAVITATION
GRAVITATION 184
Chapter 09
Gravitation
1.3 Vector Form

Introduction
In vector form, Newton’s law of gravitation is represented
Gravity is the force of attraction exerted by earth towards is
centre on a body lying on or near the surface of earth. ( )
in the following manner. The force F21 exerted on particle
Gravity m2 by particle m1 is given by,
is merely a special case of gravitation and is also called mm
earth’s gravitational pull.
F21 = G 1 2 2 ( rˆ12 ) ... ( i )
r
Weight of a body is defined as the force of attraction exerted
Where ( r̂12 ) is a unit vector drawn in the direction of vector
by the earth on the body towards its centre.
The units and dimensions of gravity pull or weight are the from particle m2 to
same as those of force. ( )
particle m1. Similarly, the force F12 exerted on particle m1
1. Newton’s Law of Gravitation by particle m2 is given by

mm
F12 = −G 1 2 2 ( rˆ12 ) ... ( ii )
1.1 Definition r
Every particle attracts every other particle with a force From (i) and (ii)
which is directly proportional to the product of their masses  F12 = −F21
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance
between them. 2. Acceleration due to Gravity
2.1 Definition
Acceleration due to gravity is the acceleration gained by a
an object due to gravitational force. It SI unit is m / s2 . It
Fig. 9.1
has both magnitude direction, hence, it is a vector quantity.
1.2 Mathematical Form Acceleration due to gravity is represented by g.
If m1 and m2 are the masses of the particles and r is the The stranded value of g on the surface of earth at sea level is
distance between them, the force of attraction F between the 9.8 m / s 2 .
particles is given by
2.2 The Acceleration due to Gravity at a
mm
F  12 2 Height h above the Earth’s Surface
r
mm Let M and R be the mass and radius of the earth and g be
 F = G 12 2
r the acceleration due to gravity at the earth’s surface.
Where G is the universal constant of gravitation. Suppose that a body of mass m is placed on the surface of
Universal gravitational constant is measured in N m 2 / kg 2 the earth.
GMm
The dimensional formula is  L3 M −1T −2  universal  mg =
R2
gravitational constant GM
The value of G is: 6.67408  10−11 Nm 2 / kg 2  g = 2 ... ( i )
R
Now suppose that the body is raised to a height h, above
the earth’s surface,
GMm
Mg n = .... ( ii )
( + h)
2
R
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Gravitation
184 GRAVITATION
radius OB (R – d). The outer spherical shell, whose

thickness is d, will not exert any force on body at point B.
Because it will acts as a shell and point is inside.
Fig. 9.2
Dividing eq (ii) by eq (i), we get,
gh R2 Fig. 9.3
=
g ( R + h )2 4
(R − d) 
3
Now, M =
3
 R2 
 gh =  g GM1
 ( R + h ) 
2
gd =
(R − d)
2
4
2.3 Acceleration due to Gravity at a Very or g d = G ( R − d )  ... ( ii )
3
Small Height Dividing the equation (ii) by (i), we have
4
G ( R − d ) 
R+h
−2
gd 3 R −d  d
gh = g   = = or g d = g 1 −  .. ( iii )
 R  g 4 R  R 
GR
−2 3
 h
g h = g 1 +  Therefore, the value of acceleration due to gravity
 R decreases with depth.
If h << R, then neglecting high power’s of ‘h’ we get,
 2h  2.5 Variation of ‘g’ with Latitude due to
g h = g 1 − 
 R 
Rotational Motion of Earth
2.4 Effect of Depth on a Acceleration due Due to the rotational of the earth the force mr2 cos 
radially outwards. Hence the net force of attraction exerted
to Gravity by the earth of the particle and directed towards the centre
Also g in terms of  of the earth is given by
GM mg  = mg − mr2 cos 
g= 2
R where g  is the value of the acceleration due to gravity at
If  is density of the material of earth, then
the point P.
4
M = R 3
3
4
G  R 3
 g= 3
R2
4
 g = GR
3
Let gd be acceleration due to gravity at the point B at a
depth d below the surface of earth. A body at the point B
will experience force only due to the portion of the earth of
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 185
3. Gravitation Field and

Gravitation Potential
3.1 Gravitational Field
The space surrounding the body within which its gravitational
force of attraction is experienced by other bodies is called
gravitational field. Gravitational field is very similar to
electric field in electrostatics where charge ‘q’ is replaced by
mass ‘m’ and electric constant ‘K’ is replaced by gravitational
Fig. 9.4
constant ‘G’. The intensity of gravitational field at a points is
 g  = g − r cos 
2
defined as the force experienced by a unit mass placed at that
Now, r = R cos  (where R is the radius of the earth) point.
Then g = g − ( R cos  ) 2 cos  F
E=
 g  = g − R2 cos 2  m
The effective acceleration due to gravity at a point ‘P’ is The unit of the intensity of gravitational field is N kg-1.
given by, Intensity of gravitational field due to point mass:
g  = g − R2 cos 2  The force due to test mass m0 placed at point P is given
Thus value of ‘g’ changes with  and  b:
GMm 0
1. At poles, F=
r2
 = 90
F GM
g = g − R2 cos 2 90 Hence E = E= 2
m0 r
g = g
GM
This is maximum acceleration due to gravity. In vector form E = − rˆ
r2
2. At equator Dimensional formula of intensity of gravitational field
=0
F  MLT 
−2
g  = g − R2 cos 2 0 = = =  M0 LT −2 
g  = g − R2
m  
M
This is minimum acceleration due to gravity. 3.2 Gravitational Potential

Variation due to shape.
The gravitational potential at any point in a gravitational
field is defined as the work done to bring a unit mass slowly
NOTE: from
The variation of acceleration due to gravity according to infinity to that point.
the depth and the height from the earth’s surface can be 1. The gravitational potential (V) at a point at distance r from
expressed with help of following graph. a point mass M is given by,
GM
V=− (Where G is the constant of gravitation)
r
2. The work done on a unit mass is converted into its

potential energy. Thus, the gravitational potential at any
point is equal to the potential energy of a unit mass placed
at that point.
3. If a small point mass m is placed in a gravitational field at

a point where the gravitational potential is V, the gravitational
Fig. 9.5
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Gravitation
186 GRAVITATION
potential energy (P.E.) of the mass m is given by.

P.E. = mass × gravitational potential
P.E = mV
GMm
P.E = −
r
3.3 Gravitational Potential Energy

Gravitational potential energy of a body at a point is
defined as the work done in slowly bringing the body from
infinity
to that point.
Let a body of mass m is displaced through a distance ‘dr’
towards the mass M, then work done given by,
r
GMm GMm
dW = Fdr = 2
dr   dW =  2 dr
r  r
Gravitational potential energy,
GMm
U=−
r
(i) From above equation, it is clear that gravitational potential
energy increases with increase in distance (r) (i.e. it
becomes less negative).
(ii) Gravitational P.E. becomes maximum (or zero) at r = 
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 187
Object Potential (V) Electric field ( E ) Figure
Ring −GM −GMr

V= E= rˆ
(a + r )
2 1/ 2
(a + r2 )
2 2 3/ 2
Thin −2GM  2 2  2GM  r 

circular V= a +r −r E=− 1 − 2  rˆ
a2   2
a  2
r +a 
Uniform
Thin
spherical
shell GM E=0
V=−
a
(a) Point P
inside the GM
shell (r < a) V=− −GM
r E= rˆ
r2
(b) Point P
outside the
shell (r > a)
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188 GRAVITATION
Uniform
Solid sphere
GM 2 2 −GMr
(a) Point P V=−
2a 3
(3a − r ) E=
a3
rˆ
inside the
sphere (r 
GM −GM
a) V=− E= rˆ
r r2
(b) Point P
outside the
sphere (r ≥
a)
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 189
4. Escape Velocity of a Body 5. Satellite

4.1 Expression for the Escape Velocity of 5.1 Definition
Any smaller body which revolves around another larer
A Body at Rest on the Earth’s Surface body under the influence of its gravitation is called a
satellite. The satellite may be natural or artificial.
The minimum velocity with which a body should be
projected from the surface of the earth, so that it escapes
1. The moon which revolves around the earth, is a satellite
from the earth’s gravitational field, is called the escape
of the earth. There are sixteen satellites revolving around
velocity. Thus, if a body or a satellite is given the escape
the planet Jupiter. These satellite are called natural
velocity, its kinetic energy of projection will be equal to its
satellites.
binding energy.
Kinetic Energy of projection = Binding Energy.
2. A satellite made and launched into circular orbit by man is
1 GMm called an artificial satellite. The first satellite was launched
 mvc2 =
2 R by USSR named SPUTNIK–I and the first Indian satellite
2GM was ‘ARYABHATTA’.
 vc =
R There are two types of satellites:
1. GEO stationary satellite
2. SPY satellite
4.2 Expression for ‘Ve’ in Terms’s of ‘g’
Let’s discuss GEO stationary satellite
The escape velocity for any object on the earth’s surface
is given by.
2GM
ve =
R
If m is the mass of the object, its weight mg is equal to the
gravitational force acting on it.
GMm
 mg =
R2
 GM = gR 2
Substituting this value in the expression for v e we get,
ve = 2gR
4.3 Expression for ‘Ve’ in Terms’s of Fig 9.6

We know that the earth rotates about tis axis with angular
Density
velocity earth and time period Tearth = 24 hours . Suppose a
We have,
satellites is set in an orbit which is in plane of the equator,
2GM whose  is equal to earth , (or its T is equal to
ve =
R Tearth = 24 hours ) and direction is also same as that of earth.
Let  be the mean density of the planet. Then, Then as seen from earth, it will appear to be stationery. This
type of satellite is called geo-stationery satellite.
4 3
M= R  satellite = earth
3
 Tsatellite = Tearth = 24 hr.
2G 4 3
ve =  R  So time period of a geo-stationery satellite must be 24 hours.
R 3
To achieve T = 24 hour, the orbital radius geo-stationery
G
ve = 2R satellite.
3
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190 GRAVITATION
T2 = 
 4 2  3
r 7. Orbital Velocity
 GM e 
Putting the values, we get orbital radius of geo-stationery 7.1 Definition
satellite r = 6.6R e (here Re = Radius of the earth) height from The horizontal velocity with which a satellite must be
the surface h = 5.6R e . projected from a point above the earth’s surface, so that it
revolves in a circular orbit round the earth, is called the
6. Period of Revolution of a orbital velocity of the satellite.
Satellite 7.2 An Expression for the Orbital

The time taken by a satellite to complete one revolution
Velocity of a Satellite Revolving Round
round the earth is called its period or periodic time (T). the Earth
Consider a satellite of mass m revolving in a circular orbit Suppose that a satellite of mass m is raised to a height h
with a orbital velocity v0 at a height h above the surface of above the earth’s surface and then projected in a horizontal
the earth. Let M and R be the mass and the radius of the direction with the orbital velocity v0 . The satellite begins
earth respectively. The radius (r) of the circular orbit of the to move round the earth in a circular orbit of radius, R + h,
satellite is r = R + h. For the circular motion, where R is the radius of the earth.
Fig. 9.7
GM Fig.9.8
 v0 = ... ( i )
r GMm
The gravitational force acting on the satellite is ,
If T is the period of revolution of the satellite, (R + h)
2
circumference of orbit 2r

Period (T) = = where M is the mass of the earth and G is the constant of
critical velocity v0
gravitation.
2r For circular motion,
R= ...(From i)
GM mv 02 GMm
= ,
r ( R + h ) ( R + h )2
r3 GM
 T = 2  v0 =
GM (R + h)
This expression gives the periodic time of the satellite.
This expression gives the orbital velocity of the satellite.
Squaring the expression, we get
From the expression, it is clear that the orbital velocity
4 2 r 3 depends upon.
 T2 = 1. Mass of the earth
GM
2. Radius of earth and
 T2  r3 ...(since G and M are constants) 3. Height of the satellite above the surface of the earth.
Thus, the square of the time period of revolution of a satellite
is directly proportional to the cube of the radius of its orbit
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 191
7.3 The Escape Velocity of a Body from 180°. If it enters the atmosphere while coming towards
perigee it will loose energy and spirally comes down. If it
the Surface of the Earth is 2 Times does not enters the atmosphere it will continue to move in
its Critical Velocity When it Revolves elliptical orbit.
Close to the Earth’s Surface 2. If the velocity of the projection is equal to the orbital
velocity then the satellite moves in circular orbit round the
Let M and R be the mass and radius of the earth and m be
earth.
the mass of the body. When orbiting close to the earth’s
surface, the radius of the orbit is almost equal to R. If v e is 3. If the velocity of the projection is greater than the orbital
the critical velocity of the body, then for a circular orbit. velocity but less than the escape velocity, then the satellite
Centripetal force = Gravitational force moves in elliptical orbit and its apogee, or point of greatest
distance from the earth, will be greater than projection
GMm height.
 mvc2 =
R2
4. If the velocity of the projection is equals to the escape
GM
 vc = ... ( i ) velocity, then the satellite moves in parabolic path.
R
If ve is the escape velocity from the earth’s surface, 5. It the velocity of the projection is greater than the escape
K.E. of projection = Binding energy velocity, then orbit will hyperbolic and will escape the
gravitational pull of the earth and continue to travel
1 GMm
 mve2 = infinitely.
2 2
2GM NOTE:
 ve = ... ( ii )
R
Launching Of An Artificial Satellite Around Earth
From Eq (i) and Eq. (ii), we get,
ve = 2vc
7.4 Different Cases of Projection

When a satellite is taken to some height above the earth
and then projected in the horizontal direction, the following
four cases may occur, depending upon the magnitude of
the horizontal velocity.
Fig. 9.10
The satellite is placed upon the rocket which is launched
from the earth. After the rocket reaches its maximum
vertical height h, a spherical mechanism gives a thrust to
the satellite at point A (figure) producing a horizontal
velocity v. The total energy of the satellite at A is thus,
1 GMm
E= mv 2 −
2 R+h
The orbit will be an ellipse (closed path), a parabola, or an
Fig. 9.9
hyperbola depending on whether E is negative, zero, or
1. If the velocity of the projection is less than the orbital positive. In all cases the centre of the earth is at one focus
velocity then the satellite moves in elliptical orbit, but the of the path. If the energy is too low, the elliptical orbit will
point of projection is apogee and in the orbit, the satellite intersect the earth and the satellite will fall back.
comes closer to the earth with its perigee point lying at
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Gravitation
192 GRAVITATION
Otherwise, it will keep moving in a closed orbit, or will 4. Therefore astronaut does not produce any action on the
escape from the earth, depending on the values of v and h. floor of the satellite. Naturally the floor does not exert any
Hence a satellite carried to a height h (<< R) and given a force of reaction on the astronaut. As there is no reaction,
horizontal velocity of 8 km/sec will be placed almost in a the astronaut has a feeling of weightlessness. (i.e. no sense
circular orbit around the earth (figure). If launched at less of his own weight).
than 8 km/sec, it would get closer and closer to earth until
it hits the ground. Thus, 8 km/sec is the critical (minimum) NOTE:
velocity.
1. sensation of weightlessness experienced by an
astronaut is not the result of there being zero
8. Communication Satellite gravitational acceleration, but of there being zero
difference between the acceleration of the spacecraft
An artificial satellite revolving in a circular obrit round the and the acceleration of the astronaut.
earth in the same sense of the rotational of the earth and
2. The most common problem experienced by astronauts
having same period of revolution as the period of rotation in the initial hours of weightlessness is known as space
of the earth (i.e. 1 day = 24 hours = 86400 seconds) is adaptation syndrome (space sickness).
called as geo-stationary or communication satellite.
As relative velocity of the satellite with respective to the
earth is zero it appears stationary from the earth’s surface. 10. Kepler’s Laws
Therefore it is know as geo-stationary satellite or
geosynchronous satellite. 10.1 Law of Orbit
1. The height of the communication satellite above the earth’s Each Planet moves around the sun in an elliptical orbit
surface is about 36000 km and its period of revolution is 24 with the sun at one of the foci as shown in figure. The
hours or 24 × 60 × 60 seconds. eccentricity of an ellipse is defined as the ratio of the
SO
distance SO and AO i.e. e =
8.1 Uses of the Communication Satellite AO
1. For sending TV signals over large distances on the earth’s SO

e = , SO = ea
surface. a
2. Telecommunication.
3. Weather forescasting.
4. For taking photographs of astronomical objects.
5. For studying of solar and cosmic radiations.
9. Weightlessness
1. The gravitational force with which a body is attracted
towards the centre of earth is called the weight of body. Fig. 9.11
2. When an astronaut is on the surface of earth, gravitational The distance of closest approach with sun at F1 is AS.
force acts on him. This gravitational force is the weight of This position is called perigee. The greatest distance (BS)
astronaut and astronant exerts this force on the surface of of the planet from the sun is at position B apogee.
earth. The surface of earth exerts an equal and opposte At, Perigee (AS) = AO – OS = a – ea = a (1 – e)
reaction and due to this reaction he feels his weight on the At, apogee (BS) = OB + OS = a + ea = a (1 + e)
earth.
3. For an astronaut in an orbiting satellite, the satellite and 10.2 Law of Area
astronaut both have same acceleration towards the centre
of earth and this acceleration is equal to the acceleration due The line joining the sun and a planet sweeps out equal
to gravity at the place. areas in equal intervals of time. A planet takes the same
time to travel from A to B as from C to D as shown in figure.
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 193
(The shaded areas are equal). Naturally the planet has to Inertial Mass
move faster between C to D.
NOTE:
Inertial mass of a body is related to its inertia in linear
motion; and is defined by Newton’s second law of motion.
Let a body of mass m G move with acceleration a under the
action of an external force F. According to Newton’s
second law of motion, F = mi a or mi = F/a
Thus, inertial mass of a body is equal to the magnitude of
Fig. 9.12 external force required to produce unit acceleration in the
body.
area swept
Areal velocity =
time
1
Gravitational Mass
r ( rd )
1 d 1 mr 2  L
=2 = r2 = = NOTE:
dt 2 dt 2 m 2m
L Gravitational mass of a body is related to gravitational pull
Hence = constant. [As L = constant] on the body and is defined by Newton’s law of
2m
gravitational.
GMmG F F
10.3 Law of Periods F= or mG = =
R 2
(GM / R 2
) I
The square of the time for the planet to complete a
revolution about the sun is proportional to the cube of The mass mG of the body in this sence is the gravitational
semimajor axis of the elliptical orbit. mass of the body. The inertia of the body has no effect on
T2  a 3 the gravitational mass of the body. mG = F
Thus, Gravitational mass of a body is defined as the
magnitude of gravitational pull experienced by the body in
Astronomical Data
a gravitational field of unit intensity.
Body Sun Earth Moon

11. Binary Star System
Mean radius, 6.95 10 8
6.37 106
1.74 10 6
11.1 Double Star System
Mass, kg 1.97 1030 5.96 1024 7.30 1022
Mean density,
1.41 5.52 3.30
103 kg/m3
Period of rotation
25.4 1.00 27.3
about axis, days
Fig. 9.13
From mass M2
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194 GRAVITATION
Gm1m 2
= m 2 2 r2
r2
Gm1 2 m1r
=
r2 m1 + m 2
G ( m1 + m 2 )
2 =
r3
 2 
2
G ( m1 + m 2 )
  =
 T  r3
42 r 3
T2 =
( m1 + m 2 ) G
4 2 r 3
T=
( m1 + m 2 ) G
In reality all the planets arel satellite revolves around their
COM but if the mass of planet is very large as compare to
the mass of satellite, then we can assume that planet is
stationary and satellite is removing around it in circular path
(because r1 → 0 )
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Gravitation
GRAVITATION 195
NCERT Corner
• Gravitational force: The constitutents of the universe Kepler First law – The Law of Orbits
are galaxy, stars, planets, comets, asteriods, meteroids. According to Kepler’s first law,” All the planets revolve
The force which keeps them bounded together is called around the sun in elliptical orbits having the sun at one of the
gravitational force. foci”. The point at which the planet is close to the sun is
• Gravitation is a natural phenomenon by which particles known as perihelion and the point at which the planet is
get attracted towards one another. farther from the sun is known as aphelion.
• NEWTON’S LAW OF GRAVITATION: Every
particle attracts every other particle with a force which Kepler’s Second Law – The Law of Equal Areas
is directly proportional to the product of their masses Kepler’s second law states” The radius vector drawn from the
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance sun to the planet sweeps out equal areas in equal intervals of
between them. time”
• Variation of ‘g’ with latitude due to Rotational motion
of Earth: Kepler’s Third Law – The Law of Periods
Due to the rotational of the earth the force mrw2 cos l According to Kepler’s law of periods,” The square of the time
acts radially outwards. Hence the net force of attraction period of revolution of a planet around the sun in an elliptical
exerted by the earth of the particle and directed towards orbit is directly proportional to the cube of its semi-major
the centre of the earth is given by mg’ = mg – mrw2 axis”.
cosl where g’ is the value of the acceleration due to
gravity: T2 ∝ a3
1. At poles, l = 90, g’ = g – R w2 cos2 90. g’ = g This is Shorter the orbit of the planet around the sun, shorter the time
maximum acceleration due to gravity. taken to complete one revolution.
2. At equator l = 0, g’ = g – Rw2 cos2 0 g’ = g – Rw2 • An artificial satellite revolving in a circular orbit orbit
This is minimum acceleration due to gravity round the earth in the same sense of the rotational of the
• Any smaller body which revolves around another larger earth and having same period of revolution as the
body under the influence of its gravitation is called a period of rotation of the earth (i.e. 1 day = 24 hours =
satellite. The satellite may be natural or artificial. 86400 seconds) is called as geo-stationary or
• The horizontal velocity with which a satellite must be communication satellite.
projected from a point above the earth’s surface, so
that it revolves in a circular orbit round the earth, is
called the orbital velocity of the satellite.
• Escape Velocity: The minimum velocity with which a
body should be protected from the surface of the earth,
so that it escapes from the earth’s gravitational field, is
called the escape velocity.
• The gravitational potential at any point in a
gravitational field is defined as the work done to bring
a unit mass from slowly infinity to that point.
• Binding Energy: The minimum energy which must be
supplied to a satellite, so that it can escape from the
earth’s gravitation field, is called the binding energy of
a satellite.
• Kepler’s laws of planetary motion
SCAN CODE
Gravitation
196 GRAVITATION
64 64
Solved Examples  mass of body, m = =
g 10
= 6.4kg
Example 1 At height h, the value of g  is given by,

The distances of two planets from the Sun are 1013 and R2 R
2
4
 
1012 metre respectively. Find the ratio of speeds of the g = g = 10   = 10 
(R + h)
2
 R + R / 2  9
two planets.
(a) 1/10 (b) 1/ 10  weight at a height
4
(c) 1 (d) 1/ 20 h = mg = 6.4 10  N = 28.44N
9
Ans. (b)
Sol. Here, Example 4
Find the percentage decrease in the weight of the body
T1 v
r1 = 1013 m; r2 = 1012 m; = ?; 1 = ? when taken to a height of 16 km above the surface of
T2 v2
Earth. Radius of the Earth is 6400 km.
3/ 2
T12 r13 T r   1013  (a) 0.5% (b) 0.1%
Now, = 3 or 1 =  1  =  12  = 10 10
2
T2 r2 T2  r2   10  (c) 0.3% (d) 0.27%
2r1 2r2 Ans. (a)
v1 = and v 2 = Sol. Here, h = 16 km, R = 6400 km.
T1 T2
Now
v1 r1 T2 1013 1 1
=  =  =  2h  2hg
v 2 r2 T1 1012 10 10 10 g = g 1 −  = g − or g − g = 2gh / R
 R R
Example 2
 % decrease in weight
A planet whose size is the same and mass 4 times as
mg − mg  g − g
that of Earth, find the amount of energy needed to lift =  100 = 100
mg g
a 2 kg mass vertically upwards through 2m distance on
the planet. The value of g on the surface of Earth is 10 2gh 16
=  100 = 2   100 = 0.5%
ms–2. gR 6400
(a) 160 J (b) 100 J Example 5
(c) 50 J (d) 150 J How much below the surface does the acceleration due
Ans. (a) to gravity become 70% of its value on the surface of
Sol. Let M, R be the mass and radius of earth. Therefore, Earth. Radius of Earth = 6.4 × 10 6 m.
mass of planet M  = 4M and radius of planet R  = R (a) 192 106 m (b) 1.42 106 m
Let g, g  be the acceleration due to gravity on the
(c) 1.92 106 m (d) 1.92 104 m
surface of earth and planet respectively. Then, Ans. (c)
GM GM  G4M Sol. Here g  /g = 70/100 = 7/10 and d = ?
g = 2 and g  = =
R R 2 R2
Now
g  = 4g = 4 10 = 40 ms −2
 d g d 7 d
g  = g 1 −  ;  = 1 − or = 1−
 Energy needed to lift the body  R g R 10 R
= mgh = 2  40  2 = 160J d 7 3
or = 1 − =
Example 3 R 10 10
A body weighs 64 N on the surface of Earth. What is 3R 3  6.4  106
or d = = = 1.92  106 m
the gravitational force on it due to the Earth, at a height 10 10
equal to half the radius of Earth. Acceleration due to Example 6
gravity on the surface of Earth is 10 ms–2. Calculate that imaginary angular velocity of the earth
(a) 27.44 N (b) 28.44 N for which effective acceleration due to gravity at the
(c) 29.44 N (d) 25.44 N equator becomes zero. In this condition, find the length
Ans. (b) (in hours) of a day? Radius of earth = 6400 km. g = 10
Sol. Weight of body = mg = 64 N ms–2.
(a) 1.25 10−3 rad / s (b) 2.5 10−3 rad / s
GRAVITATION 197
(c) 0.75 10−3 rad / s (d) 0.5 10−3 rad / s GM GM

v= or v 2 =
Ans: (a) 2R + R 3R
Sol. At equator, latitude l = 0°. Let g be the acceleration due 1 GMm
So, mv 2 =
to gravity if the earth were at rest. The acceleration due 2 6R
to gravity (g’) at the equator, when earth is rotating GMm GMm GMm mgR
with angular velocity w be zero.  E2 = − =− =−
6R 3R 6R 6
 g = g − R2 cos 2  = 0 Minimum energy required to launch the satellite is
or g = R2 cos 2 0 (  = 0 ) 1 5
= E2 − E1 = − mgR + mgR = mgR
6 6
g 10
or  = = = 1.25 10−3 rads −1 Example 9
R 6400 103
A remote sensing satellite of the Earth in a circular
orbit at a height of 400 km above the surface of Earth.
Example 7
What is the period of revolution of satellite? Radius of
Two bodies of masses 100 kg and 10,000 kg are at a
Earth = 6 × 106 m and acceleration due to gravity at the
distance 1m apart. At what distance from 100 kg on the
surface of Earth is 10 m/s2.
line joining them will the resultant gravitational field
(a) 5368.5 s (b) 52 s
intensity be zero?
(c) 5 s (d) 0 s
(a) 11/ 1 m (b) 1/11 m
Ans. (a)
(c) 1/11cm (d) 1m
Sol. Here, R = 6 × 106 m; g = 10 m/s2;
Ans. (b)
h = 400 × 103 m = 0.4 × 106 m
Sol. Let x be the distance of the point P from 100 kg body
(R + h)
3
where the resultant gravitational intensity is zero. 2
Period of revolution, T =
 Gravitational intensity at P due to body of mass 100 R g
kg is
( 6 10 + 0.4 106 )
3
2  ( 22 / 7 )
6
equal and opposite to that due to body of mass 10,000
= = 5368.5s
kg. 6 106 10
Hence, Example 10
G  100 G 10, 000 An Earth satellite has time period of 90 minutes.
=
x2 (1 − x )
2
Assuming the orbit to be circular, calculate its height.
Given, radius of Earth = 6380 km, g at the surface of
or 100x 2 = (1 − x )
2
Earth = 9.8 ms–2.

or 10x = 1 − x (a) 2 105 m (b) 3.2 106 m
or 11x = 1 or x = 1/ 11m
(c) 2.72 10−5 m (d) 2.72 105 m
Example 8 Ans. (d)
What is the minimum energy required to launch a Sol. Here, T = 90 minutes = 90 × 60 s = 5400 s;
satellite of mass m kg from the earth’s surface of radius R = 6380 km = 6380 × 1000 m = 6.38 × 106 m; g = 9.8
R in a circular orbit at an altitude of 2 R? ms–2.
(a) 5 / 6 mg R (b) 6/5 mg R We know,
(c) mgR/6 (d) 6 mgR 1
Ans. (a)  gR 2 T 2  3
h= 2  −R
Sol. Energy of satellite on the surface of earth  4 
GMm mgR 2 1
E1 = − =− = −mgR ... ( i )  9.8  ( 6.38 106 )2  ( 5400 )2  3
R R
=  − 6.38 106
If v is the velocity of the satellite at the distance 2R  4  ( 22 / 7 ) 
 
from the surface of the earth, then total energy of the
satellite = 6.625 10 − 6.380 10 = 2.72 105 m
6 6
Example 11
1 GMm
E2 = K.E. + P.E. = mv2 − ... (ii ) If spheres of same material and same radius r are
2 ( 2R + R ) touching each other, then show that the gravitational
Orbital velocity of satellite, force between them is directly proportional to r4.
198 GRAVITATION
(a) 2 105 m (b) 3.2 106 m (c) h = 2649.6 km (d) h = 264 km

(c) 2.72 10 m −5
(d) 2.72 10 m −5 Ans. (c)
Ans. (a) Sol. Given:
Sol. If  is the density of the material, then R = 6400km = 6400 103 m
4 3 4 3 1
r  r gh = g
m1m2 2
F=G =G 3 3
To Find: h = ?
( 2r ) ( 2r )
2 3
We have,
Clearly, F  r 4 2
 R 
Example 12 gh =   g
Determine the escape speed of Moon. Given, the R+h
radius of Moon is 1.74 × 106 m, its mass is 7.36 × 1022 gh R2
=
kg. Does your answer throw light on why the Moon g ( R + h )2
has no atmosphere? 1  R 
2
G = 6.67 × 10–11 N m2 kg–2. = 

2 R+h
(a) 2.38 km (b) 2.38 km s-1
R 1
(c) 2 km (d) 2.38 km s =
R+h 2
Ans. (b)
Sol. Here, R = 1.74 × 106 m; M = 7.36 × 1022 kg; R+h
= 2
G = 6.67 × 10–11 Nm2 kg–2, ve = ? R
ve =
2GM
=
2  6.67 10−11  7.3 1022 h= ( )
2 −1 R
R 1.74 106 h = 0.414 × 6400 km
−1
= 2375ms = 2.38kms −1
h = 2649.6 km
Since, the average thermal speed of the gas molecules Example 15
like oxygen, hydrogen etc. on the surface of Moon is At a certain height above the surface of the earth the
greater than the escape speed of moon (= 2.38 km s– gravitational acceleration is 90% of its value at the
1), hence these gases have escaped from the surface of earth’s surface. Determine that height above the
Moon and Moon has no atmosphere. earth’s surface.
Example 13 (Radius of the earth is 6400 km).
Assuming the Earth to be a sphere of uniform mass (a) h = 345.6 km (b) h = 345.6 m
density, how much would a body weigh half way down (c) h = 34km (d) h = 34.6 km
to the centre of the Earth if it weighed 250 N on the Ans. (a)
2
surface?  R 
Sol. gh =   g
(a) 12.5 N (b) 200 N R+h
(c) 125 N (d) 500 N 2
gh  R 
Ans. (c) = 
g R+h
 d  d
Sol. As g d = g 1 −   mg d = mg 1 −  2
 R  R 9  R 
= 
R 10  R + h 
Here, d =
2 R+h 10
=
 R R 9
1 − 2  1 R+h
Hence, mg d = ( 250 )    = 250  = 125N = 1.054
 R  2 R
  R +h−R
= 1.054 − 1
Example 14 R
At what height from the surface of earth the value of h
= 0.054
acceleration due to gravity will fall to half that on the R
surface of the earth (radius of earth R = 6400 km) h = 0.054 × 6400
(a) h = 26 km (b) h = 2539.6 km h = 64 × 5.4
GRAVITATION 199
h = 345.6 km What would be the new period of rotation of the earth

Example 16 around the Sun if the distance between the earth and
Calculate the acceleration due to gravity at the surface the sun is doubled?
of the earth (radius of earth R = 6.4 × 10 6 m, mean (a) 1049 days (b) 1032 days
density of the earth = 5.5 × 103 kg/m3) (c) 1 day (d) 10495 days
(a) 9 m/s2 (b) g = 9.833 m Ans. (b)
(c) 9.833 m/s -2
(d) 9.833 m/s2 Sol. T 2  r 3
Ans. (d)
T22 r23
Sol. We have,  =
T12 r13
GM = gR 2
T12  r23
= 1 ( 2 )
3
GM T22 =
 g = 2 ... (1) r13
R
M T22 = 8
=
V T2 = 8 year
M =  V
T2 = 2 2 year
4 
=  R 3   ... ( 2 ) T2 = 2 × 1.414 year
3  T2 = 2.828 years
substituting (2) in (1)  T2 = 2.82 × 365 days
G 4 
g = 2  R 3   = 1032 days
R 3  Example 19
4RG A communication satellite is at a height of 36000 km
g=
3 from earth’s surface. What will be its new period when
4  3.142  6.4 106  5.5 103  6.67 10 −11 it is brought down to a height of 20,000 km (Radius of
=
3 earth = 6400 km)
12.568  35.2  6.67 10 −2 (a) 11 hours (b) 12.79 hours
g =
3 (c) 11.79 minutes (d) 11.79 hours
g = 4.189 × 35.2 × 6.67 × 10–2 Ans. (d)
g = 983.3 × 10–2 Sol. As per kepler’s law,
g = 9.833 m/s2 T2  r3
Example 17 2 3
 T2   r2 
A satellite is revolving around the earth in a circular   = 
orbit at a distance of 107 m from its centre. Find the  T1   r1 
2 3
speed of the satellite. (G = 6.67 × 10–11 S.I. unit and  T   26.4 
 2  =  
mass of earth = 6 × 1024 kg)  T1   42.4 
(a) 6.326 km/s (b) = 6.326 km 3/ 2
T2  26.4 
(c) = 6 km/s (d) 5.326 km/s  = 
24  42.4 
Ans. (a)
 T2 = 11.79 hours
GM
Sol. = Example 20
R+h
Compare the orbital speeds of two satellites if the ratio
6.67 10−11  6 1024 of their periods is 8 : 1.
=
107 (a) v1 / v2 = 3 / 2 (b) v1 / v2 = 5 / 2
= 6.67  6 1013 10−7 (c) v1 / v2 = 1 / 2 (d) v1 / v2 = 10 / 5
Ans. (c)
= 40.02 103 = 6.326km / s
GM
Speed is 6.326 km/s Sol. vc1 =
r1
Example 18
200 GRAVITATION
GM 6.67 10−11  6 1024 103

v c2 = =
r2 6.4 106  6
v c1 r2 6.67 1013 10−3
= = 1.042  1010 J
= ... (1) 6.4
v c2 r1
Example 22
T12  r13 Calculate the escape velocity from the surface of the
T12  r13 planet of radius 2000 km, if acceleration due to gravity
2 3 at the surface of the planet is 2.5 m/s2.
 T1   r1  (a) 3.162 km/s (b) 3.162 m/s
  = 
 T2   r2  (c) 3.5 km/s (d) 2.8 km /s
2 3 Ans. (a)
 8   r1 
  =  2GM
 1   r2  Sol. ve =
R
r1 4
= ... ( 2 )
r2 1 2gR 2
ve =
R
vc1 1
= ... from (1) and (2) ve = 2gR
v c2 4
ve = 2  2.5  2  106
vc1 1
 =
v c2 2 ve = 4  2.5  106
Example 21 ve = 10  103 m / s
Calculate the work done in moving a body of mass = 3.162 × 103 m/s
1000 kg a from a height R to a height 2R above the = 3.162 km/s
surface of the earth. (G = 6.67 × 10 –11 Nm2/kg2, mass Example 23
of the earth M = 6 × 1024 kg. Radius of earth R = 6400 A saturn year is 29.5 times the Earth year. How far is
km). the Saturn from the sun if the Earth is 1.50 × 10 8 km
(a) 1.042 × 10-10 J (b) 1 × 1010 J away from the Sun?
(c) 1.1010 × 10 J
10
(d) 1.042 × 1010 J (a) 14.32  108 km
Ans. (d)
(b) 14 10−8 km
Sol. r1 = R + h1
(c) 14.32 10−8 km
= R + R ... ( h1 = R )
(d) 16 10−8 m
r1 = 2R Ans. (a)
r2 = R + h 2 Sol. As we know from the Kepler’s third law
= R + 2R ... ( h 2 = R ) T12 R 13
=
r2 = 3R T22 R 32
 W = P.E.2 − P.E.1 T 
2/3
 29.5 
2/3
 R 2 = R1  2  = (1.5  108 )  
GMm  −GMm   T1   1 
=− − 
r2  r1  = (1.5  108 )  9.547
GMm GMm
= − = 14.32  108 km
r1 r2
Example 24
GMm  1 1  Three particles, each of mass m are placed at the
=  − 
R  r1 r2  vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. What is the
gravitational potential at the centroid of the triangle.
1 1
= GMm  − 
 2 3 3Gm − 3Gm
(a) (b)
GMm 1 a a
= 
R 6 −3 3Gm 3 3 Gm
(c) (d)
Work done a a
GRAVITATION 201
Ans. (c)
Sol. Refer figure, O is the centroid of triangle ABC, where
2 3 a
OA =  a  =
3 2 3
a
Thus, OA = OB = OC =
3
Gravitational potential at O due to masses at A, B and
C is
Gm  −Gm   −Gm  3Gm 3Gm
V=− + + =− =
OA  OB   OC  OA a / 3
−3 3Gm
=
a
Example 25
The distances of two planets from the sun are 1013 and
1012m respectively. The ratio of time periods of these
two planets is:
1
(a) (b) 100
10
(c) 10 100 (d) 10
Ans. (c)
Sol. By Keplers law
2 3
 T1   r1 
  = 
 T2   r2 
2 3
 T1   1013 
  =  12 
 T2   10 
2
 T1  3
  = 10
 T2 
3
T1
= 10 2 = 10 10
T2
202 GRAVITATION

Newton’s Law of Gravitation specific gravity 3. The gravitational force will now
be:
The SI unit of gravitational constant G is F F

1. (a) (b)
3 9
(a) Nm kg−2 (b) Nm2 kg−2
(c) 3 F (d) F
(c) Nm2 kg−1 (d) Nm kg−1
7. A roller coaster is designed such that riders
2. The value of gravitational constant G depends upon
experience “weightlessness” as they go round the top
(a) The masses of the bodies of a hill whose radius of curvature is 20 m. The speed
(b) the sizes of the bodies of the car at the top of the hill is between
(c) the separation of the bodies (a) 14 m/s and 15 m/s (b) 15 m/s and 16 m/s
(d) none of the above quantities (c) 16 m/s and 17 m/s (d) 13 m/s and 14 m/s
3. A rocket is fired from the earth to the moon. The 8. Assertion: A spaceship while entering the earth’s
distance between the earth and the moon is r and the atmosphere is likely to catch fire.
mass of the earth is 81 times the mass of the moon. Reason: The temperature of upper atmosphere is
The gravitational force on the rocket will be zero, very high.
when its distance from the moon is
(a) A (b) B
r r (c) C (d) D
(a) (b)
20 15
9. Weight of an object is:
r r
(c) (d) (a) Normal reaction between ground and the object
10 5
(b) Gravitational force exerted on the object
4. A mass M is divided into two parts xM and (1 − x)M. (c) Depends on frame of reference.
For a given separation, the value of x for which the
(d) Net force on the object
gravitational attraction between the two pieces
becomes maximum is 10. If the distance between two masses is doubled, the
1 3 gravitational attraction between them
(a) (b)
2 5 (a) Is doubled (b) Becomes four times
(c) 1 (d) 2 (c) Is reduced to half (d) Is reduced to a quarter
5. The acceleration due to gravity on planet A is 9 times 11. Two particles of equal mass go round a circle R under
the acceleration due to gravity on planet B. A man the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The
jumps to a height of 2 m on the surface of A. What is speed of each particle is:-
the height of jump by the same persons on the planet 1 1 Gm
B? (a) v = (b) v =
2R GM 2R
2
(a) 6 m (b) m 1 Gm 4Gm
3 (c) v = (d) v =
2 R R
2
(c) m (d) 18 m
9
Acceleration Due to Gravity
6. Two sphere of masses m and M are situated in air and
the gravitational force between them is F. The space
around the masses is now filled with a liquid of 12. The acceleration due to gravity g on earth is 9.8 ms −2.
What would the value of g for a planet whose size is
GRAVITATION 203
the same as that of earth but the density in twice that (c) g  r (d) g  r 2
of earth?
(a) 19.6 ms−2 (b) 9.8 ms−2 19. The radius of earth is about 6400 km and that of mars
is about 3200 km. The mass of earth is about 10 times
(c) 4.9 ms−2 (d) 2.45 ms−2
the mass of mars. An object weighs 200 N on earth’s
13. If both the mass and the radius of the earth decrease surface. Then its weight on the surface of the mars is:
by 1%, the value of the acceleration due to gravity (a) 80 N (b) 40 N
will (c) 8 N (d) 20 N
(a) decrease by 1% (b) increase by 1%
20. If the radius of earth is reduced by 2% keeping its
(c) increase by 2% (d) remain unchanged
mass constant. Then the weight of the body on its
14. The acceleration due to gravity on earth of radius Re surface will:
is ge and that on moon of radius Rm is gm. The ratio of (a) increase (b) decrease
the masses of the earth and the moon is given by (c) remain same (d) either (b) or (c)
g Re ge R e
(a) e . (b) . 21. If the earth loses its gravity, then for a body:
gm R m gm R m
(a) weight becomes zero but not the mass
2 2
ge R g Re (b) mass becomes zero but not the weight
(c) . e
2
(d) e
2
.
gm R m g Rm
m (c) both mass and weight becomes zero
(d) neither mass nor weight becomes zero
15. Two planets of radii R1 and R2 are made from the
same material. The ratio of the accelerations due to 22. If M is the mass of the earth and R its radius, the ratio
gravity g1/g2 at the surfaces of the planets is of the gravitational acceleration and the gravitational
R1 R2 constant is:
(a) (b)
R2 R1
R2 M
(a) (b)
R 
2
R 
2 M R2
(c)  1  (d)  2 
 R2   R1  M
(c) MR 2 (d)
R
16. When the radius of earth is reduced by 1% without
changing the mass, then change in the acceleration 23. Assuming earth to be a sphere of uniform density.
due to gravity will be: What is the value of acceleration due to gravity at a
(a) increased by 2% (b) decreased by 1.5% point 100 km below the earth’s surface? (given R =
6380 × 103m)
(c) increased by 1% (d) decreased by 1%
(a) 3.6 m/s2 (b) 6.6 m/s2
17. If the mass of moon is M/81, where M is the mass of (c) 7.66 m/s2 (d) 9.65 m/s2
earth, find the distance of the point where gravitation
field due to earth and moon cancel each other, from 24. The earth of mass 6 × 1024 kg revolves around the sun
the moon. Given that distance between earth and with an angular velocity of 2 × 10−7 rad/s in a circular
moon is 60R where R is the radius of earth: orbit of radius 1.5 × 108 km. The force exerted by the
(a) 4 R (b) 8 R sun on earth is:
(c) 2 R (d) 6 R (a) 6 × 1019 N (b) 18 × 1025 N
(c) 36 × 1021 N (d) 27 × 1039 N
18. The value of acceleration due to gravity at distance r
from earth’s centre such that r < R depend on r 25. Two particle of equal mass go round a circle of radius
according to relation (R = radius of earth): R under the action of their mutual gravitational
attraction. The speed v of each particle is:
1 1
(a) g  (b) g 
r2 r (a)  GM  (b) 1  1 
   
 2R  2R  GM 
204 GRAVITATION
becomes 1% of its value at the surface is (R is the

(c) 1  GM  (d)  4GM 
 
2  R   R  radius of the earth)
(a) 8 R (b) 9 R
26. At what height above the surface of earth the value of
(c) 10 R (d) 20 R
acceleration due to gravity would be half of its value
on the surface of earth? (Radius of the earth is 6400 km) 31. The radius of the earth is about 6400 km and that of
mars is about 3200 km. The mass of the earth is about
(a) 2561 km (b) 2650 km
10 times the mass of mars. An object weights 200 N
(c) 3200 km (d) 9800 km on the surface of the earth. Its weight on the surface
of mars would be
27. Assertion: A tennis ball bounces higher on hills than (a) 6 N (b) 20 N
in plains.
(c) 40 N (d) 80 N
Reason: Acceleration due to gravity on the hill is
greater than that on the surface of earth. 32. The acceleration due to gravity g and mean density of
(a) If both assertion and reason are correct and reason earth  are related by which of the following
is the correct explanation of assertion. relations? [G = gravitational constant and R = radius
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is of earth]
not the correct explanation of assertion. 4gR 2 4gR 3
(a)  = (b)  =
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false. 3G 3G
(d) If both assertion and reason are false. 3g 3g
(c)  = (d)  =
to B along different paths as shown in figure. Then 4GR 4GR 3
33. What will be the formula of the mass is terms of g, R

and G? (R = radius of earth)
R R2
(a) g 2 (b) G
G g
R R2
(c) G (d) g
g G
(a) Work done along path I will be maximum
(b) Work done along path II will be maximum 34. A body has a weight 72 N. When it is taken to a
(c) Work done along path IV will be maximum height h = R = radius of earth, it would weigh:
(d) Work done along all the paths will be the same (a) 72 N (b) 36 N
(c) 18 N (d) zero
Variation of Acceleration due to Gravity 35. Imagine a new planet having the same density as that
of earth but it is 3 times bigger, than the earth in
(With Height and Depth)
radius. If the acceleration due to gravity on the
surface of earth is g and that on the surface of the new
29. Assuming that the earth is a sphere of radius R, at planet is g’, then:
what altitude will the value of the acceleration due to
g
gravity be half its value at the surface of the earth? (a) g = 3g (b) g  =
9
R R
(a) h = (b) h = (c) g  = 9g (d) g = 27g
2 2
(c) h = ( )
2 +1 R (d) h = ( )
2 −1 R 36. Acceleration due to gravity is g on the surface of the
earth. The value of acceleration due to gravity at a
height of 32 km above the earth surface is
30. The height of the point vertically above the earth’s
(radius of the earth = 6400 km)
surface at which the acceleration due to gravity
GRAVITATION 205
(a) 1.01 g (b) 0.8 g of the planet is equal to that at the surface of earth. If
(c) 0.99 g (d) 0.9 g the radius of earth is R, the radius of the planet would
be
37. Astronauts in a stable orbit around the earth are said (a) 2 R (b) 4 R
to be in a weightless condition. The reason for this is
1 1
that (c) R (d) R
4 2
(a) the capsule and its contents are falling freely at the
same rate 43. The angular speed of earth in rad/s, so that the object
(b) there is no gravitational force acting on them on equator may appear weightless is: (radius of earth
(c) the gravitational force of the earth balances that of = 6400 km)
the sun (a) 1.25 × 10−3 (b) 1.50 × 10−3
(d) there is no atmosphere at the height at which they (c) 1.56 (d) 1.25 × 10−1
are orbiting.
44. If we move from equator to pole value of g:
38. At what depth below the surface of earth, the (a) first increases then decreases
acceleration due to gravity g will be half of its value
(b) remains same
1600 km above the surface of earth: (Radius of earth
= 6400 km) (c) increases
(a) 1600 km (b) 2400 km (d) decreases
(c) 3200 km (d) 4352 km 45. If the spinning speed of the earth is increased, then
weight of the body at the equator:
39. If the change in the value of g at a height h above the
surface of the earth is the same as at a depth x below (a) does not change (b) doubles
its surface, then (h  R): (c) decreases (d) increases
(a) x = h 2
(b) x = 0.4 h
46. The speed of earth’s rotation about its axis is . Its
(c) x = 2h (d) x = h speed is increased to x times to make the effective
acceleration due to gravity equal to zero at the
equator. then x is:
Variation of Acceleration Due to Gravity
(a) 1 (b) 8.5
(Due to Rotation of Earth)
(c) 17 (d) 34
40. What must be the angular velocity of rotation of the Field Due to Discrete Mass
earth so that the effective acceleration due to gravity
at the equator is zero? The radius of the earth = 64 ×
104 m. 47. Three particles, each of mass m, are placed at the
vertices of an equilateral triangle of side a. The
(a) 3.3 × 10−3 rad s−1 (b) 3.5 × 10−3 rad s−1
gravitational field intensity at the centroid of the
(c) 3.7 × 10−3 rad s−1 (d) 3.9 × 10−3 rad s−1 triangle is
41. If a man at the equator would weight (3/5)th of his Gm 2

(a) zero (b)
weight, the angular speed of the earth is a2
2g g 2Gm2 3Gm 2
(a) (b) (c) (d)
5R R a2 a2
R 2R
(c) (d) 48. Infinite number of masses, each of mass m, are
g 5g placed along a straight line at distances of r, 2r, 4r, 8r,
etc. from a reference point O. The gravitational field
42. The density of newly discovered planet is twice that
intensity at point O will be
of earth. The acceleration due to gravity at the surface
206 GRAVITATION
5Gm 4Gm 1
(a) (b) gravitational potential energy increases by mgR.
4r 2 3r 2 3
3Gm 2Gm The value of h is
(c) (d)
2r 2 r2 R R
(a) (b)
3 2
49. A mass m is placed in the cavity inside a hollow
sphere of mass M as shown in the figure. What is the mR mR
(c) (d)
gravitational force on mass m? ( M + m) M
54. The change in the gravitational potential energy when

a body of mass m is raised to a height nR above the
surface of the earth is (here R is the radius of the
earth)
 n   n 
(a)   mgR (b)   mgR
 n +1  n −1 
GMm GMm
(a) (b) mgR
R2 r2 (c) nmgR (d)
n
GMm
(c) (d) zero
(R − r)
2 55. A body of mass m is placed on earth surface is taken
to a height of h = 3R, then change in gravitation
potential energy is
Gravitational Potential and Kinetic Energy mgR 2
(a) (b) mgR
4 3
50. Two objects of masses m and 4m are at rest at infinite 3 mgR
(c) mgR (d)
separation. They move towards each other under 4 4
mutual gravitational attraction. Then, at a separation
r, which of the following is true? 56. If the potential energy of a body on a planet is
numerically U and the escape velocity for the same
(a) The total energy of the system is zero.
body be ve for the same planet, then U/ve will be:
(b) The force between them is not zero.
U GM U GM
(c) The centre of mass of the system is at rest. (a) =m (b) =m
ve R ve 2R
(d) All the above are true.
U 2GM U GM
51. A body is released from a height equal to the radius (c) =m (d) =m
ve R ve R
(R) of the earth. The velocity of the body when it
strikes the surface of the earth will be
57. The escape velocity of a projectile on the earth's
(a) gR (b) 2gR surface is 11.2 kms−1. A body is projected out with
(c) 2 2gR (d) 2 gR thrice this speed. The speed of the body far away
from the earth will be:
52. A high jumper can jump 2.0 m on earth. With the (a) 22.4 kms−1 (b) 31.7 kms−1
same effort how high will he be able to jump on a (c) 33.6 kms−1 (d) zero
planet whose density is one-third and radius one-
fourth those of the earth? 58. Radius of orbit of satellite of earth is R. Its Kinetic
(a) 4 m (b) 8 m energy is proportional to:
(c) 12 m (d) 24 m 1 1
(a) (b)
R R
53. A body of mass m is raised to a height h above the
surface of the earth of mass M and radius R until its
GRAVITATION 207
1 5 GM 3GM
(c) R (d) 3 (c) (d)
4 R R
R 2
59. If a body is raised from the surface of the earth upto 64. A satellite moves around the earth in a circular orbit
height R, what is the change in potential energy? of radius r with speed v. If the mass of the satellite is
M, its total energy is-
3
(a) mgR (b) mgR 1 1
2 (a) − Mv 2 (b) Mv 2
2 2
mgR mgR
(c) (d) 3
2 4 (c) Mv 2 (d) Mv 2
2
60. A satellite of mass m moving in a circular orbit at a
height R above the surface of a planet of mass M and
Escape Velocity and Maximum Height
radius R. The amount of work done to shift the
satellite to higher orbit of radius 2 R is
65. The masses and radii of the earth and moon are M 1,
mgR
(a) mgR (b) R1 and M2, R2 respectively. Their centres are a
6
distance d apart. The minimum speed with which a
mMgR mMgR particle of mass m should be projected from a point
(c) (d)
( M + m) 6 ( M + m) midway between the two centres so as to escape to
infinity is given by
61. A planet is moving in an elliptical orbit around the 1 1
sun. If T, U, E and L stand for its kinetic energy,  G ( M1 + M 2 )  2  G ( M1 + M 2 )  2

(a) 2   (b) 2  
gravitational potential energy, total energy and  md   d 
magnitude of angular momentum about the centre of 1 1
force, which of the following is correct?  G ( M1 − M 2 )  2  G ( M1 − M 2 )  2
(c) 2   (d) 2  
(a) T is conserved  md   d 
(b) U is always positive
66. A rocket is launched vertically from the surface of the
(c) E is always negative
earth of radius R with an initial speed v. If
(d) L is conserved but direction of vector L changes atmospheric resistance is neglected, the maximum
continuously height attained by the rocket is given by
62. The earth is assumed to be a sphere of radius R A R R
(a) h = (b) h =
platform is arranged at a height R from the surface of  2gR   2gR 
 2 − 1  2 + 1
the earth. The escape velocity of a body from this  v   v 
platform is fve, where ve is its escape velocity from
 2gR   2gR 
the surface of the earth. The value of f is: (c) h = R  2 − 1 (d) h = R  2 + 1
 v   v 
1
(a) 2 (b)
2 67. The escape velocity of a body projected vertically
upwards from the surface of the earth is v. If the body
1 1
(c) (d) is projected in a direction making an angle  with the
3 2
vertical, the escape velocity would be
63. A body attains a height equal to the radius of the (a) v (b) v cos 
earth. The velocity of the body with which it was (c) v sin  (d) v tan 
projected is:
GM 2GM 68. For earth the escape velocity is 11.2 kms−1. For a
(a) (b) planet whose mass and radius are twice those of the
R R
earth, the escape velocity will be
(a) 44.8 kms−1 (b) 22.4 kms−1
208 GRAVITATION
(c) 11.2 kms−1 (d) 2.8 kms−1 2GM GM e

(c) (d)
Re R e2
69. The escape velocity from the earth is ve. What is the
escape velocity from a planet whose mass and radius
75. Escape velocity from earth is 11.2 km/s. Another
are twice those of the earth?
planet of same mass has radius 1/4 times that of earth.
(a) ve (b) 2v e What is the escape velocity from another planet?
(c) 4v e (d) 16v e (a) 11.2 km/s (b) 44.8 km/s
70. A body is projected up with a velocity equal to 3/4 of (c) 22.4 km/s (d) 5.6 km/s
the escape velocity from the surface of the earth. The
76. A body attains a height equal to the radius of the
height it reaches is: (Radius of the earth = R)
earth. The velocity of the body with which it was
10R 9R projected is:
(a) (b)
9 7
GM 2GM
9R 10R (a) (b)
(c) (d) R R
8 3
5 GM 3GM
(c) (d)
71. For a satellite escape velocity is 11 km/s. If the 4 R R
satellite is launched at an angle of 60° with the
vertical, then escape velocity will be 77. The ratio of the radii of the planet P1 and P2 is k. the
ratio of acceleration due to gravity on them is r. then
(a) 11 km/s (b) 11 3 m / s
the ratio of the escape velocities from them will be:
11
(c) m/s (d) 33 km/s r k
3 (a) (b)
k r
72. The escape velocity from the surface of the earth is (c) kr (d) kr
ve. The escape velocity from the surface of a planet
whose mass and radius are three times those of the 78. Knowing that the mass of moon is 1/81 times that of
earth, will be earth and its radius is 1/4 the radius of earth. If the
(a) Ve (b) 3Ve escape velocity at the surface of the earth is 11.2
km/s. Then the value of escape velocity at the surface
1 of the moon is:
(c) 9Ve (d)
3Ve
(a) 2.5 km/s (b) 0.14 km/s
73. The escape velocity of a body on the surface of the (c) 5 km/s (d) 8 km/s
earth is 11.2 km/s. If the earth’s mass increases to
79. The velocity with which a projectile must be fired
twice its present value and the radius of the earth
from surface, so that it escape earth’s gravitation does
becomes half, the escape velocity would become
not depend on:
(a) 44.8 km/s
(a) mass of the earth
(b) 22.4 km/s
(b) mass of the projectile
(c) 11.2 km/s (remain unchanged)
(c) radius of the projectile’s orbit
(d) 5.6 km/s
(d) gravitational constant
74. The escape velocity of a sphere of mass m is given by
80. Four equal masses (each of mass M) are placed at the
(G = universal gravitational constant, Me = mass of
corners of a square of side a. The escape velocity of a
earth and Re = radius of earth)
body is from the centre O of the square is:
GM e 2GM e
(a) (b) 2GM 8 2GM
Re Re (a) 4 (b)
a a
GRAVITATION 209
4GM 87. There are two planet and the ratio of radius of the two
4 2GM
(c) (d) planets is K but ratio of acceleration due to gravity of
a a
both planets is g. What will be the ratio of their
81. Mass of moon is 1/81 times that of earth and its escape velocity?
radius is 1/4 of the earth radius. If the escape velocity 1 1
(a) ( Kg ) 2 (b) ( Kg )
−
2
on the earth’s surface is 11.2 km/s. Then its value at
the surface of moon will be (c) ( Kg )
2
(d) ( Kg )
−2
(a) 5 km/s (b) 2.5 km/s

(c) 1.25 km/s (d) none of these 88. Escape velocity from a planet is Ve. If its mass is
increased to 8 times and its radius is increased to 2
82. The escape velocity of a body from the earth is 11.2 times, then the new escape velocity would be:
km/s. If the radius of planet be half the radius of earth (a) Ve (b) 2 Ve
and its mass be one fourth that of the earth. The
escape velocity of the planet will be: (c) 2Ve (d) 2 2 Ve
(a) 2 km/s (b) 16 km/s
89. For a satellite escape velocity is 11 km/s. If the
(c) 4 km/s (d) 8 km/s satellite is launched at an angle of 60o with the
vertical, then escape velocity will be
83. The escape velocity from earth is 11.2 kms−1.
Another planet is having mass 1000 times and radius (a) 11 km/s (b) 11 3km / s
10 times that of the earth, then escape velocity at that 11
(c) km / s (d) 33 km/s
planet will be: 3
(a) 11.2 km/s (b) 112 km/s
(c) 1.12 km/s (d) 1120 km/s
Orbital Velocity
84. A satellite with kinetic energy EK is revolving round
the earth in a circular orbit. How much more kinetic
90. Choose the wrong statement. The orbital velocity of a
energy should be given to it, so that it may just escape
body in a stable orbit around a planet depends upon
into outer space:
(a) the average radius of the planet
(a) E K (b) 2EK
(b) the height of the body above the planet
1 (c) the acceleration due to gravity at surface
(c) EK (d) 3EK
2
(d) the mass of the orbiting body
85. The escape velocity from earth is Ve. If the mass of a
91. An object weights W newton on earth. It is suspended
certain planet is 3 times and radius 3 times that of
from the lower end of a spring balance whose upper
earth, then the escape velocity from the planet will
end is fixed to the ceiling of a space capsule in a
be:
stable orbit around the earth. The reading of the
(a) 3 ve (b) 6 ve spring balance will be
(c) 3 ve (d) ve (a) W (b) less than W
(c) more than W (d) zero
86. The escape velocity of sphere of mass m will be:
(G = universal gravitation constant, Me = mass of the 92. Two satellites of masses 3M and M orbit the earth in
earth, Re = radius of the earth) circular orbits of radii r and 3r respectively. The ratio
2GM e + R e 2GM e m of their speeds is
(a) (b)
Re Re (a) 1:1 (b) 3 :1
2GM e GM (c) 3 :1 (d) 9 :1
(c) (d)
Re Re
210 GRAVITATION
93. The gravitational force between two objects is 99. Two satellites of earth, S1 and S2, are moving in the
proportional to 1/R (and not as 1/R2) where R is same orbit. The mass of S1 is four times the mass of
separation between them, then a particle in circular S2. Which one of the following statements is true?
orbit under such a force would have its orbital speed (a) The time period of S1 is four times that of S2
v proportional to
(b) The potential energies of earth and satellite in the
1 0 two cases are equal
(a) 2 (b) R
R (c) S1 and S2 are moving with the same speed
1 (d) The kinetic energies of the two satellite are equal
(c) R 1 (d)
R
100. Two identical satellites are at R and 7R away from
94. The ratio of the escape velocity of an earth satellite to earth surface, the wrong statement is (R = Radius of
its orbital velocity is very nearly equal to earth)
(a) 2 (b) 2 (a) Ratio of total energy will be 4
1 1 (b) Ratio of kinetic energies will be 4

(c) (d)
2 2 (c) Ratio of potential energies will be 4
(d) Ratio of total energy will be 4 but ratio of
95. Two satellites of mass m1 and m2 (m1 > m2) are going potential and kinetic energies will be 2
around the earth in orbit of radius r1 and r2 (r1 > r2).
Which one statement about their velocities is correct? 101. Two satellites A and B go round a planet in circular
orbits having radii 4R and R, respectively. If the
v1 v 2
(a) = (b) v1  v 2 speed of satellite A is 3v, then speed of satellite B is
r1 r2
3v 4v
(c) v1 = v 2 (d) v1  v 2 (a) (b)
2 2
96. If v0 be orbital velocity of a satellite in a circular (c) 6v (d) 12v

orbital close to the earth’s surface and Ve is escape
102. Calculate the orbital velocity of the earth so that the
velocity from earth, then relation between the two is:
satellite revolves around the earth if the radous of
(a) ve = 2vo (b) ve = 3 vo earth R = 6.5  106 m, the mass of earth
(c) ve = 2 vo (d) vo = ve M = 5.9722 1024 kg and gravitational constant
G = 6.67408 10−11 m3kg−1s2
97. A satellite of mass m is put into a circular orbit of
height h from the surface of the earth (mass = M e, (a) 7.5 109 km / s (b) 7.5 10−10 m / s
radius = Re). The orbital speed of satellite is
(c) 7.5 10−9 km / s (d) 7.5 1010 km / s
 2GM e h   2GM e 
(a)   (b)   103. Assume that a satellite orbits earth 225 km above its
 R e ( R e + h )   ( R e + h )  surface. Given that the mass of Earth is 5.97 x 10 24 kg
and the radius of Earth is 6.38 x 10 6 m, what is the
 GM e   GM e 
(c)   (d)   satellite’s orbital speed?
 ( R e + h )   2 ( R e + h ) 
(a) 7 10−3 km / s (b) 7.76 103 m / s
98. A seconds pendulum is mounted in a rocket. Its (c) 7.76 103 km / s (d) 7 103 m / s
period of oscillation decreases when the rocket
(a) comes down with uniform acceleration
(b) moves round the earth in a geostationary orbit
Motion and Mechanical Energy of Satellite
(c) moves up with a uniform velocity
104. Two satellites of the same mass are orbiting round the
(d) moves up with uniform acceleration
earth at heights of R and 4R above the earth’s
GRAVITATION 211
surface: R being the radius of the earth. Their kinetic velocity. Then its height above the surface of earth of
energies are in the ratio of radius R, is:
(a) 4 :1 (b) 3 : 2 R R
(a) (b)
(c) 4 : 3 (d) 5 : 2 4 2
(c) 2 R (d) R
105. An artificial satellite moving in a circular orbit
around the earth has a total (kinetic + potential) 111. A planet of mass m moves around the sun of mass M
energy E0. Its potential energy is in an elliptical orbit. The maximum and minimum
(a) −E 0 (b) 1.5 E0 distance of the planet from the sun are r1 and r2
respectively. The time period of the planet is
(c) 2 E 0 (d) E 0 proportional to:
2 3
106. A ball is dropped from a satellite revolving around (a) r15 (b) ( r1 + r2 ) 2
the earth at a height of 120 km. The ball will:
3 3
(a) continue to move with same speed along a straight (c) ( r1 − r2 ) 2 (d) r 2
line tangentially to the satellite at that time
(b) continue to move with the same speed along the 112. An earth satellite is kept moving in orbit by the
original orbit of satellite centripetal force provided by
(c) fall doom to earth gradually (a) the burning of fuel in its engine
(d) go far away in space (b) the ejection of hot gases from its exhaust
(c) the gravitational attraction of the sun
107. The satellite of mass m is orbiting around the earth in
a circular orbit with a velocity v. What will be its (d) the gravitational attraction of the earth
total energy?
113. An instrument package is released from an orbiting
3 1 earth satellite by simply detaching it from the outer
(a) mv 2 (b) mv 2
4 2 wall of the satellite. The package will
1 (a) go away from the earth and get lost in outer space
(c) mv2 (d) −   mv2
2 (b) fall to the surface of the earth
(c) continue moving along with the satellite in the
108. For a satellite moving in an orbit around the earth, the
same orbit and with the same velocity
ratio of kinetic energy to magnitude potential energy
is (d) fall through a certain distance and then move in an
orbit around the earth.
1
(a) 2 (b)
2 114. A satellite is moving around the earth in a stable
1 circular orbit. Which one of the following statements
(c) (d) 2 will be wrong for such a satellite?
2
(a) It is moving at a constant speed.
109. A geostationary satellite orbits around the earth in a (b) Its angular momentum remains constant.
circular orbit of radius 36000 km. Then, the time
(c) It is acted upon by a force directed away from the
period of satellite orbiting a few hundred kilometres
centre of the earth which counter balances the
above the earth’s surface (Rearth = 6400 km) will
gravitational pull of the earth.
approximately be
(d) It behaves as if it were a freely falling body.
1
(a) h (b) 1 h
2 115. Potential energy of a satellite having mass m and
(c) 2 h (d) 4 h rotating at a height of 6.4 × 106 m from the earth
surface is:
110. An artificial satellite is revolving around the earth in (a) −0.2 mg Re (b) −2 mg Re
a circular orbit. If its speed is half of the escape
(c) −0.5 mg Re (d) −mg Re
212 GRAVITATION
116. The distance of a geostationary satellite from the r r

(a) (b)
centre of earth (radius R = 6400 km) is nearest to: 2 2 2
(a) 18 R (b) 10 R r r
(c) 1
(d) 1
(c) 7 R (d) 5 R
( 4) 3 ( 2)3
117. Two satellite A and B go around a planet P in circular
orbits having radius 4R and R respectively. If the Kepler’s Law
speed of satellite A is 3v, then the speed of satellite B
will be:
123. A satellite is orbiting the earth in a circular orbit of
(a) 6 v (b) 9 v
radius r. Its period of revolution varies as
(c) 3 v (d) none of these
(a) r (b) r
118. A geostationary satellite has a orbit period: 3
(a) 2 h (b) 6 h (c) r 2 (d) r 2
(c) 12 h (d) 24 h 124. A satellite of mass m is in a stable circular orbit

around the earth at an altitude of about 100
119. The period of revolution of an earth’s satellite close
kilometres. If M is the mass of the earth, R its radius
to surface of earth is 90 min. The time period of
and g the acceleration due to gravity, the time period
another satellite in an orbit at a distance of four times
T of the revolution of the satellite is given by
the radius of earth from its surface will be:
g
(a) 90 9 min (b) 720 min (a) T = 2 R (b) T = 2
g R
(c) 450 5 min (d) 360 min
(c) T = 2 MR (d) T = 2 mR
120. By what percent the energy of a satellite has to be mg Mg
3
increased to shift it from an orbit of radius r to r ? 125. A satellite is launched into a circular orbit of radius R
2
around the earth. A second satellite is launched into
(a) 15% (b) 20.30% an orbit of radius 1.01R. The period of the second
(c) 66.7% (d) 33.33% satellite is longer than that of the first by
approximately
121. The mean radius of earth is R, its angular speed on its
(a) 0.5% (b) 1.0%
own axis is  and the acceleration due to gravity at
earth’s surface is g. What will be the radius of the (c) 1.5% (d) 3.0%
orbit of a geostationary satellite?
126. If the distance between the earth and the sun were
1 1 half its present value, the number of days in a year
 R 2g  3
 Rg  3
(a)  2  (b)  2  would have been
    
(a) 64.5 (b) 129
1 1
(c) 182.5 (d) 730
 R 2 2  3  R 2g  3
(c)   (d)  
 g     127. Two satellites A and B of masses m1 and m2 (m1 =
2m2) are moving in circular orbits of radii r 1 and r2 (r1
122. A satellite can be in a geostationary orbit around a = 4r2), respectively, around the earth. If their periods
planet at a distance r from the centre of the planet. If are TA and TB, then the ratio TA/TB is
the angular velocity of the planet about its axis (a) 4 (b) 16
doubles, a satellite can now be in a geostationary
(c) 2 (d) 8
orbit around the planet if its distance from the centre
of the planet is 128. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a
height of 6R above the surface of the earth; R being
GRAVITATION 213
the radius of the earth. What will be the time period

of another satellite at a height 2.5 R from the surface
of the earth?
(a) 6 2 hours (b) 6 2.5 hours
(c) 6 3 hours (d) 12 hours
129. Two satellites A and B are orbiting around the earth

in circular orbits of the same radius. The mass of A is
16 times that of B. the ratio of the period of (a) t2 > t1 (b) t1 = 4t2
revolution of B to that of A is
(c) t1 = 2t2 (d) t1 = t2
(a) 1 : 16 (b) 1 : 4
(c) 1 : 2 (d) 1 : 1 135. The radius vector, drawn from the sun to a planet,
sweeps out equal areas in equal times. This is the
130. The period of revolution of planet A round the sun is statement of:
8 times that of B. The distance of A from the sun is (a) Newton’s third law (b) Kepler’s third law
how many times that of B from the sun?
(c) Kepler’s second law (d) Kepler’s first law
(a) 5 (b) 4
(c) 3 (d) 2 136. Assertion: The comet does not obey Kepler’s law of
planetary motion.
131. The largest and the shortest distance of the earth from Reason: The comet does not have elliptical orbit.
the sun are r1 and r2. Its distance from the sun when it
(a) A (b) B
is perpendicular to the major axis of the orbit drawn
(c) C (d) D
from the sun
r1 + r2 r1 + r2 137. Assertion: The square of the period of revolution of a
(a) (b)
4 r1 − r2 planet is proportional to the cube of its distance from
the sun. [Assuming circular orbit]
2r1r2 r1 + r2
(c) (d) Reason: Sun’s gravitation field is inversely
r1 + r2 3 proportional to the square of its distance from the
planet:
132. The distances of two planets from the sun are 10 13
(a) A (b) B
and 1012 m respectively. The ratio of time periods of
these two planets is: (c) C (d) D
1 138. The earth rotates about the sun in an elliptical orbit as
(a) (b) 100
10 shown in figure. At which point its velocity will be
(c) 10 10 (d) 10 maximum?
133. A satellite A of mass m is at a distance r from the

surface of the earth. Another satellite B of mass 2 m
is at a distance of 2r from the earth’s surface. Their
time periods are in the ratio of
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1 : 16
(c) 1 : 32 (d) 1: 2 2
(a) At C (b) At A
134. The figure shows elliptical orbit of a planet m about
the sun S. The shared area SCD is twice the shaded (c) At D (d) At B
area SAB. If t1 is the time for the planet to move from
139. If the radius of earth’s orbit is made one fourth, the
C to D and t2 is the time to move from A to B, then
duration of a year will become:
214 GRAVITATION
1 1 146. Earth is revolving around the sun. If the distance of

(a) times (b) times
4 8 1
the earth from the sun is reduced to th of the
(c) 4 times (d) 8 times 4
present distance, then the length of present day will
140. An earth satellite S has an orbit radius which is 4 be reduced by:
times that of communication satellite C. The period 1 1
of revolution of S will be: (a) (b)
4 2
(a) 32 days (b) 18 days
1 1
(c) 8 days (d) 9 days (c) (d)
8 6
141. The time period of planet X around the sun is 8 times
147. The radius of orbit of a planet is two times that of the
that of Y. The distance of X from the sun is how
earth. The time period of planet is: [T being time
many times greater than that of the sun?
period of Earth]
1
(a) 5 times (b) 4 times (a) 4.2 T (b) 2.8 T
2
(c) 5.6 T (d) 8.4 T
(c) 3 times (d) none of these
148. Suppose the gravitational force varies inversely as the
142. A satellite orbiting the circular orbit of radius R nth power of the distance. The time period of a planet
completes one revolution in 3 h. If orbital radius of in circular orbit of radius R around the sun will be
geostationary satellite is 36000 km, the orbital radius proportional to:
R of satellite is: ( n −1) ( n +1)
(a) R 2 (b) R 2
(a) 6000 km (b) 9000 km
(c) 12000 km (d) 15000 km (c) R n −1 (d) R n +1
143. A satellite of mass m, moving around the earth in a 149. A planet revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit.
circular orbit of radius R, has angular momentum L. The linear speed of the planet will be maximum at
The areal velocity of satellite is: (Me = mass of earth)
L L
(a) (b)
2m m
2L 2L
(c) (d)
m Me
144. A satellite in a circular orbit of radius R has a period

of 4 h. Another satellite with orbital radius 3 R (a) D (b) B
around the same planet will have a period (in hours) (c) A (d) C
(a) 16 (b) 4
150. The orbital angular momentum of a satellite
(c) 4 27 (d) 4 8 revolving at a distance r form the center is L. If the
distance is increased to 16r, then the new angular
145. The radius of orbit of a planet is two times that of the
momentum will be
earth. The time period of planet is:
(a) 16 L (b) 64 L
(a) 4.2 T (b) 2.8 T
(c) 5.6 T (d) 8.4 T L
(c) (d) 4L
4
GRAVITATION 215

mass M and radius R in a circular orbit at an altitude
1. Two particles of equal mass m go around a circle of of 2R? [NEET 2013]
radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational
attraction. The speed of each particle with respect to 5GmM 2GmM
(a) (b)
their centre of mass is [NEET 2011] 6R 3R
Gm Gm GmM GmM
(a) (b) (c) (d)
R 4R 2R 3R
Gm Gm
(c) (d)
3R 2R
6. Four particles, each of mass M and equidistant from
2. Two bodies of masses m and 4 m are placed at a each other, move along a circle of radius R under the
distance r. The gravitational potential at a point on the action of their mutual gravitational attraction. The
line joining them where the gravitational field is zero, speed of each particle is [NEET 2014]
is [NEET 2011]
GM GM
(a) 2 2 (b) (1 2 2)
4Gm 6Gm R R
(a)  (b) 
r r
1 GM GM
(c) (1 2 2) (d)
9Gm 2 R R
(c)  (d) zero
r
7. A black hole is an object whose gravitational field is
3. A satellite is moving with a constant speed v in a so strong that even light cannot escape from it. To
circular orbit about the earth. An object of mass m is what approximate radius would earth (mass
ejected from the satellite such that it just escapes  5.98  10 24 kg ) have to be compressed to be a black
from the gravitational pull of the earth. At the time of hole? [NEET 2014]
its ejection, the kinetic energy of the object is:
[NEET 2011] (a) 102 m (b) 100 m
1 2 (c) 109 m (d) 106 m

(a) mv (b) mv 2
2
8. Two spherical bodies of mass M and 5M and radii R
3 2
(c) mv (d) 2mv 2 and 2 R are released in free space with initial
2 separation between their centres equal to 12 R. If they
attract each other due to gravitational force only, then
4. A geostationary satellite is orbiting the earth at a
the distance covered by the smaller body before
height of 5R above the surface of the earth, R being
collision is: [NEET 2015]
the radius of the earth. The time period of another
satellite in hours at a height of 2R from the surface of (a) 1.5 R (b) 2.5 R
the earth is [AIPMT 2012]
(c) 4.5 R (d) 7.5 R
6
(a) (b) 5
2 9. From a solid sphere of mass M and radius R, a
spherical portion of radius R / 2 is removed, as shown
(c) 10 (d) 6 2 in the figure. Taking gravitational potential V=0 at
r   , the potential at the centre of the cavity thus
5. What is the minimum energy required to launch a formed is (G = gravitational constant)
satellite of mass m from the surface of a planet of
216 GRAVITATION
[NEET 2015] (c) 1400 km (d) 2000 km
14. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height '

h ' from the earth's surface (radius of earth R; h<<R).
The minimum increase in its orbital velocity required,
so that the satellite could escape from the earth’s
gravitational field, is close to: (Neglect the effect of
atmosphere.) [NEET 2016]
gR
(a) gR (b)
2
2GM 2GM
(a) (b) (c) gR ( 2  1) (d) 2gR
3R R
15. Two astronauts are floating in gravitational free space
GM GM after having lost contact with their spaceship. The
(c) (d)
2R R two will: [NEET 2017]
(a) move away from each other
10. A satellite of mass m is orbiting the earth (of radius (b) will become stationary
R) at a height h from its surface. The total energy of (c) keep floating at the same distance between them.
the satellite in terms of g0 , the value of acceleration (d) move towards each other.
due to gravity at the earth’s surface, is
[NEET 2016] 16. The acceleration due to gravity at a height 1 km
above the earth is the same as at a depth d below the
mg 0 R 2 2mg0R2 surface of earth. Then: [NEET 2017]
(a)  (b)
2(R  h) Rh 1
(a) d  km (b) d 1km
2
2
2mg0 R mg 0 R 2
(c)  (d) 3
Rh 2(R  h) (c) d  km (d) d  2km
2
11. The ratio of escape velocity at earth (ve) to the escape
17. Assertion: Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater
velocity at a planet (vp) whose radius and mean
than its escape velocity.
density are twice as that of earth is: [NEET 2016]
Reason: Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 1: 2 2 field of earth whereas escaping is beyond the
gravitational field of earth. [NEET 2017]
(c) 1 : 4 (d) 1 : 2 (a) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is a
correct explanation for assertion.
12. A satellite is revolving in a circular orbit at a height (b) Assertion is correct, reason is correct; reason is
‘h’ from the earth’s surface (radius of earth R; h << not a correct explanation for assertion.
R). The minimum increase in its orbital velocity (c) Assertion is correct, reason is incorrect.
required, so that the satellite could escape from the
(d) Assertion is incorrect, reason is correct.
earth’s gravitational field, is close to : (Neglect the
effect of atmosphere.) [NEET 2016] 18. The variation of acceleration due to gravity g with
distance d from centre of the earth is best represented
gR
(a) gR (b) by (R = Earth's radius): [NEET 2017]
2
(c) g R ( 2  1) (d) 2gR
13. At what height from the surface of earth the

gravitation potential and the value of g are –5.4 × 107
J kg–2 and 6.0 ms–2 respectively? Take the radius of
earth as 6400 km: [NEET 2016] (a) (b)
(a) 2600 km (b) 1600 km
GRAVITATION 217
(a) A is located in the southern hemisphere and B is

located in the northern hemisphere.
(b) A is located in the northern hemisphere and B is
located in the southern hemisphere.
(c) (d) (c) A and B are both located in the southern
19. A The kinetic energies of a planet in an elliptical orbit hemisphere.
about the Sun, at positions A, B and C are KA, KB and (d) A and B are both located in the northern
KC, respectively. AC is the major axis and SB is hemisphere.
perpendicular to AC at the position of the Sun S as 24. Two If radius of the earth is 6347 km, then what will
shown in the figure. Then [NEET 2018] be difference between acceleration of free fall and
acceleration due to gravity near the earth's surface?
[NEET 2019]
(a) 0.3400 (b) 0.0340
(c) 0.0034 (d) 0.24
25. Find gravitational field at a distance of 2000 KM
from centre of earth (Given
(a) K B  K A  K C (b) K A  K B  K C R earth  6400 km , r  2000 km , M earth  6  10 24 kg )
(c) K A  K B  K C (d) K B  K A  K C [NEET 2019]

20. If the mass of the Sun were ten times smaller and the (a) 1.53 m / s 2 (b) 7.12 m / s 2
universal gravitational constant were ten times larger
(c) 3.06 m / s 2 (d) 1.8 m / s2
in magnitude, which of the following is not correct? z
[NEET 2018] 26. A body weighs 72 N on the surface of the earth.

What is the gravitational force on it, at a height
(a) Time period of a simple pendulum on the Earth
equal to half the radius of the earth?[NEET 2020]
would decrease
(a) 30N (b) 24N
(b) Walking on the ground would become more
difficult (c) 48N (d) 32N
(c) Raindrops will fall faster 27. The escape velocity from the Earth’s surface is v.
(d) ‘g’ on the Earth will not change The escape velocity from the surface of another
21. A body weighs 200 N on the surface of the earth. planet having a radius, four times that of Earth and
How much will it weigh half way down to the centre same mass density is:[NEET 2021]
of the earth? [NEET 2019] (a) 3v (b) 4v
(a) 200 N (b) 250 N (c) v (d) 2v
(c) 100 N (d) 150 N 28. A particle of mass ‘m’ is projected with a velocity
22. The work done to raise a mass m from the surface of u  kVe  k  1 from the surface of the eatth.
the earth to a height h, which is equal to the radius of
the earth, is: [NEET 2019] ( Ve  escape velocity)
1 The maximum height above the surface reached by

(a) 2mgR (b) mgR the particle is: [NEET 2021]
2
3 R 2k Rk 2
(c) mgR (d) mgR (a) (b)
2 1 k 1 k 2
2 2
23. At a point A on the earth’s surface the angle of dip,  k   k 
(c) R   (d) R  
= + 25°. At a point B on the earth’s surface the  1 k   1 k 
angle of dip,  = – 25°. We can interpret that:
[NEET 2019]
218 GRAVITATION

6. The depth d at which the value of acceleration due to
1. Three identical point masses, each of mass 1kg lie in
the x-y plane at points (0, 0), (0, 0.2m) and (0.2m, 0). 1
gravity becomes times the value at the surface, is
The net gravitational force on the mass at the origin is n
[R = radius of the earth]
( )
(a) 1.67 10−9 i + j N ( )
(b) 3.34 10−10 i + j N
R  n −1 
(a) (b) R  
(c) 1.67 10 −9
( i − j) N (d) 3.34 10 −10
( i − j) N n  n 
R  n 
Four particles of masses m, 2m, 3m and 4m are kept (c) (d) R  
2. n2  n +1
in sequence at the corners of a square of side a. The
magnitude of gravitational force acting on a particle 7. At what distance from the centre of the earth, the
of mass m placed at the centre of the square will be value of acceleration due to gravity g will be half that
24m 2 G 6m2 G on the surface (R = radius of earth)
(a) (b)
a2 a2 (a) 2 R (b) R
(c) 4 R (d) 0.5 R
4 2Gm2
(c) (d) zero
a2 8. Suppose a vertical tunnel is dug along the diameter of
earth assumed to be a sphere of uniform mass having
3. The distance of the centres of moon and earth is D.
density . If a body of mass m is thrown in this
The mass of earth is 81 times the mass of the moon.
tunnel, its acceleration at a distance y from the centre
At what distance from the centre of the earth, the
is given by
gravitational force will be zero
(a) D/2 (b) 2D/3
(c) 4D/3 (d) 9D/10
4. Two planets have the same average density but their

radii are R1 and R2. If acceleration due to gravity on
these planets be g1 and g2 respectively, then
g1 R 1 g1 R 2
(a) = (b) =
g2 R 2 g 2 R1
2 3 4 3
g1 R 1 g1 R 1 (a) Gym (b) G  y
(c) = (d) = 3 4
g 2 R 22 g 2 R 32
4 4
(c) y (d) Gy
5. Assume that the acceleration due to gravity on the 3 3
surface of the moon is 0.2 times the acceleration due
to gravity on the surface of the earth. If R e is the 9. At what height above the earth’s surface is the
acceleration due to gravity 1% less than its value at
maximum range of a projectile on the earth’s surface,
the surface? [R = 6400 km]
what is the maximum range on the surface of the
moon for the same velocity of projection (a) 16 km (b) 32 km
(a) 0.2 R e (b) 2 R e (c) 64 km (d) 32 2 km
(c) 0.5 R e (d) 5 R e 10. Two concentric shells of mass M1 and M2 are having
radii r1 and r2. Which of the following is the correct
expression for the gravitational field on a mass m.
GRAVITATION 219
GMm GMm
(a) (b)
8r 2 4r 2
3 GMm GMm
(c) (d)
8r 2 16r 2
13. A solid sphere of radius R/2 is cut out of a solid

sphere of radius R such that the spherical cavity so
formed touches the surface on one side and the centre
of the sphere on the other side, as shown. The initial
mass of the solid sphere was M. If a particle of mass
m is placed at a distance 2.5 R from the centre of the
cavity, then what is the gravitational attraction on the
mass m?
G ( M1 + M 2 )
(a) I = for r  r1
r2
G ( M1 + M 2 )
(b) I = for r  r2
r2
M2
(c) I = G for r1  r  r2
r2
GM1 GMm GMm
(d) I = for r1  r  r2 (a) (b)
r2 R2 2R 2
GMm 23 GMm
11. A spherical shell is cut into two pieces along a chord (c) (d)
as shown in the figure. P is a point on the plane of the
8R 2 100 R 2
chord. The gravitational field at P due to the upper
14. A solid sphere of uniform density and radius R
part is I1 and that due to the lower part is I2. What is
applies a gravitational force of attraction equal to F1
the relation between them
on a particle placed at a distance 2R from the centre
of the sphere. A spherical cavity of radius R/2 is now
made in the sphere as shown in the figure. The sphere
with the cavity now applies a gravitational force F2
on the same particle. The ratio F1/F2 is
1 3
(a) (b)
(a) I1  I 2 (b) I1  I 2 2 4
7 9
(c) I1 = I 2 (d) No definite relation (c) (d)
8 7
12. A uniform ring of mass m and radius r is placed
15. The following figure shows two shells of masses m 1
directly above a uniform sphere of mass M and of
and m2. The shells are concentric. At which point, a
equal radius. The centre of the ring is at a distance
particle of mass m shall experience zero force?
3 r from the centre of the sphere. The gravitational
force exerted by the sphere on the ring will be
220 GRAVITATION
Gm 2 Gm 2
(a) (b)
4L2 2L2
Gm 2 Gm 2  4 
(c) (d) n 
9L2 L2 3
(a) A (b) B
19. Two rings having masses M and 2M, respectively,
(c) C (d) D
having same radius are placed coaxially as shown in
16. A solid sphere of uniform density and mass M has figure.
radius 4 m. Its centre is at the origin of the coordinate
system. Two spheres of radii 1 m are taken out so,
that their centres are at P (0, −2, 0) and Q (0, 2, 0),
respectively. This leaves two spherical cavities. What
is the gravitational field at the origin of the coordinate
axes?
If the mass distribution on both the rings is non-

uniform, the gravitational potential at point P is
(a) − GM  1 + 2 
R  2 5
GM  2 
(b) − 1+
R  2 
(c) zero
(d) cannot be determined from given information
31GM GM
(a) (b)
1024 1024 20. The change in potential energy, when a body of mass
m is raised to a height nR from the earth’s surface is
(c) 31GM (d) zero
(R = Radios of earth)
17. Gravitational field at the centre of a semicircle n
formed by a thin wire AB of mass m and length l is: (a) mgR (b) nmgR
n −1
n2 n
(c) mgR (d) mgR
n2 +1 n +1
21. Two bodies of masses m and M are placed a distance

d apart. The gravitational potential at the position
where the gravitational field due to them is zero is V,
Gm Gm then
(a) 2
along + x axis (b) along + y axis
 2 G Gm
(a) V = − (m + M) (b) V = −
2Gm 2Gm d d
(c) 2
along + x axis (d) 2
along + y axis
GM G
( )
2
(c) V = − (d) V = − m+ M
d d
18. Two identical thin uniform rods of mass m and length
L are placed as shown in figure. The gravitational 22. P is a point at a distance r from the centre of a solid
interaction force between the two rods is sphere of radius a. The gravitational potential at P is
GRAVITATION 221
V. If V is plotted as a function of r, which is the (B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but
correct curves? reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
(D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
(E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
26. Assertion: If earth suddenly stops rotating about its

(a) (b)
axis, then the value of acceleration due to gravity will
become same at all the places.
Reason: The value of acceleration due to gravity is
independent of rotation of earth.
(a) A (b) B
(c) (d) (c) C (d) D
Assertion and Reason
23. A satellite is moving around the earth with speed v in
a circular orbit of radius r. If the orbit radius is (A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
decreased by 1%, its speed will reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(a) Increase by 1% (b) Increase by 0.5% (B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) Decrease by 1% (d) Decrease by 0.5%
(C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
24. The figure shows the motion of a planet around the (D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
sun in an elliptical orbit with sun at the focus. The
(E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
shaded areas A and B are also shown in the figure
which can be assumed to be equal. If t1 and t2 27. Assertion: Orbital velocity of a satellite is greater
represent the time for the planet to move from a to b than its escape velocity.
and d to c respectively, then
Reason: Orbit of a satellite is within the gravitational
field of earth whereas escaping is beyond the
gravitational field of earth.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) E
(A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
(a) t1  t 2 (b) t1  t 2 reason is the correct explanation of the assertion.
(c) t1 = t 2 (d) t1  t 2 (B) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true but
reason is not the correct explanation of the assertion.
25. Four particles, each of mass M move along a circle of (C) If ASSERTION is true but REASON is false.
radius R under the action of their mutual gravitational (D) If both ASSERTION and REASON are false.
attraction. The speed of each particle is (E) If ASSERTION is false but REASON is true.
GM
(a) (b) 28. Assertion: We can not move even a finger without
R
disturbing all the stars.
GM GM  2 2 + 1  Reason: Every body in this universe attracts every
(c)
R
2 2 +1( ) (d) 
R  4 

other body with a force which is inversely
proportional to the square of distance between them.
(a) A (b) B
(A) If both ASSERTION and REASON are true and
reason is the correct explanation of the assertion. (c) C (d) D
222 GRAVITATION
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;

Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
29. Statement -1: A spherically symmetric shell

produces no gravitational field anywhere.
Statement - 2: The field due to various mass
elements cancels out, everywhere inside the shell.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
(A) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is a correct explanation for Statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 True, Statement-2 is True;
Statement-2 is NOT a correct explanation for
Statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is True, Statement-2 is False.
(D) Statement-1 is False, Statement-2 is True.
30. Statement -1: For a satellite revolving very near to

earth’s surface the time period of revolution is given
by 1 h 24 min.
Statement-2: The period of revolution of a satellite
depends only upon its height above the earth's
surface.
(a) A (b) B
(c) C (d) D
GRAVITATION 223
Notes:
GRAVITATION
224 ANSWER KEY
Answer Key
CHAPTER 5: WORK, ENERGY AND POWER
DIRECTION FOR USE

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 129. (b) 130. (a) 131. (d) 132. (a)
5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (d) 133. (b) 134. (a) 135. (b) 136. (a)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (d) 137. (b) 138. (a) 139. (c) 140. (a)
13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 141. (d) 142. (d) 143. (b) 144. (a)
17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (b) 145. (a) 146. (d) 147. (d) 148. (b)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (a) 149. (d) 150. (a)
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (a)
29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (a)
37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (b) 40. (c)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d)
45. (d) 46. (a) 47. (a) 48. (c)
49. (a) 50. (a) 51. (d) 52. (a)
53. (a) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (d)
57. (a) 58. (d) 59. (a) 60. (c)
61. (d) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (b)
65. (a) 66. (d) 67. (a) 68. (d)
69. (c) 70. (b) 71. (d) 72. (d)
73. (a) 74. (d) 75. (a) 76. (b)
77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (c) 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (b) 83. (a) 84. (b)
85. (b) 86. (b) 87. (d) 88. (b)
89. (a) 90. (b) 91. (a) 92. (c)
93. (a) 94. (b) 95. (a) 96. (b)
97. (c) 98. (b) 99. (b) 100. (a)
101. (b) 102. (b) 103. (a) 104. (b)
105. (b) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (b)
109. (b) 110. (c) 111. (a) 112. (a)
113. (a) 114. (a) 115. (d) 116. (c)
117. (a) 118. (b) 119. (a) 120. (c)
121. (c) 122. (b) 123. (a) 124. (b)
125. (b) 126. (a) 127. (b) 128. (c)
ANSWER KEY 225
EXERCISE– 2: Previous Year Questions EXERCISE – 3: Achiever’s Section
DIRECTION FOR USE DIRECTION FOR USE

Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions Scan the QR code and check detailed solutions
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c)
5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (b)
9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (d) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (b)
17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (c) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (b) 21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (d) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a)
29. (b) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (d) 29. (a) 30. (c)
33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (b) 36. (d)
37. (b) 38. (b)
226 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 6: CIRCULAR MOTION

DIRECTION FOR USE

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 125. (d) 126. (a) 127. (b) 128. (c)
5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 129. (b) 130. (c) 131. (c) 132. (c)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b) 133. (a) 134. (d) 135. (a) 136. (a)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (c) 16. (d) 137. (c) 138. (d) 139. (c) 140. (b)
17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (c) 141. (d) 142. (a) 143. (d) 144. (c)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (b) 145. (c) 146. (c) 147. (c) 148. (b)
25. (a) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (d) 149. (b) 150. (b)
29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (a) 32. (c)
33. (c) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (d)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (c)
49. (b) 50. (b) 51. (c) 52. (c)
53. (d) 54. (a) 55. (b) 56. (c)
57. (a) 58. (b) 59. (b) 60. (c)
61. (c) 62. (a) 63. (a) 64. (b)
65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (b)
69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (b) 72. (a)
73. (b) 74. (a) 75. (b) 76. (d)
77. (b) 78. (b) 79. (b) 80. (a)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (a)
85. (b) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (b)
89. (c) 90. (b) 91. (a) 92. (a)
93. (d) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (c)
97. (b) 98. (d) 99. (c) 100. (c)
101. (b) 102. (b) 103. (d) 104. (a)
105. (c) 106. (c) 107. (a) 108. (c)
109. (d) 110. (d) 111. (a) 112. (c)
113. (c) 114. (a) 115. (b) 116. (a)
117. (c) 118. (c) 119. (d) 120. (c)
121. (c) 122. (d) 123. (b) 124. (d)
ANSWER KEY 227

1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (a) 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (d)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (a) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d)
9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (d)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 13. (b) 14. (b) 15. (c) 16. (a)
17. (c) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c) 21. (b) 22. (c) 23. (d) 24. (c)
25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (b)
29. (a) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (d) 29. (b) 30. (b)
33. (d) 34. (b) 35. (c) 36. (b)
37. (b) 38. (d) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (d) 42. (a) 43. (c) 44. (c)
45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (b) 48. (a)
49. (c) 50. (b)
228 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 7: COM, MOMENTUM & COLLISIONS

DIRECTION FOR USE

1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 121. (c) 122. (c) 123. (b) 124. (d)
5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (b) 125. (d) 126. (a) 127. (c) 128. (a)
9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a) 129. (d) 130. (c) 131. (c) 132. (c)
13. (a) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d) 133. (c) 134. (a) 135. (c) 136. (d)
17. (d) 18. (a) 19. (d) 20. (b) 137. (b) 138. (b) 139. (b) 140. (d)
21. (d) 22. (a) 23. (c) 24. (d) 141. (b) 142. (b) 143. (a) 144. (a)
25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 145. (c) 146. (c) 147. (b) 148. (b)
29. (b) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a) 149. (a) 150. (d) 151. (d) 152. (b)
33. (d) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 153. (a) 154. (a) 155. (c) 156. (d)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b) 157. (c) 158. (d) 159. (b) 160. (c)
41. (d) 42. (c) 43. (c) 44. (d)
45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (a) 48. (d)
49. (c) 50. (c) 51. (d) 52. (d)
53. (c) 54. (d) 55. (c) 56. (c)
57. (c) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (a) 62. (d) 63. (c) 64. (b)
65. (b) 66. (c) 67. (b) 68. (a)
69. (c) 70. (a) 71. (c) 72. (b)
73. (c) 74. (a) 75. (d) 76. (c)
77. (a) 78. (c) 79. (a) 80. (d)
81. (b) 82. (c) 83. (c) 84. (b)
85. (b) 86. (d) 87. (a) 88. (d)
89. (c) 90. (a) 91. (d) 92. (d)
93. (a) 94. (b) 95. (c) 96. (c)
97. (c) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (a)
101. (d) 102. (a) 103. (c) 104. (c)
105. (d) 106. (c) 107. (d) 108. (d)
109. (c) 110. (b) 111. (c) 112. (d)
113. (d) 114. (d) 115. (b) 116. (b)
117. (a) 118. (a) 119. (c) 120. (a)
ANSWER KEY 229

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (c)
5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) 8. (b) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b) 8. (d)
9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b)
13. (c) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (d) 13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (a)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (c) 21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (d)
25. (b) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (b) 25. (c) 26. (a) 27. (a) 28. (c)
29. (d) 30. (c) 31. (a) 32. (a) 29. (c) 30. (a)
33. (a) 34. (b) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (d) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. (b)
41. (b) 42. (b) 43. (c) 44. (a)
45. (b) 46. (c) 47. (d) 48. (b)
49. (a) 50. (d)
230 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 8: ROTATIONAL MOTION

DIRECTION FOR USE

Scan the QR code and check detailed solution 121. (a) 122. (d) 123. (b) 124. (c)
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 125. (c) 126. (a) 127. (c) 128. (b)
5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) 8. (d) 129. (b) 130. (c) 131. (a) 132. (d)
9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (d) 133. (c) 134. (b) 135. (a) 136. (b)
13. (c) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (c) 137. (a) 138. (a) 139. (a) 140. (b)
17. (a) 18. (b) 19. (c) 20. (c) 141. (b) 142. (b) 143. (a) 144. (a)
21. (b) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (b) 145. (a) 146. (b) 147. (a) 148. (b)
25. (a) 26. (a) 27. (b) 28. (a) 149. (b) 150. (a)
29. (d) 30. (d) 31. (b) 32. (a)
33. (a) 34. (c) 35. (d) 36. (c)
37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (b) 40. (b)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (b) 44. (d)
45. (c) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (c)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (c) 52. (a)
53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (d)
57. (a) 58. (c) 59. (b) 60. (d)
61. (b) 62. (d) 63. (d) 64. (a)
65. (a) 66. (c) 67. (c) 68. (b)
69. (b) 70. (a) 71. (a) 72. (b)
73. (d) 74. (a) 75. (a) 76. (c)
77. (a) 78. (b) 79. (c) 80. (d)
81. (d) 82. (c) 83. (b) 84. (a)
85. (a) 86. (b) 87. (c) 88. (d)
89. (b) 90. (c) 91. (a) 92. (b)
93. (a) 94. (a) 95. (d) 96. (b)
97. (a) 98. (b) 99. (c) 100. (c)
101. (b) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (c)
105. (b) 106. (a) 107. (b) 108. (d)
109. (b) 110. (d) 111. (a) 112. (c)
113. (c) 114. (d) 115. (c) 116. (a)
117. (b) 118. (d) 119. (b) 120. (b)
ANSWER KEY 231
EXERCISE– 2: Previous Year Questions EXERCISE– 3: Achiever’s Section
DIRECTION FOR USE

DIRECTION FOR USE
1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (a) 1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (a)

5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (a) 8. (c)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (b)
9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (b) 16. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (c)
17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (a) 17. (a) 18. (c) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (b) 22. (a) 23. (b) 24. (c) 21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c)
25. (b) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (d) 25. (a) 26. (b) 27. (a) 28. (a)
29. (a) 30. (c)
29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (c) 32. (a)
33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (c)
232 ANSWER KEY
CHAPTER 9: GRAVITATION
DIRECTION FOR USE

1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 125. (c) 126. (b) 127. (d) 128. (a)
5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (a) 8. (c) 129. (d) 130. (b) 131. (c) 132. (c)
9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (a) 133. (d) 134. (c) 135. (c) 136. (a)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (a) 16. (a) 137. (b) 138. (b) 139. (b) 140. (c)
17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (a) 20. (a) 141. (c) 142. (b) 143. (a) 144. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 145. (b) 146. (c) 147. (b) 148. (b)
25. (c) 26. (b) 27. (c) 28. (d) 149. (c) 150. (c)
29. (d) 30. (b) 31. (d) 32. (c)
33. (d) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (c)
37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (d) 43. (a) 44. (c)
45. (c) 46. (c) 47. (a) 48. (b)
49. (d) 50. (d) 51. (a) 52. (d)
53. (b) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (b)
57. (b) 58. (a) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (c) 62. (b) 63. (a) 64. (a)
65. (b) 66. (a) 67. (a) 68. (c)
69. (a) 70. (b) 71. (a) 72. (a)
73. (b) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (a)
77. (d) 78. (a) 79. (b) 80. (b)
81. (b) 82. (d) 83. (b) 84. (a)
85. (d) 86. (c) 87. (a) 88. (c)
89. (a) 90. (d) 91. (d) 92. (b)
93. (b) 94. (a) 95. (b) 96. (c)
97. (c) 98. (d) 99. (c) 100. (a)
101. (c) 102. (a) 103. (b) 104. (d)
105. (c) 106. (b) 107. (d) 108. (b)
109. (c) 110. (d) 111. (b) 112. (d)
113. (c) 114. (c) 115. (c) 116. (c)
117. (a) 118. (d) 119. (c) 120. (d)
121. (a) 122. (c) 123. (c) 124. (a)
ANSWER KEY 233
EXERCISE– 2: Previous Year Questions EXERCISE– 3: Achiever’s Section

1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 1. (a) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a)
5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (a) 8. (d) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (d)
9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (c)
13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (d) 16. (d) 13. (d) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (d)
17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (b) 20. (d) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (a) 20. (d)
21. (c) 22. (b) 23. (b) 24. (b) 21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (c)
25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (c) 25. (d) 26. (c) 27. (d) 28. (a)
29. (d) 30. (a)
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CBSE 10 CBSE 12 JEE

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Work, Energy & Power

Exercise - 1: Basic Objective Questions.................................................................................................... 25

Exercise - 2: Previous Year Questions....................................................................................................... 39

Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................ 44

Exercise - 1: Basic Objective Questions.................................................................................................... 68

Exercise - 2: Previous Year Questions....................................................................................................... 81

Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................. 86

Centre of Mass, Momentum & Collision

Solved Examples........................................................................................................................................ 102

Exercise - 1: Basic Objective Questions.................................................................................................... 109

Exercise - 2: Previous Year Questions....................................................................................................... 125

Exercise - 3: Achiever’s Section ................................................................................................................ 131

Solved Examples………………………………………………………………………………………… 146

Exercise – 1: Basic Objective Questions………………………………………………………………... 156

Exercise − 2: Previous Year Questions…………………………………………………………………. 172

Exercise − 3: Achiever’s Section………………………………………………………………………... 176

Solved Examples………………………………………………………………………………………… 196

Exercise – 1: Basic Objective Questions………………………………………………………………... 202

Exercise − 2: Previous Year Questions…………………………………………………………………. 215

Exercise − 3: Achiever’s Section………………………………………………………………………... 218

Answer Key……………………………………………………………………………………………... 224

Work, Energy and Power

This is the dimensional formula of work.

Work done is said to be one kg–m, when a force of 1 kgf

2. Gram-centimetre (g-cm). It is the gravitational unit of

For example: (b)

2.1. Relation Between Kinetic Energy

Linear momentum of the particle, p = mv

1 1 3. Work Energy Theorem

If K.E. = constant, p2  m or Proof: To prove the work-energy theorem, we confine

WC : Work done by conservative force

: Natural length of spring

dW = – F dx = kx dx only. Suppose a body undergoes a small displacement Dx

which means ( K + U ) = E = constant

Fig.5.8 5.1 Illustration of the Law of

v2 = 2gh ... ( 2 ) At locations r = r1 , r = r2 , and in the region r  r3 , where

6.3 Neutral Equilibrium dW

inclined plane, 2 2

of the body. Therefore, in order to maintain a uniform

Hence, there is a loss of kinetic energy of the body. v  x3

false. Give reasons for your answer.  dx x 3 =  dt

(b) Work done in the motion of a body over a closed x  t2

Sol. Applying work-energy theorem,

Sol. For increase in gravitational potential energy of a rod

(a)What is the mechanical energy of the system ?

(c) 3.6 103 J (d) 3.6 10−4 J

EXERCISE – 1: Basic Objective Questions

3. A particle is moved from (0, 0) to (a, a) under a force

(a) W1 = W2 (b) W1 = 2W2

(a) 0 m/s (b) 40 m/s

7. Under the action of a force, a 2kg body moves such

8. A particle moves along the x-axis from x = 0 to x = 5 L L

(a) Mgx (b)

mgd mgd cos  17. A position dependent force, F = 7 − 2x + 3x 2 N acts on

12. A uniform chain of length L and mass M is lying on a

22. If the unit of force and length each be increased by four