Chapter 13 - The Periodic Table

PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE TM Chemistry
Student’s Book
CHAPTER 13
The Periodic
Table
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The following content has not been through the Cambridge Assessment International Education endorsement process. 1
CHAPTER 13: The Periodic table Student’s Book
If you were given a pile of stamps, how

would you organize them? One way to
organize them is by the country of issue.
For the stamps issued by the same
country, you can further organize the
stamps by their value. This makes it
easier to find a stamp from the pile.
Similarly, elements are organized in a
systematic manner in the periodic table.
How are elements arranged within the
periodic table?
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd The following content has not been through the Cambridge Assessment International Education endorsement process. 2
Student’s Book
Discuss the questions in pairs for 2 minutes
Questions
• What is an element?
• What are some ways to organise elements?
• Why is it important to organise things, such
as a pile of stamps and elements, in a
systematic manner?
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 3

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13.1 How Are Elements Arranged in the Periodic Table?
In this section, you will learn the following:
• Describe the arrangement of elements in

the Periodic Table.

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The Periodic Table is a list of elements arranged in order

of increasing proton number. The Periodic Table divides
the elements into periods and groups.

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The Periodic Table is a list of elements arranged in order of increasing proton

number. The Periodic Table divides the elements into periods and groups.
Groups
• A group is a vertical column of elements.
• The Periodic Table consists of eight groups of elements, numbered from I to VIII.
• The groups run from top to bottom.
Periods
• A period is a horizontal row of elements.
• The Periodic Table consists of seven periods of elements, numbered from 1 to 7.
• The periods run from left to right.

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Groups
• A group is a vertical column of elements.
• The Periodic Table consists of eight groups of elements, numbered from I to VIII.
• The groups run from top to bottom.
Group 1 Group 8
© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd
Student’s Book
Periods
• A period is a horizontal rows of elements.
• The Periodic Table consists of seven periods of elements, numbered from 1 to 7.
• The periods run from left to right.
Period 3

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The Periodic Table consists of 7 periods of elements, numbered 1 to 7.
Period 1
Period 3
Each element in a
period has a proton
number which is one
less than the element
after it.
For example, in Period 1, hydrogen has a proton number of
1 and helium has a proton number of 2.
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periods - horizontal rows of elements
groups - vertical columns of elements

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Transition Elements
The block of metals between Groups II and III is known as the transition elements.

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Theory Workbook:
Exercise 13A, pp. 116–117

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13.2 Periodic Trends

• Describe the change from metallic to non-metallic character across a period.
• Explain how the position of an element in the Periodic Table can be used to
predict its properties.
• Explain similarities in the chemical properties of elements in the same group of
the Periodic Table.
• Describe the relationship between group number and the charge of the ions
formed from elements in that group.
• Identify trends in groups, giving information about the elements.

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13.2 Periodic Trends

Metallic and non-metallic properties
How do the metallic properties of elements change across a period?

• Metals are grouped on the left-hand side of each period.
• Non-metals are grouped on the right-hand side.
• From left to right across a period, there is a decrease in metallic properties
and an increase in non-metallic properties.

Periodic Trends PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE TM Chemistry
Student’s Book
The Periodic Table divides the elements into metals (shaded yellow) and non-metals
(shaded blue).
Metalloids, for example silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge), are located close to
the bold line. These elements have the properties of both a metal and non-
metal.
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How do the metallic properties of elements change across a period?

Properties of elements across Period 3
From left to right across a period, there is a

From left to right across a period, the oxides decrease in metallic properties and an increase in
tend to change from basic to acidic.
non-metallic properties.

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How do the metallic properties of elements change down a group?

Going down a group, there is an increase in metallic properties and a
decrease in non-metallic properties.
The outer electron is further away and less attracted to the

nucleus, hence is easily lost
Going down Group I, the size of the atom increases. Thus,

potassium loses its outer shell electrons most easily, followed by
sodium and lithium.
increasing atom size

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Draw the electronic configuration of the elements in Periods 2 and 3

Group
Element
Proton number
Electronic
configuration

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Electronic configuration
• The electronic configuration of an element can be obtained from its proton number.
• The period number and group number of the element can be deduced from its
electronic configuration.
The elements of Period 2 have two electron shells.
Elements of Period 2 and their electronic configurations

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Electronic configuration
Elements of Period 3 and their electronic configurations

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How are elements in the same period similar in terms of their electronic configurations?
The number of electron shells is the same as the period number of the element. number of outer shell electrons = 2
Example: Magnesium has 3 occupied electron shells, thus it belongs to Period 3.
How are elements in the same group similar in terms of their

electronic configurations?
1st shell
The number of outer shell electrons is the same as the group number of the Mg
element.
2nd shell
Elements with the same number of outer shell electrons have similar chemical
3rd shell
properties.
Example: Magnesium has 2 outer shell electrons, thus it belongs to Group II.

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Group number and the charge of ion

Relationship between group number and the ion formed by the element
How are the types of

ions formed by
elements related to the
group number?

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Trends in groups
Mendeleev, a Russian chemist, created the first Periodic Table in 1869. He arranged the elements
with similar properties into the same columns in the table. He predicted existence and properties of
new elements based on the trends in the properties of the elements in the group.

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What are the trends going down a group?

The proton number becomes bigger.
The atoms become bigger.
The properties of the elements become more metallic.

This is because it is easier to lose electrons.

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13.3 Group I Elements

• Describe the Group I alkali metals as relatively soft
metals and the general trends down Group I.
• Predict the properties of other elements in Group I.

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13.3 Group I Elements

• The elements in Group I of the Periodic Table are called alkali metals.
• Alkali metals have similar properties since they belong to the same group.
Physical properties of alkali metals
Alkali metals
• are soft and can be cut easily
• have low melting points;
• have low densities; e.g. lithium, sodium
and potassium float on water.
Position of Group I elements in

the Periodic Table
When freshly cut, alkali metals show a shiny and silvery surface. The
shiny surface becomes dull very quickly.

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How do the physical properties change going down Group I?

Going down the group,
• the melting points of alkali metals decrease;
• the densities of alkali metals generally increase.
How can we use the Periodic Table to predict the properties of alkali metals?
• From the table, it can be seen that the melting

points of alkali metals decrease down the group.
• Hence, the expected melting point of caesium,
the element below rubidium, is to be below 39°C.
In fact, it is 29°C. Physical properties of some Group I elements

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Chemical properties of alkali metals
Alkali metals are highly reactive metals.

They are stored in oil to prevent them from reacting with air and water.
Do all alkali metals have the same reactivity?
• Size of the atom increases.

• Easier to lose the outer shell electron from bigger atoms.
• Hence, reactivity increases down Group I
Going down Group I, alkali metals become more reactive.

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1. Alkali metals react with cold water to form an alkali and hydrogen.
Reactions of some alkali metals with water.

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2. Alkali metals are powerful reducing agents (substances that reduce other
substances).
All alkali metals form ions with a charge of +1 by losing one electron from the outer shell.
Example:
Their reducing power increases down the group.
3. Alkali metals form ionic compounds.

Their compounds have similar chemical formulae and are soluble in water.
Some compounds of alkali metals

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13.4 Group VII Elements

• Describe the Group VII halogens as diatomic non-
metals and the general trends down Group VII.
• State the appearance of the halogens at r.t.p.
• Predict the properties of other elements in Group VII.
• Describe and explain the displacement reactions of
halogens with other halide ions

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13.4 Group VII Elements

The Group VII elements of the Periodic Table are called
halogens.
• The elements in the group are fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl),
bromine (Br), iodine (I) and astatine (At).
Position of Group VII elements in the Periodic Table
Physical properties of halogens

Halogens are non-metals that exist as diatomic
covalent molecules (e.g. F2, Cl2, Br2, I2).
• They have low melting and boiling points.
• They are coloured.
The melting and boiling points and colour
intensity of halogens increase down the group.

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How do the physical properties of halogens change going down the group?
Going down the group:
• the melting and boiling points increase;
• the density increases;
• the colours become darker (colour intensities increase).
Physical properties of some Group VII elements

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How can we use the Periodic Table to predict the properties of halogens?
• Boiling points of halogens increase down the group
o Halogens above chlorine have a boiling point lower than –34°C
o Halogens below iodine to have a boiling point greater than 184°C.
• Fluorine is a gas that boils at –188°C. Astatine is a solid that boils at 337°C.
• Fluorine can be deduced as a pale yellow gas and astatine is a black solid at
r.t.p.
o This is because the colour intensities of halogens increase down the group.
o Both fluorine and astatine would form diatomic molecules F2 and At2.
Physical properties of some Group VII elements

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Chemical properties of halogens

Halogens are reactive non-metals.
• Each halogen has seven outer shell electrons.
• Only one more electron is needed to achieve the stable electronic
configuration of a noble gas
What is the order of reactivity of halogens?

• The reactivity of halogens decreases down the group.
• This is because the size of the atom increases down the
group.
• This makes it more difficult for the nucleus to attract one
more electron.
Going down Group VII,
halogens become less reactive.

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1. Halogens undergo displacement reactions.

• A displacement reaction is a reaction in which one element takes the place of another element in
the compound.
• A more reactive halogen will displace a less reactive halogen from its halide solution.

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Displacement reactions of some halogens with potassium halides
A less reactive halogen cannot displace a more reactive halogen from its halide solution.
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2. Halogens are powerful oxidising agents (substances that oxidise other

substances).
During chemical reactions, atoms of halogens readily gain electrons to form halide ions with a
charge of –1.
Consider the displacement reaction between chlorine and potassium bromide.
Chlorine acts as the oxidising agent, while the bromide ion acts as the reducing agent.
Fluorine is the strongest oxidising agent.

Chlorine is a strong oxidising agent and is thus used
The oxidising power of halogens decreases down the group. in bleach to whiten clothes and towels.

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13.5 Transition Elements

• Describe the properties of transition elements.
• Describe transition elements as having ions with
variable oxidation numbers.

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13.5 Transition Elements

• Some elements found between Groups II and III are known as transition elements.
• Transition elements are also called transition metals.
Properties of transition metals

1. Transition metals have high melting points and high densities.
Notice that the melting points and densities of the transition metals are higher than
those of the Group I and Group II metals.
Melting points and densities of metals in Period 4
*Potassium and calcium have been included for comparison.

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2. Transition metals form coloured

compounds.
• One of the most significant features of

transition metals is that they usually form
coloured compounds
• The colours of the compounds of a transition
metal are different at different oxidation
numbers.
• The table given shows the colours and
oxidation numbers of some transition metal
compounds.

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3. Transitions metals and their compounds are good catalysts.

Some uses of transition metals as catalysts
Transition metals and their compounds are
important catalysts for many reactions,
both in the laboratory and industry.
4. Transition metals have variable oxidation numbers.

Common oxidation numbers of some transition metals in their compounds
Unlike the metals in Groups I and II,
transition metals form ions with variable
oxidation numbers.

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13.6 Noble Gases

• Describe Group VIII noble gases as unreactive,
monoatomic gases.
• Explain why Group VIII noble gases are
unreactive in terms of electronic configuration.

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13.6 Noble Gases

The elements in Group VIII are called noble gases or inert gases.
The elements in the group are helium (He), neon (Ne), argon (Ar), krypton
(Kr), xenon (Xe) and radon (Rn).
Properties of noble gases

Noble gases are non-metals. They
• are monatomic;
• are colourless gases at room temperature;
• have low melting and boiling points; Position of Group VIII elements in the Periodic Table
• are insoluble in water;

• are unreactive.
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Why are noble gases unreactive?

• Their full electronic configurations make the noble
gases unreactive.
• They do not lose, gain or share electrons.
• Hence, they rarely react to form compounds.
Argon is used to fill tungsten bulbs. It
provides an inert (unreactive) atmosphere
that prevents oxidation of the filament.
• As noble gases are unreactive, they
are often used to provide an
inert atmosphere

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Properties of Noble Gases

The noble gases
• are monatomic elements,

• are all colourless gases at room temperature,
++++
• have low melting and boiling points that increase on ++
going down the group,
• are insoluble in water,
• are unreactive (because the outer shell is full).

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Uses of Noble Gases

Argon is used to fill light bulbs.
Helium is used to fill weather balloons.
Noble gases provide an inert atmosphere,

preventing oxidation of substances by
oxygen.

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Acknowledgements
• Slide 1: stamps © erol berberovic | 123rf.com
• Slide 2: stamps and magnifying glass © pexels.com (https://www.pexels.com/photo/stamp-collection-248993/)
• Slide 15: cutting sodium metal © CHARLES D. WINTERS | Science Photo Library
• Slide 21: halogens © ANDREW LAMBERT PHOTOGRAPHY | Science Photo Library
• Slide 26: bleach – ID 161864892 © Lana Langlois | Dreamstime.com
• Slide 29: transition metal compounds © MCE
• Slide 33: tungsten bulbs ID 117183694 © Meepoohya | Dreamstime.com

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PowerPoint Slides for Cambridge IGCSE TM Chemistry

CHAPTER 13: The Periodic table Student’s Book

If you were given a pile of stamps, how

Discuss the questions in pairs for 2 minutes

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 3

13.1 How Are Elements Arranged in the Periodic Table?

In this section, you will learn the following:

• Describe the arrangement of elements in

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 4

13.1 How Are Elements Arranged in the Periodic Table?

The Periodic Table is a list of elements arranged in order

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 5

13.1 How Are Elements Arranged in the Periodic Table?

The Periodic Table is a list of elements arranged in order of increasing proton

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 6

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

The Periodic Table consists of 7 periods of elements, numbered 1 to 7.

periods - horizontal rows of elements

groups - vertical columns of elements

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 12

Exercise 13A, pp. 116–117

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

13.2 Periodic Trends

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 14

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 16

13.2 Periodic Trends

How do the metallic properties of elements change across a period?

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 17

How do the metallic properties of elements change across a period?

From left to right across a period, there is a

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

How do the metallic properties of elements change down a group?

The outer electron is further away and less attracted to the

Going down Group I, the size of the atom increases. Thus,

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 20

Draw the electronic configuration of the elements in Periods 2 and 3

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

The elements of Period 2 have two electron shells.

Elements of Period 2 and their electronic configurations

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 22

Elements of Period 3 and their electronic configurations

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 23

Example: Magnesium has 3 occupied electron shells, thus it belongs to Period 3.

How are elements in the same group similar in terms of their

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 24

Group number and the charge of ion

How are the types of

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 25

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 26

What are the trends going down a group?

The atoms become bigger.

The properties of the elements become more metallic.

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd

13.3 Group I Elements

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 28

13.3 Group I Elements

Physical properties of alkali metals

Position of Group I elements in

© 2021 Marshall Cavendish Education Pte Ltd 29

How do the physical properties change going down Group I?

• From the table, it can be seen that the melting